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By thoroughly investigating the strategic relationship between the beautiful China initiative and the construction of the economy, politics, culture, society, and ecological civilization, this paper first introduces the concept and connotations of the beautiful China initiative and then summarizes the current state of research on this initiative from five aspects: connotation theory, the target indicators, the path of tasks, practical exploration, and the initiative’s guarantee system. In general, this research has effectively supported the formulation and implementation of the beautiful China initiative strategy. This paper concludes by pointing out the needs and prospects of research on the beautiful China initiative for the construction of an ecological civilization, including deepening research on the ideological connotations and theoretical system of the beautiful China Initiative, as well as strengthening the strategic objectives and indicator system, strategic tasks and implementation paths, and practical integration and guarantee system of the beautiful China initiative. The results provide guidance for the comprehensive promotion of research on the beautiful China initiative.

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本文系统梳理了美丽中国建设与经济建设、政治建设、文化建设、社会建设、生态文明建设的战略关系,并介绍了美丽中国建设的概念和内涵,并从内涵理论、目标指标、任务路径、实践探索和保障体系等五个方面总结了美丽中国建设的研究进展、研究内容和研究成果,这些研究总体上有效支撑了美丽中国建设战略的制定和实施.最后,从深化美丽中国建设思想内涵和理论体系研究、加强美丽中国建设战略目标和指标体系、战略任务和实施路径、实践集成和保障体系等五个方面,指出面向生态文明建设的美丽中国研究需求与展望,为未来全面推进美丽中国建设研究指明了方向.

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*责任作者,研究员,
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王金南,男(1963-),浙江金华人,中国工程院院士,研究员,博士,主要从事国家环境规划和管理研究.发表论文400余篇. .

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王金南,男(1963-),浙江金华人,中国工程院院士,研究员,博士,主要从事国家环境规划和管理研究.发表论文400余篇. .

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Chinese Journal of Environmental Management202113(5):159-169., articleTitle=Current status and outlook for the development of environmental planning discipline in China, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1240689628072693909, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689616961982888, awardId=23ZDA104, language=CN, fundingSource=国家社科基金重大项目(23ZDA104), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1240689618572595785, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689616961982888, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1240689618576790090, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689616961982888, companyId=1240689618572595785, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.Chinese Academy of Environmental Planning, Beijing 100041, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1240689618589373005, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689616961982888, companyId=1240689618572595785, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.生态环境部环境规划院,北京 100041)]), AuthorCompany(id=1240689618731979358, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689616961982888, xref=2., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1240689618740367966, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689616961982888, companyId=1240689618731979358, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.Institute of Strategic Planning, Chinese Academy of Environmental Planning, Beijing 100041, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1240689618744562272, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689616961982888, companyId=1240689618731979358, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.生态环境部环境规划院战略规划研究所,北京 100041)]), AuthorCompany(id=1240689618845225580, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689616961982888, xref=3., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1240689618853614189, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689616961982888, companyId=1240689618845225580, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3.The Center for Beautiful China, Chinese Academy of Environmental Planning, Beijing 100041, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1240689618862002799, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689616961982888, companyId=1240689618845225580, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3.生态环境部环境规划院美丽中国研究中心,北京 100041)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1240689626860539970, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689616961982888, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Framework for assessing the progress of research on the beautiful China initiative, figureFileSmall=vV9HPjDjyYxQRgFovdoT8w==, figureFileBig=qfhY+NMgmADkRTe0/1MZ6g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240689626940231755, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689616961982888, language=CN, label=图1, caption=美丽中国建设研究进展评估框架, figureFileSmall=vV9HPjDjyYxQRgFovdoT8w==, figureFileBig=qfhY+NMgmADkRTe0/1MZ6g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240689627158335580, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689616961982888, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Summary of the progress of research on the connotations of the beautiful China initiative (sorted by publication time)

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序号美丽中国建设内涵来源发表年份
1资源节约保护、自然生态保育、环境质量改善、地球环境安全[14]2012
2生态文明的自然之美、融入生态文明理念后的物质文明的科学发展之美、精神文明的人文化成之美、政治文明的民主法制之美、社会生活的和谐幸福之美[19]2013
3自然之美、生命之美、生活之美[20]2018
41个特征:社会主义现代化诗意的表达;2个关键方面:绿色发展和优美的生态环境;3个层次:标志美、内核美、支撑美[16]2019
5广义:形成山清水秀、强大富裕、人地和谐、文化传承、政体稳定的建设新格局;狭义:形成天蓝地绿、山清水秀、强大富裕、人地和谐的可持续发展新格局[21]2019
6核心要义是实现人与自然和谐共生的现代化;表象为生态的清洁优美、本质为发展的高质量、内在机制为制度的现代化[17]2021
7思想之美、民生之美、绿色发展之美、自然之美、生态善治之美、生态人文之美、文明智慧之美[15]2022
8人与自然的关系、吸收中华优秀传统生态文化基础上形成的习近平生态文明思想、习近平生态文明思想“十个坚持”[22]2022
), ArticleFig(id=1240689627242221666, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689616961982888, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

美丽中国建设内涵研究进展总结(按发表时间梳理)

