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Corn straw biochar (Y-BC) was prepared by high-temperature pyrolysis method and its structure and morphology properties were characterized with a series of analytical techniques. The effects of initial pH and co-existing ions on tetracycline (TC) removal by Y-BC activated two types of persulfates: peroxydisulfate (PDS) and peroxymonosulfate (PMS) were systematically compared. The results showed that Y-BC activated PDS system could effectively remove TC under acidic and neutral conditions (pH=3~7), and TC removal efficiency was between 69.0% to 75.7% in 60min, while alkaline conditions (pH=9~11) TC removal efficiency reduced to 47.8%~48.4%. In contrast, the Y-BC-activated PMS system demonstrated a broad pH range for TC removal, and TC removal efficiency stabilized at 80.9%~86.8% at initial pH 3~11. The Cl- and NO3- anions exhibited negligible effects on both activated persulfate systems. Meanwhile, HCO3- showed an inhibitory effect on TC removal by the Y-BC-activated PDS system while promoting the effect by the Y-BC-activated PMS system. TC removal efficiency decreased by 7.6% and increased by 5.1% with Y-BC-activated PDS and PMS, respectively. Combined the results of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, quenching experiments, and electron paramagnetic resonance analysis, it was deduced that the primary active sites for Y-BC activated PDS system were defect structures, and TC degradation was mainly through singlet oxygen (1O2) generation and electron transfer mechanisms. Conversely, functional groups served as key active sites for the Y-BC-activated PMS system, and TC degradation was primarily via hydroxyl radical (·OH) formation.

, correspAuthors=Yan-fang LIU, Lei ZHANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Meng-xin YANG, Ya-jing WANG, Wen-jia LIU, Guang-zhi HU, Xin-yao WU, Yan-fang LIU, Lei ZHANG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1240689617771483650, articleId=1240689604945302095, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, language=CN, title=生物炭活化两种过硫酸盐降解四环素比较分析, columnId=1234106386565624579, journalTitle=中国环境科学, columnName=水污染与控制, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

采用高温热解制备的玉米秸秆生物炭(Y-BC)作为催化剂,并通过一系列表征方法分析了其结构和形貌.系统对比了不同初始pH值、共存离子等条件下Y-BC活化两种过硫酸盐(过一硫酸盐PMS;过二硫酸盐PDS)降解四环素(TC)的影响.结果表明, PDS在酸性和中性条件下(初始pH=3~7)利于Y-BC活化降解TC,反应60min,TC去除率为69.0%~75.7%.碱性条件下(初始pH=9~11)TC去除率减小至47.8%~48.4%;Y-BC活化PMS降解TC适应pH值范围广泛,初始pH值在3~11范围内TC去除率稳定在80.9%~86.8%. Cl-和NO3-阴离子对Y-BC活化PDS和PMS降解TC影响均微弱,HCO3-在10mmol/L时对Y-BC活化PDS呈抑制作用,去除率下降了7.6%,而对PMS活化体现促进效果, TC去除率提高了5.1%.结合XPS、淬灭实验和EPR检测结果,PDS的主要活性位点是Y-BC缺陷结构,通过1O2和电子转移实现TC降解;PMS主要活性位点为官能团,通过·OH自由基进行反应.

, correspAuthors=刘艳芳, 张磊, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*责任作者,副教授,;
**讲师,
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杨梦鑫(2000-),女,安徽宿州人,河北科技大学硕士研究生,主要研究方向为污水处理技术. .

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杨梦鑫(2000-),女,安徽宿州人,河北科技大学硕士研究生,主要研究方向为污水处理技术. .

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杨梦鑫(2000-),女,安徽宿州人,河北科技大学硕士研究生,主要研究方向为污水处理技术. .

