Article(id=1240689604114829803, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, issueId=1240689590315569990, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1722441600000, receivedDateStr=2024-08-01, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773733052519, onlineDateStr=2026-03-17, pubDate=1739980800000, pubDateStr=2025-02-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773733052519, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-17, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773733052519, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773733052519, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1240689590315569990, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, year='2025', volume='45', issue='2', pageStart='593', pageEnd='1184', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773733049228, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773733150042, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1240690013239825123, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, issueId=1240689590315569990, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1240690013239825124, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, issueId=1240689590315569990, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1004, endPage=1015, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1240689604429402645, articleId=1240689604114829803, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, language=EN, title=Distribution characteristics and source analysis of nitrate in groundwater of Datong Basin, columnId=1234106388083954308, journalTitle=China Environmental Science, columnName=Environmental Ecology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

This study delved into the origins and transformation processes of nitrate in the groundwater of the Datong Basin, utilizing hydrochemical analysis alongside multi-isotope techniques (δ18O-H2O, δ15N-NO3- and δ18O-NO3-). With the MixSIAR model, we quantitatively assessed the contribution of various pollution sources. Research results are as follows, the mean concentrations of NO3--N, NO2--N and NH4+-N in groundwater were found to be 32.07,0.96和0.61mg/L, respectively, with NO3--N being the most prevalent. Remarkably, the peak concentration of NO3--N soared to 538.61mg/L, surpassing the Class III groundwater quality benchmark (20mg/L) by a staggering 27 times, with a 39.13% exceedance rate. The NO3--N concentration decreased as groundwater depth increased: shallow groundwater averaged at 34.26mg/L, middle groundwater at 22.05mg/L, and deep groundwater at 13.07mg/L. Nitrogen transformation in groundwater was primarily driven by nitrification, whereas denitrification played a minor role. The primary culprits behind nitrate pollution in groundwater were identified as sewage and manure, soil nitrogen and chemical fertilizers. Their respective average contribution rates were as follows: in shallow groundwater, sewage and manure accounted for 33.6%, followed by soil nitrogen at 33.5% and chemical fertilizers at 21.5%. For middle groundwater, the rates were 43.3% for sewage and manure, 34.4% for soil nitrogen, and 18.1% for chemical fertilizers. In deep groundwater, soil nitrogen led with 54.4%, chemical fertilizers followed at 25.1%, and sewage and manure contributed 18.5%. An uncertainty analysis revealed that the contribution rates of chemical fertilizers and soil nitrogen carried significant uncertainty, indicated by their relatively high UI90values. The research results provide a reference for understanding nitrogen transformation and identifying pollution sources in groundwater.

, correspAuthors=Qin GE, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Qin GE, Jun-peng ZHANG, Yang WANG, Hui-man WANG, Zheng SHAO, Xiang LI, Hai-yan LIU, Xin-yan LI), CN=ArticleExt(id=1240689613031919775, articleId=1240689604114829803, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, language=CN, title=大同盆地地下水硝酸盐分布特征及来源解析, columnId=1234106388268503686, journalTitle=中国环境科学, columnName=环境生态, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

利用水化学分析和多同位素联合技术(δ18O-H2O、δ15N-NO3-δ18O-NO3-),研究大同盆地地下水硝酸盐来源及转化过程,借助MixSIAR模型定量解析各污染源的贡献率.结果表明,地下水中NO3--N、NO2--N和NH4+-N平均浓度分别为32.07,0.96,0.61mg/L,以NO3--N为主,最高浓度达538.61mg/L,超过地下水质量(GB/T 14848-2017)Ⅲ类标准(20mg/L)27倍,超标率达39.13%;垂向上,地下水NO3--N浓度随井深增加而降低,即浅层地下水(均值34.26mg/L)>中层地下水(22.05mg/L)>深层地下水(13.07mg/L).硝化作用是地下水氮转化的主要机制,反硝化作用不明显.污水粪肥、土壤氮和化学肥料是造成地下水硝酸盐污染的主要原因,其平均贡献率分别为浅层地下水:污水粪肥(33.6%)>土壤氮(33.5%)>化学肥料(21.5%),中层地下水:污水粪肥(43.3%)>土壤氮(34.4%)>化学肥料(18.1%),深层地下水:土壤氮(54.4%)>化学肥料(25.1%)>污水粪肥(18.5%),不确定性分析表明化学肥料和土壤氮的不确定性指数UI90值较高,对硝酸盐污染的贡献率表现出较大的不确定性.研究成果为地下水氮转化和污染来源解析提供参考依据.

