Article(id=1240689614214713614, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, issueId=1240689590315569990, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1719158400000, receivedDateStr=2024-06-24, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773733054926, onlineDateStr=2026-03-17, pubDate=1739980800000, pubDateStr=2025-02-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773733054926, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-17, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773733054926, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773733054926, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1240689590315569990, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, year='2025', volume='45', issue='2', pageStart='593', pageEnd='1184', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773733049228, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773733150042, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1240690013239825123, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, issueId=1240689590315569990, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1240690013239825124, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, issueId=1240689590315569990, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1127, endPage=1135, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1240689614617366843, articleId=1240689614214713614, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, language=EN, title=Post-assessment of health impact of water pollution emergencies, columnId=1234106388687934088, journalTitle=China Environmental Science, columnName=Environmental Toxicology and Environmental Health, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Water pollution incidents were collected, and the characteristics of the incidents and their impact on population health were summarized. The types of water pollution incidents were classified as industrial pollution, agricultural pollution, and urban pollution. Industrial pollution were primarily caused by anthropogenic emissions and contaminant leakage. The pollutants were primarily heavy metals and chemicals. These pollutants were not usually directly affecting human health but resulted in the most economic losses once they occurred. Agricultural pollution, encompassing arable land pollution and animal husbandry pollution, was leading to economic losses with no serious health damage being caused. Urban pollution was being closely related to human health, and the health consequences caused by microbial pollution were the most frequent, primarily acute damage. The physiological and psychological health of the population were affected after the occurrence of the pollution incidents. Limited research had been conducted on residual water pollution and its chronic long-term effects on public health. The health risk assessment of residual pollution was worth being explored.

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通过收集水污染事件,总结得出水污染事件的特征和人群健康影响.水污染事件类型分为工业污染、农业污染和城市污染.工业污染产生的原因多属于人为排放和污染泄露,污染物以重金属和化学品为主,通常不会直接影响人体健康,但发生后造成的经济损失最多.农业污染包括耕地污染和畜牧污染,二者均会产生经济损失,未见严重的健康后果.城市污染与人群健康关系密切,其中微生物污染导致的健康后果最常见,主要属于急性损害.污染事件发生后对人群生理、心理健康都会产生影响.水体遗留污染及人群慢性长期健康影响的相关研究较少,遗留污染的健康风险评估值得探讨.