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生物炭活化两种过硫酸盐降解四环素比较分析
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杨梦鑫 1, 2 , 王亚静 1, 2 , 刘文佳 2, 3 , 胡广志 4 , 武新耀 1, 2 , 刘艳芳 1, 2, * , 张磊 1, 2, **
中国环境科学 | 水污染与控制 2025,45(2): 810-819
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中国环境科学 | 水污染与控制 2025, 45(2): 810-819
生物炭活化两种过硫酸盐降解四环素比较分析
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杨梦鑫1, 2 , 王亚静1, 2, 刘文佳2, 3, 胡广志4, 武新耀1, 2, 刘艳芳1, 2, * , 张磊1, 2, **
作者信息
  • 1.河北科技大学环境科学与工程学院,河北 石家庄 050018
  • 2.河北省污染防治生物技术重点实验室,河北 石家庄 050018
  • 3.河北科技大学建筑工程学院,河北 石家庄 050018
  • 4.云南大学化学科学与工程学院,云南 昆明 650091
  • 杨梦鑫(2000-),女,安徽宿州人,河北科技大学硕士研究生,主要研究方向为污水处理技术. .

通讯作者:

*责任作者,副教授,;
**讲师,
Comparative analysis of biochar activated peroxymonosulfate and persulfate degradation of tetracycline
Meng-xin YANG1, 2 , Ya-jing WANG1, 2, Wen-jia LIU2, 3, Guang-zhi HU4, Xin-yao WU1, 2, Yan-fang LIU1, 2, * , Lei ZHANG1, 2, **
Affiliations
  • 1.College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang 050018, China
  • 2.Hebei Key Laboratory of Pollution Prevention Biotechnology, Shijiazhuang 050018, China
  • 3.School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang 050018, China
  • 4.School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China
出版时间: 2025-02-20
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采用高温热解制备的玉米秸秆生物炭(Y-BC)作为催化剂,并通过一系列表征方法分析了其结构和形貌.系统对比了不同初始pH值、共存离子等条件下Y-BC活化两种过硫酸盐(过一硫酸盐PMS;过二硫酸盐PDS)降解四环素(TC)的影响.结果表明, PDS在酸性和中性条件下(初始pH=3~7)利于Y-BC活化降解TC,反应60min,TC去除率为69.0%~75.7%.碱性条件下(初始pH=9~11)TC去除率减小至47.8%~48.4%;Y-BC活化PMS降解TC适应pH值范围广泛,初始pH值在3~11范围内TC去除率稳定在80.9%~86.8%. Cl-和NO3-阴离子对Y-BC活化PDS和PMS降解TC影响均微弱,HCO3-在10mmol/L时对Y-BC活化PDS呈抑制作用,去除率下降了7.6%,而对PMS活化体现促进效果, TC去除率提高了5.1%.结合XPS、淬灭实验和EPR检测结果,PDS的主要活性位点是Y-BC缺陷结构,通过1O2和电子转移实现TC降解;PMS主要活性位点为官能团,通过·OH自由基进行反应.

生物炭  /  过硫酸盐  /  四环素  /  影响因素  /  降解机理

Corn straw biochar (Y-BC) was prepared by high-temperature pyrolysis method and its structure and morphology properties were characterized with a series of analytical techniques. The effects of initial pH and co-existing ions on tetracycline (TC) removal by Y-BC activated two types of persulfates: peroxydisulfate (PDS) and peroxymonosulfate (PMS) were systematically compared. The results showed that Y-BC activated PDS system could effectively remove TC under acidic and neutral conditions (pH=3~7), and TC removal efficiency was between 69.0% to 75.7% in 60min, while alkaline conditions (pH=9~11) TC removal efficiency reduced to 47.8%~48.4%. In contrast, the Y-BC-activated PMS system demonstrated a broad pH range for TC removal, and TC removal efficiency stabilized at 80.9%~86.8% at initial pH 3~11. The Cl- and NO3- anions exhibited negligible effects on both activated persulfate systems. Meanwhile, HCO3- showed an inhibitory effect on TC removal by the Y-BC-activated PDS system while promoting the effect by the Y-BC-activated PMS system. TC removal efficiency decreased by 7.6% and increased by 5.1% with Y-BC-activated PDS and PMS, respectively. Combined the results of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, quenching experiments, and electron paramagnetic resonance analysis, it was deduced that the primary active sites for Y-BC activated PDS system were defect structures, and TC degradation was mainly through singlet oxygen (1O2) generation and electron transfer mechanisms. Conversely, functional groups served as key active sites for the Y-BC-activated PMS system, and TC degradation was primarily via hydroxyl radical (·OH) formation.