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序号美丽中国建设内涵来源发表年份
1资源节约保护、自然生态保育、环境质量改善、地球环境安全[14]2012
2生态文明的自然之美、融入生态文明理念后的物质文明的科学发展之美、精神文明的人文化成之美、政治文明的民主法制之美、社会生活的和谐幸福之美[19]2013
3自然之美、生命之美、生活之美[20]2018
41个特征:社会主义现代化诗意的表达;2个关键方面:绿色发展和优美的生态环境;3个层次:标志美、内核美、支撑美[16]2019
5广义:形成山清水秀、强大富裕、人地和谐、文化传承、政体稳定的建设新格局;狭义:形成天蓝地绿、山清水秀、强大富裕、人地和谐的可持续发展新格局[21]2019
6核心要义是实现人与自然和谐共生的现代化;表象为生态的清洁优美、本质为发展的高质量、内在机制为制度的现代化[17]2021
7思想之美、民生之美、绿色发展之美、自然之美、生态善治之美、生态人文之美、文明智慧之美[15]2022
8人与自然的关系、吸收中华优秀传统生态文化基础上形成的习近平生态文明思想、习近平生态文明思想“十个坚持”[22]2022
), ArticleFig(id=1240689627355467882, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689616961982888, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Implementation of the beautiful China initiative in various regions (incomplete statistics)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
层级地区关注重点领域美丽建设目标愿景来源
美丽省份美丽浙江国土空间、现代经济、生态环境、幸福城乡、生态文化、治理体系天蓝水澈、海清岛秀、土净田洁、绿色循环、环境友好、诗意逸居的现代化美丽浙江全面呈现《深化生态文明示范创建 高水平建设新时代美丽浙江规划纲要(2020—2035年)》
美丽福建国土空间基底、绿色低碳产业、生态环境安全、生态海丝文化、环境治理改革把“机制活、产业优、百姓富、生态美”新福建宏伟蓝图变成美好现实,成就“清新福建、人间福地”的美丽愿景《深化生态省建设 打造美丽福建行动纲要(2021—2035年)》
美丽山东秀美空间、绿色经济、和谐生态、优美环境、健康安全、美丽城乡、生态文化、现代制度打造以美丽山东建设引领高质量发展的样板《美丽山东建设规划纲要(2021—2035年)》
美丽江西和谐空间、绿色经济、品质环境、自然生态、健康安全、宜居城乡、生态文化、现代制度全景展现“风景这边独好”的江西画卷,高标准打造美丽中国“江西样板”《美丽江西建设规划纲要(2022—2035年)》
美丽湖南绿色低碳、品质环境、秀美生态、健康安全、宜居家园、环境制度、湖湘文化努力打造“一带一部”新美域,美丽中国“湘”样板《美丽湖南建设规划纲要(2023—2035年)》
美丽城市美丽杭州国土空间、绿色发展、自然生态、环境质量、宜居城乡、美丽人文、制度体系建设生态美、生产美、生活美的“美丽杭州”,推进美丽建设成为潮流,树立美丽城市建设典范《新时代美丽杭州建设实施纲要(2020—2035年)》
美丽深圳优美生态、清新环境、健康安全、绿色发展、宜居生活、环境治理、国际交流为落实联合国2030年可持续发展议程提供中国经验,在全国率先树立人与自然和谐共生的美丽中国典范《深圳率先打造美丽中国典范规划纲要(2020—2035年)》
美丽青岛和谐生态、品质环境、健康韧性、宜居典范、低碳先行、出彩文化、现代制度、绿色窗口打造山海一体、城湾相融、环境优美、生态宜人的美丽青岛《美丽青岛建设规划纲要(2022—2035年)》
美丽乡村生态环境、绿色产业、治理体系提高美丽乡村建设水准,合理规划建设方案;人居环境整治,美化农村生活环境;多元资金筹措模式,发挥村民主体作用;建立健全管理考核机制,激活多方内生动力
美丽河湖水生态环境质量、两山转化通道、创新示范氛围具有完善的顶层设计;形成系统的治理思路;探索有效的转化路径;实施差异的治理措施
美丽海湾近岸海域生态环境质量、创建体系、亲海平台构建海湾保护法律体系;强化美丽海湾建设成效评价与考核;建立美丽海湾奖补机制;实施海滩垃圾数字化监管;强化公众参与海湾保护
), ArticleFig(id=1240689627485491314, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689616961982888, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

各地开展的美丽中国建设实践(不完全统计)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
层级地区关注重点领域美丽建设目标愿景来源
美丽省份美丽浙江国土空间、现代经济、生态环境、幸福城乡、生态文化、治理体系天蓝水澈、海清岛秀、土净田洁、绿色循环、环境友好、诗意逸居的现代化美丽浙江全面呈现《深化生态文明示范创建 高水平建设新时代美丽浙江规划纲要(2020—2035年)》
美丽福建国土空间基底、绿色低碳产业、生态环境安全、生态海丝文化、环境治理改革把“机制活、产业优、百姓富、生态美”新福建宏伟蓝图变成美好现实,成就“清新福建、人间福地”的美丽愿景《深化生态省建设 打造美丽福建行动纲要(2021—2035年)》
美丽山东秀美空间、绿色经济、和谐生态、优美环境、健康安全、美丽城乡、生态文化、现代制度打造以美丽山东建设引领高质量发展的样板《美丽山东建设规划纲要(2021—2035年)》
美丽江西和谐空间、绿色经济、品质环境、自然生态、健康安全、宜居城乡、生态文化、现代制度全景展现“风景这边独好”的江西画卷,高标准打造美丽中国“江西样板”《美丽江西建设规划纲要(2022—2035年)》
美丽湖南绿色低碳、品质环境、秀美生态、健康安全、宜居家园、环境制度、湖湘文化努力打造“一带一部”新美域,美丽中国“湘”样板《美丽湖南建设规划纲要(2023—2035年)》
美丽城市美丽杭州国土空间、绿色发展、自然生态、环境质量、宜居城乡、美丽人文、制度体系建设生态美、生产美、生活美的“美丽杭州”,推进美丽建设成为潮流,树立美丽城市建设典范《新时代美丽杭州建设实施纲要(2020—2035年)》
美丽深圳优美生态、清新环境、健康安全、绿色发展、宜居生活、环境治理、国际交流为落实联合国2030年可持续发展议程提供中国经验,在全国率先树立人与自然和谐共生的美丽中国典范《深圳率先打造美丽中国典范规划纲要(2020—2035年)》
美丽青岛和谐生态、品质环境、健康韧性、宜居典范、低碳先行、出彩文化、现代制度、绿色窗口打造山海一体、城湾相融、环境优美、生态宜人的美丽青岛《美丽青岛建设规划纲要(2022—2035年)》
美丽乡村生态环境、绿色产业、治理体系提高美丽乡村建设水准,合理规划建设方案;人居环境整治,美化农村生活环境;多元资金筹措模式,发挥村民主体作用;建立健全管理考核机制,激活多方内生动力
美丽河湖水生态环境质量、两山转化通道、创新示范氛围具有完善的顶层设计;形成系统的治理思路;探索有效的转化路径;实施差异的治理措施
美丽海湾近岸海域生态环境质量、创建体系、亲海平台构建海湾保护法律体系;强化美丽海湾建设成效评价与考核;建立美丽海湾奖补机制;实施海滩垃圾数字化监管;强化公众参与海湾保护
), ArticleFig(id=1240689627628097661, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689616961982888, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Research related to the beautiful China initiative (incomplete statistics, sorted by publication time)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
书名作者单位时间文献
迈向美丽中国的生态环境保护战略研究王金南等生态环境部环境规划院2021-04[52]
美丽中国:强国书系钱勇生态环境部环境与经济政策研究中心2022-05[15]
建设美丽中国的探索实践/国家发展和改革委员会资源节约和环境保护司 编2023-02[53]
美丽中国建设理论与评估方法方创琳等中国科学院地理科学与资源研究所2023-04[54]
生态文明与美丽中国建设研究娄瑞雪中共海南省委党校2024-01[55]
美丽中国王金南等生态环境部环境规划院2024-05[56]
), ArticleFig(id=1240689627720372357, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689616961982888, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