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*责任作者,研究员,
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刘婷婷(2000-),女,河北邯郸人,中国疾病预防控制中心硕士研究生,主要研究方向为环境与健康. .

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Basic information table of typical water pollution incidents in China (2000~2020)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
事件名称发生年份所在省份相关城市主要有害物质急性损害经济损失(元)
贵州独山砷中毒事件2001贵州独山334人砷中毒
贵州都匀矿渣污染事件2002贵州都匀铅、锌
南盘江水污染事件2002云南昆明
沱江特大水污染事故2004四川内江氨氮3亿
龙川江楚雄段水污染事件2004云南楚雄
河南濮阳水污染事件2004河南濮阳4000万
青衣江水污染事件2004四川乐山
沱江磷污染事件2005四川内江2.19亿
松花江水污染事件2005吉林吉林苯、硝基苯6908万
北江镉污染事件2005广东韶关1.5亿
湘江镉污染事件2006湖南株洲超150人慢性镉中毒
白洋淀死鱼事件2006河北保定900多万
陕西韩城烧碱泄露2006陕西韩城烧碱
牤牛河水污染事件2006吉林吉林二甲基苯胺
湖南岳阳砷污染事件2006湖南岳阳
广西那蒙江水污染事件2007广西钦州
太湖水污染事件2007江苏无锡蓝藻
巢湖、滇池蓝藻爆发2007安徽巢湖蓝藻
江苏沐阳水污染事件2007江苏宿迁氨氮
贵州都柳江水污染砷中毒事件2007贵州黔南州17人砷中毒
湖北汉江三条支流遭受污染2008湖北汉江硅藻
云南富宁县交通事故引发跨界水污染2008云南文山州
云南阳宗海砷污染事件2008云南澄江900多万
陕西省山阳县钒矿尾矿库泄露2008陕西商洛192.6万
淮河流域大沙河砷污染2008河南商丘
四川雅安江水污染事件2008四川雅安
江苏盐城水污染事件2009江苏盐城酚类化合物543.21万
山东沂南砷污染事件2009山东临沂3714万
湖北南漳“泥水门”事件2009湖北南漳
内蒙古赤峰自来水污染事件2009内蒙古赤峰沙门氏菌4307人就医
沈阳团结水库水污染事件2010辽宁沈阳
哈尔滨市巴彦县自来水污染事件2010黑龙江哈尔滨260人轻度腹泻30万
福建紫金矿业溃坝事件2010福建茂名3187.71万
大连输油管道爆炸事故2010辽宁大连原油22330.19万
南宁南湖地下排污管道污染事件2010广西南宁
安徽潜山自来水污染事件2010安徽安庆
中金岭南铊污染事件2010广东韶关
杭州苯酚槽罐车泄露事件2011浙江杭州苯酚
渤海蓬莱油田溢油事故2011山东龙口原油16.83亿
水浮莲污染事件2011广东广州
四川涪江锰矿水污染事件2011四川绵阳
南京江宁百家湖牛奶水污染2011江苏南京
江西瑞昌自来水中毒事件2011江西瑞昌铜、氯112人中毒
云南曲靖铬渣污染2011云南曲靖9.5万
隆化章吉营中学饮用水源雨水污染事件2011河北承德诺如病毒135人发病
洛阳市区河流污染事件2011河南洛阳
广西龙江镉污染事件2012广西宜州
江苏镇江水污染事件2012江苏镇江苯酚
黄埔江死猪事件2013上海
驻马店练江河污染事件2013河南驻马店氨氮
云南昆明牛奶河事件2013云南昆明含铜矿的碳酸岩
温岭石桥头镇河水污染事件2013浙江台州氨氮
深圳龙华河污染事件2013广东深圳
贵阳河流污染事件2013贵州贵阳
郑州贾鲁河死鱼事件2013河南郑州
兰州自来水污染事件2014甘肃兰州
武汉水污染事件2014湖北武汉氨氮
甘肃陇星锑业尾矿库泄漏事件2015甘肃陇南6120.79万
黑龙江伊春尾矿库泄露事件2020黑龙江伊春4420.45万
贵州遵义柴油泄漏事故2020贵州遵义柴油148.73万
), ArticleFig(id=1240689625472226259, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689614214713614, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

中国典型水污染事件基础信息表(2000~2020年)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
事件名称发生年份所在省份相关城市主要有害物质急性损害经济损失(元)
贵州独山砷中毒事件2001贵州独山334人砷中毒
贵州都匀矿渣污染事件2002贵州都匀铅、锌
南盘江水污染事件2002云南昆明
沱江特大水污染事故2004四川内江氨氮3亿
龙川江楚雄段水污染事件2004云南楚雄
河南濮阳水污染事件2004河南濮阳4000万
青衣江水污染事件2004四川乐山
沱江磷污染事件2005四川内江2.19亿
松花江水污染事件2005吉林吉林苯、硝基苯6908万
北江镉污染事件2005广东韶关1.5亿
湘江镉污染事件2006湖南株洲超150人慢性镉中毒
白洋淀死鱼事件2006河北保定900多万
陕西韩城烧碱泄露2006陕西韩城烧碱
牤牛河水污染事件2006吉林吉林二甲基苯胺
湖南岳阳砷污染事件2006湖南岳阳
广西那蒙江水污染事件2007广西钦州
太湖水污染事件2007江苏无锡蓝藻
巢湖、滇池蓝藻爆发2007安徽巢湖蓝藻
江苏沐阳水污染事件2007江苏宿迁氨氮
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突发水环境污染事件的健康影响后评估
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刘婷婷 , 张晓彤 , 张文颖 , 宋风景 , 陈城宇 , 蒋林霖 , 解晓敏 , 孙一铭 , 韩旭 , 王先良 *
中国环境科学 | 环境毒理与健康 2025,45(2): 1127-1135
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中国环境科学 | 环境毒理与健康 2025, 45(2): 1127-1135
突发水环境污染事件的健康影响后评估
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刘婷婷 , 张晓彤, 张文颖, 宋风景, 陈城宇, 蒋林霖, 解晓敏, 孙一铭, 韩旭, 王先良*
作者信息
  • 中国疾病预防控制中心环境与健康相关产品安全所,中国疾病预防控制中心环境与人群健康重点实验室,北京 100021
  • 刘婷婷(2000-),女,河北邯郸人,中国疾病预防控制中心硕士研究生,主要研究方向为环境与健康. .