biochar  /  persulfate  /  tetracycline  /  influencing factors  /  degradation mechanism
杨梦鑫, 王亚静, 刘文佳, 胡广志, 武新耀, 刘艳芳, 张磊. 生物炭活化两种过硫酸盐降解四环素比较分析. 中国环境科学, 2025 , 45 (2) : 810 -819 .
Meng-xin YANG, Ya-jing WANG, Wen-jia LIU, Guang-zhi HU, Xin-yao WU, Yan-fang LIU, Lei ZHANG. Comparative analysis of biochar activated peroxymonosulfate and persulfate degradation of tetracycline[J]. China Environmental Science, 2025 , 45 (2) : 810 -819 .
四环素(TC)是应用最广泛的广谱抗生素之一,主要用于人类医学、兽医实践以及作为农业饲料添加剂[1].然而,由于生物只能有限代谢,大量的TC会排放到水环境中,导致世界各地的水体中TC浓度升高,范围从ng/L至µg/L[2].此外,TC具有抗降解性和潜在毒性,在水体中长期存在可能对人类健康和生态系统安全构成威胁.因此,水中TC的降解成为亟待解决的问题.
基于过硫酸盐的高级氧化工艺因其强大的氧化能力而备受关注.过硫酸盐包括过一硫酸盐(PMS)和过二硫酸盐(PDS),PDS属于对称结构,稳定性较高,PMS是典型的不对称过硫酸盐结构[3].PDS的标准氧化还原电位为2.01V,作为H2O2的磺酸基对称取代衍生物,较H2O2更具可溶性和稳定性,PMS较PDS是一种更温和但选择性更强的氧化剂,其氧化还原电位为1.8V[4],高氧化还原电位赋予二者在难降解有机物上的巨大潜力.然而,PMS和PDS与大多数有机物之间的直接反应是缓慢低效的,在一定程度上限制了直接应用的效果[5].在特定激活条件下,过硫酸盐可被激发生成硫酸根自由基(SO4·)、羟基自由基(·OH)以及单线态氧(1O2)等高效活性氧物质,显著促进污染物的氧化分解乃至矿化[6],实现对污染物的有效处理.
生物质衍生的生物炭(BC),以其卓越的活化性能与环保优势,在催化剂领域得到了广泛的应用.BC是在氧气受限的条件下,通过生物质的热解过程形成的一种多孔碳材料,具有持久的自由基和丰富的表面官能团[7],加上缺陷结构和石墨化特性,使BC具有出色的电子供应与传递能力[8],因此BC被认为是过硫酸盐的优良活化剂.研究揭示,BC能够有效活化过硫酸盐,生成自由基和非自由基,并促进对TC的氧化分解[9].进一步研究发现,BC表面的羟基和羧基会增强自由基和非自由基的产生,且在不同反应条件和水环境因素的变化下,TC的去除率稳定保持在85%以上.彰显了BC在活化过硫酸盐处理TC污染中的强大潜力[10].
由于分子结构上的差异,PDS和PMS展现出不同的活化性能,针对PDS和PMS在同一系统中的活化差异仍需深入研究.本文采用高温热解法制备的玉米秸秆生物炭(Y-BC)作为活化剂,分别活化PMS和PDS降解水中TC,对比分析Y-BC活化PMS和PDS的具体活性位点及其内在机制,优化Y-BC对PMS与PDS的活化性能.探讨初始pH值和共存阴离子对TC降解的影响,通过淬灭实验结合电子顺磁共振(EPR)检测结果,揭示TC降解过程中的关键活性物质,为不同过硫酸盐活化系统在抗生素降解领域的应用提供科学依据.
玉米秸秆、四环素(C22H24N2O8,TC)、过硫酸钠(Na2S2O8,99%)、过硫酸氢钠(NaHSO5,99%)、盐酸(HCl)、氢氧化钠(NaOH)、氯化钠(NaCl,≥99%)、碳酸氢钠(NaHCO3,≥99%)、甲醇(MeOH,≥99%)、无水乙醇(C2H5OH,≥99%)、叔丁醇(TBA,98%)、对苯醌(P-BQ,98%)、糠醇(FFA,97%)和碘化钾(KI,≥99%)试剂、5,5-二甲基-1-吡咯啉-N-氧化物(DMPO,99%)和2,2,6,6-四甲基-4-哌啶酮(TEMP,99%)均购于上海麦克林生化科技有限公司,.实验用水均为去离子水.
