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Article(id=1240689603062067217, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, issueId=1240689590315569990, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1720454400000, receivedDateStr=2024-07-09, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773733052267, onlineDateStr=2026-03-17, pubDate=1739980800000, pubDateStr=2025-02-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773733052267, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-17, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773733052267, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773733052267, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1240689590315569990, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, year='2025', volume='45', issue='2', pageStart='593', pageEnd='1184', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773733049228, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773733150042, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1240690013239825123, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, issueId=1240689590315569990, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1240690013239825124, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, issueId=1240689590315569990, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=902, endPage=912, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1240689603443748924, articleId=1240689603062067217, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, language=EN, title=Peakless distribution and migration model of 239+240Pu in the typical Chinese core samples, columnId=1234106389669409584, journalTitle=China Environmental Science, columnName=Soil Pollution Control, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Based on data from 45 soil cores, 35 lake sediment cores, and 32 sea sediment cores in China, this study found a type of 239+240Pu peakless distribution cores in soil, lakes, and marine environments, and discussed their causes of 239+240Pu peakless distribution. The results show that there were two main types of peakless distribution of 239+240Pu in soil core samples: one that the 239+240Pu specific activity increased with depth, and the other that the 239+240Pu specific activity decreased with depth; when using a Convection Dispersion Equation (CDE) model to simulate the migration behavior of 239+240Pu in soil cores, the apparent convection rate showed a positive correlation with the 239+240Pu maximum depth (n=45, R2=0.847). There was only one type of peakless distribution of 239+240Pu in lake and ocean core samples: the 239+240Pu specific activity decreased with depth. Meanwhile, the sedimentation rate of lake core samples (n=35, R2=0.921) or the maximum apparent convection rate of marine core samples (n=32,R2=0.949) also showed a positive correlation with the 239+240Pu maximum depth. The maximum apparent convection rate of the exchangeable 239+240Pu in the peakless distribution core sample was close to the sedimentation rate, and the maximum apparent convection rate didn’t affect the vertical distribution of 239+240Pu in the core sample.

, correspAuthors=Ya-nan HUANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Ya-nan HUANG, Zhi-yong LIU, Yong-jing GUAN), CN=ArticleExt(id=1240689614504129253, articleId=1240689603062067217, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, language=CN, title=中国典型柱样中239+240Pu的无峰分布与迁移模型, columnId=1234106394572550190, journalTitle=中国环境科学, columnName=土壤污染与控制, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

根据中国45根土壤柱样、35根湖泊柱样和32根海洋柱样数据,发现土壤、湖泊和海洋环境中普遍存在一类典型的239+240Pu无峰分布的现象,并讨论了239+240Pu无峰分布的成因.结果表明:土壤柱样中239+240Pu的无峰分布主要有两种类型,第一种是239+240Pu比活度随着深度递增,第二种是239+240Pu比活度随着深度递减；利用对流扩散方程(CDE)模型模拟土壤柱样中239+240Pu的迁移行为时,表观对流速率与239+240Pu最大值深度呈现正相关关系(n=45, R2=0.847).湖泊和海洋沉积柱样中239+240Pu的无峰分布仅有一种类型:239+240Pu比活度随着深度递减.同时,湖泊柱样沉积速率(n=35, R2=0.921)或海洋柱样中的最大表观对流速率(n=32, R2=0.949)与239+240Pu最大值深度也呈现正相关关系.无峰分布柱样中239+240Pu可交换态的最大表观对流速率(vmax)在数值上与沉积速率(v)相当,并且最大表观对流速率不影响239+240Pu在柱样中的垂向分布特征.

, correspAuthors=黄亚楠, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*责任作者，助理研究员，
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黄亚楠(1986-)，男，河南正阳人，讲师(助理研究员)，博士后，并从事环境放射性的研究.发表论文20篇. .

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黄亚楠(1986-)，男，河南正阳人，讲师(助理研究员)，博士后，并从事环境放射性的研究.发表论文20篇. .

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黄亚楠(1986-)，男，河南正阳人，讲师(助理研究员)，博士后，并从事环境放射性的研究.发表论文20篇. .

