Article(id=1240689605461201553, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, issueId=1240689590315569990, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1721059200000, receivedDateStr=2024-07-16, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773733052840, onlineDateStr=2026-03-17, pubDate=1739980800000, pubDateStr=2025-02-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773733052840, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-17, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773733052840, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773733052840, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1240689590315569990, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, year='2025', volume='45', issue='2', pageStart='593', pageEnd='1184', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773733049228, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773733150042, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1240690013239825123, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, issueId=1240689590315569990, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1240690013239825124, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, issueId=1240689590315569990, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=981, endPage=990, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1240689605817717440, articleId=1240689605461201553, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, language=EN, title=Isotopic analysis of nitrogen sources and transformation processes in the coastal river estuaries of Laizhou Bay, columnId=1234106388083954308, journalTitle=China Environmental Science, columnName=Environmental Ecology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To understand nitrogen pollution and sources of Laizhou Bay, nitrogen sources and transformation processes in the coastal rivers entering the sea of Laizhou Bay were studied. Water quality parameters, nitrogen content, and stable isotopes were used to clarify the sources and key processes in river estuary. The results indicate strong temporal and spatial consistency between δD and δ18O of water, EC, and salinity, suggesting significant seawater mixing effects in the estuary, which was significantly weakened upstream of the river. NO3--N was found to be the dominant form to inorganic nitrogen in most reaches of the river during high flow and low flow seasons, ranging from 37.2% to 81.7% and 29.5% to 95.9%, respectively, except for a few sites. Furthermore, extreme values of ρ(TN) and ρ(NH4+-N) values were observed at some sample sites during low flow season, which were significantly higher than those during the high flow season. Some water samples had ρ(NH4+-N) values exceeding 2mg/L, resulting in an inferior Category V water quality. The long-term variation of ρ(NO3--N) from 2005 to 2023 showed an initial increase followed by a decrease in rivers entering Laizhou Bay. The δ15N-NO3- varied from +5.7‰ to +18.6‰ and from +4.5‰ to +20.0‰ during the high flow and low flow seasons, respectively, while the δ18O-NO3- varied from +4.2‰ to +13.8‰ and from -0.5‰ to +20.1‰, with no obvious seasonal variations. The nitrate isotope results showed that nitrification was major process affecting riverine nitrogen entering Lanzhou Bay, and that some river samples were also influenced by denitrification. During low flow season, NO3--N at the low salinity sampling sites was mainly sourced from manure and sewage, while most estuary sites during the high flow season were affected by the salty tide backflow, and agricultural fertilization impacted most river sections. This study provides insights into the emission characteristics of nitrogen pollution sources and spatial and temporal variability in Laizhou Bay’s coastal zone estuaries, offering valuable research demonstrations and data references for future prevention, control, and management efforts for nitrogen pollution in rivers entering the sea around the Bohai Sea.

, correspAuthors=Fu-jun YUE, Jun LI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Lu-yao ZHANG, Fu-jun YUE, Jun LI, Rui-feng JIAN, Zhuo-ni MA, Yao-qi GONG, Xiao-long LIU), CN=ArticleExt(id=1240689609173160851, articleId=1240689605461201553, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, language=CN, title=莱州湾入海河流河口氮来源及转化过程的同位素解析, columnId=1234106388268503686, journalTitle=中国环境科学, columnName=环境生态, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为解决莱州湾氮污染问题,本文开展了莱州湾入海河流氮来源及转化过程研究.通过分析水质参数、氮含量、水和硝酸盐的稳定同位素,以明确河流河口水体氮来源及其关键过程.结果表明:水的δD和δ18O与盐度之间具有较好的时空变化一致性,表明入海河口受到较强的海水混合作用影响,并向河流上游显著减弱.丰水期和枯水期NO3--N占TN比例除个别点较低外,大部分都在37.2% ~ 81.7%和29.5 % ~ 95.9%内,表明在大部分河段NO3--N是主要的无机氮形态;枯水期ρ(TN)和ρ(NH4+-N)在部分样点出现极值,显著高于丰水期,部分水体ρ(NH4+-N)在2mg/L以上,属劣V类水质.2005-2023年间的ρ(NO3--N)的变化表明,莱州湾入海河流NO3--N浓度呈“先上升,后下降”趋势.总体上,水体中δ15N-NO3-在丰水期和枯水期的变化范围分别为+5.7‰~+18.6‰和+4.5‰~+20.0‰;δ18O-NO3-为+4.2‰~+13.8‰和-0.5‰~+20.1‰,均无明显季节变化.硝酸盐同位素结果表明莱州湾入海河流主要受硝化作用影响,同时部分河段样点受到反硝化作用影响.枯水期低盐度采样点NO3--N主要来自于粪肥和污水,丰水期河口大部分采样点受咸潮回溯的影响,并且大部分河段水体受农业施肥影响明显.本研究明确了莱州湾海岸带入海河流河口氮污染源的排放特征和时空差异性,所取得的认识可以为未来环渤海入海河流氮污染的防控和治理提供研究示范和数据参考.