通讯作者:

*责任作者,研究员,
Post-assessment of health impact of water pollution emergencies
Ting-ting LIU , Xiao-tong ZHANG, Wen-ying ZHANG, Feng-jing SONG, Cheng-yu CHEN, Lin-lin JIANG, Xiao-min XIE, Yi-ming SUN, Xu HAN, Xian-liang WANG*
Affiliations
  • China CDC Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100021, China
出版时间: 2025-02-20
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通过收集水污染事件,总结得出水污染事件的特征和人群健康影响.水污染事件类型分为工业污染、农业污染和城市污染.工业污染产生的原因多属于人为排放和污染泄露,污染物以重金属和化学品为主,通常不会直接影响人体健康,但发生后造成的经济损失最多.农业污染包括耕地污染和畜牧污染,二者均会产生经济损失,未见严重的健康后果.城市污染与人群健康关系密切,其中微生物污染导致的健康后果最常见,主要属于急性损害.污染事件发生后对人群生理、心理健康都会产生影响.水体遗留污染及人群慢性长期健康影响的相关研究较少,遗留污染的健康风险评估值得探讨.

突发水污染事件  /  污染影响  /  健康损害  /  经济损失  /  后评估

Water pollution incidents were collected, and the characteristics of the incidents and their impact on population health were summarized. The types of water pollution incidents were classified as industrial pollution, agricultural pollution, and urban pollution. Industrial pollution were primarily caused by anthropogenic emissions and contaminant leakage. The pollutants were primarily heavy metals and chemicals. These pollutants were not usually directly affecting human health but resulted in the most economic losses once they occurred. Agricultural pollution, encompassing arable land pollution and animal husbandry pollution, was leading to economic losses with no serious health damage being caused. Urban pollution was being closely related to human health, and the health consequences caused by microbial pollution were the most frequent, primarily acute damage. The physiological and psychological health of the population were affected after the occurrence of the pollution incidents. Limited research had been conducted on residual water pollution and its chronic long-term effects on public health. The health risk assessment of residual pollution was worth being explored.

water pollution emergencies  /  pollution impact  /  health damage  /  economic loss  /  post-assessment
刘婷婷, 张晓彤, 张文颖, 宋风景, 陈城宇, 蒋林霖, 解晓敏, 孙一铭, 韩旭, 王先良. 突发水环境污染事件的健康影响后评估. 中国环境科学, 2025 , 45 (2) : 1127 -1135 .
Ting-ting LIU, Xiao-tong ZHANG, Wen-ying ZHANG, Feng-jing SONG, Cheng-yu CHEN, Lin-lin JIANG, Xiao-min XIE, Yi-ming SUN, Xu HAN, Xian-liang WANG. Post-assessment of health impact of water pollution emergencies[J]. China Environmental Science, 2025 , 45 (2) : 1127 -1135 .
突发水污染事件是指由于自然灾害等不可抗力的意外因素的影响,或发生了违反环境保护法的经济、社会活动与行为,导致大量污染物突然流入江河湖泊等水体,造成财产损失或人员伤亡的涉及公共安全的水污染事件[1].
重点关注2000~2020年间中国发生过的典型大型水污染事件,通过在Edge浏览器进行检索“中国发生过的水污染事件”“水污染事件”“中国水污染事件统计”等关键词,由新浪网、中国政府网、搜狐网等媒体发布的新闻报道为依据,初始记录下不同事件的发生时间和名称,再使用知网、万方数据库以及Edge、百度等搜索引擎,搜索某一事件的相关信息并记录.其中污染事件发生持续时间低于3d的进行排除,污染物泄漏量低于10t的进行排除,污染原因不明的进行排除.将收集到的事件按照时间顺序进行排序,得到基础信息表(表1).结果发现较大型的水污染事件主要发生在2000~2010年间,如2004年沱江氨氮污染事故、2005年松花江硝基苯污染事件、2007年太湖蓝藻污染事件、2012年江苏镇江苯酚污染事件等.2004年水污染事故发生频率上升,2006年达到峰值,2016年下降[2].初步推测是由于我国在当时重视工业发展,对于环境健康关注度不够,环境保护相关法律法规没有得到严格执行或监管实施,导致企业和个人轻视污染物的处理排放,造成水体污染.前人对2006~2016年间中国发生的874起突发水污染事件做了统计分析,研究其时空分布特征[3].研究结果显示春、夏两季为污染事件高发季节;华东、西南、华南为高发地区,总体频发区域有从北到南的转移趋势.水污染事件的特点有污染源复杂、污染物种类多样、污染后果严重[4].