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Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry，2022，331(6):2689-2703., articleTitle=239Pu，240Pu，241Pu，241Am，137Cs，and 210Pb in seafloor sediments in the western North Pacific Ocean and the Sea of Japan: distributions，sources and budgets, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1240689625417707927, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689603062067217, awardId=602021239517, language=CN, fundingSource=南宁师范大学博士科研启动项目(602021239517), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1240689614764176130, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689603062067217, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1240689614772564739, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689603062067217, companyId=1240689614764176130, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.School of Environment and Life sciences, Nanning Normal 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distribution of 239+240Pu typical core in Chinese environment, figureFileSmall=mcHTWsfvVGRTV4hpkGz44g==, figureFileBig=T8XXN5LY1tD3hjDdYwny8A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240689621223403665, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689603062067217, language=CN, label=图1, caption=中国环境中239+240Pu无峰分布的典型柱样站位, figureFileSmall=mcHTWsfvVGRTV4hpkGz44g==, figureFileBig=T8XXN5LY1tD3hjDdYwny8A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240689621575725239, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689603062067217, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Comparison of 239+240Pu latitude flux values and measured inventories in typical Chinese core samples, figureFileSmall=49XvI/VuS/LX2NABL6T1Vw==, figureFileBig=P427EQbZsZQCokPvhp/REw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240689621701554378, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689603062067217, language=CN, label=图2, caption=中国典型柱样中239+240Pu通量值与纬度沉降平均值的比较, figureFileSmall=49XvI/VuS/LX2NABL6T1Vw==, figureFileBig=P427EQbZsZQCokPvhp/REw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240689621844160728, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689603062067217, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Vertical distributions of 239+240Pu in soil cores[8-9,17-18], figureFileSmall=H3N+jNhq3M6a7of7ZfAuDQ==, figureFileBig=AfY85/YdKbT1h7Su/phGCw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240689621953212645, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689603062067217, language=CN, label=图3, caption=土壤柱样中239+240Pu的无峰分布[8-9,17-18], figureFileSmall=H3N+jNhq3M6a7of7ZfAuDQ==, figureFileBig=AfY85/YdKbT1h7Su/phGCw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240689622074847474, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689603062067217, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=The relationship between depth of 239+240Pu maximum value and v in Chinese soil cores[29], figureFileSmall=GYcTC58Vd538B47E4nh2LQ==, figureFileBig=OMAqScvWLmO6g5VNx4v9tw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240689622209065218, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689603062067217, language=CN, label=图4, caption=土壤柱样中239+240Pu最大值深度与表观对流速率的关系[29], figureFileSmall=GYcTC58Vd538B47E4nh2LQ==, figureFileBig=OMAqScvWLmO6g5VNx4v9tw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240689622313922830, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689603062067217, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Vertical distributions of 239+240Pu in lake sediment cores[19-20,32-33], figureFileSmall=hBJPWMLWyG8j5kVrNMCvoQ==, figureFileBig=7YuYdjZXCWoj8DJI72rtuA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240689622410391834, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689603062067217, language=CN, label=图5, caption=湖泊柱样中239+240Pu的无峰分布[19-20,32-33], figureFileSmall=hBJPWMLWyG8j5kVrNMCvoQ==, figureFileBig=7YuYdjZXCWoj8DJI72rtuA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240689622536220969, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689603062067217, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=The relationship between depth of 239+240Pu maximum value and v in lake sediment cores[39], figureFileSmall=nsUsibIsUTc7wA6B3WuNpA==, figureFileBig=J0LvPriCbEamp69/mqQG7w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240689622712381752, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689603062067217, language=CN, label=图6, caption=湖泊柱样中239+240Pu最大值深度与沉积速率的关系[39], figureFileSmall=nsUsibIsUTc7wA6B3WuNpA==, figureFileBig=J0LvPriCbEamp69/mqQG7w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240689622842405184, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689603062067217, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Vertical distributions of 239+240Pu in ocean sediment cores[21-22,42-43], figureFileSmall=hxjRXdsTB2GT8mf5NiokEA==, figureFileBig=OAwtfsY7kCVUc1Wfwm9joA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240689623010177357, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689603062067217, language=CN, label=图7, caption=海洋柱样中239+240Pu的无峰分布[21-22,42-43], figureFileSmall=hxjRXdsTB2GT8mf5NiokEA==, figureFileBig=OAwtfsY7kCVUc1Wfwm9joA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240689623156978007, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689603062067217, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=The relationship between depth of 239+240Pu maximum value and vmax in sea sediment cores, figureFileSmall=HWhbH/BJJ3CDhBEMe98ikA==, figureFileBig=oiZixCfDH/Am0aZQKwepyw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240689623349916004, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689603062067217, language=CN, label=图8, caption=海洋柱样中239+240Pu最大值深度与最大表观对流速率的关系, figureFileSmall=HWhbH/BJJ3CDhBEMe98ikA==, figureFileBig=oiZixCfDH/Am0aZQKwepyw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240689623492522353, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689603062067217, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Information of typical core samples with peakless distribution of 239+240Pu in the Chinese environment