用去离子水将玉米秸秆洗至水澄清,放入电热鼓风干燥箱内90℃烘干至恒重,冷却至室温后粉碎过100目筛;取适量过筛玉米秸秆于石英舟中,在氮气条件下置于管式炉中进行高温热解,以10℃/min的升温速率升至800℃,保持热解碳化2h,冷却至室温后后将产物研磨并过200目筛,过筛产物即Y-BC,密封保存备用.
实验配制浓度为20mg/L的TC溶液200mL于锥形瓶中,投加适量Y-BC和PDS、PMS(无特殊标注均为[Y-BC]=0.2g/L;[PDS]=0.5g/L;[PMS]=0.5g/L)置于恒温振荡器(25℃±2℃,190r/min)中进行反应,分别在10、20、30、40、50、60min时取5mL样品,经0.22µm滤膜过滤后测定TC浓度. TC去除率R由式(1)计算.
式中:Ctt时刻TC浓度,C0为初始浓度.
分别在不同溶液初始pH值(3、5、7、9、11)和无机阴离子([Cl、HCO3、NO3]=10mmol/L)条件下,研究单因素对TC降解的影响,空白组为pH=7,且不添加任何阴离子. Cl、NO3、HCO3为水体中常见阴离子种类,且已有文献报道[11],3种离子对过硫酸盐活化降解抗生素均有一定的影响.选用[MeOH]=500mmol/L、[TBA]=500mmol/L、[P-BQ]=50mmol/L和[FFA]=5mmol/L分别作为SO4·、·OH、超氧自由基(O2·−)、和1O2等活性物质的淬灭剂,以及碘化钾([KI]=50mmol/L)作为电子转移途径的淬灭剂进行淬灭实验[12-14],空白组为相同实验条件不添加任何淬灭剂.
采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM,JSM-7800F)观测生物炭表面形貌特征;采用全自动比表面积及孔隙分析仪(BET,Micromeritics ASAP 2460)分析样品的比表面积和孔隙分布;采用傅里叶红外光谱(FTIR,Thermo Scientific Nicolet iS20)探究表面官能团种类;采用拉曼光谱仪(Raman,Thermo Scientific DXR Raman Microscope)进一步了解样品缺陷结构.此外采用X射线光电子能谱仪(XPS,Thermo Scientific K-Alpha)检测元素含量,电子顺磁共振(EPR,Bruker EMXPLUS-6/1)捕获活性氧物质;TC浓度采用紫外可见光分光光度计(SK-G10123K)测定.
不同倍镜下Y-BC的SEM图如图1(a)、(b)所示,可以看出Y-BC表面附着粗糙凸起,空隙丰富,呈紧实多孔形貌.Y-BC的氮气吸附-脱附等温线(图1(c))呈现典型的IV型吸附-脱附,并有明显的H3型滞后环,结合孔径分布图(图1(d)),可观察到3.9nm处出现明显波峰,表明Y-BC孔径集中分布在2~50nm范围内,属介孔分级结构材料.通过BET计算得出Y-BC的比表面积为324.37m2/g,孔径为3.968nm,孔体积为0.032m3/g.对比Wang等[15]500℃热解制备的玉米秸秆生物炭比表面积仅为10.74m2/g,孔体积为0.025m3/g.高温炭化过程有效去除了脂肪族和挥发性物质,形成Y-BC独特的表面孔隙结构,增加了比表面积和孔隙结构[16].
Y-BC的FTIR谱图显示其表面含有丰富的官能团(图2(a)),其中670和796cm-1处的特征峰反映C=H键的弯曲振动,1046cm-1为—COOH(羧基)的特征振动[17],1114cm-1对应C—O键的伸缩振动[18],1620cm-1处振动峰则代表C=O双键弯曲振动[19].3399和3544cm-1处振动属于—OH伸缩振动[20].在活化PMS降解TC后,Y-BC在1046、1114和3399cm-1处的C—OOH、C—O和—OH振动峰减弱,而活化PDS降解TC后无明显变化,说明这些含氧官能团参与了PMS的活化过程.与先前报道一致,即Y-BC表面含氧官能团为PMS活化的关键位点[21].