水污染事件可以分为工业污染、农业污染和城市污染.突发性的水污染事件多数属于工业违规排放造成的污染,包括人为排放和意外泄露.农业污染主要分为耕地污染和畜牧污染.城市污染可以分为水源污染、自备供水污染、二次供水污染以及管网污染.以上3种类型中工业排放引起的水污染后果一般更为严重.
工业污染可以分为人为排放和污染泄露.在本文章收集到的水污染事件中,人为排放是占比最大的事故原因.化学制造工厂与企业不遵守法例条规,工业废水未经处理或处理不彻底,将废水排放口直接接入水体流域中.沱江水污染事件系上游某化工厂大量超标排放工业废水所致.云南东川小江河沿岸,五家从事铜矿浮选的企业,环保设施不完善私自投入生产,将未处理的尾矿浆排入小江,导致河体污染.民权县某公司,未经审批采购含砷量高的硫砷铁矿生产硫酸,未采取足够的处理手段,将砷含量超标的废水经民生河直接排入了大沙河.
污染泄露是指非人为刻意造成,由于自然原因或意外事故原因造成预期外的污染物泄露,对环境产生影响.在本文章收集到的水污染事件中,污染泄露多属于尾矿库泄漏和运输罐车翻车泄漏.长江镇江段苯酚泄露事件,调查发现上游船舶停靠码头装卸化工原料时,42t苯酚去向不明,怀疑是苯酚意外泄露导致下游取水口受到污染[6].尾矿库是用来固定堆放矿山选矿后排出的尾矿或其他工业废渣的场所,是一个高势能的人造泥石流危险源,极易崩塌造成溃坝.尾矿库泄露,含各种重金属污染的尾砂、尾矿水进入水体,导致水体重金属超标,并随着水流迁移产生污染扩散,易发生流域性的大污染事件.影响较大的典型事件有2015年甘陕川陇星锑业锑污染、2020年黑龙江伊春钼污染等事件.
农业污染的常见类型有两类,耕地污染和畜牧污染.耕地污染有化肥农药过量使用造成的污染,也有秸秆燃烧产物导致的污染.据农业部数据显示,我国农业集聚区化肥、农药污染问题十分严重.为提高农作物产量和质量,农村耕地多使用农药防病治虫.过量使用化肥农药则会加重水体负担,农药可以通过地表径流、雾滴沉降的方式污染水体[6].化肥用来给农作物提供营养,富含氮、磷元素,可以导致水体富营养化,促使蓝藻等浮游生物大量繁殖,导致水质变差[7].秸秆燃烧产生的颗粒物,也会对空气以及周围水体造成污染.畜牧污染则是指养殖业产生的污染物污染水体,主要有动物尸体、畜禽粪便等.动物尸体要经过无害化处理及消毒之后,再进行掩埋或有机利用[8].表1中的黄埔江死猪事件、贾鲁河死鱼事件都是直接将动物抛尸于河中,未进行任何无害化处理.如果动物体内含有烈性传染病的致病菌或有毒物质,不经过消毒处理将会通过饮水或接触传播给人群,使人体患人畜共患病[9].动物粪便排放量逐年上升,绝大多数养殖场未对动物粪便进行合理的利用和处理,将粪便随意堆放,氮磷流失,对水源产生有机污染.
城市污染可分为两类,一类是城市自来水管网受到意外损坏造成的城市污染,一类是居民将生活垃圾直接排入水体,引起水体污染或水体富营养化.哈尔滨市巴彦县曾发生自来水给水管线破裂,导致生活饮用水被污水污染,引起感染性腹泻暴发.内蒙古赤峰市一场暴雨之后,污水倒灌进水源井中,发生长达18d的饮用水污染事件,造成4000多人腹泻就医.2014年兰州自来水公司自流沟里的防渗材料出现裂缝,导致兰州石化公司积存的地下含油污水渗入自流沟,使输水水体苯超标.此事件也反映出一些污染物可在土壤中长时间存在,如不及时清除,就可导致遗留污染[10].食物残渣等有机垃圾会在生物分解的过程中释放出大量氨氮,生活污水中的洗衣粉、洗洁精都含有大量的磷酸盐.生活污水未经处理排放进水体,使水体营养元素过量,水体富营养化. 2007年太湖、巢湖、滇池相继发生过严重的蓝藻暴发事件.2013年的驻马店练江河污染事件就是由于污水处理管网不完善,生活污水直排入练江河导致的污染.