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号柱样类型站点纬度(°N)采样时间柱长(cm)分样间隔(cm)239+240Pu(Bq/m2)参考文献
1土壤柱样YA36.82017.7382~566[8]
2土壤柱样D235.7n.a.402~1253.5±2.1[9]
3土壤柱样DH2-240.12011.7302~5546±27[17]
4土壤柱样C3n.a.2013-2016352.5~5n.a.[18]
5湖泊柱样TMS326.12017300.5~163.9±0.8[19]
6湖泊柱样K437.32018.63g/cm2n.a.2.5±0.2[20]
7海洋柱样CB-3533.5n.a.202n.a.[21]
8海洋柱样PA-1115.51996-19971413.75[22]
), ArticleFig(id=1240689623639323005, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689603062067217, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

中国环境中239+240Pu无峰分布典型柱样数据信息

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号柱样类型站点纬度(°N)采样时间柱长(cm)分样间隔(cm)239+240Pu(Bq/m2)参考文献
1土壤柱样YA36.82017.7382~566[8]
2土壤柱样D235.7n.a.402~1253.5±2.1[9]
3土壤柱样DH2-240.12011.7302~5546±27[17]
4土壤柱样C3n.a.2013-2016352.5~5n.a.[18]
5湖泊柱样TMS326.12017300.5~163.9±0.8[19]
6湖泊柱样K437.32018.63g/cm2n.a.2.5±0.2[20]
7海洋柱样CB-3533.5n.a.202n.a.[21]
8海洋柱样PA-1115.51996-19971413.75[22]
), ArticleFig(id=1240689625136689544, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689603062067217, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

The relationship between 239+240Pu and depth in the Chinese environment

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号名称深度类型239+240Pu与深度的相关关系R2n分样间隔(cm)
1YA几何深度(cm)239+240Pu=2.069/(1+1.615Z)0.963152~5
2D2几何深度(cm)239+240Pu=1.583Z-1.5260.981102~12
3DH2-2几何深度(cm)239+240Pu=0.715/(1-0.026Z)0.95592~5
4C3几何深度(cm)239+240Pu=0.0676/(1+0.166Z)0.85672.5~5
5TMS3几何深度(cm)239+240Pu=60.372/(1+5.611Z)0.960470.5~1
6K4质量深度(g/cm2)239+240Pu=0.540e-1.811Z0.8878n.a.
7CB-35几何深度(cm)239+240Pu=0.467e-0.198Z0.948102
8PA-11几何深度(cm)239+240Pu=0.554/(1+1.251Z)0.861131
), ArticleFig(id=1240689625317044624, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689603062067217, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