美丽中国建设相关研究著作(不完全统计,按发表时间先后排序)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
书名作者单位时间文献
迈向美丽中国的生态环境保护战略研究王金南等生态环境部环境规划院2021-04[52]
美丽中国:强国书系钱勇生态环境部环境与经济政策研究中心2022-05[15]
建设美丽中国的探索实践/国家发展和改革委员会资源节约和环境保护司 编2023-02[53]
美丽中国建设理论与评估方法方创琳等中国科学院地理科学与资源研究所2023-04[54]
生态文明与美丽中国建设研究娄瑞雪中共海南省委党校2024-01[55]
美丽中国王金南等生态环境部环境规划院2024-05[56]
), ArticleFig(id=1240689627842007174, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689616961982888, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Research institutions and platforms related to the beautiful China initiative (incomplete statistics, sorted by publication time)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
机构名称成员/依托单位成立时间
四川大学“美丽中国”研究所四川大学2012
生态环境部环境规划院美丽中国研究中心生态环境部环境规划院2021
中国美术学院美丽中国研究院中国美术学院2021
深圳大学美丽中国研究院广东省、深圳大学等2021
美丽中国可持续发展研究院泛华集团等2022
美丽中国建设研究院生态环境部环境规划院2024
中国地质大学(北京)美丽中国研究中心中国地质大学、中国自然资源经济研究院、中国地质科学院矿产综合利用研究所等2024
), ArticleFig(id=1240689627951059085, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689616961982888, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

美丽中国建设相关研究机构/平台(不完全统计,按发表时间先后排序)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
机构名称成员/依托单位成立时间
四川大学“美丽中国”研究所四川大学2012
生态环境部环境规划院美丽中国研究中心生态环境部环境规划院2021
中国美术学院美丽中国研究院中国美术学院2021
深圳大学美丽中国研究院广东省、深圳大学等2021
美丽中国可持续发展研究院泛华集团等2022
美丽中国建设研究院生态环境部环境规划院2024
中国地质大学(北京)美丽中国研究中心中国地质大学、中国自然资源经济研究院、中国地质科学院矿产综合利用研究所等2024
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生态文明视角下的美丽中国建设研究:回顾与展望
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王金南 1 , 秦昌波 2, 3, * , 薛强 2, 3 , 路路 2, 3 , 张家玮 2, 3 , 张扬 2, 3 , 张晓婧 2, 3 , 熊善高 2, 3 , 强烨 2, 3 , 肖旸 2, 3
中国环境科学 | 美丽中国建设 2025,45(2): 1136-1147
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中国环境科学 | 美丽中国建设 2025, 45(2): 1136-1147
生态文明视角下的美丽中国建设研究:回顾与展望
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王金南1 , 秦昌波2, 3, * , 薛强2, 3, 路路2, 3, 张家玮2, 3, 张扬2, 3, 张晓婧2, 3, 熊善高2, 3, 强烨2, 3, 肖旸2, 3
作者信息
  • 1.生态环境部环境规划院,北京 100041
  • 2.生态环境部环境规划院战略规划研究所,北京 100041
  • 3.生态环境部环境规划院美丽中国研究中心,北京 100041
  • 王金南,男(1963-),浙江金华人,中国工程院院士,研究员,博士,主要从事国家环境规划和管理研究.发表论文400余篇. .

通讯作者:

*责任作者,研究员,
Research on the beautiful China initiative from the perspective of ecological civilization: a review and future prospects
Jin-nan WANG1 , Chang-bo QIN2, 3, * , Qiang XUE2, 3, Lu LU2, 3, Jia-wei ZHANG2, 3, Yang ZHANG2, 3, Xiao-jing ZHANG2, 3, Shan-gao XIONG2, 3, Ye QIANG2, 3, Yang XIAO2, 3
Affiliations
  • 1.Chinese Academy of Environmental Planning, Beijing 100041, China
  • 2.Institute of Strategic Planning, Chinese Academy of Environmental Planning, Beijing 100041, China
  • 3.The Center for Beautiful China, Chinese Academy of Environmental Planning, Beijing 100041, China
出版时间: 2025-02-20
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本文系统梳理了美丽中国建设与经济建设、政治建设、文化建设、社会建设、生态文明建设的战略关系,并介绍了美丽中国建设的概念和内涵,并从内涵理论、目标指标、任务路径、实践探索和保障体系等五个方面总结了美丽中国建设的研究进展、研究内容和研究成果,这些研究总体上有效支撑了美丽中国建设战略的制定和实施.最后,从深化美丽中国建设思想内涵和理论体系研究、加强美丽中国建设战略目标和指标体系、战略任务和实施路径、实践集成和保障体系等五个方面,指出面向生态文明建设的美丽中国研究需求与展望,为未来全面推进美丽中国建设研究指明了方向.