重金属污染物中最常见且危害较重的有砷、铅、铬、镉、汞等元素.砷属于类金属,无机砷毒性较大,长期接触砷可以导致癌症和皮肤病变.铅的毒性主要表现在对生物体的多个系统产生损害,包括消化系统、神经系统、免疫系统等.铬的主要形式包括三价铬和六价铬,六价铬的毒性高于三价铬,其化合物还可能具有致癌作用.镉及其化合物被列入有毒有害水污染物名录,并被认定为1类致癌物.汞污染导致慢性汞中毒,影响最著名的案例有日本的水俣病.
化学品中常见的污染物分为有机物和无机物.有机物中有苯系物、酚类化合物等,无机物常见的有氨氮、磷等非金属元素.苯系化合物有苯、硝基苯、苯胺、苯酚等物质.苯酚是一种有特殊气味的有机化合物,具有腐蚀性、刺激性和遗传毒性,表现为致突变、致畸和致癌等效应.江苏镇江水污染事件是苯酚污染较大的案例.氨氮主要来源于有机物的分解、化肥和农药的施用以及工业排放.2004年沱江特大水污染事件、2007年江苏沐阳水污染事件都是由于氨氮排放导致的污染.
在本文收集的污染事件中,原油、柴油泄露时有发生.原油是未经加工处理的石油,是烷烃、环烷烃、芳香烃和烯烃等多种液态烃的混合物.组成成分之一的多环芳烃可以对机体造成遗传损伤、氧化应激和免疫反应、神经功能失调的影响[12].油类物质在水体中还会影响水生植物、浮游植物的生长和水体健康.2010年大连发生了较大的输油管道爆炸事故,造成人员死伤和经济损失.2011年山东渤海蓬莱油田发生溢油事故.
藻类污染物多发为蓝藻、硅藻.常见的蓝藻种类包括蓝球藻、颤藻和念珠藻等.水体富营养化,特别是氮、磷元素的大量存在且比例失衡,是蓝藻大量繁殖的主要原因之一[12].蓝藻在繁殖过程中会释放出有毒物质—微囊藻毒素,这种毒素会引起水产养殖动物中毒甚至死亡,还会对人体健康有很大的危害.太湖、巢湖、滇池都曾发生大型的蓝藻暴发事件,2008年湖北汉江的3条支流因受到生活污水污染暴发硅藻.
微生物污染物可分为细菌、病毒、寄生虫进行讨论.水污染中常见的细菌有沙门氏菌、志贺氏菌、霍乱弧菌、致病性大肠杆菌等.沙门氏菌可导致肠胃炎或伤寒的暴发流行,2009年内蒙古赤峰发生的自来水污染事件,4307人因感染沙门氏菌就医.常见病毒有诺如病毒、肠道病毒等.2011年河北承德隆化章吉营中学的学生因饮用被诺如病毒污染的水导致135人发病.水体污染中常见的寄生虫种类繁多,主要有隐孢子虫、蓝氏贾第鞭毛虫等.动物粪便污染水体,可能会导致寄生虫的传播,引起腹泻及相应疾病.
人类的经济发展无法避免地产生废水导致水污染,水污染最终反会对经济发展产生负面影响.水污染治理恢复环境健康需要投入大量资金和人力,虽然水环境具有自净作用,可在一定程度上改善水质,但不同水体自净能力不同,且发挥作用有限.受到污染的水体,如不加以人力干涉及时阻止污染扩散,污染范围扩大,恢复周期较长,污染影响长期存在,影响水体使用[13].有研究人员计算得到2007年庆阳市水污染导致的经济损失有45225.45万元,虽然不是全部以现金方式直接支付,但却以人民生活质量和健康状况下降的形式表现.深圳市2007年七个流域中主河水污染的经济损失达到1.07亿元,2003-2007年四大水库水污染的年平均经济损失为10.56亿元.2004年沱江特大水污染事故造成经济损失达3亿元,2005年北江镉污染事件直接经济损失超1.5亿元,2015年甘肃陇星锑业尾矿库泄漏事件经济损失6120.79万.