中国环境中239+240Pu与深度的相关关系

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号名称深度类型239+240Pu与深度的相关关系R2n分样间隔(cm)
1YA几何深度(cm)239+240Pu=2.069/(1+1.615Z)0.963152~5
2D2几何深度(cm)239+240Pu=1.583Z-1.5260.981102~12
3DH2-2几何深度(cm)239+240Pu=0.715/(1-0.026Z)0.95592~5
4C3几何深度(cm)239+240Pu=0.0676/(1+0.166Z)0.85672.5~5
5TMS3几何深度(cm)239+240Pu=60.372/(1+5.611Z)0.960470.5~1
6K4质量深度(g/cm2)239+240Pu=0.540e-1.811Z0.8878n.a.
7CB-35几何深度(cm)239+240Pu=0.467e-0.198Z0.948102
8PA-11几何深度(cm)239+240Pu=0.554/(1+1.251Z)0.861131
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中国典型柱样中239+240Pu的无峰分布与迁移模型
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黄亚楠 1, 2, * , 刘志勇 3 , 管永精 4
中国环境科学 | 土壤污染与控制 2025,45(2): 902-912
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中国环境科学 | 土壤污染与控制 2025, 45(2): 902-912
中国典型柱样中239+240Pu的无峰分布与迁移模型
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黄亚楠1, 2, * , 刘志勇3, 管永精4
作者信息
  • 1.南宁师范大学环境与生命科学学院，广西 南宁 530001
  • 2.中山大学海洋科学学院，广东 珠海 519082
  • 3.苏州大学放射医学与防护学院，江苏 苏州 215123
  • 4.广西大学物理科学与工程技术学院，广西 南宁 530004

    • 黄亚楠(1986-)，男，河南正阳人，讲师(助理研究员)，博士后，并从事环境放射性的研究.发表论文20篇. .

通讯作者:

*责任作者，助理研究员，
Peakless distribution and migration model of 239+240Pu in the typical Chinese core samples
Ya-nan HUANG1, 2, * , Zhi-yong LIU3, Yong-jing GUAN4
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Environment and Life sciences, Nanning Normal University, Nanning 530001, China
  • 2.School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai 519082, China
  • 3.School of Radiation Medicine and protection, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
  • 4.School of Physical Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
出版时间: 2025-02-20
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摘要
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根据中国45根土壤柱样、35根湖泊柱样和32根海洋柱样数据,发现土壤、湖泊和海洋环境中普遍存在一类典型的239+240Pu无峰分布的现象,并讨论了239+240Pu无峰分布的成因.结果表明:土壤柱样中239+240Pu的无峰分布主要有两种类型,第一种是239+240Pu比活度随着深度递增,第二种是239+240Pu比活度随着深度递减；利用对流扩散方程(CDE)模型模拟土壤柱样中239+240Pu的迁移行为时,表观对流速率与239+240Pu最大值深度呈现正相关关系(n=45, R2=0.847).湖泊和海洋沉积柱样中239+240Pu的无峰分布仅有一种类型:239+240Pu比活度随着深度递减.同时,湖泊柱样沉积速率(n=35, R2=0.921)或海洋柱样中的最大表观对流速率(n=32, R2=0.949)与239+240Pu最大值深度也呈现正相关关系.无峰分布柱样中239+240Pu可交换态的最大表观对流速率(vmax)在数值上与沉积速率(v)相当,并且最大表观对流速率不影响239+240Pu在柱样中的垂向分布特征.

239+240Pu  /  无峰分布  /  对流扩散方程(CDE)  /  柱样  /  中国

Based on data from 45 soil cores, 35 lake sediment cores, and 32 sea sediment cores in China, this study found a type of 239+240Pu peakless distribution cores in soil, lakes, and marine environments, and discussed their causes of 239+240Pu peakless distribution. The results show that there were two main types of peakless distribution of 239+240Pu in soil core samples: one that the 239+240Pu specific activity increased with depth, and the other that the 239+240Pu specific activity decreased with depth; when using a Convection Dispersion Equation (CDE) model to simulate the migration behavior of 239+240Pu in soil cores, the apparent convection rate showed a positive correlation with the 239+240Pu maximum depth (n=45, R2=0.847). There was only one type of peakless distribution of 239+240Pu in lake and ocean core samples: the 239+240Pu specific activity decreased with depth. Meanwhile, the sedimentation rate of lake core samples (n=35, R2=0.921) or the maximum apparent convection rate of marine core samples (n=32,R2=0.949) also showed a positive correlation with the 239+240Pu maximum depth. The maximum apparent convection rate of the exchangeable 239+240Pu in the peakless distribution core sample was close to the sedimentation rate, and the maximum apparent convection rate didn’t affect the vertical distribution of 239+240Pu in the core sample.