美丽中国建设  /  生态文明建设  /  研究进展  /  展望

By thoroughly investigating the strategic relationship between the beautiful China initiative and the construction of the economy, politics, culture, society, and ecological civilization, this paper first introduces the concept and connotations of the beautiful China initiative and then summarizes the current state of research on this initiative from five aspects: connotation theory, the target indicators, the path of tasks, practical exploration, and the initiative’s guarantee system. In general, this research has effectively supported the formulation and implementation of the beautiful China initiative strategy. This paper concludes by pointing out the needs and prospects of research on the beautiful China initiative for the construction of an ecological civilization, including deepening research on the ideological connotations and theoretical system of the beautiful China Initiative, as well as strengthening the strategic objectives and indicator system, strategic tasks and implementation paths, and practical integration and guarantee system of the beautiful China initiative. The results provide guidance for the comprehensive promotion of research on the beautiful China initiative.

beautiful China initiative  /  ecological civilization  /  research progress  /  prospect
王金南, 秦昌波, 薛强, 路路, 张家玮, 张扬, 张晓婧, 熊善高, 强烨, 肖旸. 生态文明视角下的美丽中国建设研究:回顾与展望. 中国环境科学, 2025 , 45 (2) : 1136 -1147 .
Jin-nan WANG, Chang-bo QIN, Qiang XUE, Lu LU, Jia-wei ZHANG, Yang ZHANG, Xiao-jing ZHANG, Shan-gao XIONG, Ye QIANG, Yang XIAO. Research on the beautiful China initiative from the perspective of ecological civilization: a review and future prospects[J]. China Environmental Science, 2025 , 45 (2) : 1136 -1147 .
20世纪80年代,面对资源约束趋紧、环境污染严重、生态系统退化的严峻形势,人类如何实现经济社会的可持续发展引起了全世界共同关注[1-2],世界各国都在努力平衡经济增长与环境保护[3-4].1987年世界环境与发展委员在《我们共同的未来》中首次提出了“可持续发展”的概念[5].1992年世界环境和发展大会以“可持续发展”为指导方针,通过了《21世纪行动议程》和《里约宣言》等重要文件,正式提出了可持续发展战略[6].为推动可持续发展,中国在2007年首次提出了“生态文明”理念,通过实施生态文明的战略发展框架,有力解决了资源、环境和社会发展的不平衡和复杂生态环境问题,这一战略措施为世界其他地区探索本地可持续发展提供了有益探索[7].
为应对新时期地球生态与环境治理面临的严峻挑战,如气候变化、生态危机、新污染物、环境健康等问题,中国在2012年首次提出美丽中国建设,并将其纳入国家发展目标之一.2017年党的十九大把“坚持人与自然和谐共生”作为国家发展基本方略之一,把建设美丽中国作为生态文明建设的核心.2022年党的二十大提出建设人与自然和谐共生的现代化.2023年全国生态环境保护大会对全面推进美丽中国建设做出系统部署.2024年1月11日发布的《中共中央 国务院关于全面推进美丽中国建设的意见》明确了全面推进美丽中国建设的时间表、路线图、任务书.随着一系列新理念、新战略的提出,生态环境质量得到明显改善,生态文明战略地位得到显著提升.
综合来看,美丽中国与生态文明建设内涵一脉相承,也是实现2030年可持续发展目标的有效途径[8].面向国家重大战略,美丽中国建设研究也逐步成为学术领域的研究热点.相关学者从美丽中国内涵目标、任务路径、实践研究、制度保障等方面开展了研究,丰富了美丽中国研究成果,但由于全面推进美丽中国建设是一项长期性、复杂性、艰巨性的系统工程,既需要注重全国层面的系统性、经济社会发展和生态环境保护的协调性,也需要体现区域间各美其美的多样性,更要突出与中国特色社会主义现代化不同阶段要求相匹配的时代性.