水污染对于人体健康的损害根据采取干预措施不同,健康结局不同.研究发现水污染与健康结果之间呈现显著的负相关关系.我国多数水污染事件发生后,由于气味或颜色等物理性状发生改变,引起相关部门关注并及时进行干预处理,通过启用备用水源、水厂增加过滤消毒等安全措施,配合临床干预治疗,可以有效降低生命损失.在既往发生的水污染事件中,极少数水污染发生死亡案例,多数为受污染水体周围人群出现疾病症状进行住院治疗.如2012年苏州市某医院因二次供水的蓄水池受到诺如病毒污染,造成急性胃肠炎暴发,共发现406例病例,未见死亡[14].2020年安徽省某乡镇发生一起志贺菌污染农村自来水导致的感染性腹泻疫情,调查发现该镇共有感染性腹泻患者598例,所有患者症状较轻,未发现重症、死亡病例[15].2006年湘江镉污染事件造成超150人慢性镉中毒,贵州都柳江水污染砷中毒事件致17人砷中毒,内蒙古赤峰自来水污染事件致周围居民有4307人就医.在一些经济不发达的国家和地区(尤其是农村地区),由于技术落后,卫生领域缺乏经济支撑,污染事件发生后卫生部门不能给予及时的干预处理,会造成当地人群生命损失.据估计,2015年全球有180万人死于水污染[16].根据世界卫生组织(WHO)的报告,水传播疾病每年在全球造成200多万人死亡[17].
水污染事件发生后,会对饮用水源地正常用水造成影响.淮河上游因暴雨开闸泄洪导致下游水质遭受严重污染,沿河自来水厂停水达54d,附近居民饮水告急.官亭水库是北京市最大的备用饮用水资源,其周围有200多个重金属矿尾矿池,一旦尾矿坝溃坝,将会造成严重的水污染事故,释放重金属并威胁当地水体、住宅和农田的安全,以及人口密集的市区饮用水取水口[18].蓝藻暴发消耗水体中的溶解氧,造成鱼类、贝类等水生生物缺氧死亡,导致自来水发臭,饮用水被污染无法饮用.前人通过对冰岛饮用水样本的化学质量进行监测评估,根据与健康相关的化学物质和指标对水质合规性进行划分,并根据大小进行分析.结果表明在测试的供水系统中,有74个供水系统在源头或管网中显示出人为化学污染,另外6个供水系统需要改善取水口以防止地表水入侵[19].尼日利亚是世界上人口最多的黑人国家,其中大约3万尼日利亚人无法获得安全饮用水.尼伯利亚主要的饮水来源有地表水、地下水、雨水,在多数地区,地表水和地下水受石油勘探、农业活动、屠宰场等污染较多,雨水比地表水和地下水更清洁[20].对来自欧洲和亚洲的不同饮用水处理厂进行新兴污染物(CEC)筛查,不同国家的饮用水处理厂去除效率不同,原水中CEC浓度也不同.其中检测到的全氟和多氟烷基物质(PFASs)和杀虫剂,都可能对人体产生不良影响[21].由于全球气候变暖,强降雨事件多发,雨水径流增加.中国许多地区常发生山洪暴发,洪水径流已经成为水库的主要污染源之一.污染物密度流入会造成水库严重短路,导致高浓度污染物转移到饮用水厂,洪水造成的水质恶化也增加了下游水厂的处理成本[22].
农用灌溉水受到污染,会直接影响农作物安全,间接影响人体健康,危害较为严重的是农药残留和重金属污染问题[23].由于地表水资源的数量和质量不足,导致某些地区长期使用废水灌溉来解决农业生产的用水需求,这会造成土地污染和食品污染问题,并且粮食产量和质量也会受到影响.在中国天津的两个污水灌区调查废水(处理和未处理)灌溉农田中土壤、沉积物和植物中硼的积累.结果表明,长期灌溉废水会导致农田土壤中硼的过量积累,并可能对植物造成毒性风险[24].前人评估了不同的灌溉水域(饮用水、地下水、水库水、河水)中微生物的污染水平,大多数灌溉水类型中都发现了人类粪便污染[25].克孜勒尔马克三角洲农业生产区的灌溉用水受畜牧业和农业活动的影响,排水渠河道水样中检测出严重的微生物污染[26].有研究结果表明接触农药会对周围神经系统产生不利影响,并增加老年人的日常生活活动依赖指数[27].收集相关数据,评估孟加拉国污染水灌溉的土壤中痕量金属积累对人类健康的风险.多数情况下,土壤中金属的平均浓度高于孟加拉国的背景值,农业土壤中金属的主要来源为被污染的水、灌溉和农用化学品[28].为了减少地下淡水资源的消耗,某些缺水地区选择使用再生水进行农业灌溉.前人对地下水内在脆弱性指数、特征污染物危害和地下水值进行量化,得到中国华北地区再生水灌溉区污染风险分布图.高风险区应该禁止中水灌溉,中风险区可以采用节水灌溉,低风险区则是中水灌溉的安全实施区域[29].