239+240Pu  /  peakless distribution  /  convection dispersion equation (CDE)  /  core  /  China
黄亚楠, 刘志勇, 管永精. 中国典型柱样中239+240Pu的无峰分布与迁移模型. 中国环境科学, 2025 , 45 (2) : 902 -912 .
Ya-nan HUANG, Zhi-yong LIU, Yong-jing GUAN. Peakless distribution and migration model of 239+240Pu in the typical Chinese core samples[J]. China Environmental Science, 2025 , 45 (2) : 902 -912 .
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自然环境中239+240Pu主要来源于20世纪全球大规模（543次）的大气核试验，核试验产生的放射性尘埃通过干湿沉降遍布于全球[1].239Pu和240Pu具有放射性毒性和长半衰期，可以通过食物链向生物体富集或者通过土壤向地下水中扩散迁移，对生物包括人类将构成潜在健康的危害.同时，放射性核素能够通过土壤向地下水中迁移[2].利用柱样中239+240Pu的垂向分布特征，可以研究239+240Pu的迁移状况.目前，虽然中国土壤、湖泊和海洋等环境中已经较多研究了239+240Pu柱样的垂向分布特征[3-5]，尤其是对沉积柱样中239+240Pu的有峰分布进行了深入的研究，这是湖泊和海洋中239+240Pu沉积定年的基础；但是对于不同环境柱样中一类典型的239+240Pu无峰垂向分布（图1）仍缺乏比较研究，尤其是应用239+240Pu迁移模型的探讨.所谓239+240Pu的无峰分布即239+240Pu的比活度（mBq/g或mBq/m3）随着柱样深度的增大而减少，或者随着柱样深度增大而增大的变化趋势[5].理想状态下柱样中239+240Pu的无峰分布是符合指数分布的，例如，典型无扰动土壤柱样239+240Pu的垂向分布；但是实际环境中指数分布未必是239+240Pu的无扰动分布或者最优拟合分布模型[6]；如果分样过厚或者表层完全被侵蚀等，这些因素都将导致柱样中239+240Pu无峰分布的成因变得更加复杂.
全球大气沉降的239+240Pu进入土壤后，主要通过横向和垂向迁移.横向迁移主要是径流和侵蚀等作用的结果[6].土壤柱样中239+240Pu的垂向分布与其在土壤中的垂向迁移密切相关.239+240Pu的垂向迁移主要取决于土壤的物理和化学性质等[6].表层有最大值的垂向分布表明土壤中239+240Pu无明显平流；表层下有最大值的垂向分布表明土壤中239+240Pu存在明显平流和扩散[7].在239+240Pu横向迁移的研究中，未扰动土壤柱样中239+240Pu背景值是研究小区域内土壤侵蚀或迁移的重要参数[8-9].在239+240Pu垂向迁移的研究中，239+240Pu的无峰分布与对流扩散模型（CDE）的应用密切相关[10].这是因为239+240Pu等核素沉降到地表后主要通过扩散和迁移的方式入渗到土壤中.扩散是浓度差导致的物质呈分子或离子态由高浓度处向低浓度处的自由运动.迁移是各种其他原因导致的物质在介质中的运移，如孔隙水、被吸附的粘粒的迁移等[11].对流扩散模型方程能够较好的描述非反应性溶质在多孔介质中的迁移规律[7].假定全球大气核试验产生的239+240Pu瞬间沉降于无限厚且均质的土壤表面，其后垂直向下入渗（以扩散为主）.均质和非均质的土壤垂向分布中，表层土壤中239+240Pu比活度（mBq/g）最大，或体积比活度（Bq/m3）最大，向下呈指数衰减.由于这种较缓慢的迁移速率，模拟放射性核素在土壤中运动的模型通常不考虑非饱和带土壤水分的变化，而是通常假定平均含水量是恒定的[12].再者，对于沉积过程大多用脉冲型输入函数来近似，并计算表观扩散系数和表观对流速率的有效值，通过将模型方程的解析解与放射性核素的实测深度分布拟合得到.假设柱样中放射性核素239+240Pu计算的沉积速率为0，那么239+240Pu在柱样中的垂向分布完全由扩散或者下渗引起，并利用表观有效扩散系数（Deff）进行描述[12].需要说明的是不同环境条件下（土壤、湖泊和海洋）不同核素（137Cs和239+240Pu）应用对流扩散模型的边界条件和参数存在一定差异.