Y-BC的Raman光谱呈现两个显著宽峰(图2(b)),即1350cm-1和1580cm-1处的D峰和G峰,D波段关联碳晶体的缺陷与变形,而G波段则反映sp2杂化碳网络振荡,D峰与G峰的强度比(ID/IG)是衡量Y-BC缺陷程度的关键指标,比值增大意味着石墨化程度降低,缺陷增多[22].本研究中Y-BC的ID/IG值为1.09,表明高温热解在促进Y-BC转化的同时,也诱导了石墨化结构的破坏,形成了丰富的缺陷结构.这些缺陷结构有望优化Y-BC的催化性能,对抗生素降解展现出积极作用[23].
对Y-BC活化PMS和PDS降解TC动力学进行了预实验,发现两系统均为前段反应迅速而后段降解缓慢,PMS系统中这一反应规律尤其明显,经前期数据拟合,两系统均不完全遵循一级动力学或二级动力学.对此,采用能同时符合两阶段反应的数学模型[24]进行动力学研究,考察系统去除能力和反应趋势,动力学模型如式(2)所示.
式中:σ为斜率;ρ为截距;Ctt时刻TC浓度;C0为TC初始浓度.
式(2)也可转换为
据式(3),以t/(1-Ct/C0)为y轴,t为x轴,拟合可得到两个动力学常数,即(min-1)和.
式(2)微分得到式(4).
在初始反应阶段(t≈0)时,可表示为式(5).
因此,(min-1)可代表初始降解速率.
根据式(3)并结合截距的定义,σ可写成式(6).
t接近无穷大时,σ可表示为式(7).
也可转换为式(8).
因此,可表示为污染物最大降解能力或系统最大氧化能力.
图3(a)对比了不同系统下TC的去除率.反应60min时,单独Y-BC吸附TC去除率仅为5.0%,单独PMS和PDS系统对TC的去除率分别为38.3%和11.4%.经Y-BC活化后,Y-BC+PMS和Y-BC+PDS系统对TC的去除率分别提高了48.5%和64.3%,这说明Y-BC在PMS或PDS系统中主要表现为活化作用,其中Y-BC+PMS系统降解TC的能力更高且反应迅速,10min后TC去除率基本不变.采用式(2)动力学模型拟合出的各系统理论最大降解能力与实际去除率相比,数据基本一致(图3(b)),可见此动力学模型可以模拟Y-BC活化过硫酸盐降解TC反应.由图3(b)还可以看出Y-BC+PMS系统展现出最高的初始降解速率,分别是单独PMS和Y-BC+PDS系统的17.7和1.9倍.
图4评估了溶液初始pH值对Y-BC+PDS及Y-BC+PMS系统在60min内降解TC的影响.图4(a)显示,反应60min时,Y-BC+PDS系统在初始pH值为3~7范围内,TC去除率波动较小(<10%).初始pH=5时TC去除率最高,为75.7%,在初始pH = 9和11时去除率显著受抑,反应60min时,TC去除率分别为48.4%和47.9%.表明Y-BC+PDS系统在酸性和中性环境下适应性更佳.值得注意的是,初始pH=7时,TC初始降解速率最低,这可能是由于中性条件下无电荷效应.研究表明酸碱条件下电荷效应可促进TC电子转移加速其降解[25],但高OH浓度会消耗PDS,减少SO4·自由基生成(式(9)),进而碱性条件下TC去除率降低. Y-BC+PMS系统对pH值变化展现出良好适应性(图4(b)),反应60min,初始pH=3~11时,TC去除率稳定在80.9%~86.8%.由图4(b)还可以看出,初始pH=3时,初始降解速率最低,这可能是由于H+与PMS的过氧键形成强氢键所致[26].此外碱性条件下(初始pH=9~11),PMS与OH-反应生成活性较低的SO42−和SO5[27](式(10)、(11)),也会造成初始降解速率较中性条件降低,但有一部分SO42−会生成活性更高的O2·从而缓解对TC的降解影响[28](式(12)).