基于此,本研究首先在界定美丽中国建设与经济建设、政治建设、文化建设、社会建设、生态文明建设“五位一体”总体布局的基础上,围绕美丽中国建设内涵和理论基础、目标指标体系、战略任务和路径、建设实践和保障体系等方面开展研究(图1),系统总结当前美丽中国建设的研究不足,并提出未来的优先研究重点,以期为深化和丰富美丽中国建设的理论方法提供研究范式,为中长期美丽中国、绿色发展、生态环境保护等战略谋划、设计和规划编制提供支撑.
目前,学术界关于美丽中国建设的思路、内涵、目标、任务等研究成果较多,但是阐述新时代全面推进美丽中国建设与经济建设、政治建设、文化建设、社会建设、生态文明建设之间的关系还较少,本研究重点从生态文明建设视角阐述美丽中国建设与之相关关系和内在联系,旨在为辩证认识美丽中国建设与生态文明建设的关系提供有益参考[9].
生态文明建设作为“五位一体”总体布局中重要内容,是推进实现美丽中国建设目标的重要手段.在中国特色社会主义事业总体布局中,生态文明建设既是单独的“一位”,又内嵌于经济建设、政治建设、文化建设和社会建设之中.其中,生态文明建设主要以生态规律为行为准则,综合运用经济、政治、文化、社会和自然的方法,遵循“人与自然和谐共生”的原理,建设以资源环境承载力为基础,以增强可持续发展能力和维护生态正义为根本目标的资源节约型、环境友好型和生态健康型社会,其中生态文明是生命力、承载力和整合力的融合,更是美丽中国建设的战略基础和重要保障.反过来,经济、政治、社会和文化建设也以生态文明建设为基础.
美丽中国与社会主义现代化建设是辩证统一的关系,即山清水秀但贫穷落后不是社会主义现代化,强大富裕而环境污染不是美丽中国.美丽中国建设的核心要义是要把自然与文明结合起来,提升生态环境民生水平和质量[10],更好的让人民在优美生态环境中享受极大丰富的物质文明和精神文明,也要让自然生态在现代化人类社会治理体系下,更加宁静、和谐、美丽.
国内从建设进程和建设维度开展了研究.从发展进程看,相关学者认为美丽中国既是一种状态,也是随着时代进步其内涵不断深化的历史过程[11],人与自然和谐共生是中国式现代化和人类文明新形态的重要内涵[12-13].从建设维度看,聚焦生态文明建设角度,美丽中国应该包括资源节约保护、自然生态保育、环境质量改善、地球环境安全等内容[14],随着国家对美丽中国的部署完善,有学者认为美丽中国包含了思想、民生、绿色发展、自然、生态善治、生态人文、文明智慧等美丽各个相关方面[15],包含了环境—社会—经济复合系统的外“美”内“丽”属性,概况起来就是“1个特征、2个关键方面、3个层次”[16].从习近平生态文明思想来看,应重点体现绿色发展、生态环境优美,最终实现人与自然和谐共生[17-18],相关内涵研究进展见表1.
从理论溯源的角度看,美丽中国建设思想不是凭空臆造的.“天人和一”等中华优秀的传统文化生态智慧为美丽中国建设理论提供了思想启迪.中华文明传承五千多年,很早就形成了质朴睿智的自然观,把自然生态同人类文明联系起来,按照大自然规律活动,这表达了先人对处理人与自然关系的重要认识[23].“人与自然和谐共生”的马克思主义生态观为美丽中国建设提供了现实指导.在马克思、恩格斯的构想中,“人靠自然界生活”“人是自然界的一部分”,人、自然、社会三者是一荣俱荣、一损俱损的整体,美丽中国建设也应是建立在自然美好、社会进步、人的发展三者有机统一的基础上.系统完备、内涵丰富的习近平生态文明思想的理论体系是美丽中国建设理论和实践的根本遵循.习近平总书记提出“绿水青山就是金山银山”“保护生态环境就是保护生产力、改善生态环境就是发展生产力”等科学论断,是对传统生产力的重要创新,深刻阐释了自然生态作为生产力内在属性的重要地位.此外,“绿色发展是高质量发展的底色,新质生产力本身就是绿色生产力”深刻指出了推动新质生产力加快发展,就要牢固树立和践行“绿水青山就是金山银山”的理念,坚定不移走生态优先、绿色发展之路,最终解决好人与自然和谐共生问题[24].生态环境民生观是美丽中国建设核心和最终目标.习近平总书记强调“环境就是民生”,美丽中国建设是满足人民群众美好生活需要、提供良好生态环境服务的重要举措,良好的生态环境是增进民生福祉的优先领域,同时是建设美丽中国的重要基础.
国际上也提出了“可持续发展”“人类发展”“美好世界”“美丽美国”等诸多“美丽中国”“美丽地球”等相类似理念倡议.在应对气候和生态危机过程中,联合国开发计划署定期发布的《全球人类发展报告》加倍关注人的发展和保护地球.《生物多样性公约》缔约方大会第十五次会议(COP15)首次以“生态文明:共建地球生命共同体”为主题,提出构建人与自然和谐共生的地球家园解决方案.《联合国气候变化框架公约》第二十七次缔约方大会(COP27)提出从减缓、适应、资金与协作等方面落实气候行动.2021年6月在西方七国集团(G7)峰会闭幕式上,一项名为“重建美好世界”(Build Back Better World,B3W)的倡议被写入联合声明.
从国家层面看,2021年11月拜登政府发起了“美丽美国”倡议,致力于在全美开展由地方领导的志愿行动,保护、连接和恢复土地、水域和野生动植物,并明确了到2030年保护30%的土地和水域的目标[25].日本《第五次环境基本计划》(2018-2023年)提出“打造地区循环共生圈,凭借循环精神和与自然共生的传统,将日本塑造为世界典范,实现可持续循环共生社会”战略目标.
总的来看,美丽中国建设与上述国际倡议中的内涵有一定的类似性,均主要涉及到应对气候变化、绿色发展、环境保护、环境健康等领域,坚持了人类命运共同体的建设理念,可为全球其他国家从工业文明到生态文明的跨越提供中国智慧[26].正因如此,美丽中国建设在国际社会上展现出更强的生命力.当前,面对全球性生态环境挑战,美丽中国建设正是体现中国积极参与全球环境治理、履行对联合国2030年可持续发展议程承诺、共建繁荣、清洁、美丽世界的重大举措,是展示中国生态文明建设成效的重要窗口,为人类迈向更美好、更可持续未来的蓝图提供中国方案.
国外重点围绕落实联合国2030可持续发展议程,通过法律、草案、计划等方式明确了聚焦生态环境、应对气候变化等综合性的战略目标.联合国于2000年发布了千年发展目标,提出了消灭极端贫穷和饥饿、确保环境的永续性等8项目标.2015年联合国《2030年可持续发展议程》提出了无贫穷、零饥饿、良好健康与福祉、清洁饮水和卫生设施、经济适用的清洁能源、可持续城市和社区、负责人消费和生产、气候行动、水下生物、陆地生物等17项目标.此外,2000年《欧盟水框架指令》提出了水陆生态系统、水资源可持续利用、地下水污染、洪灾和旱灾等管理总目标.