, correspAuthors=葛勤, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*责任作者,讲师,
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葛勤(1990-),女,安徽亳州人,讲师,博士,主要研究方向为水文地球化学及地下水污染修复.发表论文25篇. .

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葛勤(1990-),女,安徽亳州人,讲师,博士,主要研究方向为水文地球化学及地下水污染修复.发表论文25篇. .

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葛勤(1990-),女,安徽亳州人,讲师,博士,主要研究方向为水文地球化学及地下水污染修复.发表论文25篇. .

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Original values of δ15N-NO3- and δ18O-NO3- of nitrate sources(‰)

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硝酸盐源δ15N-NO3-δ18O-NO3-
平均值标准差平均值标准差
大气降水-4.622.7343.6516.33
化学肥料3.12.096.8
污水粪肥15.76.33.52.3
土壤氮6.22.2-0.14.4
), ArticleFig(id=1240689626122342407, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689604114829803, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

各硝酸盐源δ15N-NO3-δ18O-NO3-初始值(‰)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
硝酸盐源δ15N-NO3-δ18O-NO3-
平均值标准差平均值标准差
大气降水-4.622.7343.6516.33
化学肥料3.12.096.8
污水粪肥15.76.33.52.3
土壤氮6.22.2-0.14.4
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大同盆地地下水硝酸盐分布特征及来源解析
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葛勤 1, 2, * , 张俊朋 1 , 汪洋 3 , 王袆曼 1 , 邵政 1 , 李翔 1 , 刘海燕 1 , 李昕妍 1
中国环境科学 | 环境生态 2025,45(2): 1004-1015
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中国环境科学 | 环境生态 2025, 45(2): 1004-1015
大同盆地地下水硝酸盐分布特征及来源解析
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葛勤1, 2, * , 张俊朋1, 汪洋3, 王袆曼1, 邵政1, 李翔1, 刘海燕1, 李昕妍1
作者信息
  • 1.东华理工大学水资源与环境工程学院,江西 南昌 330013
  • 2.地下水污染成因与修复江西省重点实验室,江西 南昌 330013
  • 3.江西省煤田地质勘察研究院,江西 南昌 330001
  • 葛勤(1990-),女,安徽亳州人,讲师,博士,主要研究方向为水文地球化学及地下水污染修复.发表论文25篇. .

通讯作者:

*责任作者,讲师,
Distribution characteristics and source analysis of nitrate in groundwater of Datong Basin
Qin GE1, 2, * , Jun-peng ZHANG1, Yang WANG3, Hui-man WANG1, Zheng SHAO1, Xiang LI1, Hai-yan LIU1, Xin-yan LI1
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Water Resources & Environmental Engineering, East China University of Technology, Nanchang 330013, China
  • 2.Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of the Causes and Remediation of Groundwater Pollution, Nanchang 330013, China
  • 3.Jiangxi Coalfield Geological Prospecting Research Institute, Nanchang 330001, China
出版时间: 2025-02-20
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利用水化学分析和多同位素联合技术(δ18O-H2O、δ15N-NO3-δ18O-NO3-),研究大同盆地地下水硝酸盐来源及转化过程,借助MixSIAR模型定量解析各污染源的贡献率.结果表明,地下水中NO3--N、NO2--N和NH4+-N平均浓度分别为32.07,0.96,0.61mg/L,以NO3--N为主,最高浓度达538.61mg/L,超过地下水质量(GB/T 14848-2017)Ⅲ类标准(20mg/L)27倍,超标率达39.13%;垂向上,地下水NO3--N浓度随井深增加而降低,即浅层地下水(均值34.26mg/L)>中层地下水(22.05mg/L)>深层地下水(13.07mg/L).硝化作用是地下水氮转化的主要机制,反硝化作用不明显.污水粪肥、土壤氮和化学肥料是造成地下水硝酸盐污染的主要原因,其平均贡献率分别为浅层地下水:污水粪肥(33.6%)>土壤氮(33.5%)>化学肥料(21.5%),中层地下水:污水粪肥(43.3%)>土壤氮(34.4%)>化学肥料(18.1%),深层地下水:土壤氮(54.4%)>化学肥料(25.1%)>污水粪肥(18.5%),不确定性分析表明化学肥料和土壤氮的不确定性指数UI90值较高,对硝酸盐污染的贡献率表现出较大的不确定性.研究成果为地下水氮转化和污染来源解析提供参考依据.