, correspAuthors=岳甫均, 李军, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*责任作者,副教授,;
**副研究员,
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张璐瑶(2000-),女,山东东营人,天津师范大学硕士研究生,研究方向为流域污染物溯源分析. .

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张璐瑶(2000-),女,山东东营人,天津师范大学硕士研究生,研究方向为流域污染物溯源分析. .

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language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Distribution of sampling points of coastal rivers entering to the Laizhou Bay, figureFileSmall=y+rs0IPAKm748HFimC7E/A==, figureFileBig=jVCKrCkJJ/ZVS7wI/BiPDA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240715195639714676, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689605461201553, language=CN, label=图1, caption=莱州湾入海河流采样点分布, figureFileSmall=y+rs0IPAKm748HFimC7E/A==, figureFileBig=jVCKrCkJJ/ZVS7wI/BiPDA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240715195757155192, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689605461201553, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Characterization of hydrogen and oxygen isotope composition in coastal rivers entering to the Laizhou Bay, figureFileSmall=2JP8ctgjRtsfWrzl+hh5YA==, figureFileBig=seqSooxX0FHvmOfW9SO8Lw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240715195841041275, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689605461201553, language=CN, label=图2, caption=莱州湾入海河流水体δD与δ18O关系, figureFileSmall=2JP8ctgjRtsfWrzl+hh5YA==, figureFileBig=seqSooxX0FHvmOfW9SO8Lw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240715195916538748, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689605461201553, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Characterization of nitrogen concentration (a) and dual nitrate isotopic composition (b) of river water samples with varied salinity level, figureFileSmall=RPmOdzg24B43d5gFIrFAvg==, figureFileBig=CUpuQw3PS8L8xWowLYJHtg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240715195996230527, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689605461201553, language=CN, label=图3, caption=不同盐度河水样品氮浓度(a)及氮氧同位素组成(b)特征, figureFileSmall=RPmOdzg24B43d5gFIrFAvg==, figureFileBig=CUpuQw3PS8L8xWowLYJHtg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240715196092699522, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689605461201553, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=NO3--N concentration in coastal rivers entering to the Laizhou Bay, 2005~2023, figureFileSmall=k7dP6hmcZbSrhPlO3us09w==, figureFileBig=aY/l+8AkcQ0ZyIu/Z9X5SA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240715196172391301, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689605461201553, language=CN, label=图4, caption=2005~2023年莱州湾入海河流NO3--N变化

a:为年度均值

, figureFileSmall=k7dP6hmcZbSrhPlO3us09w==, figureFileBig=aY/l+8AkcQ0ZyIu/Z9X5SA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240715196453409674, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689605461201553, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Relationships between NH4+-N and δ15N-NO3-(a); δ18O-H2O and δ18O-NO3- (b) in estuaries of coastal rivers entering to the Laizhou Bay, figureFileSmall=1Ga5lfBMucFIMz/3HJ7/Qw==, figureFileBig=tJWjWIGdR6h9eljepiAAig==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240715196549878669, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689605461201553, language=CN, label=图5, caption=莱州湾入海河流河口(a)NH4+-N与δ15N-NO3-;(b)δ18O-H2O、δ18O-NO3-关系, figureFileSmall=1Ga5lfBMucFIMz/3HJ7/Qw==, figureFileBig=tJWjWIGdR6h9eljepiAAig==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240715196637959056, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689605461201553, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Distribution of the relationship between NO3--N and δ15N-NO3- (a), and nitrate sources (b) in coastal rivers entering to the Laizhou Bay, figureFileSmall=46hj8YZNIEzUV6bfNsxD+A==, figureFileBig=XJR/er4o6LB3N1BykClPrg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240715196726039442, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689605461201553, language=CN, label=图6, caption=莱州湾入海河流NO3--N与δ15N-NO3-关系(a)及不同硝酸盐来源氮氧同位素分布(b), figureFileSmall=46hj8YZNIEzUV6bfNsxD+A==, figureFileBig=XJR/er4o6LB3N1BykClPrg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240715196822508438, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689605461201553, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Water quality parameters and hydrogen-oxygen isotopes in coastal rivers entering in the Laizhou Bay

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
季节分类温度(℃)盐度(‰)DO(mg/L)DO(%)EC(µS/cm)δ18O(‰)δD(‰)
丰水期河口31.1±1.318.9±9.49.3±4.3138.0±64.918999.8±9337.3-4.0±1.5-34.3±8.8
枯水期高盐度5.4±1.321.7±10.411.9±1.0108.2±6.321483.2±9503.8-3.9±1.9-32.5±2.5
中盐度5.2±1.511.5±11.112.5±1.0105.8±7.311416.4±9956.7-4.2±1.8-36.8±8.8
低盐度5.8±1.04.6±4.314.7±2.1121.1±16.05100.0±4469.3-4.8±1.5-41.1±7.8
), ArticleFig(id=1240715196948337560, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689605461201553, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

