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This study established 4treatments, straw degradation microbial agent (MC), organic fertilizer (OF), MC+OF, and control check (CK), and conducted a 120 days straw returning experiment to analyze the impact of different treatments on straw decomposition rate, soil nutrients, and soil microecology. The results demonstrated that the MC+OF treatment significantly improved the straw returning rate, especially enhanced the lignin degradation of stubborn components in the straw. After 120 days, the MC+OF group showed significantly higher rates of hemicellulose, cellulose, lignin degradation, and strawweight loss compared with other treatments, with increases ranging from 2.87% to 11.78%, 3.20% to 10.59%, 6.00% to 32.97%, and 9.49% to 26.77% respectively (P<0.05). The total amount of humus reached 70.39g/kg, a 24.87% increase compared with the CK; additionally, soil organic carbon and dissolved organic carbon increased by 33.39% and 62.00%, respectively, from their initial levels, while soil total nutrients(nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium) increased relatively by 134.21mg/kg. The combination of microbial and organic fertilizers also enhanced the activity of invertase, urease, and neutral phosphatase in the soil. Moreover, microorganisms such as Aspergillus in the MC treatment became dominant genera during the straw returning process, induced a significant enrichment of indigenous microorganisms with lignocellulose degradation functions like Alcaligenes, Ensifer, and Brevundimonas. The combination of microbial and organic fertilizers decreased the total amount of pathogenic saprophytic fungi in the soil and improved soil quality. These results indicate the immense potential of MC+OF in accelerating the recycling and utilization of straw resources.

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设置添加秸秆降解菌剂(MC)、有机肥(OF)、菌肥联用(MC+OF)和空白对照(CK) 4个处理,进行了为期120d的还田实验,分析不同处理对还田秸秆降解速度、土壤理化性质及土壤微生态的影响.结果表明,MC+OF处理的秸秆降解和腐殖化效果最佳.还田120d时,MC+OF组半纤维、纤维素、木质素降解率和秸秆失重率分别较其他处理高2.87%~11.78%、3.20%~10.59%、6.00%~32.97%和9.49%~26.77%(P<0.05),腐殖质含量最高,达70.39g/kg;土壤总有机碳和溶解性有机碳分别较初始增加33.39%和62.00%,土壤总养分(氮磷钾)相对初始增加134.21mg/kg.此外,秸秆降解菌剂接种后其中的Aspergillus能够在秸秆还田过程中成为优势菌属,并诱导了AlcaligenesEnsiferBrevundimonas等具有木质纤维素降解功能的土著微生物显著富集;菌肥联用还提高土壤中蔗糖酶、脲酶和中性磷酸酶等碳、氮和磷转化的关键酶活力,降低了病理营养型真菌总量,提升了土壤品质.综上所述,MC+OF是解决还田秸秆降解难、资源循环受阻的有效手段,对降低环境污染风险和实现生态环境可持续发展具有重要意义.

, correspAuthors=邱忠平, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*责任作者,教授,
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李明星(1992-),男,陕西渭南人,西南交通大学博士研究生,主要研究方向有机废物处理与资源化.发表论文10余篇. .

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李明星(1992-),男,陕西渭南人,西南交通大学博士研究生,主要研究方向有机废物处理与资源化.发表论文10余篇. .

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李明星(1992-),男,陕西渭南人,西南交通大学博士研究生,主要研究方向有机废物处理与资源化.发表论文10余篇. .

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articleId=1240689604349718663, language=CN, label=图1, caption=还田过程中各处理的秸秆结构变化及不同时期的红外光谱, figureFileSmall=Om503SuUlHpcGmGK8gCoaA==, figureFileBig=7gvdH62ogiUm/uKfGiMKDA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240689619176583255, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689604349718663, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Changes in the degradation rate of straw returning and humus content at the end of returning, figureFileSmall=36g7yV64sdqcsbjjqfZdkg==, figureFileBig=FCo7neR557jQ5dG5yg1N+Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240689620682338397, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689604349718663, language=CN, label=图2, caption=还田过程中秸秆的降解率变化和还田结束时腐殖质的含量, figureFileSmall=36g7yV64sdqcsbjjqfZdkg==, figureFileBig=FCo7neR557jQ5dG5yg1N+Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240689620812361831, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689604349718663, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Changes in soil physicochemical indicators and linear regression between SOC and DOC, figureFileSmall=Ovzk2iV4saYzy4IcT6GyxQ==, figureFileBig=wqW+tcd0ZYkQyAzdWC+PmA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240689620946579575, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689604349718663, language=CN, label=图3, caption=土壤理化指标变化情况及SOC与DOC的线性回归