地下水  /  硝酸盐  /  硝化作用  /  氮转换  /  贝叶斯同位素混合模型

This study delved into the origins and transformation processes of nitrate in the groundwater of the Datong Basin, utilizing hydrochemical analysis alongside multi-isotope techniques (δ18O-H2O, δ15N-NO3- and δ18O-NO3-). With the MixSIAR model, we quantitatively assessed the contribution of various pollution sources. Research results are as follows, the mean concentrations of NO3--N, NO2--N and NH4+-N in groundwater were found to be 32.07,0.96和0.61mg/L, respectively, with NO3--N being the most prevalent. Remarkably, the peak concentration of NO3--N soared to 538.61mg/L, surpassing the Class III groundwater quality benchmark (20mg/L) by a staggering 27 times, with a 39.13% exceedance rate. The NO3--N concentration decreased as groundwater depth increased: shallow groundwater averaged at 34.26mg/L, middle groundwater at 22.05mg/L, and deep groundwater at 13.07mg/L. Nitrogen transformation in groundwater was primarily driven by nitrification, whereas denitrification played a minor role. The primary culprits behind nitrate pollution in groundwater were identified as sewage and manure, soil nitrogen and chemical fertilizers. Their respective average contribution rates were as follows: in shallow groundwater, sewage and manure accounted for 33.6%, followed by soil nitrogen at 33.5% and chemical fertilizers at 21.5%. For middle groundwater, the rates were 43.3% for sewage and manure, 34.4% for soil nitrogen, and 18.1% for chemical fertilizers. In deep groundwater, soil nitrogen led with 54.4%, chemical fertilizers followed at 25.1%, and sewage and manure contributed 18.5%. An uncertainty analysis revealed that the contribution rates of chemical fertilizers and soil nitrogen carried significant uncertainty, indicated by their relatively high UI90values. The research results provide a reference for understanding nitrogen transformation and identifying pollution sources in groundwater.