污染物从源头排放到进入环境,又通过多种暴露途径进入人体直至产生健康危害,有时需要很长的时间,尤其是在环境污染的低浓度暴露情形下,产生显著健康损害的时间可能更长[30].突发性水污染事件经过应急处置后,污染的即时后果被关注并干预,但污染的长期影响不会很快消除,仍然可能会有不同程度的遗留污染长期存在.遗留污染物可以在水底底泥中沉积,持续对水体和周围土壤及农作物造成污染,也可以通过食物链富集和传递作用,在生物体中浓度蓄积.通过经口饮水、经口摄食的方式,对周边人群形成长期的慢性暴露,进而使人群健康再次受到损害[31].因此,水污染事件对于人群健康的影响还需关注远期危害,可以分别从急性健康影响、慢性健康影响、心理健康影响进行讨论.
水污染对于人体的急性健康影响主要有介水传染病、急性中毒、过敏、感染等疾病,严重者甚至导致死亡.介水传染病是以水为传播介质、以肠道感染为主要症状的传染病.介水传染病有40余种,包括霍乱、痢疾、伤寒等肠道传染病,病毒性肝炎、脊髓灰质炎等病毒性疾病,以及血吸虫病、钩端螺旋体病等寄生虫病.粪口传播疾病,通常产生腹泻、皮肤病、呼吸困难或发烧等症状[32].饮用受重金属污染的饮用水,由此产生的健康问题可能包括心血管疾病、神经元损伤、肾损伤以及患癌症和糖尿病的风险增高[33].铊的毒性极强,远远超过砷和汞的毒性,对人类成年人的致死剂量仅为8~10mg/kg,其急性中毒特征是呕吐、腹泻、暂时性脱发,以及对神经系统、肺、心脏、肝脏、肾脏甚至死亡产生影响[34].急性砷中毒对身体诸多机能系统都有较为明显的损害,例如呼吸系统、肠道系统等,部分免疫力低的人可能会导致造血功能障碍[35].成人急性甲基汞中毒表现为视力模糊、听力障碍、嗅觉和味觉障碍、共济失调步态、手部笨拙、躯体感觉和精神障碍;胎儿甲基汞中毒表现出大脑皮层的广泛海绵病.真菌与过敏、呼吸道疾病、皮肤感染和危及生命的脑膜炎等疾病有关.曲霉属、青霉属和镰刀菌属与过敏和呼吸道疾病有关,隐球菌和念珠菌引起脑膜炎,念珠菌属负责皮肤感染,根霉、镰刀菌、链格孢菌等真菌会产生对健康有害的霉菌毒素,这些霉菌毒素具有致癌性并具有损害免疫系统的能力[36].蓝藻产生的毒素在毒理学作用上各不相同.神经毒素影响神经系统,而肝毒素则针对肝脏,足够高的浓度下,这些毒素可在几分钟到几小时内分别引起人体因呼吸停止和肝衰竭而死亡[37].石油中的芳香烃类物质毒性较大,可影响肝肾正常功能.短时间内接触苯会导致中枢神经麻痹,眩晕兴奋.苯酚属于高度物质,成人吞服0.3g苯酚即可能导致中毒,吞服3g可能导致死亡.