阴影区域是回归线的95%置信区间

, figureFileSmall=Ovzk2iV4saYzy4IcT6GyxQ==, figureFileBig=wqW+tcd0ZYkQyAzdWC+PmA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240689621051437186, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689604349718663, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Changes in soil available nutrient content and relative nutrient increment, figureFileSmall=lV4+hJp/hah67zsNjHG8OQ==, figureFileBig=Bzwyyv58u9PQEqYfDEkGLQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240689621185654924, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689604349718663, language=CN, label=图4, caption=土壤有效养分含量和养分相对增量的变化情况, figureFileSmall=lV4+hJp/hah67zsNjHG8OQ==, figureFileBig=Bzwyyv58u9PQEqYfDEkGLQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240689621332455582, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689604349718663, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Changes in soil enzyme activity during returning straw, figureFileSmall=5jEwWlu4SDmsxLbm+dNS7Q==, figureFileBig=eiopIePvufOx6rS3/PG7eA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240689621479256239, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689604349718663, language=CN, label=图5, caption=秸秆还田过程中土壤酶活力变化, figureFileSmall=5jEwWlu4SDmsxLbm+dNS7Q==, figureFileBig=eiopIePvufOx6rS3/PG7eA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240689621642834114, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689604349718663, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Changes in the genus level microbial community structure and Spearman correlation heatmap between microorganisms and environmental factors, figureFileSmall=HsqnPAPRiIOUyvpN3N98JA==, figureFileBig=L3dcF8AvmOWllEWE1wzHIw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240689621785440464, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689604349718663, language=CN, label=图6, caption=属水平微生物群落结构变化及微生物与环境因子间的Spearman相关性热图

WLRS:秸秆失重率,HDR:半纤维素降解率,CDR:纤维素降解率,LDR:木质素降解率

, figureFileSmall=HsqnPAPRiIOUyvpN3N98JA==, figureFileBig=L3dcF8AvmOWllEWE1wzHIw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240689621911269601, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689604349718663, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Functional prediction analysis of microbes during straw returning, figureFileSmall=3t90/9nySx4+wFEpNHlq+w==, figureFileBig=zHRvT+G0ndqrnCKSG9bAKg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240689622011932908, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689604349718663, language=CN, label=图7, caption=秸秆还田过程中微生物的功能预测分析

数字代表酶编号

, figureFileSmall=3t90/9nySx4+wFEpNHlq+w==, figureFileBig=zHRvT+G0ndqrnCKSG9bAKg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240689622137762042, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689604349718663, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Distribution of bacteria and fungi in each group during the process of straw returning α diversity index

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品细菌真菌
Chao1ShannonSimpsonChao1ShannonSimpson
IP2500.865.500.01475.083.130.11
CK302438.275.300.03522.843.020.10
MC302343.114.740.05386.042.680.16
OF302267.315.090.04264.502.770.12
MC+OF302327.015.680.01417.663.040.10
CK902672.985.860.01338.272.540.18
MC902627.095.370.03370.093.250.10
OF902618.385.630.01360.922.810.11
MC+OF902653.185.880.01362.772.220.27
), ArticleFig(id=1240689622267785483, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689604349718663, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

秸秆还田过程中各组细菌和真菌的α多样性指数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品细菌真菌
Chao1ShannonSimpsonChao1ShannonSimpson
IP2500.865.500.01475.083.130.11
CK302438.275.300.03522.843.020.10
MC302343.114.740.05386.042.680.16
OF302267.315.090.04264.502.770.12
MC+OF302327.015.680.01417.663.040.10
CK902672.985.860.01338.272.540.18
MC902627.095.370.03370.093.250.10
OF902618.385.630.01360.922.810.11
MC+OF902653.185.880.01362.772.220.27
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功能菌剂偶联有机肥强化秸秆还田
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李明星 1, 2 , 江慧 1 , 李锐定 1 , 陶逸倩 1, 3 , 李星 1 , 邱忠平 1, *
中国环境科学 | 固体废物 2025,45(2): 870-881
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中国环境科学 | 固体废物 2025, 45(2): 870-881
功能菌剂偶联有机肥强化秸秆还田
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李明星1, 2 , 江慧1, 李锐定1, 陶逸倩1, 3, 李星1, 邱忠平1, *
作者信息
  • 1.西南交通大学生命科学与工程学院,四川 成都 610031
  • 2.西南交通大学材料科学与工程学院,四川 成都 610031
  • 3.四川省环境科学研究院,四川 成都 610041
  • 李明星(1992-),男,陕西渭南人,西南交通大学博士研究生,主要研究方向有机废物处理与资源化.发表论文10余篇. .

通讯作者:

*责任作者,教授,
Strengthening straw returning by coupling functional microbial agents with organic fertilizers
Ming-xing LI1, 2 , Hui JIANG1, Rui-ding LI1, Yi-qian TAO1, 3, Xing LI1, Zhong-ping QIU1, *
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China
  • 2.School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China
  • 3.Sichuan Academy of Environmental Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China
出版时间: 2025-02-20
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设置添加秸秆降解菌剂(MC)、有机肥(OF)、菌肥联用(MC+OF)和空白对照(CK) 4个处理,进行了为期120d的还田实验,分析不同处理对还田秸秆降解速度、土壤理化性质及土壤微生态的影响.结果表明,MC+OF处理的秸秆降解和腐殖化效果最佳.还田120d时,MC+OF组半纤维、纤维素、木质素降解率和秸秆失重率分别较其他处理高2.87%~11.78%、3.20%~10.59%、6.00%~32.97%和9.49%~26.77%(P<0.05),腐殖质含量最高,达70.39g/kg;土壤总有机碳和溶解性有机碳分别较初始增加33.39%和62.00%,土壤总养分(氮磷钾)相对初始增加134.21mg/kg.此外,秸秆降解菌剂接种后其中的Aspergillus能够在秸秆还田过程中成为优势菌属,并诱导了AlcaligenesEnsiferBrevundimonas等具有木质纤维素降解功能的土著微生物显著富集;菌肥联用还提高土壤中蔗糖酶、脲酶和中性磷酸酶等碳、氮和磷转化的关键酶活力,降低了病理营养型真菌总量,提升了土壤品质.综上所述,MC+OF是解决还田秸秆降解难、资源循环受阻的有效手段,对降低环境污染风险和实现生态环境可持续发展具有重要意义.