莱州湾入海河流水质参数和氢氧同位素组成

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
季节分类温度(℃)盐度(‰)DO(mg/L)DO(%)EC(µS/cm)δ18O(‰)δD(‰)
丰水期河口31.1±1.318.9±9.49.3±4.3138.0±64.918999.8±9337.3-4.0±1.5-34.3±8.8
枯水期高盐度5.4±1.321.7±10.411.9±1.0108.2±6.321483.2±9503.8-3.9±1.9-32.5±2.5
中盐度5.2±1.511.5±11.112.5±1.0105.8±7.311416.4±9956.7-4.2±1.8-36.8±8.8
低盐度5.8±1.04.6±4.314.7±2.1121.1±16.05100.0±4469.3-4.8±1.5-41.1±7.8
), ArticleFig(id=1240715197028029338, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689605461201553, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Nitrogenous concentrations and nitrogen-oxygen isotopes in coastal rivers entering to the Laizhou Bay

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
时期分类TN (mg/L)NH4+-N (mg/L)NO3--N (mg/L)δ15N (‰)δ18O(‰)
丰水期河口1.8±1.10.3±0.21.1±0.910.1±3.78.9±3.6
枯水期高盐度5.5±6.21.2±1.82.8±4.111.4±4.37.1±4.9
中盐度9.3±9.01.0±2.23.9±3.812.4±4.46.8±4.5
低盐度7.8±8.40.6±1.25.6±8.210.8±3.28.1±4.9
), ArticleFig(id=1240715197116109724, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689605461201553, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

莱州湾入海河流氮浓度和氮氧同位素组成

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
时期分类TN (mg/L)NH4+-N (mg/L)NO3--N (mg/L)δ15N (‰)δ18O(‰)
丰水期河口1.8±1.10.3±0.21.1±0.910.1±3.78.9±3.6
枯水期高盐度5.5±6.21.2±1.82.8±4.111.4±4.37.1±4.9
中盐度9.3±9.01.0±2.23.9±3.812.4±4.46.8±4.5
低盐度7.8±8.40.6±1.25.6±8.210.8±3.28.1±4.9
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莱州湾入海河流河口氮来源及转化过程的同位素解析
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张璐瑶 1, 2 , 岳甫均 3, 4, * , 李军 2, 5, ** , 简锐风 1, 2 , 马卓妮 3 , 弓耀奇 3 , 刘小龙 2
中国环境科学 | 环境生态 2025,45(2): 981-990
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中国环境科学 | 环境生态 2025, 45(2): 981-990
莱州湾入海河流河口氮来源及转化过程的同位素解析
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张璐瑶1, 2 , 岳甫均3, 4, * , 李军2, 5, ** , 简锐风1, 2, 马卓妮3, 弓耀奇3, 刘小龙2
作者信息
  • 1.天津师范大学地理学部,天津 300387
  • 2.天津师范大学,天津市水资源与水环境重点实验室,天津 300387
  • 3.天津大学地球系统科学学院,天津 300072
  • 4.天津环渤海滨海地球关键带国家野外科学观测研究站,天津 300450
  • 5.天津师范大学,京津冀生态文明发展研究院,天津 300387
  • 张璐瑶(2000-),女,山东东营人,天津师范大学硕士研究生,研究方向为流域污染物溯源分析. .

通讯作者:

*责任作者,副教授,;
**副研究员,
Isotopic analysis of nitrogen sources and transformation processes in the coastal river estuaries of Laizhou Bay
Lu-yao ZHANG1, 2 , Fu-jun YUE3, 4, * , Jun LI2, 5, ** , Rui-feng JIAN1, 2, Zhuo-ni MA3, Yao-qi GONG3, Xiao-long LIU2
Affiliations
  • 1.Department of Geography, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin 300387, China
  • 2.Tianjin Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Environment, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin 300387, China
  • 3.School of Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
  • 4.Tianjin Key Laboratory of Earth Critical Zone Science and Sustainable Development around Bohai Sea, Tianjin 300450, China
  • 5.Academy of Eco-civilization Development for Jing-Jin-Ji Megalopolis, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin 300387, China
出版时间: 2025-02-20
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为解决莱州湾氮污染问题,本文开展了莱州湾入海河流氮来源及转化过程研究.通过分析水质参数、氮含量、水和硝酸盐的稳定同位素,以明确河流河口水体氮来源及其关键过程.结果表明:水的δD和δ18O与盐度之间具有较好的时空变化一致性,表明入海河口受到较强的海水混合作用影响,并向河流上游显著减弱.丰水期和枯水期NO3--N占TN比例除个别点较低外,大部分都在37.2% ~ 81.7%和29.5 % ~ 95.9%内,表明在大部分河段NO3--N是主要的无机氮形态;枯水期ρ(TN)和ρ(NH4+-N)在部分样点出现极值,显著高于丰水期,部分水体ρ(NH4+-N)在2mg/L以上,属劣V类水质.2005-2023年间的ρ(NO3--N)的变化表明,莱州湾入海河流NO3--N浓度呈“先上升,后下降”趋势.总体上,水体中δ15N-NO3-在丰水期和枯水期的变化范围分别为+5.7‰~+18.6‰和+4.5‰~+20.0‰;δ18O-NO3-为+4.2‰~+13.8‰和-0.5‰~+20.1‰,均无明显季节变化.硝酸盐同位素结果表明莱州湾入海河流主要受硝化作用影响,同时部分河段样点受到反硝化作用影响.枯水期低盐度采样点NO3--N主要来自于粪肥和污水,丰水期河口大部分采样点受咸潮回溯的影响,并且大部分河段水体受农业施肥影响明显.本研究明确了莱州湾海岸带入海河流河口氮污染源的排放特征和时空差异性,所取得的认识可以为未来环渤海入海河流氮污染的防控和治理提供研究示范和数据参考.