groundwater  /  nitrate  /  nitrification  /  nitrogen transformation  /  bayesian isotope mixing model
葛勤, 张俊朋, 汪洋, 王袆曼, 邵政, 李翔, 刘海燕, 李昕妍. 大同盆地地下水硝酸盐分布特征及来源解析. 中国环境科学, 2025 , 45 (2) : 1004 -1015 .
Qin GE, Jun-peng ZHANG, Yang WANG, Hui-man WANG, Zheng SHAO, Xiang LI, Hai-yan LIU, Xin-yan LI. Distribution characteristics and source analysis of nitrate in groundwater of Datong Basin[J]. China Environmental Science, 2025 , 45 (2) : 1004 -1015 .
近年来,随着工业化和城镇化推进,地下水硝酸盐污染问题日趋严重,已成为一个全球性的生态环境问题[1],如美国[2]、英国[3]、印度[4]和意大利[5]等.在我国,约27.4%的地下水硝酸盐浓度超过《地下水质量标准》(GB/T 14848-2017)Ⅲ类水限值标准(20mg/L),最高浓度可达171.9mg/L[6].长期饮用硝酸盐超标的地下水,可能诱发高铁血红蛋白症、高血压、食道癌、胃癌以及心脏病等疾病,对人体健康危害较大[7].识别硝酸盐来源,从源头上减少氮素向水体的输入,对于保障人体健康、实现生态环境和社会经济的可持续发展具有重大意义[8].
准确识别硝酸盐的来源和途径对于控制和防止地下水硝酸盐持续污染至关重要.农业、工业和养殖活动等人为因素是硝酸盐富集的主要原因,氮转化过程也是影响地下水中硝酸盐存在形式的关键,如硝化、反硝化和氧化还原等作用[9].有研究表明,农业和畜牧业是造成地下水硝酸盐污染的主要成因[10],且农业长期灌溉区对地下水硝酸盐污染影响显著[11],大气沉降的影响通常相对较低[12].此外,受硝化作用的影响,工业废水、肥料中NH4+-N、粪肥污水以及土壤氮也是地下水系统中硝酸盐污染的主要来源[13],地下水埋深和氧化还原条件对硝酸盐浓度也有一定的影响[14].然而,由于地下水硝酸盐污染的多源性、空间变异性及水文地质条件的复杂性,定量解译硝酸盐的污染来源仍具有一定的挑战性.
水化学特征分析(如NO3--N/Cl-、I-/Na+和Br-等)[15]、土地利用类型[16]和N单同位素[17]等是地下水硝酸盐污染源解译的主要方法,然而,大多数水化学记录是短期的(小于1年),难以准确识别NO3-来源的演变过程[18],且这些方法并不能给出定量的分析结果.15N与18O双同位素分析方法弥补了单一同位素分析方法的不足,被广泛用于硝酸盐来源的识别[19].此外,δ2H-H2O和δ 8O-H2O稳定同位素可以有效地揭示地下水的起源和混合过程[20],间接指示硝酸盐来源,多同位素联合技术可以揭示复杂水文地质条件下地下水硝酸盐的来源[21],但仍存在多来源NO3--N输入端无法量化的问题[22].MixSIAR模型结合了MixSIR和SIAR模型,考虑了潜在来源同位素组成的不确定性以及同位素分馏的影响,使多种硝酸盐来源的量化结果更为准确[23].因此,联合水化学和多同位素技术,结合MixSIAR混合模型,定量解析地下水硝酸盐污染的来源,以期为地下水资源的科学利用和管理提供参考.
本研究区位于山西省的大同盆地西南部,区内人口密集,人类活动复杂,农业及养殖业是该地区的重要产业,浅层地下水存在一定程度的硝酸盐污染,其中怀仁县、朔城区、应县南以及山阴县北周庄地下水污染较为严重,污染源复杂[24],亟需开展进一步深入探讨.据此,本文基于水化学和同位素分析技术,分析地下水硝酸盐浓度空间分布特征和转化过程,借助基于R软件开发的MixSIAR模型定量计算地下水硝酸盐来源的贡献率,研究成果为地下水污染防治措施的制定提供科学依据,也为类似水文地质条件和污染特征地区的地下水硝酸盐污染研究提供参考.
大同盆地位于山西省东北部(112°34′E~114°33′E,39°03′N~40°44′N),海拔约1000~1500m,属于温带季风气候,冬季寒冷干燥夏季温暖湿润,多年平均降水量小于400mm,平均蒸发量超过2000mm,蒸发作用较强.该区河流属海河水系,桑干河为主要河流,径流量年内分配极度不均且年际变化十分显著,桑干河既是盆地内地下水的补给源也是其排泄通道[25].