秸秆还田  /  秸秆降解菌剂  /  有机肥  /  土壤养分  /  土壤微生态

This study established 4treatments, straw degradation microbial agent (MC), organic fertilizer (OF), MC+OF, and control check (CK), and conducted a 120 days straw returning experiment to analyze the impact of different treatments on straw decomposition rate, soil nutrients, and soil microecology. The results demonstrated that the MC+OF treatment significantly improved the straw returning rate, especially enhanced the lignin degradation of stubborn components in the straw. After 120 days, the MC+OF group showed significantly higher rates of hemicellulose, cellulose, lignin degradation, and strawweight loss compared with other treatments, with increases ranging from 2.87% to 11.78%, 3.20% to 10.59%, 6.00% to 32.97%, and 9.49% to 26.77% respectively (P<0.05). The total amount of humus reached 70.39g/kg, a 24.87% increase compared with the CK; additionally, soil organic carbon and dissolved organic carbon increased by 33.39% and 62.00%, respectively, from their initial levels, while soil total nutrients(nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium) increased relatively by 134.21mg/kg. The combination of microbial and organic fertilizers also enhanced the activity of invertase, urease, and neutral phosphatase in the soil. Moreover, microorganisms such as Aspergillus in the MC treatment became dominant genera during the straw returning process, induced a significant enrichment of indigenous microorganisms with lignocellulose degradation functions like Alcaligenes, Ensifer, and Brevundimonas. The combination of microbial and organic fertilizers decreased the total amount of pathogenic saprophytic fungi in the soil and improved soil quality. These results indicate the immense potential of MC+OF in accelerating the recycling and utilization of straw resources.