同位素  /  氮来源  /  莱州湾  /  入海河流

To understand nitrogen pollution and sources of Laizhou Bay, nitrogen sources and transformation processes in the coastal rivers entering the sea of Laizhou Bay were studied. Water quality parameters, nitrogen content, and stable isotopes were used to clarify the sources and key processes in river estuary. The results indicate strong temporal and spatial consistency between δD and δ18O of water, EC, and salinity, suggesting significant seawater mixing effects in the estuary, which was significantly weakened upstream of the river. NO3--N was found to be the dominant form to inorganic nitrogen in most reaches of the river during high flow and low flow seasons, ranging from 37.2% to 81.7% and 29.5% to 95.9%, respectively, except for a few sites. Furthermore, extreme values of ρ(TN) and ρ(NH4+-N) values were observed at some sample sites during low flow season, which were significantly higher than those during the high flow season. Some water samples had ρ(NH4+-N) values exceeding 2mg/L, resulting in an inferior Category V water quality. The long-term variation of ρ(NO3--N) from 2005 to 2023 showed an initial increase followed by a decrease in rivers entering Laizhou Bay. The δ15N-NO3- varied from +5.7‰ to +18.6‰ and from +4.5‰ to +20.0‰ during the high flow and low flow seasons, respectively, while the δ18O-NO3- varied from +4.2‰ to +13.8‰ and from -0.5‰ to +20.1‰, with no obvious seasonal variations. The nitrate isotope results showed that nitrification was major process affecting riverine nitrogen entering Lanzhou Bay, and that some river samples were also influenced by denitrification. During low flow season, NO3--N at the low salinity sampling sites was mainly sourced from manure and sewage, while most estuary sites during the high flow season were affected by the salty tide backflow, and agricultural fertilization impacted most river sections. This study provides insights into the emission characteristics of nitrogen pollution sources and spatial and temporal variability in Laizhou Bay’s coastal zone estuaries, offering valuable research demonstrations and data references for future prevention, control, and management efforts for nitrogen pollution in rivers entering the sea around the Bohai Sea.