研究区位于大同盆地西南部恒山和洪寿山之间的狭长地带(图1[25],新生代地层填充,主要有泥河湾湖相沉积,新生代沉积物厚度约2000m,第四系厚度达数百米,平原地区和中央盆地主要由洪积-冲积和冲积-湖泊间层砂、淤泥、粉质黏土和黏土组成(图2[26].含水岩组大致可划分为3层:浅层含水岩组,深度小于20m,主要为全新世和晚更新世沉积物;中层半承压含水岩组,埋深为20~50m,为冲湖积相粉砂层;深层承压含水岩组,深度大于50m,含水介质为湖相砂层与黏土,富水能力最强[27].研究区地下水赋存条件从边山至中心具有明显的水平分带性,地下水水化学类型同样具水平分带的规律:山前倾斜平原地带,含水层颗粒粗,径流条件良好,主要有HCO3-Ca和HCO3-Mg水,矿化度小于1000mg/L;中心冲积平原地带,含水层颗粒变细,地下径流缓慢,地下水水化学类型为HCO3-Na、Cl-Na和SO4-Na,矿化度为1000~3000mg/L[28].
于2023年3~4月采集水样52件,其中雪水1件,地表水5件,地下水46件.地下水样品采自井深120m以内的民井和机井水,是饮用和灌溉的主要水源.采样点分布见图1.采样瓶先用待采水体冲洗3次,经0.22 µm滤膜过滤后,将水样封装在50mL聚乙烯瓶中.用于测定阳离子的水样加硝酸酸化至pH<2,为了保证样品储存期间不受影响,所有样品测试分析前均冷藏保存(~4℃).野外现场采用HANNA(HI 98194)测量pH值、温度、Eh、TDS和DO等指标,使用HACH(DR 2800)测定亚硝酸盐氮(NO2--N)和氨氮(NH4+-N)等易氧化指标,采用盐酸滴定法测定HCO3-浓度.室内在东华理工大学国家重点实验室采用电感耦合等离子体光谱仪(ICP-OES)测试水样中Ca2+、Mg2+、Na+和K+等主要阳离子浓度,采用离子色谱仪测试Cl-、SO42-和NO3-等主要阴离子浓度,相对标准偏差在-5%~5%,数据精度和准确度均符合要求.
δ18O-H2O和δD-H2O在中国地质大学(武汉)地质调查院进行测试,使用仪器为同位素分析仪(美国LGR,IWA-45EP),采用VSMOW标准,测定结果以千分偏差(‰)表示.δ18O分析精度为0.1‰,δD分析精度为0.5‰.δ15N-NO3-δ18O-NO3-在自然资源部第三海洋研究所分析测试中心完成,使用仪器为气体稳定同位素比质谱仪(MAT 253,美国Thermo Fisher公司).δ15N值以空气中氮气作为参考标准,分析精度为0.5‰;δ18OVSMOW值以VSMOW作为参考标准,分析精度为1‰.
基于稳定同位素源解析模型MixSIAR对地下水中NO3-N各污染源进行计算,确定不同污染源的贡献率.该模型基于R软件中“bayesm”程序包量化地下水中NO3-N的主要来源(大气沉降、粪肥和污水、化肥和土壤氮),并计算其贡献率[29-30],模型可表达为公式(1)~(4):
式中:Xij为混合物i同位素值j(其中i=1,2,3...,j=1,2,3...);Pk为所要估算的源k所占的比值;Sjk为来源k同位素值j,其均值为μjk,标准方差为ω2jkCjk为来源k同位素j的分馏系数,服从均值为λjk,方差为τ2jk的正态分布;εjk为混合物k同位素j的残差,其均值为0,标准差为σ2j.
图3所示,研究区地表水和地下水pH值平均分别为8.16和7.93,以弱碱性水为主.地表水,浅层,中层和深层地下水TDS平均值分别为389.00,1371.80,585.75,497.10mg/L,浅、中和深层地下水以淡水为主,淡水占比分别为70%,80%和90%.地表水、浅、中和深层地下水DO平均值分别为5.13,1.81,2.28,3.32mg/L,ORP平均值分别为81.1,46.74,-5.66和-57.88mV,地表水和浅层地下水显示氧化性,随埋深增加氧化性呈现逐渐减弱的趋势.
地表水、浅层和中层地下水阴离子浓度表现为HCO3>SO42−>Cl,以HCO3和SO42−为主,占比分别为56.3%和29.3%、33.5%和33.2%及66.7%和15.5%;深层地下水阴离子浓度表现为HCO3>Cl>SO42−,HCO3和Cl占阴离子总量的64.3%和20.3%.地表水阳离子浓度表现为Ca2+>Na+>Mg2+>K+,Ca2+和Na+占阳离子总量的44.0%和34.2%;浅、中和深层地下水阳离子浓度均表现为Na+>Ca2+>Mg2+>K+,各层地下水中主导性阳离子Na+和Ca2+占比分别为50.2%和24.5%、70.8%和15.7%及61.0%和22.0%.由水样Durov图(图4)可知,地表水水化学类型主要为HCO3-Ca型水(80%),浅层地下水主要为Cl-Na(40%)和HCO3-Na水(20%),中层地下水主要为HCO3-Na(42.3%)和HCO3-Ca水(38.5%),深层地下水主要为HCO3-Ca(40%)和HCO3-Mg(40%)水.
图5(a),(b)所示,研究区地下水TIN(TIN=NO3-N+NO2--N+NH4+-N)、NO3--N、NO2--N和NH4+-N浓度平均值分别为33.64,32.07,0.96和0.61mg/L.如图5(c)所示浅、中和深层地下水NO3--N占TIN的质量分数分别为98.89%、92.99%和85.70%;NO2--N占TIN的质量分数分别为0.37%、4.89%和7.87%;NH4+-N占TIN的质量分数较小,分别为0.74%、2.12%和6.44%.