straw return  /  straw degradation microbial agent  /  organic fertilizer  /  soil nutrients  /  soil microecology
李明星, 江慧, 李锐定, 陶逸倩, 李星, 邱忠平. 功能菌剂偶联有机肥强化秸秆还田. 中国环境科学, 2025 , 45 (2) : 870 -881 .
Ming-xing LI, Hui JIANG, Rui-ding LI, Yi-qian TAO, Xing LI, Zhong-ping QIU. Strengthening straw returning by coupling functional microbial agents with organic fertilizers[J]. China Environmental Science, 2025 , 45 (2) : 870 -881 .
秸秆是农业生产过程中主要的副产物,也是一种重要的生物质资源,目前我国秸秆年产量已超10亿t[1].秸秆再利用方式包括肥料化、饲料化和基料化等,其中,以还田为主的肥料化是秸秆资源循环利用的有效手段.秸秆还田具有减少土壤侵蚀、改善土壤微生物群落结构,提高土壤酶活、增强耕地抗逆能力、提升地力等优势[2],是实现农业绿色发展的重要举措.据2021年中国秸秆资源台账统计,全国秸秆还田在可收集秸秆的资源化利用中占比达54.70%,已成为秸秆利用的最主要方式[3].但是,自然条件下直接还田的秸秆降解缓慢,未及时降解的秸秆在耕层中累积,导致病虫害滋生,养分循环阻碍并严重影响下茬作物种植和生长.因此,加速秸秆降解是秸秆还田培肥土壤及其资源化利用的关键[4].
还田秸秆在土壤微生物和多种环境因子作用下解聚,产生的可溶性糖、有机酸等小分子有机物继续被微生物代谢为CO2[5].同时,秸秆中的木质素可在微生物分泌的漆酶、过氧化物酶等酶系协同作用下经支链裂解、侧链氧化、取代反应形成多酚,并进一步修饰转化为醌基化合物,醌经自聚合或结合土壤中游离的多糖、氮类化合物等缩合产生腐殖质[6],因此,加速秸秆降解对土壤中腐殖质的形成具有重要作用.秸秆降解速度受土壤中微生物功能、活性及多种功能酶等生物因素,以及土壤氮含量、pH值、C/N、温度等非生物因素的影响[4,7].
土壤微生物功能多样性和活性是影响秸秆降解关键的生物因素[4].秸秆降解是由微生物主导的酶促反应过程,其中半纤维素、纤维素和木质素3种秸秆主要组分所需的功能微生物和水解氧化酶不同[6],而单一菌株通常难以完成如此复杂的过程[8].因此,秸秆降解往往需要细菌、真菌等多种微生物及其分泌的木质纤维素降解酶系的协同作用.此外,秸秆降解过程中产生大量酚酸等具有生物毒性的中间代谢产物,对微生物降解秸秆产生反馈抑制,影响微生物活性,导致秸秆生物降解缓慢[4,9].接种微生物菌剂,通过提高功能微生物丰度和代谢活性,加速秸秆降解,同时可强化中间代谢产物的降解转化,降低对土壤微生物和下茬作物的抑制作用.因此,外源微生物接种是解决直接还田存在秸秆降解不彻底,提高秸秆资源循环利用的有效、安全且经济的方法[8].
土壤中C/N是影响秸秆降解的主要非生物因素.由于秸秆C/N值较高(65~85:1),单一还田易导致土壤C/N失衡,加剧微生物间以及微生物与植物间的氮竞争[10].同时,单一秸秆还田难以满足作物生长的养分需求,对作物增产效果不明显,因此,秸秆还田通常需要添加额外的氮源[11].研究表明,秸秆还田配施无机氮肥可显著促进秸秆分解,提高土壤氮的可利用性,减轻氮对土壤微生物的限制[4].但无机氮肥往往肥效期短,难以满足秸秆分解对氮的长时间需求[11],且氮肥过量会抑制土壤中木质纤维素降解酶的活性和稳定性[12].有机肥中氮源丰富,且具有大量的活性微生物与磷、钾、钙等有益成分,是较无机肥更温和且肥效更持久的肥料[11,13],有机肥的施用因具有改善土壤结构,提高土壤微生物活性,提升降解木质素等顽固成分的微生物丰度,抑制农田土壤病害传播等优点被广泛关注[7,14].
综上所述,利用功能微生物耦合有机肥具有提高微生物活性、促进秸秆降解和降低氮竞争的优势,但目前关于两者协同促进秸秆还田过程中土壤理化指标和生物学指标的变化的影响仍缺乏深入研究.为此,本研究在秸秆还田过程中接种针对秸秆降解的微生物菌剂并配施有机肥,解析两者协同对秸秆还田效率、土壤微生物群落结构及功能和土壤品质的影响.研究成果将为促进秸秆资源循环利用,降低环境污染风险和实现生态环境可持续发展等提供一定的技术支撑.
实验于2024年3~5月在四川省成都市青白江坪家村(104°20'8.43"E,30°47'21.63"N,海拔726m)开展,实验周期内平均气温19.2℃,降雨总量107.2mm.供试土壤为黄壤土,其初始pH值、电导率(EC)、碱解氮(AN)、速效磷(AP)、速效钾(AK)、总有机质(TOM)、土壤有机碳(SOC)和溶解性有机碳(DOC)分别为6.33、0.15mS/cm、20.05mg/kg、4.55mg/kg、57.34mg/kg、3.70%、12.76g/kg和0.77g/kg.土壤初始脲酶(UR)、蔗糖酶(SUC)和中性磷酸酶(NP)分别为0.24,1.99和0.26mg/(g·d).