从研究主体看,国家有关部委和中国科学院等科研院所均高度重视美丽中国建设指标体系和目标指标设计,从经济环境耦合系统多个不同角度切入,部署了覆盖面广、内容丰富、重点领域的指标和体系相关研究.从聚焦对象角度看,一是聚焦于自然生态的指标体系,如《全国生态保护与建设规划》,规划中提出了包括17项具体指标的指标体系和目标值.联合国发布了生物多样性2020目标,即“爱知目标”(Aichi Targets).二是聚焦于生态环境的指标体系,如国家“十三五”生态环境保护规划中提出的目标指标,国家发展改革委于2016年印发实施的《生态文明建设考核目标体系》,包括资源利用、生态环境保护、年度评价结果、公众满意度、生态环境事件5个领域和23项具体指标.三是综合性型的指标,如生态环境部于2019年印发实施了《国家生态文明建设示范市县建设指标》,包括生态空间、生态保护、生态经济、生态生活、生态文化、生态制度6个领域和38项具体指标.
目前相关研究主要聚焦发展阶段目标、指标体系构建等领域.从发展阶段目标看,中国式现代化首先是14亿多人共同实现现代化[27],意味着未来资源环境承载能力面临巨大压力.全体人民共同富裕的现代化意味全国各地生态环境质量要实现全局性改善.物质文明和精神文明相协调的现代化、人与自然和谐共生的现代化、走和平发展道路的现代化都在新时期有新要求,这就需要研判未来中国式现代化的总体形势和总体架构,系统提出美丽中国建设要求[28-30].从目标指标看,万军等[17]则从绿色发展、应对气候变化、生态环境保护、治理体系四大领域提出了2035年美丽中国建设指标体系框架.王金南等[31]提出了空气清新、水体洁净、土壤安全、生态良好、人居整洁、应对气候变化等六大领域指标体系和2035年指标目标建议值.为解决美丽中国建设目标指标区域差异性问题,秦昌波等[22]构建了覆盖绿色生产、应对气候变化、空气清新、水体洁净、海清滩净、美丽山川、生物多样性等10个维度目标指标库,各地根据实际可从指标库中筛选建立符合自身的美丽建设指标体系.Qin等[32]从环境视角构建了美丽中国建设绩效评价指数,该指数包含8个领域的40个指标和目标,评估了国家和地方层面实现到2035年建设“美丽中国”目标的差距和进展.此外,还有学者开展了美丽城市和美丽中国建设成效评估体系研究[33].
美丽中国建设战略任务和路径方面,强调系统性和任务协同性[34],其战略任务覆盖社会经济和生态环境治理的各个领域.如孙金龙[35]提出要加强“十个坚持”,要实施好发展与保护协同共进、深入打好污染防治攻坚战、健全现代环境治理体系、推动构建地球生命共同体等战略任务.何毅亭[36]认为,美丽中国建设要重点开展污染治理攻坚战、构建生态文明体系、全面推动绿色发展、党对生态文明建设领导等战略任务.陆军等[37]从加快发展方式绿色转型、推进实施国家重大战略绿色发展、推动环境污染防治、统筹城乡环境治理、提升生态系统多样性稳定性持续性、推进碳达峰碳中和、构建生态环境风险防控体系、推动全球环境治理和可持续发展等八个方面战略任务推进美丽中国建设.部分学者还针对生态战略[38]、绿色现代化[39]、制度建设[40]等某个具体维度开展了美丽中国建设任务研究,而徐伟新认为在美丽中国建设路径中要以系统论为指导.
美丽中国建设推动中国生态文明建设成效显著.全国各地打造了全地域美丽中国建设样板,形成各具特色的实践模式(表2),本文主要从推进模式和实践路径两方面开展研究.在推进模式方面,万军等[41]从战略目标引领、分区分类各美其美实践模式、统筹协同推进实践、激励引导的政策创新、宣传推广等5个方面提出推进美丽中国建设实践建议.张惠远等[42]认为要在实践中尊重规律,注重历史与现实结合、理论和实践结合、自然与社会结合、国内和国际结合.在实践路径方面,学界认为需要强化美丽建设实践顶层设计,建立组织领导、投入保障、监督评估等推进机制,探索规划先行统筹、目标指标牵引、重点领域推进、机制探索创新、全民参与行动、典型标杆示范等建设路径,共同推动美丽中国建设[43-45].按照党的二十大新要求,未来还要在分区分类、典型领域、实施机制、全民行动等方面持续深化研究.
在美丽中国建设政策制度方面,主要有4个方面,一是健全政策制度体系.党的十八大以来,建立健全生态文明制度体系,开展了生态文明建设目标评价考核[46]、自然资源资产离任审计[47]、生态环境损害责任追究等制度改革,生态环境治理体系和治理能力现代化水平不断提升,政策制度体系逐步完善.二是探索开展政策制度统筹协同推进.如胡中华[48]认为应推动以行政区为主向环境区域协同治理的模式转变,通过建立区域协同合作等措施推进环境区域协同治理.三是现代环境治理体系对美丽中国推进作用.周宏春等[49]分析了现代环境治理体系的内涵、理念、各主体责任,提出关于美丽中国建设环境治理体系的实施重点.常纪文[50]从人大、政协民主、检察机关公益诉讼、社会组织等方面提出了美丽中国建设监督体系的构建.王红帅等[51]从绿色发展、环境公共产品、协同增效、科学精细治理、空间治理、法治保障和国际合作等7个方面提出生态环境治理体系的主要思路.
四是美丽中国建设的研究机构和交流平台建设.从学术著作看,2020年以来,以生态环境部环境与经济政策研究中心、中国科学院地理科学与资源研究所、生态环境部环境规划院等科研机构围绕生态文明建设与美丽中国理论、方法和实践等主题出版了著作,学者们开展了多维度视角下的美丽中国建设研究(表3),持续完善了美丽中国建设的学术体系.从研究机构看,2012年以来,先后有多家科研机构成立了以“美丽中国研究所”“美丽中国研究中心”“美丽中国研究院”等为主题的研究机构(表4),其中,四川大学“美丽中国”研究所于2012年12月成立,而生态环境部环境规划院美丽中国研究中心则是党的十八大以来美丽中国建设主题方面最具影响力的研究机构之一.2020年以来,在生态环境部指导下,中国环境科学学会联合生态环境部环境规划院等单位于连续4a发起主办“美丽中国百人论坛”,该平台逐步建设成为美丽中国建设战略、规划、政策、科研等领域重要的研究基地和交流平台.2021~2024年,生态环境部环境规划院美丽中国研究中心领衔发布了《美丽中国在行动2022》、《美丽中国在行动2023》和《美丽中国在行动2024》.此外,2023~2024年,生态环境部环境规划院美丽中国研究中心连续两年联合中国美术学院美丽中国研究院举办“大地之歌——2023美丽中国纪事”展览,意在立足中国大地,共同探讨美丽中国的建设之路,得到社会的广泛反响.