图5(a)为水体中无机阴离子对Y-BC+PDS系统降解TC的影响.由图5(a)可知,反应60min时,除HCO3导致去除率下降7.6%并减缓初始降解速率(约空白组的0.85倍)外,其他阴离子影响较小(TC去除率降低均<3%).HCO3的抑制作用主要归因于HCO3能淬灭系统中的SO4·和·OH,生成活性较低的HCO3·和CO3·(式(13)、(14))[29].值得注意的是,Cl初始降解速率虽比空白组高1.54倍,但Cl-也会消耗关键SO4·和·OH自由基(式(15)、(16)),从而TC去除率影响较小.
图5(b)展示了Y-BC+PMS系统在不同阴离子存在下对TC降解的影响.Cl和NO3几乎无影响,而HCO3提升降解效果,反应60min时,TC去除率从86.8%增至91.9%,初始降解速率也提升了1.89倍.图6进一步探究不同浓度HCO3在10min内对PMS系统的促进效果,由图5(b)可知未添加HCO3时,10min时TC去除率为80.3%,图6中显示当HCO3浓度为5mmol/L时对TC降解无影响,随HCO3-浓度增加至10和15mmol/L,TC去除率分别提升至87.2%和88.6%.然而,当浓度增加至20mmol/L时,由于过量HCO3引发SO4·和·OH自由基淬灭,TC去除率相比15mmol/L时降低5.0%.HCO3促进降解机制可归结于以下两点:1)HCO3与PMS反应产生大量选择性二次氧化剂(如HCO4和CO3·),这些弱氧化剂能高效靶向有机污染物,相比之下,强氧化自由基(如·OH)因非选择性易被削弱[30-31],而过量HCO3则会造成大量SO4·和·OH自由基淬灭,降低TC去除率;2) HCO3促进了目标有机物向PMS的电子转移,从而促进了TC的降解.Ahn等[32]研究结果显示10mmol/LHCO3会加速电子转移促进PMS的分解,与本实验数据相一致.
过硫酸盐活化降解TC涉及自由基与非自由基途径.其中自由基途径源于过硫酸盐的O-O键断裂,非自由基途径则涵盖表面电子转移及1O2的生成[33].对Y-BC+PDS和Y-BC+PMS系统中的主要活性物种进行淬灭实验.结果如图7(a)所示,反应60min时,在Y-BC活化PDS系统中,自由基淬灭剂对TC去除率影响有限(<10%),而FFA和KI淬灭剂添加使TC去除率从75.7%降至55.70%和59.65%,表明非自由基路径1O2和电子转移为TC降解的主导机制.图7(b)揭示了在Y-BC活化PMS降解TC系统中,1O2和·OH自由基为主要活性物质,具体表现为加入FFA和TBA淬灭剂后去除率从86.8%降至66.11%和71.51%,而MeOH、P-BQ加入后去除率分别减少至74.61%、81.67%.值得注意的是,KI加入本欲阻断电子转移途径,却意外提升去除率至91.9%,尽管初始降解速率仍受抑制(为空白组的0.09倍),表明该系统复杂,电子转移路径可能非主导但具有调控作用.
为进一步验证两种反应系统中的自由基和非自由基生成情况,进行了EPR捕获,选择DMPO(5,5-二甲基-1-吡咯啉)作为SO4·、·OH的自旋捕获剂,TEMP作为1O2捕获剂,形成稳定的加合物进行鉴定[14].图7(c)、(d)展示了Y-BC活化PDS与PMS降解TC的EPR检测结果.Y-BC+PDS系统中,检测到了DMPO-SO4、DMPO-OH和TEMP-1O2的明显信号,确认生成了SO4·、·OH自由基和1O2,结合淬灭结果,发现自由基对TC降解作用有限,而1O2和电子转移主导的非自由基途径起主导作用.Y-BC+PMS系统中,虽同样检测到DMPO-SO4、DMPO-OH和TEMP-1O2信号,但TEMP-1O2信号微弱,再结合淬灭实验分析,·OH为主要氧化物质,而1O2贡献有限.加入FFA后去除率降低可能是因为FFA直接与PMS发生反应,进而消耗PMS减少TC的降解,且微弱TEMP-1O2信号或因PMS自分解产生少量1O2所致[34].因此,Y-BC活化PMS降解TC主要依赖·OH主导的自由基途径.