秸秆降解菌剂是本实验室前期从堆肥、腐烂落叶、农田等地广泛筛选构建,主要由木质纤维素降解菌和有机质转化菌两类功能菌群组成.其中木质纤维素降解菌的筛选基于产木质纤维素降解酶和对秸秆的降解效果,有机质转化菌的筛选基于纤维多糖和酚酸的降解转化能力.经16S rRNA基因鉴定木质纤维素降解菌包括Aspergillus fumigatus QX1、Aspergillus versicolor QX7、Trichoderma harzianum QX4、Phanerochaete chrysosporium QM5、Auricularia reticulata QM3,有机质转化菌包括Debaryomyces hansenii QL1、Meyerozyma guilliermondii QZ16、Bacillus subtilis QL4、Bacillus cereus QL3、Aneurinibacillus QL5[15].本研究中木质纤维素降解菌主要用于解聚秸秆木质纤维素,释放纤维多糖、酚类和有机酸等小分子有机物,有机质转化菌则可快速利用小分子有机物,避免产物的负反馈效应,影响秸秆降解与转化.菌剂由各菌株等体积混合而成.供试有机肥由本实验室利用鸡粪秸秆经好氧发酵获得.
本研究共设置了单一秸秆还田组(CK),秸秆降解菌剂组(MC),有机肥组(OF),秸秆降解菌剂和有机肥组(MC+OF)4个处理.根据文献秸秆降解菌剂接种量为秸秆干重的2%,有机肥用量为5,000kg/hm2,秸秆还田量6,000kg/hm2[16].还田秸秆尺寸在5~10cm,每种还田方式实验面积为50m2.
为研究还田过程中秸秆微观结构变化、木质纤维素降解效果与腐殖化程度,采用尼龙袋法进行秸秆还田实验,取100g秸秆置于35cm×50cm的60目尼龙网袋中,埋入田间土壤表层下5~20cm处,共放置250个尼龙网袋.为研究各处理对土壤理化性质及生物学特性的影响,将25kg秸秆直接翻压还田.各处理进行为期120d的秸秆还田实验,期间每15d随机采集3个尼龙网袋中的秸秆样品,以及直接翻压还田处理的200g土样,土样混匀后分为2份,每份100g,一份自然风干过10目筛后用于分析常规理化指标,另一份湿样用于生物指标分析.
采用钨灯丝扫描电镜(SEM)(JSM 7800F Prime,日本),加速电压为10kV,所有样品均安装在导电胶带上,用溅射涂布机涂覆.取冷冻干燥样品2mg,与400mg干燥的KBr研磨混匀.取100mg的混合物在29.4MPa下压制1min,制作成透明薄片,采用傅里叶变换红外光谱仪(FTIR)(NicoletiS50,USA)在4000~400cm-1波长范围内测定样本FTIR光谱.
半纤维素和纤维素采用二硝基水杨酸比色法测定,木质素含量和秸秆失重率采用差量法测定,腐殖质采用碱性焦磷酸钠提取重铬酸钾氧化法[17];土壤样品在去离子水中(土水比1:2.5)震荡1h后用玻璃电极(pHS-3C+,中国方舟科技)测量土壤pH值,用电导仪(DDS-307+中国方舟科技)测量土壤EC值.总有机质(TOM)由550℃的马弗炉测定[17];分别采用K2SO4浸提法、氧化还原滴定法测定DOC和SOC含量[18];采用0.5mol/L NaHCO3(pH8.5)提取,钼蓝比色法测定AP,分别采用碱解扩散法和醋酸铵提取火焰光度法测定AN和AK的含量[14];分别采用苯酚-次氯酸钠比色法、3,5-二硝基水杨酸比色法和磷酸苯二钠比色法测定了土壤SUC、UR和NP[19].
对秸秆还田不同阶段样品进行微生物群落结构分析.使用Power土壤DNA提取试剂盒(U.S.A. Mobio Laboratories Inc.),按照操作说明提取微生物DNA,并对提取的DNA进行纯化和质量检查.使用引物(338F:5'-ACTCCTACGGGAG GCAGCAG-3',806R:5'-GGACTACHVGGGTWTCT AAT-3')扩增细菌16S rRNA基因的V3-V4区域,利用引物(ITS1F:5'-CTTGGTCATTTAGAGGAAGTAA-3',ITS2R:5'-GCTGCGTTCTTCATCGATGC-3')对真菌ITS rRNA的ITS1区进行扩增[15].文库检测通过Agilent 2100Bioanalyzer分析片段长度和浓度,合格的文库在美吉生物医药科技有限公司的Illumina MiSeq平台进行测序.使用Fastp(v0.19.6)对原始reads进行质量过滤,并使用FLASH(v1.2.11)将成对的reads拼接.通过UPARSE(v11)进行序列聚类,在97%的相似度下将非重复序列聚类成操作分类单元(OTU).在聚类过程中,利用UCHIME(v4.2.40)与Gold数据库比较并去除嵌合体,得到OTU的代表序列.使用RDP Classifier(v11.5)注释分析OTU代表序列,并利用QIIME(v1.9.1)对Gree-ngenes(v135)数据库训练,通过USEARCH(v11)将所有序列映射回OTU,生成每个样本的OTU丰度统计表.
数据统计采用Microsoft Excel 2019,采用SPSS 22.0软件进行差异分析,P<0.05水平具有显著性差异.分别使用PICRUSt2和FUNGuild数据库预测样本中细菌代谢途径与真菌营养模式.GraphPad Prism 9软件用于可视化分析.
图1(a),秸秆初始外观呈现黄色,原始茎秆组织特征明显,还田90d后,各处理组秸秆颜色均加深,粒径变小.其中,MC+OF组粒径最小,颜色最深.秸秆的原始状态和处理90d后的横截面和外表面SEM情况如图1(b),秸秆原始横截面呈中空管状,维管束结构明显.外表面典型的瘤状蜡质-硅化层(WSL)结构完整[20].还田90d后,各处理组秸秆横截面和外表面发生皱缩,部分结构被破坏.其中,MC+OF组秸秆横截面变形、扭曲强烈,维管束结构严重皱缩,WSL基本被破坏,而CK组秸秆横截面皱缩程度和外表面WSL分解度最低.表明MC与OF协同通过增溶蜡质和去除二氧化硅促进微生物和酶的可及性,加速秸秆降解.