isotopes  /  nitrogen sources  /  Laizhou Bay  /  coastal rivers
张璐瑶, 岳甫均, 李军, 简锐风, 马卓妮, 弓耀奇, 刘小龙. 莱州湾入海河流河口氮来源及转化过程的同位素解析. 中国环境科学, 2025 , 45 (2) : 981 -990 .
Lu-yao ZHANG, Fu-jun YUE, Jun LI, Rui-feng JIAN, Zhuo-ni MA, Yao-qi GONG, Xiao-long LIU. Isotopic analysis of nitrogen sources and transformation processes in the coastal river estuaries of Laizhou Bay[J]. China Environmental Science, 2025 , 45 (2) : 981 -990 .
滨海河流是连接陆地与海洋的重要通道,在物质输送过程中发挥着重要作用,承载着上游各类污染物的汇入,造成活性氮入海输量大,影响近岸海域水环境质量较大,造成近岸水环境恶化,已成为当前全球边缘海区域突出的环境问题[1].作为生命所需和构成生命体的重要生源要素,氮在河流中的累积一方面可以支持和促进生态系统的延续和发展,而起源于合成氨工艺的过量活性氮输入则造成了一系列水环境问题,包括水体富营养化、低氧水体以及温室气体N2O的排放等[2-3].不仅如此,对于滨海河流-河口系统来说,过量氮输入被认为是导致水质恶化、水体酸化和低氧缺氧等污染问题的主要原因[4].当前,控制和减轻滨海水生系统氮污染和负荷是边缘海水环境治理和保护的重要方面,而陆源氮污染来源和影响因素复杂,是当前面临的主要难点问题.
解析水体氮的来源及其转化过程是水环境治理和水管理策略制定的重要基础[5].已有的研究发现,河流水体氮来源多样,主要包括大气氮沉降、施肥、土壤氮、粪肥和污水等[6].由于不同水生系统中氮的生物地球化学过程复杂多变,同时还受到水环境条件和水文过程的影响,导致单纯依靠浓度及其形态分析难以精准识别来源.近年来,稳定同位素示踪方法已广泛应用于水体氮来源解析,早期的研究表明综合利用δ15N、δ18O双同位素及模型分析水体硝酸盐(NO3-)的来源,是行之有效的识别NO3-多种来源的研究方法[9-10].利用稳定同位素解析硝酸盐污染来源的基本原理是相互独立的污染端元间具有显著差异的同位素特征值[7],能直接提供硝酸盐污染的来源信息[11].然而,近年的研究发现不同氮转化过程,尤其是硝化作用、反硝化作用以及同化作用,其中的同位素分馏作用会对来源解析的结果产生影响.因此,利用稳定同位素组成特征,并结合同位素分馏作用,可准确地识别硝酸盐污染来源与转化过程[12],从而为精准制定流域氮污染控源减排策略提供科学依据[5].
一直以来,我国氮污染问题比较严峻,陆源污染排放作为海洋污染的主要来源,对近岸海域的污染影响达80%以上[13].基于此,近年来我国颁布了一系列措施对入海河流氮污染开展了针对性地治理和管控,其中2023年生态环境部印发的《关于做好重点海域入海河流总氮等污染治理与管控的意见》中指出,应进一步强调陆海统筹,加强入海河流治理与管控.构建“流域—河口—近海”污染防治的联动机制,加强陆海协同共治,必须先从入海河流的污染整治入手.
根据《2023年中国海洋生态环境状况公报》,渤海的劣四类水质主要分布在莱州湾、辽东湾和渤海湾的近岸海域.特殊的自然环境是造成莱州湾海域生态环境破坏容易恢复难的客观条件,由于其封闭性强、水体更新时间慢等特点[14],导致莱州湾近岸海域环境污染无法通过海洋自净得到缓解.莱州湾海域有10余条入海河流流入,已有研究表明小清河和黄河是莱州湾污染物的主要来源[15-16],是莱州湾陆源污染输入的重要通道.近年来学者们对莱州湾的研究主要集中在海域水体营养盐和水环境质量上,而对环莱州湾入海河流氮源的解析的研究尚不清晰且相对有限[17].作为渤海劣四类水质主要分布区之一,厘清莱州湾入海河流水体中氮的来源时空变化及其影响机制对区域氮污染控源减排具有重要意义.
基于此,本研究对莱州湾主要入海河流及其河口开展样品采集工作,分析入海河流-河口水体的水质参数、氮浓度、水的氢氧同位素和硝酸盐稳定同位素等,以期明确莱州湾入海河流陆域氮污染的时空差异性,厘清河流NO3-的主要来源和转化过程,为针对性地制定莱州湾入海河流氮污染防治策略提供技术支撑,并以此为莱州湾海域的综合治理提供理论依据.
莱州湾位于山东半岛西北部,渤海南部,西起东营黄河口,东至龙口市屺姆岛高角,是典型的半封闭性海湾,是渤海三大海湾之一,约占渤海面积的10%,湾内水深较浅,水体交换能力较差.莱州湾主要入海河流包括:黄河、支脉河、小清河、弥河、白浪河、虞河、潍河以及胶莱河等.属大陆性季风气候区,年平均气温为12.9℃,降水量年际变化较大,年内降水不均,汛期(6~9月)降水量可达年平均降水量的70%.
选取莱州湾10条主要入海河流,包括黄河、小清河、白浪河、支脉河、广利河、堤河、虞河、潍河、弥河、胶莱河开展研究(图1),其中黄河、小清河和潍河的多年平均径流量较大,分别为338.5×108、8.78×108和8.07×108m3[18].在滨海带范围内的河段均匀布设采样点,在河流中泓线或离岸10m左右处,采集河流表层水样(50cm深).分别于2023年7月(丰水期)和12月(枯水期)采集河水样品,其中丰水期主要采集河口区,共计9个点位.由于枯水期河流径流量小、水动力条件弱,易受咸潮上溯过程的影响,因而在丰水期采样点的基础上,向陆地上游方向延伸,按照河口、河道及潜在盐度差异进行水样采集共计布设29个点位.