虽然中国在新疆巴音郭楞[13]、甘肃瓜州[14]、内蒙古锡林郭勒[15]、河北承德[14]、浙江嘉兴[16]和贵州贵阳[14]等地利用CDE模型研究了土壤中239+240Pu核素的迁移，但是对于不同典型环境中239+240Pu无峰分布以及CDE模型应用仍缺乏比较研究.因此，本文以中国土壤、湖泊和海洋中典型柱样中239+240Pu无峰分布为例，集中探讨239+240Pu的无峰分布与其应用模型，厘清分别由扩散、淋溶或侵蚀等因素造成柱样中239+240Pu无峰分布的成因，以期为未来环境中放射性核素239+240Pu剖面分布与迁移的研究提供参考.
1　数据与模型
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1.1　 239+240Pu的无峰分布柱样数据
根据中国45根土壤柱样、35根湖泊柱样和32根海洋柱样数据，选取了8根239+240Pu无峰分布的典型柱样；这些柱样具有一定的随机性和代表性，符合抽样统计分析.首先是前人研究可知柱样所处的位置受到人为扰动的概率非常小[8-9,17-22].其次是柱样表层的随机分样厚度为0.5~2.5cm（表1），表层的分样厚度不显著影响239+240Pu的垂向分布特征.最后是通过柱样中239+240Pu的存量或者沉积通量可以初步判断柱样受到扰动的情况.这8根典型239+240Pu无峰分布柱样（图1和表1），分别来自于中国陕西延安YA土壤柱样[8]、甘肃庆阳D2土壤柱样[9]、敦煌DH2-2土壤柱样[17]、内蒙古兴安盟C3土壤柱样[18]、云南黑农坡湖（云南省泸水县境内）TMS3湖泊柱样沉积物[19]，青海省海西蒙古族藏族自治州的克鲁克湖K4湖泊柱样沉积物[20]，黄海陆架区的CB-35柱样沉积物[21]以及南海深海海盆区PA-11柱样沉积物[22].其中，只有K4和CB-35柱样同时研究了137Cs和239+240Pu两种放射性核素的垂向分布，其他柱样仅研究了239+240Pu的垂向分布.土壤柱样中239+240Pu分布通常主要由侵蚀、扩散与混合控制，在核试验以后假设新的239+240Pu在土壤沉积很少或者没有.
没有受到侵蚀时的土壤柱样多数遵守自然地指数减小，可以用模型模拟.需要说明的是本文选取的湖泊和海洋柱样239+240Pu的无峰分布，因子样厚度没有达到分辨出239+240Pu峰值的概率极小.即使根据湖泊和海洋的沉积物堆积速率选取合适的子样时间分辨率进行分样，并发现接近沉积物表层的239+240Pu单峰分布，这种分布模式也与北半球239+240Pu的大气沉降特征相违背[1].因此，本文认为所选取的湖泊和海洋典型柱样中239+240Pu的无峰分布不受当前子样分样厚度的影响.另外，如果分样厚度过大可能会导致239+240Pu"伪无峰"分布现象的出现，这时239+240Pu的比活度与深度仍呈现出指数函数形式.例如，吉林长白山土壤（苔原带和草甸带）柱样发现了239+240Pu指数分布并且两者的相关性极其显著，推测可能与土壤分层厚度（10cm）过大有关[23].如果表层样品完全遭受侵蚀，也会出现上述的情况，但是柱样所处的环境与未扰动柱样的显著不同.例如，山西长治3#土壤柱样中，土层中239+240Pu比活度是受到受山顶风力及雨水冲刷作用的影响[24].