不同处理阶段秸秆的红外吸收光谱如图1(c),还田30d时,1031cm−1(半纤维素或C=O的C—O拉伸)、898cm-1(无定形纤维素)吸收峰降低,表明半纤维素和纤维素的降解;2840~2918cm-1处存在较宽的峰,属于木质素侧链甲基和甲氧基C-H对称和不对称的振动[21],还田90d后MC+OF组的该峰值明显低于其他处理.863和760cm−1(芳环相关的C-H键)、1650cm-1(木质素中C=O)处的峰值减弱,表明芳香环的开环或取代,木质素也被降解[22].3300~3500cm−1处的谱带由O—H(包括纤维素、半纤维素、多糖和酚类等)拉伸振动产生[23],还田30d时,各处理差异不显著,还田90d后,观察到MC、OF和MC+OF组这些峰的强度减弱,表明木质素降解产物已经被分解,而CK组仍存在大量木质纤维素的降解产物累积.
还田过程中秸秆失重率、木质纤维素降解率和还田结束时腐殖质含量变化见图2.还田前15d秸秆降解速率最快,各组秸秆失重率在还田75d左右基本稳定(图2(a)).至还田120d时,CK、MC、OF和MC+OF组的秸秆失重率分别为51.40%、63.53%、61.49%和70.19%.MC+OF组秸秆失重率较其他组高9.49%~26.77%,差异显著(P<0.05).表明接种MC和施用OF均促进了秸秆降解,而MC协同OF对秸秆还田效果更优.
各处理半纤维素、纤维素和木质素降解速率呈现先快速增加后逐渐下降的趋势.如图2(b)~图2(d)所示,由于3种成分结构组成的差异导致其降解速度不同[6],还田前15d半纤维素最快降解,纤维素在还田前30d降解速率较大,木质素的降解则主要在还田中后期(60~90d).至还田120d时,MC+OF组半纤维,纤维素和木质素解率分别达90.13%,95.36%和72.13%,较其他处理分别高2.87%~11.78%,3.20%~10.59%和6.00%~32.97%.表明菌肥联用促进了秸秆的还田,尤其促进了秸秆中最顽固组分木质素的降解.MC中的微生物具有分泌木质纤维素降解酶系的能力,而OF中含有多种有益因子,在秸秆降解初期可为微生物提供充足的养分,促进微生物的增殖和对秸秆中木质纤维素的利用.
图2(e)所示,还田120d后MC+OF组腐殖质总量最高,达70.39g/kg,较CK组高24.87%,添加MC或OF后胡敏酸含量较CK组高53.39%~75.59%.表明MC或OF的使用对秸秆降解作用显著高于单一秸秆还田(P<0.05),而两者联用促进了秸秆降解和腐殖化过程,具有最高的腐殖酸含量,实现了秸秆中碳素的最大量返田.
土壤pH值的变化由秸秆降解释放的钙、镁等多种碱性盐基离子和有机酸产生与转化等因素决定.土壤本底pH值呈现弱酸性,还田后土壤pH值先快速上升后小幅度降低至平稳(图3(a)).还田前60d,随着秸秆逐渐分解,其中的钙、镁等多种碱性盐离子进入土壤,同时此阶段秸秆降解菌剂中有机物转化菌群对秸秆分解产生的小分子有机酸快速代谢利用,使土壤pH值升高并达到峰值.后期因大分子腐殖酸的形成使土壤pH值降低[1],至还田120d时,CK、MC、OF和MC+OF组土壤pH值逐渐稳定在6.64~6.78.而MC+OF组pH值最先降低,且在后期pH值处于较低状态.表明MC+OF提高了秸秆的降解和小分子有机酸的代谢及后期腐殖酸的产生.
图3(b),土壤EC呈先增加后下降的趋势.主要原因是由于秸秆分解释放可溶性盐离子和有机酸,而有机酸的产生使土壤多种阴阳离子浸出,导致土壤EC不断上升,后期微生物对盐离子和有机酸的转化利用及土壤淋溶等综合作用,使土壤EC逐渐下降.还田120d时,去除有机肥的初始贡献后,CK、MC、OF和MC+OF组EC较初始值分别增加0.056,0.125,0.098,0.182mS/cm.MC+OF组EC增加量显著高于其他4组(P<0.05),表明菌肥联用对秸秆分解更彻底且能使多种盐离子的溶出.
TOM是土壤碳库的重要部分,影响土壤的生产力和可持续利用[24].如图3(c),各处理TOM含量总体升高,还田120d后,去除有机肥的初始贡献,CK、MC、OF和MC+OF组TOM较初始值分别增加12.25%、25.95%、13.85%和23.42%.分解的秸秆是土壤TOM的重要组分,而接种MC后土壤TOM含量显著增高.此外,高含量的TOM可增加土壤团聚体的稳定性,良好的团聚结构有利于土壤养分保留,如可将易流失的无机氮转化为相对稳定的有机氮,微生物对氮的利用过程中也可增加碳的固定[19].
SOC反映了土壤中的有机碳总量,在改善土壤质量和作物生产方面至关重要.DOC是土壤SOC变化的敏感指标,也是土壤微生物可直接吸收利用的有机碳源[1].OF的添加在短期内迅速提高了土壤中SOC和DOC含量(图3(d)~图3(e)),但中后期因秸秆降解程度有限,对SOC和DOC含量影响较小.MC组和CK组在还田过程中的SOC和DOC含量逐渐增加,但MC组中SOC和DOC含量达到峰值时间更短,且峰值显著高于CK组.还田结束时,去除有机肥的初始贡献,CK、MC、OF和MC+OF组SOC较初始值分别增加6.87%、25.84%、24.04%和33.39%,DOC较初始值分别增加38.79%、56.94%、49.88%和62.00%.120d后MC+OF组TOM、SOC和DOC的增量显著高于秸秆还田的现有报道[11,18].
上述结果发现MC或OF的使用提高了土壤中碳组分含量,而MC+OF组具有最大的秸秆碳回流量.MC中的功能微生物通过促进秸秆的降解,增加了土壤DOC含量.DOC的增加可提升土壤微生物数量和活性,促进多种腐生真菌的生长,而腐生真菌能分泌大量的木质纤维素降解酶,又有利于秸秆降解释放碳素并降低秸秆粒径[19].释放的碳素中含有大量腐殖质的前体物质,有助于腐殖质的快速聚合,将不稳定的有机碳转化为稳定的腐殖质类物质,实现碳的固存.此外,还田秸秆粒径的降低以及OF的添加可吸附多种碳素,减少碳损失[11].DOC与SOC线性正相关(图3(f)),表明秸秆还田在提高土壤有机碳时也有利于生物可快速利用的碳组分提升.