在理论内涵研究方面,习近平生态文明思想内涵不断丰富和发展,在中国式现代化整体格局中,对美丽中国建设理论内涵边界研究还需深化.目前国内学者多从科学理论、哲学观、历史观等维度对美丽中国内涵进行解析,对美丽中国基本规律和关键环节进行了阐明.但对标人与自然和谐共生现代化的新理念新论断,还要强化对美丽中国建设内涵和边界研究,从人与自然和谐共生现代化视角出发,从历史逻辑、现实逻辑、哲学逻辑和人民价值等方面阐述美丽中国建设历史方位、目标指向、科学内涵,阐明中国式现代化对美丽中国建设的总体要求.
在目标指标研究方面,耦合考虑中长期发展的战略节点、站在全局角度统筹谋划的分阶段战略目标指标有待优化.从国外研究看,发达国家都是在不同阶段矛盾和问题下,围绕可持续发展目标,在完成城镇化工业化、基本完成环境污染治理和生态保护基础上,再推进环境健康、应对气候变化等任务,总体上存在分阶段递进特点.而美丽中国建设则要在城镇化和工业化同步推进的进程中,统筹结构调整、污染治理、生态保护和应对气候变化,实现经济社会发展和生态环境保护协同推进.从国内研究看,相关学者从美丽中国建设内涵目标、任务路径、实践研究、制度保障等方面开展了研究,丰富了美丽中国建设研究成果,但由于美丽中国建设作为系统工程,距离党的二十大对全面推进美丽中国建设新要求仍有差距,亟需结合中国式现代化中长期发展的战略节点,统筹谋划美丽中国建设目标和因地制宜、凸显特色和各有侧重的指标体系.
在战略任务和路径研究方面,面向党的二十大报告提出的新要求,美丽中国建设任务路径统筹协同还要深化研究.党的二十大报告提出了未来五年、2035年、本世纪中叶“三个阶段”战略目标,COP15、COP27分别提出了国际生物多样性保护框架、减缓和适应气候变化等新目标.需要考虑长期目标战略性、阶段性差异,强化美丽中国建设任务的整体和局域、长期和短期目标耦合协同.此外,目前科学理论研究对具体推动战略路径和任务实施指导性不够、存在脱节现象,导致“美丽”内涵理解覆盖领域不全、实施路径与国家治理体系脱节等.而且,党的二十大提出要统筹产业结构调整、污染治理、生态保护、应对气候变化,协同推进降碳、减污、扩绿、增长,这需要进一步从社会经济与生态环境整体性角度出发,强化统筹协调研究.
在实践探索研究方面,以美丽中国先行区建设为引领的实践开展的科学性有待加强.2023年全国生态环境保护大会和中央经济工作会议明确要求的“建设美丽中国先行区”,既是以点带面牵引美丽中国建设全方位提升的行动载体,也是现阶段推进美丽中国建设和生态环境保护的重要抓手.党的十八大以来,各地区、各部门按照美丽中国建设决策部署,多领域、多层次开展了美丽中国建设探索实践,为美丽中国先行区建设积累了丰富的实践经验.目前各地实践过程中开展美丽中国先行区建设呈现“热度过高”现象,先行区相关内涵指导地方实践有待加强,未来应综合考虑我国区域板块差异、生态环境本底、地区发展特色,科学开展美丽中国先行区建设是至关重要的[57].
在保障体系研究方面,围绕美丽中国建设新目标新要求,推动支撑污染防治攻坚政策制度、管理体系、科技体系以及平台建设等向支撑美丽中国建设支撑方面还缺少系统研究.治理体系方面的研究主要针对生态文明制度、传统污染防治中的单一环境要素、单一污染类型和单一生态环境管理目标而建立的政策制度、管理体系,目前环境政策无法满足环境治理体系现代化建设新需要[58].治理方式方面缺少从系统性、一体化、统筹推进的治理模式角度出发,研究如何推进相关政策制度,强化环境治理体系内部和外部衔接,激发美丽中国建设的内生动力和积极性.此外,美丽中国建设监测指标、进程评估、考核指标体系等也亟需加强研究.
为了全面推进美丽中国建设研究,需要发挥政府、社会和科研机构等多方作用,形成全要素、全周期、全方位的“理论内涵-目标指标-任务路径-科学实践-系统保障”美丽中国建设研究体系,系统支撑美丽中国建设.
将人与自然和谐共生的科学内涵作为主线,聚焦中国式现代化,持续深入贯彻习近平生态文明思想,分析习近平生态文明思想对美丽中国建设内在要求与目标指向.综合哲学、美学、伦理学等社会科学和生态、环境、地理等自然科学研究视角,从多维度、多层次、系统化阐释美丽中国建设内涵要求.鼓励开展美丽中国创新性思想研究,全面辨析美丽中国与中华民族伟大复兴、中国式现代化、中国特色社会主义、人与自然和谐共生现代化、生态文明等的关系,全面总结新时代美丽中国建设的历史性成就、关键所在和经验启示,归纳总结美丽中国建设的历史逻辑、理论逻辑、实践逻辑、价值逻辑,揭示美丽中国建设的历史方位和时代方位,明确新时期美丽中国建设的完备的、独特的、落地的思想理论体系.
首先,开展面向中国式现代化的美丽中国建设进程研究.通过国际比较、量化分析,全方位、多维度解析中国式现代化的总体格局、基本要求、基本特征.在此基础上,明晰美丽中国建设目标内涵边界组成,形成新时代美丽中国建设战略目标和总体框架.其次,加强美丽中国重点领域目标研究.在美丽中国建设战略目标总体框架下,围绕新时代美丽中国建设重点领域等要求,解析美丽中国建设重点领域治理进程,分析美丽中国建设基础现状与未来建设要求的差距,明确美丽中国建设重点领域面临的问题、挑战以及改善潜力,结合美丽中国建设地方实践,分阶段、分区域、分维度确定美丽中国建设重点领域战略目标.另外,开展美丽中国建设指标体系研究.基于目标的设定原则,从时间-区域-领域-要素等多个维度,聚焦绿色低碳发展、生态环境质量、生态系统保护、生态环境安全、美丽中国建设示范等重点领域,构建反映区域差异的美丽中国建设特征性、标志性指标库.充分运用与国际对标、多情景指标量化和指标可达性等分析方法,预测2027、2030年、2035年、本世纪中叶等分阶段指标值.