使用便携式水质参数仪(YSI Exo2)现场测定水体温度(T)、盐度、溶解氧(DO)、电导率(EC)、pH值等水质参数.水样采集后,使用0.45µm醋酸纤维膜过滤,滤液冷藏保存,用于样品氮素(TN、NO3--N、NO2--N和NH4+-N)浓度测试以及水体和硝酸盐的稳定同位素组成分析.
使用营养盐连续流动分析仪分析硝酸盐、亚硝酸盐、铵盐和TN浓度,测定原理依次为镉柱还原法、萘乙二胺分光光度法、次溴酸钠氧化法和碱性过硫酸钾紫外分光光度法,采用平行样品和标准样品对数据质量检查,准确度均优于5%.TN浓度由溶解态无机氮(DIN)浓度与溶解态有机氮(DON)浓度加和得到:ρ(TN)= ρ(NO2--N) + ρ(NO3--N) + ρ(NH4+-N) +ρ(DON).利用水氢氧同位素分析仪(Picarro L2140-1)对水体中氢氧同位素组成进行测试.硝酸盐氮氧同位素由反硝化细菌法测定[19]:向水样中加入缺乏N2O还原酶活性的反硝化细菌〔致金色假单胞菌(Pseudomonas aureus)菌株〕,在微生物作用下,水中NO3-和NO2-全部被转化为N2O气体,N2O气体经提取并分离纯化后直接送入同位素比质谱仪(Delta V advantage)测定氮同位素和氧同位素丰度[20].稳定同位素组成一般用δ来表示,单位是‰.
式中:R代表样品和标样中的2H/1H、15N/14N、18O/16O的比值,即δD、δ15N和δ18O,氮和氧同位素组成对应的标准分别是大气(N2)和维也纳海洋水标(VSMOW).本研究中氮氧同位素组成的分析测试及样品的前处理工作在天津大学地球系统科学学院完成.
莱州湾入海河流丰水期采样期间平均水温为31.1℃,枯水期水温平均值为5.5℃(表1).丰水期DO饱和度变化范围为87.7%~296.2%,平均值为138.0%,其中最低值出现在堤河.胶莱河和小清河水体DO处于过饱和状态(>200%).枯水期河流DO饱和度变化范围为94.2%~135.7%,平均值111.8%,各河流之间无显著差异,总体处于饱和状态.丰水期河流河口水体盐度变化范围在0.5‰~32.4‰,平均盐度为18.9‰.枯水期河口盐度变化范围在0.5‰~37.4‰,平均值21.7‰,其中最高盐度出现在胶莱河河口区,可能受附近晒盐场和养殖池塘的影响[21-22].事实上,除黄河外,胶州湾入海河流近河口区域,由于受到莱州湾南部发达的晒盐业和养殖业的影响,以及海水混合作用影响,河流段和河口段的盐度差异明显.靠近河口处的河道采样点平均盐度为11.5‰,而向陆地方向延伸的河流段采样点盐度明显降低,平均值为4.6‰.从河流向海方向水体盐度逐渐升高,其中黄河三个点位的盐度差异性不大.两水文期入海河流中黄河盐度均为最低,且盐度递减幅度最小.为便于表达样点间的差异,根据盐度差异,下文将河口采样点命名为高盐度点,靠近河口处河道采样点为中盐度点,靠近内陆河道采样点为低盐度点.与盐度类似,所有河流采样点EC均在天然水(50~500µS/cm)范围外[23],其中黄河采样点EC明显低于其他入海河流(表1).
丰水期δ18O和δD平均值分别为-4.0‰和-34.3‰.枯水期δ18O和δD的平均值分别为-4.3‰和-37.0‰.对数据进行独立样本t检验,结果表明,从季节上看,入海河流河口丰、枯水两期δ18O和δD值差异不明显(P>0.05).从空间上看,枯水期采样点δ18O和δD值从河口向河道呈递减趋势(图2).按照河流划分,潍河、弥河的δ18O和δD值较高,黄河、堤河的δ18O和δD值较小.两个水文期样品氢氧同位素均低于标准海水的δD和δ18O值(δD=0‰,δ18O=0‰[24]),其中大部分河口点与莱州湾海水同位素组成存在部分重合[24-26]图2),这与受到河水和海水的混合作用影响有关.考虑到研究区特征,人为影响与咸潮上溯均能够导致水体EC的升高,且后者影响程度更大,因此研究区水样中的EC与受咸潮上溯影响程度大小有关.
通过对比莱州湾入海河流水体丰、枯两水期的同位素组成(图2),结果表明丰水期的河口水体与标准海水的δD和δ18O值差值比枯水期更大,可能与枯水期较强的蒸发效应有关.枯水期河水的EC与δD、δ18O之间均表现出显著正相关关系(P<0.05),其高值逐渐趋近于标准海水的δD和δ18O值.总体上,黄河水体的δD和δ18O值最小,且枯水期高、中、低盐度水体无明显差异,这与盐度变化趋势一致,可能是由于黄河具有较大的径流量,受到咸潮回溯影响较小,更多表现为陆源向海域输出的特征.
丰水期河口ρ(TN)为0.42~3.52mg/L,平均值为1.79mg/L(表2).枯水期ρ(TN)范围变化较大,为0.50~31.56mg/L,平均值为8.18mg/L.部分样点浓度较高,其中广利河中盐度采样点和胶莱河低盐度采样点ρ(TN)较高,分别为31.56mg/L和31.08mg/L.丰水期河口NO3--N占TN的范围为0.66%~81.7%,平均浓度1.08mg/L.枯水期NO3--N占TN的范围为0.41%~95.85%,平均浓度4.81mg/L,其中潍河中、低盐度采样点ρ(NO3--N)都较低.与辽东湾(2.79mg/L,n=5)和渤海湾(1.40mg/L,n=14)入海河流相比[27],莱州湾入海河流ρ(NO3--N)高于其它两个海湾入海河流.