各处理组中有效养分含量和养分相对增量变化如图4.MC+OF组AN、AP、AK含量峰值最高(图4(a)),分别较初始含量高193.64,57.17,105.93mg/kg(图4(b)).还田120d后,MC+OF组AN、AP、AK含量分别较初始增加39.64,28.86,65.71mg/kg,总速效养分(AN+AP+AK)增量达134.21mg/kg,显著高于其他处理(18.79~88.32mg/kg,P<0.05).土壤中有效养分的来源主要是还田秸秆中氮磷钾的释放,以及原始土壤中氮磷钾的活化[25].接种MC后加速了秸秆的降解并释放氮磷钾,此外,土壤微生物活性的提高直接促进土壤中氮磷钾的有效性.与Xu等[26]报道不同的是本研究中CK组速效钾含量降低了7.98mg/kg,这可能是由于还田后未及时腐解秸秆过渡的增加了土壤孔隙度,导致钾淋溶增加.
土壤酶活反映了土壤中各种生物化学反应的强度,对秸秆降解和土壤养分循环具有重要作用[18].土壤中SUC、UR和NP可分别实现土壤碳、氮、磷元素的转化,能有效驱动还田过程中秸秆的分解转化.
图5可见,3种酶活力均呈前期升高后期稍降低的趋势.还田60d时,MC+OF组SUC最高,达10.78mg/(g·d),峰值较其他组高(图5(a)).120d后,MC+OF组SUC显著高于其他处理组(P<0.05).各处理组UR活力基本在还田75d左右达到峰值(图5(b)),OF和MC+OF组UR峰值较初始分别提高3.47和3.43倍,两组UR升高幅度显著高于CK组和MC组(P<0.05).还田至75d时CK、MC、OF和MC+OF组NP分别为0.51,1.24,1.91和2.02mg/(g·d)(图5(c)).至还田120d时,OF和MC+OF组由于施加了有机肥,增加了土壤有机态磷和无机态磷,土壤NP活力高于CK组和MC组.整个还田过程中,MC+OF组NP活力始终高于其他处理.
添加MC并配施OF提高了土壤酶活力,增强了土壤中各种生物化学反应.土壤酶是连接土壤微生物和土壤化学过程的重要媒介,主导了有机物分解和养分循环,而MC和OF的添加通过促进秸秆快速还田,为土壤酶提供更多且更丰富的酶促反应基质和有利的环境条件,进而提高了土壤中碳、氮、磷等营养元素转化速率.同时,较高的土壤酶活力促进秸秆快速腐解,改善土壤结构,有机肥的使用可为各种酶提供载体,秸秆分解过程中释放的有机酸可以激活土壤有效成分[19].
对各处理初始样品(IP),秸秆降解高峰期(30d)以及稳定后(90d)3个阶段的土壤样品进行微生物群落结构分析.使用Illumina的Miseq PE300平台,共获得629525个高质量序列,平均长度为416bp.通过聚类选择获得3437个OTU,相似度超过97%.Shannon和Simpson指数结果显示,秸秆还田30d时,MC+OF组具有更高的细菌和真菌的丰富度和多样性,表明MC+OF能有效保持该阶段土壤中的微生物种类和丰度.至还田结束时,各组间的α多样性指数差异不显著.
微生物接种通过自身功能发挥或诱导招募土著微生物等方式协同降解还田秸秆.如图6(a)所有处理中ArthrobacterLysobacterBacillusSphingomonasStreptomyces为主要的细菌属.还田30d时接种MC诱导Alcaligenes(13.64%)、Ensifer(6.28%)、Brevundimonas(5.95%)等微生物显著富集,还田后期ArthrobacterAlcaligenes仍然保持较高丰度,其他微生物丰度各组差异不大.研究发现AlcaligenesBacillus可分泌大量与纤维素降解有关的糖苷水解酶,协同真菌降解秸秆[27],而EnsiferBrevundimonas具有分泌漆酶和木质素过氧化物酶的能力,参与还田秸秆中木质素的解聚[28].上述功能微生物丰度的差异可能导致了接种MC组木质纤维素较快降解.
不同处理显著影响了还田土壤中真菌属水平上的微生物组成(图6(b)).接种MC或施用OF后Ascomycota门的优势均提高至90%以上.Ascomycota门中大多数成员是腐生真菌,具有与编码纤维素生物水解酶相关的cbhI基因,参与秸秆中半纤维素和纤维素等组分降解[29].还田30d时,MC中的Aspergillus能够占据优势地位,Aspergillus可分泌漆酶、过氧化物酶等多种酶,促进木质素解聚为小分子有机物,是秸秆降解与转化的重要菌属[30].此外,施用OF后显著增加了Microascus等腐生微生物的丰度,OF30和MC+OF30组Microascus的丰度较CK30分别高19.71%和25.42%.还田结束时,与细菌属水平组成不同的是各处理真菌属水平并未出现趋同演化,组间仍然存在较大差异[1].
还田过程中MC中的菌株及其诱导富集的微生物显著影响了秸秆木质纤维素的降解与土壤理化因子.如图6(c),所有细菌对木质纤维素的降解未见显著负相关,其中接种MC诱导富集的AlcaligenesBrevundimona与木质纤维素降解显著正相关(P<0.05).此外,本研究发现Ensifer除具有降解木质纤维素的能力外,还对土壤SOC和DOC以及AN和SUC产生显著负影响(P<0.05).如图6(d),仅MC中的Aspergillus与秸秆降解呈极显著负相关(P<0.001).此外,Aspergillus还显著(P<0.05)影响了土壤有机质、UR和NP.DipodascaceaeMicroascus与土壤养分和酶活显著正相关(P<0.05),Dipodascaceae是MC接种后显著富集的微生物,而Microascus则在添加OF的两组中具有优势.此外,而unclassfied_p_BasidiomycotaPhialophoraSaccharomycetales等非优势菌属则对土壤SOC和DOC以及土壤养分和酶活产生负影响(P<0.05).上述结果表明,多数细菌与木质纤维素的降解正相关,主要由于细菌能快速利用木质纤维素代谢中间产物用于自身增殖[8],而AlcaligenesBrevundimonas对木质纤维素代谢中间产物的利用能力更强.与细菌不同的是真菌能够分泌更全面的木质纤维素降解酶系,能够直接降解木质纤维素[6].MC和OF添加还能改变微生物群落结构,提高了有助于木质纤维素降解和土壤品质提升的微生物丰度.