开展战略任务和实施路径体系研究是将美丽中国建设目标落地的重要一环.首先,系统研究美丽中国建设战略任务体系.设计2027年、2030年、2035年、本世纪中叶等关键阶段美丽中国建设战略任务体系[59].统筹研究国家-省-市县等不同层级美丽中国建设实践推进任务,总结研究美丽蓝天、美丽河湖[60]、美丽海湾[61]、美丽山川以及美丽中国先行区、美丽省份、美丽城市[62-63]、美丽乡村[64]等美丽建设的实施路径.如秦昌波等[62]通过评估我国美丽城市建设的进展、成效,并分析了当前新时代美丽城市建设面临的主要问题及挑战,从重点任务、工作机制、政策支撑、带动示范等层面提出开展新时代美丽城市建设的思路与任务建议.其次,开展美丽中国建设重点任务协同性和协同推进实施路径研究.围绕如何统筹产业结构调整、污染治理、生态保护、应对气候变化,如何统筹山水林田湖草沙系统治理等关键问题,开展美丽中国建设重点任务协同性分析,提出不同类型、不同区域美丽中国建设重点任务协同推进实施路径.
由于全国生态环境基础、状况和社会经济发展条件存在显著差异,美丽中国建设具有较强的空间差异性[65].从实践情况看,整体进程呈现“东部强、西部弱”的情况,因此,分区域和分类型推进是打造各美其美的美丽中国的有效途径[66].未来一段时期需要研究建立以生态环境保护规划为统领,将规划编制放在中国式现代化建设的全过程、生态文明和美丽中国建设的全过程、生态环境统筹保护治理的全过程中谋划[67].具体在操作实施层面,以空间为载体,以各区域、各领域、各要素规划为支撑,充分考虑东中西部地区的差异以及不同建设需求,建立国家、区域、省域、市县四级的美丽中国建设实践规划实施体系[68].国家层面注重全局性,重点谋划美丽中国实施体系.区域层面注重战略性,聚焦国家重大区域战略打造美丽中国先行区,省级层面注重协调性,打造美丽省域样板建设.市县级规划侧重实施性,推动美丽城市、美丽乡镇等建设,研究鼓励园区、企业、社区、学校等基层单位因地制宜开展行动,推动重点领域提质增效,建设美丽蓝天、美丽河湖、美丽海湾、美丽山川,系统集成美丽中国建设实践案例,研究形成不同层级美丽细胞建设行动路线.
美丽中国建设进程中,我国经济社会发展将面临更加复杂外部环境和内部条件,不断加强政策制度创新和监测考核评价研究,全面保障美丽中国建设.首先,开展面向美丽中国建设的制度体系研究.基于目前的环境政策工具箱,研究建立产业结构调整、污染治理、生态保护、应对气候变化统筹推进制度体系和政策协同实施机制[69],识别出政策工具应用关键环节和障碍,构建美丽中国建设政策体系[70].其次,开展进一步深化面向中国式现代化的生态文明体制研究.我国生态环境问题在流域-区域-单元等不同空间尺度上差异明显,需要进一步统筹构建流域生态保护监管体系、生态环境治理市场体系、生态环境治理法规政策体系.实施分区域、差异化、精准管控的生态环境管理制度,优化国土空间开发保护格局,以生态环境高水平保护推动高质量发展,进一步完善问题导向、精准管控、全域覆盖的生态环境分区管控体系.持续完善国家生态安全工作协调机制.聚焦美丽中国建设重点领域和“国家-省-市-县”多层级,构建“横向到边、纵向到底”的美丽中国新时代特征的重大工程框架体系和规划制度[71],提升国家生态安全风险研判评估、监测预警、应急应对和处置能力.建立能耗双控向碳排放双控全面转型新机制,开展多领域多层次创新示范.再次,加快研究构建系统协调、多维联动、各具特色的美丽中国建设监测、进程评估和考核技术体系,特别是注重生态环境质量的碧水、蓝天、净土、青山、绿地、蓝海等“颜值”评价指标[72].在深入解析美丽中国建设内涵基础上,考虑我国不同区域的自然禀赋、发展阶段、治理水平等差异,建立美丽中国建设监测指标和进程评估体系迭代方法,注重个性和共性、动态与静态评估相互结合,研究能够客观反映美丽中国建设进程的技术方法体系,精准识别不同时期美丽中国建设的短板与差距,切实推动美丽中国建设.另外,未来需要加大科技对美丽中国建设支撑力度.研究构建面向美丽中国的生态环境保护规划技术、方法、标准和学科体系.充分借鉴国外规划技术标准体系建设经验,利用大数据技术深度赋能,推动一批美丽中国关键技术集成性研究,加强减污降碳协同技术的研发、强化绿色金融、生态产品价值实现、生态产品第四产业[73]、经济生态生产总值核算技术体系[74-75]、碳排放权交易等美丽中国制度建设的科技支撑[76],提升美丽中国建设实践的科学性、规范性和可落地性,为美丽中国建设保驾护航.强化面向美丽中国的环境规划与管理学科建设,强化思想、理论、方法、技术等重点领域建设[77],面向美丽中国目标构建多学科交叉、多技术集成的现代化生态环境学科体系,加快形成适合中国环境治理与保护特点、有力支撑美丽中国和生态文明建设、具有国际领先水平的学科能力.
  • 国家社科基金重大项目(23ZDA104)
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2025年第45卷第2期
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  • 接收时间:2024-07-28
  • 首发时间:2026-03-17
  • 出版时间:2025-02-20
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  • 收稿日期:2024-07-28
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    1.生态环境部环境规划院,北京 100041
    2.生态环境部环境规划院战略规划研究所,北京 100041
    3.生态环境部环境规划院美丽中国研究中心,北京 100041

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species
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Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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