丰水期河口ρ(NH4+-N)为0.02~0.80mg/L,平均值为0.29mg/L.枯水期处ρ(NH4+-N)为0.07~7.55mg/L,平均值1.11mg/L.依据《地表水环境质量标准》中氨氮标准对河流水质进行划分,低于0.15mg/L为Ⅰ类水质,0.15~0.5mg/L为Ⅱ类水质,0.5~1mg/L为Ⅲ类水质,1~1.5mg/L为Ⅳ类水质,1.5~2mg/L为Ⅴ类水质(图3).胶莱河中盐度和高盐度采样点、虞河和堤河高盐度采样点和弥河低盐度采样点ρ(NH4+-N)在2mg/L以上.超过《地表水环境质量标准》中Ⅴ类水氨氮标准限值.枯水期TN、NO3--N、NH4+-N浓度均高于丰水期(图3),其中NO3--N的增幅更大,为河流无机氮的主要存在形式(占64%左右),也是莱州湾入海河流氮的主要形态.
从空间上看,胶莱河、广利河和虞河氮浓度较高,潍河氮浓度明显低于其他河流.各入海河流氮浓度变化规律不一,枯水期随着盐度的递增,不同河流变化趋势有所差异.其中胶莱河、白浪河ρ(TN)呈明显下降趋势,虞河、弥河、小清河和支脉河呈小幅下降趋势,堤河呈小幅增长趋势,广利河呈先上升后下降趋势,黄河和潍河浓度基本保持不变.此外,潍河和枯水期时的广利河、堤河出现了有机氮浓度高于无机氮的情况,表明该区域入海河流氮素赋存形态及其污染空间差异性较大.
河流的δ15N-NO3-和δ18O-NO3-在丰水期和枯水期两个时期范围差异不明显(P>0.05).丰水期δ15N-NO3-和δ18O-NO3-分别为+5.7‰~+18.6‰(平均值为+10.1‰)和+4.2‰~+13.8‰(平均值为+8.9‰).枯水期δ15N-NO3-和δ18O-NO3-分别为+4.5‰~+20.0‰(平均值为+11.5‰)和-0.5‰~+20.1‰(平均值为+7.4‰)(图3).δ15N-NO3-在两个水文期最高值均出现在虞河,丰水期δ15N-NO3-最低值在胶莱河,枯水期出现在弥河;丰水期δ18O-NO3-最高值在白浪河,枯水期出现在胶莱河,丰水期δ18O-NO3-最低值在黄河,枯水期出现在堤河.
结合相关文献,整理了2005~2015年莱州湾入海河流ρ(NO3--N)数据,2005年7月ρ(NO3--N)为3.77mg/L(n=2)[28];2013年3月和7月ρ(NO3--N)分别为4.86mg/L(n=2)[29]和7.62mg/L(n=9);2015年6、8、12月平均ρ(NO3--N)为4.16mg/L(n=5)[30].莱州湾入海河流2005~2023年ρ(NO3--N)总体上是呈向好趋势的,与以往研究结果一致[31]图4).比较2005~2023年莱州湾入海河流ρ(NO3--N)数据发现,丰水期ρ(NO3--N)在2005~2013年呈上升趋势,这与沿岸城市经济的大力推进以及氮肥在农业生产上的大量施用[32],导致NO3--N含量迅速增加,ρ(NO3--N)在2013~2023年呈下降趋势,这与2010年之后,《国家海洋局海洋生态文明建设实施方案》等相关意见的提出以及地方政府对海洋污染的重点管控有关[33],NO3--N含量开始逐渐降低.尽管近年来莱州湾入海河流ρ(NO3--N)已有所降低,但本研究于2023年7月和12月测得莱州湾入海河流平均ρ(NO3--N)仍高于世界上大多数其他河流,如长江和密西西比河[34-36].
已有研究表明河流中氮浓度受到多种因素的影响,如水文特征和人为活动等因素[37].研究区丰水期氮浓度变化范围小,枯水期高盐度采样点氮浓度变化范围较丰水期变化范围要大,但比中、低盐度采样点变化范围小(图3).考虑到两个水文期流量变化特征,丰水期由于河流径流量大,受稀释程度要大于枯水期,枯水期各滨海河流水量减少,防潮闸的陆续关闭[38],降低了海水稀释效应,易导致陆源TN浓度累积.此外,枯水期河流周围植被覆盖率降低,且温度低于丰水期,酶活性降低,导致植物同化、吸收效率降低,加剧了氮素在水中的积累,导致TN浓度升高[39].
盐度梯度作为滨海河流特有的特征,在影响氮素赋存形态方面起着重要作用.本研究结果表明,莱州湾部分入海河流的NO3--N、NH4+-N浓度可能受到了近岸河段和河口盐度升高的影响,例如枯水期小清河和虞河均出现随着盐度的升高,河水ρ(NO3--N)降低、ρ(NH4+-N)逐渐升高的变化特征.基于已有的认识,水体盐度的升高,尤其是在河口和近岸海水中,较高的盐度可能会显著抑制参与驱动硝化和反硝化作用的微生物活性,从而抑制了氮形态间的转化[40],造成氮在盐度较高水体中的累积.即便如此,本研究结果也表明,并非所有河流均表现出类似现象.河口区域作为陆源物质的集散地,外源氮输入的时空变化还受到点源和面源污染随机性的影响,并且除盐度外,氮转化过程还受到水温、DO、有机质含量等关键因子的控制.由此,入海河流河口区域水体氮的来源和转化及其影响因素错综复杂,增进对DO和盐度等关键因素对河口敏感区氮循环影响机制的认识,是未来评估入海河流河口氮循环和收支的关键环节.
理论上硝化过程反应完全时,微生物硝化产生的NO3-,1/3来自大气中的O2,2/3来自H2O中的O,当发生氧交换时甚至仅有1/6氧原子来自O2,而5/6氧原子来自H2O[41-44].其中,大气O2中的δ18O值为23.5‰[45].因此,研究基于河流实测δ18O-H2O和大气δ18O-O2值来估算在以上理论情况下硝化作用生成NO3-的δ18O值,以此可作为判定是否有硝化反应发生.结果表明,莱州湾入海河流采样点丰水期硝化作用更强烈(图5),枯水期由于水体温度(5.21~5.81℃)较低,参与硝化作用的微生物活性减弱,NH4+-N降解速率大大降低,导致水体氨氮未能尽快被硝化.部分高盐度采样点δ18O-NO3-值高于理论值,表现出较高的δ18O-NO3-值,且与以往研究中该海域海水δ18O-NO3-范围+3.1‰~+18.4‰较为接近[46]图5),说明可能受海水贡献影响.