通过与KEGG数据库比较,对秸秆还田过程中细菌的代谢通路进行了预测,共获得6类生物代谢通路,其中代谢(Metabolism)是主要的I级通路(51.63%~53.72%),而氨基酸代谢(28.27%~28.76%)和碳水化合物代谢(26.39%~27.14%)是代谢通路中主要的2种Ⅱ级代谢类型(图7(a)).还田30d时,MC组和MC+OF组的这2种代谢分别较CK组高12.17%、8.38%和10.71%、11.26%,至还田90d时MC+OF组这2种代谢类型的预测丰度显著高于其他处理.此外,高通量测序结果显示,MC的接种改善了还田土壤系统中微生物群落结构,如提高了EnsiferAlcaligenes等微生物丰度(图6(a)),这些微生物具有高效的膜运输系统,用于碳水化合物和氨基酸的同化和代谢[31].加速氨基酸和碳水化合物的代谢活性,同时氨基酸可与秸秆木质素衍生的多酚等碳水化合物缩聚形成腐殖质,可提高土壤中腐殖质的含量.
根据FUNGuild数据库比对结果,预测了秸秆还田过程中不同营养型真菌群落动态变化,结果显示,秸秆还田改变了土壤中真菌群落的营养模式(图7(b)).原始土壤中病理-腐生-共生型和腐生型真菌丰度较高,秸秆还田后土壤中腐生-共生营养型真菌比例由8.40%提高至38.35%~50.38%,病理-腐生-共生营养型真菌比例由初始44.17%降至15.54%~36.61%.就病理、腐生和共生3种营养方式而言,秸秆还田90d后,接种MC或施用OF腐生和共生两种营养型真菌丰度升高,MC处理中腐生型提高了185.96%.腐生型真菌是土壤水解氧化酶的重要来源,可促进秸秆降解和腐殖化[32],MC组、OF组和MC+OF组在还田30和90d时均保留了较高比例的腐生营养型真菌,因为菌剂中的Aspergillus是一种重要的腐生真菌,并在秸秆还田过程中占据优势地位,同时,OF中也含有大量的腐生真菌.高腐生型和低病理型均有助于抑制土壤中的真菌病原体[33],而接种MC或施用OF均降低了病理型真菌OUT丰度,MC+OF组中最低,较CK组降低73.41%.由于MC中的Aspergillus能分泌杀灭病虫害的对羟基苯甲酸、水杨酸、毛喉素等小分子有机物[34].而微生物接种后诱导富集的Alcaligenes等土著微生物也可提高参与毛喉素等抗菌剂合成的功能基因表达[35].
此外,本研究还分析了秸秆还田过程中细菌各功能酶丰度的变化,与木质纤维素降解转化相关且预测丰度较高的酶如图7(c).预测结果显示还田后土壤中木质纤维素酶丰度均提高.接种MC后木质纤维素降解转化相关酶的预测丰度提升.如木聚糖1,4-β-木糖苷酶(EC:3.2.1.37)等半纤维素降解酶,β-葡萄糖苷酶(EC:3.2.1.21)、纤维素酶(EC:3.2.1.4)等纤维素降解酶,氯过氧化物酶(EC:1.11.1.10)等木质素降解酶,这些酶积极促进了半纤维素、纤维素和木质素降解.而过氧化氢酶(EC:1.11.1.6)和邻苯二酚2,3-双加氧酶(EC:1.13.11.2)可氧化多种木质素衍生酚,并将其转化为醌类化合物,醌作为腐殖酸的基本碳骨架,在腐殖酸聚合过程中发挥关键作用[3,6].上述预测结果表明接种MC和OF后增强了秸秆的微生物酶解,助力还田秸秆快速降解与腐殖化.
3.1 MC与OF的偶联作用效果优于单一使用,MC中微生物通过自身功能发挥和诱导招募土著木质纤维素降解功能微生物协同促进秸秆降解,对秸秆中最顽固组分木质素的降解提升了32.97%.
3.2 MC+OF有利于还田过程中秸秆碳封存,还田结束时接种MC或施用OF提升了土壤中HA含量,MC+OF处理土壤腐殖质总量最高,较CK组提高了24.87%.
3.3 MC+OF降低了土壤中73.41%的病理营养型真菌丰度,提高了腐生和共生两种营养型真菌丰度,能有效降低土壤中病害发生.
3.4 MC+OF提高了土壤中C、N和P代谢的微生物多样性和丰度及土壤酶活力,还田结束后,MC+OF组总速效养分(AN+AP+AK)增量达134.21mg/kg,显著高于其他处理(P<0.05).
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(51978576)
  • 四川省重点研发项目(2023YFSY0011; 2023ZHCG0058)
  • 中国烟草总公司四川省烟草公司科技项目(SCYC202109; SCYC202409)
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  • 接收时间:2024-07-15
  • 首发时间:2026-03-17
  • 出版时间:2025-02-20
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  • 收稿日期:2024-07-15
基金
国家自然科学基金资助项目(51978576)
四川省重点研发项目(2023YFSY0011; 2023ZHCG0058)
中国烟草总公司四川省烟草公司科技项目(SCYC202109; SCYC202409)
作者信息
    1.西南交通大学生命科学与工程学院,四川 成都 610031
    2.西南交通大学材料科学与工程学院,四川 成都 610031
    3.四川省环境科学研究院,四川 成都 610041

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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