污染事件发生时,由于人群暴露于污染物的时间较短,有时不会发生与污染物直接相关的人群疾病,但污染物对人体可能造成的潜在危害不容忽视[38].某些有毒物质可能在人体内积累,导致长期健康问题,如癌症、生殖系统问题、免疫系统问题等.饮用含甲基汞的水可能会导致人体患水俣病;饮用含镉的水可能会导致人患痛痛病.长期低剂量摄入砷化物达到一定程度,会引发慢性砷中毒,引起周围神经病变,还会造成皮肤病.除此之外,砷还与致癌致畸等有关,对印度育龄孕妇的研究结果表示,地下水中的高砷污染与死胎、流产、不孕关系密切[35].长期暴露于低水平的铀同位素可能与癌症病因有关,在高暴露水平下,也可能与肾脏疾病有关.少量的镍是必不可少的,但当镍摄入量过高时,它可能对人类健康构成危险,如肺癌,鼻癌,喉癌和前列腺癌的发展机会增加,暴露于镍及其化合物可能导致个体发生称为“镍痒”的皮炎[39].长期接触苯,骨髓造血系统受到损害,会导致贫血以及白血病.多氯联苯暴露与心血管危险因素增加有关,如高血压和动脉粥样硬化[40].多氯联苯和双酚A对男性和女性均产生生殖功能阻碍作用,例如早发型绝经和不孕症、精子数量和质量降低以及干扰激素合成[41].
突发水环境污染事件可能对人们的心理健康造成影响,如焦虑、抑郁、创伤后应激障碍等.对于负面家庭环境(存在父母心理控制)中的青少年,饮用水污染物的水平前瞻性地预测了两年后的抑郁症状[42].前人通过问卷调查连续评分的方式分析水污染与心理健康之间的关系,结果显示随着水污染强度的增加,心理健康不良的报告率增加了0.047%[43].在3个东亚国家(中、日、韩)中调查老年人心理健康与感知环境污染之间的关系,结果显示感知污染指标指数越强,老年人心理健康状况越差[44].通过在海地3个资源极匮乏的社区随机选择样本,采用量表评估精神疾病症状.研究证明家庭用水不安全与抑郁、焦虑症状水平相关,其中女性更容易受到影响.用水不安全可以直接对心理健康产生独立作用,也可以导致粮食不安全,间接影响心理健康[45].有研究人员调查了密歇根州弗林特市水危机期间自来水质量与社区心理健康的关系,结果显示较低的自来水质量与较低的睡眠质量和较短的睡眠时间有关[46].采用邻里流行病学研究欧洲地区的邻里条件与成年人以及老年人心理健康的关系,邻里条件中的饮用水质量低下指标就是引起抑郁症的原因之一[47].通过比较匈牙利定居点的年龄标准化自杀率(SSR),利用方差分析检查砷浓度水平对SSR是否具有统计学意义的影响,结果显示饮用水中砷污染水平与自杀率存在正相关[48].
收集中国发生的部分典型大型水污染事件,汇总事件相关信息,发现水污染类型中通常以工业污染造成的经济损失较为严重,城市污染对人体健康影响较为严重.工业废水排放造成的污染一般泄漏量较大,清理过程消耗财力人力,因此需要加强法律监管力度和完善污染处理应急方案.居民生活在城市,饮水用水均来自城市自来水供应系统,自来水受到污染,将直接影响居民健康,但因自来水厂对水体固定进行消毒净化处理,所以慢性健康影响在人群中较少出现,且需要较长时间才能发现,所以急性中毒和介水传染病是当前重点关注的污染影响健康效应.
目前在环境与健康领域中,国内外对于突发水污染事件发生后的遗留污染研究较少,针对突发性水污染事件遗留污染的暴露特点开展健康风险评估的报道较少.水污染事件发生后,部分污染物可以长期残留在环境介质中,对水体产生二次污染甚至多次污染,如不关注并加以清除处理,将会对健康产生不易发现的长期影响.污染物在环境介质中的残留和作用机制值得探索,期待其他科研人员对此进行更深入的研究.
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(21976169)
  • 国家重点研发计划专项(2022YFC3702800)
  • 北京市自然科学基金资助项目(8182055)
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2025年第45卷第2期
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  • 接收时间:2024-06-24
  • 首发时间:2026-03-17
  • 出版时间:2025-02-20
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  • 收稿日期:2024-06-24
基金
国家自然科学基金资助项目(21976169)
国家重点研发计划专项(2022YFC3702800)
北京市自然科学基金资助项目(8182055)
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    中国疾病预防控制中心环境与健康相关产品安全所,中国疾病预防控制中心环境与人群健康重点实验室,北京 100021

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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