浅、中和深层地下水TIN浓度平均值分别为80.20,22.80,15.25mg/L;NO3--N浓度平均值分别为79.31,21.21,13.07mg/L;NO2--N浓度平均值分别为0.30,1.12,1.20mg/L;NH4+-N浓度平均值分别为0.59,0.48,0.98mg/L.根据《地下水质量标准》(GB/T14848-2017)Ⅲ类水标准,NO3--N、NO2--N和NH4+-N浓度限值分别为20,1,0.5mg/L,各层地下水的三氮浓度超标率分别为浅层50%(NO3--N)、20%(NO2--N)和40%(NH4+-N),中层38.46%、42.31%和19.23%,深层33.33%、70%和33.33%.NO3--N总体上浅层浓度高于深层地下水,与以农业用地为主的华北平原研究结果一致[31].
研究区地下水硝酸盐氮氧稳定同位素值存在一定差异,如图6所示,地下水δ15N-NO3-δ18O-NO3-分布区间为0.62‰~23.68‰和−15.96‰~12.94‰,垂向上随地下水埋深增加,δ15N-NO3-δ18O-NO3-呈现贫化趋势,但中层地下水个别水样δ15N-NO3-δ18O-NO3-值较高.浅、中和深层地下水δ15N-NO3-的分布范围分别为0.62‰~23.68‰(平均值10.31‰)、1.72‰~21.83‰(平均值9.62‰)和4.82‰~7.33‰(平均值5.60‰);δ18O-NO3-的分布范围分别为−15.96‰~10.28‰(平均值−0.87‰)、−5.59~12.94‰(平均值2.35‰)和−4.93‰~−2.59‰(平均值−3.72‰),波动较大.
冗余分析(RDA)是一种融合主成分分析与回归分析的多元分析方法,其利用多元回归探索解释变量矩阵和响应变量矩阵之间的相关关系,广泛应用于环境影响因素的分析[32].本研究以地下水NO3-N、NO2-N和NH4+-N浓度作为响应变量,以11项水质指标为解释变量进行数据分析,去趋势化分析结果为1.8(<3),表明采用基于线性模型的RDA方法分析地下水三氮对水质指标的响应关系是可行的.如图7所示,pH值对三氮的影响最小,可忽略不计,除此之外大部分水质指标与NO3-N正相关,其中Mg2+和Cl与NO3-N相关性最显著,这可能源于污水粪肥的不合理排放[33].硝化作用过程中NH4+-N先转化为NO2-N后生成NO3-N,因此NO2-N和NH4+-N呈现出最大的负相关关系.另外,DO和ORP均与NO3-N有一定正相关关系,这说明较强的氧化环境促使了硝化作用的产生[34].
地下水中大量的生物地球化学作用过程,是影响硝酸盐同位素分布的关键,也是调节自然环境中氮循环的主要机制,如硝化、反硝化和矿化作用[35].硝化作用是指硝化细菌将土壤中矿化产生的氨态氮转化为硝酸盐的过程,造成浅层地下水NO3--N浓度增加,同时降低δ15N-NO3-δ18O-NO3-值.由图5(c)所知,随着地下水埋深的增加,NO3--N/TIN平均占比逐渐减少,NH4+-N/TIN和NO2--N/TIN平均占比逐渐增加,说明浅层地下水NO3--N相对浓度较高,硝化作用较强,而中层和深层地下水硝化作用略弱,易于NH4+-N和NO2--N的富集[36].此外,硝化作用产生的δ18O-NO3-值多处于−10‰~10‰范围内[37-38].因此,可以通过δ18O-H2O和δ18O-NO3-进一步判定地下水中是否发生硝化作用.
硝化作用主要包括两个阶段,即亚硝化(式(5))和硝化作用(式(6)).理论上硝化作用产生的NO3--N中2个O来源于H2O,1个O来源于O2(公式(7)),即硝化作用产生的NO3--N中1/3的氧来自大气(23.5‰),其余来自环境水[39-40].研究区地下水δ18O-H2O变化范围为-12.56‰~-8.62‰,使用公式(7)计算得到研究区δ18O-NO3-理论值为-0.54‰~2.09‰,而δ18O-NO3-实测值为-15.96‰~12.94‰.如图8(a)所示,71%样品的δ18O-NO3-值落在硝化作用理论范围内(−10‰~10‰),表明硝化作用主导了地下水氮转化过程[38].浅层水样SG-36位于硝化作用理论范围之下,该样品NH4+-N浓度较高,为0.92mg/L,高于均值0.59mg/L,较高的NH4+-N浓度可能会提高硝化作用反应速率,同时从周边环境水体中获取更多的O,导致新生成NO3--N中δ18O-NO3-值低于理论值[41-42].少量样品δ18O-NO3-值高于硝化作用理论值,这可能是因为不完全硝化作用或NO3--N与δ18O值高的环境水发生交换[43].如图8(b)所示,地下水较高的NO3--N/Cl-物质的量比和较低的δ15N-NO3-值进一步证实了硝化作用优于反硝化作用,同时地下水DO和pH值的平均值分别为2.4mg/L和7.93,RDA分析结果显示DO和ORP均与NO3-N有一定正相关关系,这也表明地下水环境具有发生硝化作用的条件[39].