以上结果虽已明确Y-BC可活化不同过硫酸盐产生相应活性物质,但仍需要全面分析以确定具体机理途径.为此,对反应前后Y-BC活性位点的变化进行了深入研究.
图8显示了不同官能团与元素的具体变化,图8(a)中反应前的C1s峰可分为C—C/C=C(284.80eV)、C—O—C(285.8eV)、C—O(288.3eV)、C—OOH(290.3eV)和π-π*键(293.5eV).N1s峰则可拟合分为石墨氮(402.5eV)、吡咯氮(400.9eV)、吡啶氮(398.9eV)以及氮氧化物(403.8eV).活化PMS后,Y-BC中石墨C、C—O、C—OOH及π-π*含量减少,表明PMS的活化过程消耗了生物炭的共轭石墨结构和含氧官能团,高度石墨化的共轭结构作为自由移动π电子的储存库,通过电子流和转移促进了PMS的活化[35].结合图2(a)的FTIR图谱,证实C—OOH、C—O和—OH等官能团可以有效激活PMS生成自由基(式(17)~(18)[36-37].活化PDS后,Y-BC中石墨C含量大幅下降,表明石墨结构消耗显著,对比图2(b)的Raman光谱图,活化PDS后Y-BC的ID/IG值从1.09降至0.93,揭示反应消耗了缺陷位点,暴露出更多高度杂化的有序碳网络,增强了Y-BC的石墨程度,故生物炭在活化PDS降解TC的过程中展现出石墨结构和缺陷之间的循环稳定性[38].同时,Y-BC内高电子密度缺陷结构加速电子传递,为PDS活化提供电子,促进TC降解[39],与淬灭结果中电子转移的重要作用相呼应,kim等[19]先前的研究也指出,PDS可由Y-BC缺陷结构供应电子激活,生成自由基与非自由基(式(19)~(23)).反应前后的N1s峰显示,生物炭活化PMS和PDS后吡啶氮含量均明显下降,Tan等[40]研究发现,吡啶氮作为Lewis碱基位点,通过诱导效应增强Y-BC表面电位的不均匀分布,从而促进有机物的降解,因此后续可考虑掺杂N元素以提高生物炭的活化性能.图8(d)元素总谱显示,两种过硫酸盐系统反应后氧元素含量均上升,表明反应过程中两种过硫酸盐被表面活性基团给电子激活,进而破坏O—O键形成自由基或非自由基,诱发生物炭表面氧化[41].可能的反应机理如图9所示.
3.1 SEM、FTIR及Raman的分析表明,实验制备的Y-BC具备多孔结构,表面富集含氧官能团和缺陷结构,是优良的催化剂选择.
3.2 Y-BC活化PDS与PMS降解TC的效率分别为75.7%与86.8%,PDS系统在初始pH=9和11的碱性条件呈抑制效果,TC去除率分别降至48.4%和47.8%;PMS系统pH值适应性广(3~11),TC去除率均在80%以上.在10mmol/L阴离子浓度下,Cl和NO3对两系统影响甚微,TC去除率仅降低3%左右;HCO3轻微抑制PDS活化系统,去除率降低7.6%,却能促进PMS降解TC,HCO3浓度为10mmol/L时,TC去除率增至91.9%,初始降解速率提升1.89倍.
3.3 EPR检测证实两系统均生成SO4·、·OH和1O2.结合淬灭结果和活性位点分析,PDS活化系统以Y-BC缺陷结构为主要活性位点,依赖1O2和电子转移降解TC;而PMS系统则侧重于官能团为主要活性位点,·OH自由基成为降解TC的关键氧化物质.
  • 河北省重点研发计划项目(19273601D)
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  • 接收时间:2024-07-31
  • 首发时间:2026-03-17
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  • 收稿日期:2024-07-31
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河北省重点研发计划项目(19273601D)
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    1.河北科技大学环境科学与工程学院,河北 石家庄 050018
    2.河北省污染防治生物技术重点实验室,河北 石家庄 050018
    3.河北科技大学建筑工程学院,河北 石家庄 050018
    4.云南大学化学科学与工程学院,云南 昆明 650091

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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