NH4+-N是调控硝化作用的主要因素之一,其浓度变化会显著影响硝化速率.已有研究表明,当ρ(NH4+-N)低于2.0mg/L时[47],浓度升高可以加速硝化作用并导致河水中NO3-的增加.除个别点位外,采样点ρ(NH4+-N)均在该范围内,硝化作用随着ρ(NH4+-N)的上升而增强.丰、枯水两期采样点δ15N-NO3-ρ(NH4+-N)之间呈现出负相关关系(图5a).高浓度的NH4+-N表明河流未经历完全的硝化作用,将铵氮转化为硝酸盐.ρ(NH+-N)越低,δ15N- NO-43值越高,表明已经经历了较为完全的硝化过程[48].
在反硝化作用下,微生物将NO3-转化为N2O和N2,这一过程中轻同位素会被优先利用[49],因此往往δ15N-NO3-值和δ18O-NO3-值较高而硝酸盐浓度较低[5],本研究中枯水期中、高盐度采样点符合反硝化作用特征(图6).此外,有研究表明DO也是影响反硝化作用的重要环境因素[50],该过程多发生于ρ(DO)小于2mg/L的厌氧环境中,而采样点水体ρ(DO)变化范围为5.6~19.6mg/L,较高的ρ(DO)表明河流的氧化环境不利于反硝化作用的进行[51].
硝酸盐的主要来源包括降雨、土壤有机氮、化肥、动物粪肥及生产生活污水[52].根据相关文献[49,53-57]不同硝酸盐来源的氮氧同位素特征值报道,解析莱州湾入海河流河口水体的氮来源.结果表明,大部分样点均落在土壤有机氮、化肥、动物粪肥及生产生活污水的同位素特征值范围内,说明莱州湾河流河口水体硝酸盐主要来自于上述几种氮的潜在污染源,并且大气降水的贡献较低(图6).不同河流水体中硝酸盐稳定同位素的结果表明,不同河流河口水体硝酸盐来源存在着不同程度的差异.其中,胶莱河稳定同位素结果表明受农业施肥影响明显,这可能与胶莱河河口区域及其上游河段的土地利用类型多为农田有关,受土壤有机质淋溶和地表径流冲刷作用影响,导致河流ρ(NO3--N)较高.总体上说,枯水期低盐度采样点主要表现为粪肥和污水的贡献特征,说明在河流段,密集的人为活动导致粪肥在降雨冲刷的驱动下,进入河流造成氮污染程度升高[58].丰水期河口大部分采样点δ15N-NO3-和δ18O-NO3-值均较低,且丰水期受海水影响程度大,可能是由于丰水期NO3--N受海水与河水混合作用的影响.莱州湾入海河流采样点在丰、枯水两期存在污染来源变化(图6b),丰水期河口处NO3--N受海水混合影响,枯水期NO3--N表现为粪肥和污水贡献来源,与以往研究结果一致[59].
4.1 水质参数及氢氧同位素组成分析表明,样品受咸潮回溯过程影响明显,尤其是河口丰水期受海水影响比枯水期更明显.
4.2 对比近20年莱州湾入海河流ρ(NO3--N)历史数据,总体上呈现改善趋势.入海河流河口水体中氮累积受到水文和人为因素的综合影响,具有明显的时间和空间变化.枯水期受稀释作用弱,氮浓度高于丰水期.胶莱河氮浓度最高,主要是受人为点源输入的影响.
4.3 氮转化过程分析表明,丰水期莱州湾入海河流河口水体主要受硝化作用影响,而枯水期较高的稳定同位素组成表明,部分样点可能还受到反硝化作用的影响.稳定同位素分析结果表明,入海河流河口中的NO3-主要受土壤有机氮、化肥、动物粪肥及生产生活污水影响,大气降水的影响较弱.硝酸盐来源具有显著的季节差异,表明河流和河口硝酸盐的时空异质性.
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(42293262)
  • 国家科技基础资源调查专项项目(2021FY101001)
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2025年第45卷第2期
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  • 接收时间:2024-07-16
  • 首发时间:2026-03-17
  • 出版时间:2025-02-20
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  • 收稿日期:2024-07-16
基金
国家自然科学基金资助项目(42293262)
国家科技基础资源调查专项项目(2021FY101001)
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    1.天津师范大学地理学部,天津 300387
    2.天津师范大学,天津市水资源与水环境重点实验室,天津 300387
    3.天津大学地球系统科学学院,天津 300072
    4.天津环渤海滨海地球关键带国家野外科学观测研究站,天津 300450
    5.天津师范大学,京津冀生态文明发展研究院,天津 300387

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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