反硝化过程会导致NO3--N中δ15N-NO3-δ18O-NO3-值同时增加,δ15N-NO3-δ18O-NO3-增长速率比值通常在1.3:1~2.1:1[37-44].如果地下水中发生强烈的反硝化作用,δ15N-NO3-δ18O-NO3-线性关系斜率应在0.48和0.77之间[45],如图8(c)所示,研究区地下水δ15N-NO3-δ18O-NO3-斜率为0.8,说明反硝化作用并未占据主导地位.此外,反硝化作用发生过程中,硝酸盐中的氮经生物化学过程被还原为氮气,残余硝酸盐δ15N-NO3-δ18O-NO3-会同时发生分馏富集,且遵循瑞利分馏规律[46](公式(8)~(9)).
式中:ε为分馏系数(‰);δ15N0δ18O0分别为硝酸盐氮氧同位素的最初组成值(‰).若δ15N-NO3-δ18O-NO3-值与ln[NO3--N]均呈显著负线性相关,则可基本判断地下水中存在反硝化作用[47].由研究区浅层地下水δ15N-NO3-δ18O-NO3-值与ln[NO3--N]的关系(图9(a,b))可知,浅、中和深层地下水δ15N-NO3-分馏系数分别为8.02‰、0.06‰和2.71‰,δ18O-NO3-分馏系数为10.76‰、1.65‰和2.11‰,均为正相关关系.其中中层地下水δ15N-NO3-分馏系数较小(0.06‰),但与Aravena等[48]研究发现的反硝化作用引起的氮同位素分馏系数(−40‰~−5‰)仍有较大差异.为进一步查清地下水中是否存在局部的反硝化作用,选取中层地下水δ15N-NO3-δ18O-NO3-值较高的4个样品进行分析,如图9(c,d)所示,δ15N-NO3-δ18O-NO3-分馏系数为-0.11和2.45,仍不足以证明发生反硝化作用.另外,中层地下水DO浓度均值为2.28mg/L,属于氧化环境,不利于反硝化作用发生.因此地下水发生反硝化作用的可能性较小.
水体中Cl-基本不受环境中生物化学过程影响,人类活动产生的污染物如污水粪肥等会导致地下水中NO3--N和Cl-浓度增加[49],因此NO3--N和Cl-可用于识别水体硝酸盐污染来源[50].由图10(a)可知,大部分水样落在化学肥料、土壤氮以及污水粪肥区域,说明化学肥料、土壤氮以及污水粪肥可能是地下水主要的硝酸盐来源,这与当地以农业用地为主的情况相吻合.
为进一步查清地下水硝酸盐来源和贡献,利用δ15N-NO3-δ18O-NO3-特征值对地下水硝酸盐来源进行定性识别.Kendall[51]总结了大气降水、硝态氮肥、铵态氮肥、土壤氮和污水粪肥等不同来源硝酸盐δ15N-NO3-δ18O-NO3-值的分布区间,我国学者结合国内实际情况对δ15N-NO3-δ18O-NO3-的特征范围进行修正,使之更适合我国硝酸盐污染溯源研究[52].大气降水δ15N-NO3-δ18O-NO3-值分别为-15‰~14‰和60‰~95‰,硝态氮肥为-5‰~5‰和17‰~25‰,铵态氮肥为-10‰~4‰和-15‰~35‰,土壤氮为2‰~10‰和-15‰~35‰,污水粪肥为0‰~25‰和-15‰~35‰[53-55].由研究区地下水δ15N-NO3-δ18O-NO3-值分布特征可知(图10(b)),地下水δ15N-NO3-δ18O-NO3-值落在了土壤氮、污水粪肥和含氮肥料的重叠区域,说明NO3--N来源的多样性.大气沉降和硝态氮肥区没有样本点,其对地下水NO3--N贡献较小.研究区土地利用类型多为农业用地,化学肥料(如NH4NO3和NH4HCO3等)和人畜粪便是农作物的主要肥料[56],形成了地下水NO3--N的潜在来源.另外,由于研究区农业活动中使用大量氮肥,导致土壤中残留的有机氮随灌溉水淋溶进入地下水中[57],不能忽视土壤氮对地下水NO3--N的影响.
由前文分析可知,研究区地下水硝酸盐来源主要有污水粪肥、化学肥料和土壤氮等,地下水中基本不存在反硝化作用,因此,使用MixSIAR模型对硝酸盐源贡献率进行计算时可假定分馏因子Cjk=0,各硝酸盐源δ15N-NO3-δ18O-NO3-初始特征值和误差见表1[58-59].MixSIAR计算结果如图11所示,浅层地下水中各硝酸盐源贡献率表现为污水粪肥(33.6%)>土壤氮(33.5%)>化学肥料(21.5%)>大气降水(11.5%),中层地下水为污水粪肥(43.3%)>土壤氮(34.4%)>化学肥料(18.1%)>大气降水(4.1%),深层地下水为土壤氮(54.4%)>化学肥料(25.1%)>污水粪肥(18.5%)>大气降水(2%).
综上可知,研究区内土地利用类型主要为耕地和建设用地,随着农业发展和城镇建设,化肥使用量的增大以及生活污水的不合理排放都会增加地下水中氮素[60].浅层和中层地下水主要的污染源是污水粪肥和土壤氮,研究区居民区成片分布,随意排放的生活污水和生活垃圾在大气降水作用下渗入土壤以及地下水;此外,研究区还分散许多养殖场,畜禽粪便的堆积也会导致地下水硝酸盐污染[24].以农业耕地和建设用地为主的银川平原[35]、黄河流域金湖灌区[61]和张家口市宣化区[60],浅层地下水硝酸盐主要来源均为污水粪肥和土壤氮,与本研究浅中层地下水硝酸盐来源相似.深层地下水硝酸盐主要来源于土壤氮和化学肥料,长期的农业活动使土壤积累了过量施用的肥料,大量未被充分利用的氮肥随降水和灌溉水淋溶进入地下水造成氮污染[62],使得土壤氮对地下水硝酸盐的贡献率较高,与以往研究中径流区地下水硝酸盐污染一致[63].