具体而言，通过对全球大气核试验239+240Pu纬度沉降的平均值[1,4]与典型柱样中239+240Pu的存量或者沉积通量（表1）进行比较，可以初步判断所选取柱样受扰动的情况.本文选取的8根典型柱样所在纬度介于10°~50°N，全球大气核试验239+240Pu纬度沉降的沉降平均值（图2中的横虚线）与不同纬度带柱样的个数分别为：10°~20°N（22Bq/m2）有1个柱样，20°~30°N（36Bq/m2）有1个柱样，在30°~40°N（42Bq/m2）有4个柱样，在40°~50°N（58Bq/m2）有2个柱样，其中C3柱样的具体纬度值并不清楚[18].土壤柱样YA和D2取样位置的土地利用类型分别为人迹罕至的草地和山坡林地，柱样中239+240Pu的存量超出所在纬度大气沉降的平均值（42Bq/m2），这两个柱样受到扰动的较小[8-9].土壤柱样DH2-2取样位于林地土壤，柱样中239+240Pu的处于堆积且快速向下迁移的状态[17]，柱样中239+240Pu的存量是所在纬度大气沉降平均值（58Bq/m2）的9.4倍（图2）.土壤柱样C3取样位置的土地利用类型为农用地，虽然不知道该柱样中239+240Pu存量的具体数值，但是通过柱样中239+240Pu的分布可知239+240Pu也处于快速向下迁移的状态，这与该柱样取样位置的土地利用类型是吻合的[18].湖泊柱样TMS3和K4取样位置为天然成因湖泊.其中，TMS3柱样由于受到雪山融水的补给，柱样中239+240Pu的沉积通量超出所在纬度大气沉降的平均值（36Bq/m2），柱样受到人为扰动的影响较小；而K4柱样中239+240Pu的沉积通量远低于所在纬度大气沉降的平均值（42Bq/m2）.典型湖泊柱样沉积物中放射性核素的沉积通量大小受到取样位置的影响，通常越靠近湖泊中心其沉积通量值越低[25].K4取样时已经避开了人工渔业养殖区[20]，柱样受到人为扰动的概率较低，推测柱样中较低的239+240Pu沉积通量可能与取样位置离湖岸相对较远有关.对于海洋柱样PA-11取样位置位于南海海盆区，水深达4234m，取样之前该柱样受到人为扰动的较小[22].虽然该柱样中239+240Pu的沉积通量远低于该纬度带的平均值（22Bq/m2），但是这仍与该区域的地球化学特征（寡营养盐且相对较低的悬浮颗粒物）相吻合.另外，黄海CB-35虽然无法获取柱样中239+240Pu的沉积通量，但是从柱样中239+240Pu的分布来看，可以初步判断该柱样受到外界的扰动较小[21].
假设放射性核素比活度随土壤深度呈简单的指数衰减，这仅适用于土壤没有平流迹象的情况.这种模型分布最早是研究加拿大魁北克北部区域土壤柱样中137Cs的分布[6].对于土壤柱样中137Cs和239+240Pu，两者来源的一致性和分布相似，拟合方程（1）、（2）和（3）对于239+240Pu也是适用的.
式中：C表示土壤中239+240Pu的比活度，Bq/g；Z表示深度，cm；A和B表示拟合的参数.这3个方程只适用于表层土壤中地表以下无明显峰值的剖面[6].因此，对中国典型环境（土壤、湖泊和海洋）样品中239+240Pu的无峰分布与深度的拟合，结果如表2所示.通过拟合发现3种分布模式都表现出一定的显著性，但是方程中的拟合优度并不一致，只有一种是最佳拟合.正是由于对流扩散等原因导致柱样中239+240Pu垂直分布的差异，才使得不同方程的拟合优度并不一致.需要说明的是在甘肃敦煌的DH2-2柱样和兴安盟农场C3柱样中指数模型中拟合出的参数B是小于0的，其他柱样的参数B是大于0的.
1.2　对流扩散模型的应用
在利用CDE模型研究土壤柱样中137Cs（T1/2=30.2a）的垂向分布时，通常假设137Cs所在的土壤柱样是均匀分布的理想状态，其分布特征的模型方程和解析解分别为（4）和（5）.首先是该模型仅适用于不可渗透的上边界环境中（即只能从土壤表层向下扩散）[7]，这种模型在泥炭沼泽环境中137Cs的迁移研究中也得到了推广与应用[26-27].该模型允许恒定的核素输入或与时间相关的核素输入，并允许通过沉积，生物扰动和扩散在沉积物中进行核素迁移.