本研究中各硝酸盐来源的贡献率之和应等于1,但贝叶斯模型作为一种随机统计变量模型,每个来源贡献率为一定范围内的概率分布,称为贡献率的不确定性[64].不确定性指数UI90位于5%~95%的累积概率快速增长段,由累计贡献比率减去最小值并除以90所得,以表征不确定性强度[65],UI90值越小表明来源贡献越稳定,值越大则表明来源贡献不确定性越强.本研究通过计算UI90来衡量地下水硝酸盐源分配的不确定性.
研究区各层地下水不同硝酸盐来源不确定性分析结果如图12所示.总体上看,大气降水UI90值最低(0.164),化学肥料和土壤氮UI90值较高(0.819和0.869),污水粪肥处于中间水平(0.499).这说明大气降水的贡献率最为稳定,而化学肥料和土壤氮的贡献率表现出较大的不确定性.研究区内土地利用类型在短时间内是恒定的,但农田轮作和种植模式的切换将导致土壤肥力状况的变化,这可能是化学肥料和土壤氮贡献率具有高度不确定性的原因[66].另外,同一区域内不同硝酸盐来源及其同位素组成存在较大的时空变化,水体中氮循环过程(如硝化、反硝化等)会导致硝酸盐同位素的分馏,样品的采集频率也与识别结果密切相关,这些都可能成为影响硝酸盐来源不确定性的潜在因素[67].
4.1 地表水、浅层、中层和深层地下水TDS平均值分别为389.00mg/L、1371.80mg/L、585.75mg/L和497.10mg/L.主要的水化学类型分别为地表水HCO3-Ca(80%)、浅层Cl-Na(40%)、中层HCO3-Na(42.3%)和HCO3-Ca(38.5%)及深层HCO3-Ca(40%)和HCO3-Mg(40%).
4.2 地下水氮素以NO3--N为主,浅层、中层和深层地下水中NO3--N平均浓度分别为79.31mg/L、21.21mg/L和13.07mg/L,超标率为50%、38.46%和33.33%,Cl、DO和ORP与NO3--N呈现正相关关系,是影响NO3--N分布的主要指标.
4.3 通过δ18O-H2O、δ15N-NO3-δ18O-NO3-的分析可知,硝化作用主导研究区内地下水的氮转化过程,基本不存在纯在反硝化作用.
4.4 研究区地下水NO3--N来源具有多样性,主要有污水粪肥、土壤氮和含氮肥料,大气降水的贡献率较低.浅层地下水各硝酸盐源贡献率占比为污水粪肥(33.6%)>土壤氮(33.5%)>化学肥料(21.5%)>大气降水(11.5%);中层为污水粪肥(43.3%)>土壤氮(34.4%)>化学肥料(18.1%)>大气降水(4.1%);深层为土壤氮(54.4%)>化学肥料(25.1%)>污水粪肥(18.5%)>大气降水(2%).不确定性分析显示大气降水的贡献率最为稳定,化学肥料和土壤氮的贡献率表现出较大的不确定性.
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(42202288; 42262029)
  • 江西省自然科学基金资助项目(20212BAB213007; 20232BAB203066)
  • 江西省水利厅科技项目(202425YBKT31)
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2025年第45卷第2期
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  • 接收时间:2024-08-01
  • 首发时间:2026-03-17
  • 出版时间:2025-02-20
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  • 收稿日期:2024-08-01
基金
国家自然科学基金资助项目(42202288; 42262029)
江西省自然科学基金资助项目(20212BAB213007; 20232BAB203066)
江西省水利厅科技项目(202425YBKT31)
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    1.东华理工大学水资源与环境工程学院,江西 南昌 330013
    2.地下水污染成因与修复江西省重点实验室,江西 南昌 330013
    3.江西省煤田地质勘察研究院,江西 南昌 330001

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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