式中：D表示表观扩散系数或有效扩散系数，cm2/a；v表示表观对流速率，cm/a；分子扩散系数与有效扩散系数存在近似的换算关系[7]；t是放射性核素沉降到土壤中以来的时间；z表示深度，cm[7].对流扩散模型的解析解（5）是一个近似解，这是因为式（4）代表了无限空间的模型溶液，在t=0处输入的239+240Pu是在两个方向上移动[2].
在利用CDE模型研究土壤柱样中239+240Pu的垂向分布时，由于放射性核素239Pu和240Pu的半衰期（T1/2）分别为24110a和6561a，其衰变常数趋近于0，式（4）中的λC项是个极小项，所以方程为（6）和解析解（近似解）可以改写为（7）.C表示土壤中239+240Pu的浓度（Bq/cm3）；D表示239+240Pu在土壤颗粒中的吸附强度；同样的，v表示表观对流速率（cm/a）.土壤中的放射性核素包含2个部分，可吸附态的239+240Pu与解析态的239+240Pu[16].
虽然在土壤中和泥沼中已经利用CDE模型研究239+240Pu的扩散和迁移，但是湖泊和海洋环境中不满足模型只在不透水的上边界应用的前提条件，在应用模型时要对于柱样中放射性核素的分布进行一些必要的理论假设[19,27].沼泽土壤其性质仍为土壤而非沉积物[28]，可以利用CDE模型研究放射性核素的迁移.这时模型中的系数就变得更为复杂.然而，在研究湖泊柱样沉积物中239+240Pu等核素的迁移时，仍采用CDE模型（8）和解析解（9），该模型允许恒定的核素输入或随时间变化的输入，并允许放射性核素通过沉积、生物扰动和扩散在沉积物中进行迁移[28].在湖泊沉积物的研究中利用CDE模型时，计算出的各参数的意义与土壤中的参数意义完全不同.
2　结果与讨论
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2.1　中国土壤柱样中239+240Pu的无峰分布
目前已经研究的土壤柱样中，陕西延安YA柱样[8]和甘肃庆阳D2柱样[9]表现出典型的239+240Pu无峰分布的特点（图3）.土壤样品中239+240Pu的比活度集中在20cm以浅的位置，在20cm以深239+240Pu的比活度趋近于0.与之相反，甘肃敦煌DH2-2柱样[17]和内蒙古兴安盟C3柱样[18]也表现出非常特殊的无峰分布.柱样中239+240Pu的比活度集中在20cm以深的位置，表层土壤中239+240Pu的比活度相较于底层较低.需要说明的是DH2-2柱样和C3柱样20cm以深没有239+240Pu实测数据，根据现有的数据这两根柱样符合无峰分布的定义，但目前无法确定这两根柱样239+240Pu的最大值是否为峰值.
对于相同核素，利用相同模型（对流扩散迁移模型（CDE））研究迁移速率.首先，土壤柱样中239+240Pu的比活度随着深度的增大而减小.陕西延安YA柱样[8]和甘肃庆阳D2柱样[9]中239+240Pu无峰分布的主要成因是对流扩散引起的，利用CDE模型拟合YA柱样给出的表观扩散系数（D）值为（0.093±0.013）cm2/a；表观对流速率值（v）是（0.004±0.006）cm/a[8].D2柱样由于缺少土壤样品中不同层位的容重（g/cm3），可以将239+240Pu质量比活度（Bq/g）转化为239+240Pu体积比活度（Bq/cm3）进行近似计算，然后根据模型拟合出表观对流速率（v），其值是（0.025±0.004）cm/a[30].其次，土壤柱样中239+240Pu的比活度随着深度的增大而增大，239+240Pu呈现指数增大的变化趋势.例如，甘肃敦煌DH2-2柱样[17]和内蒙古兴安盟农场C3柱样[18].这种分布中没有发现239+240Pu底端，推测239+240Pu在柱样中的无峰分布可能与淋溶导致的239+240Pu快速迁移有关，根据CDE模型拟合出表观对流速率（v），其值为（0.447±0.066） cm/a[29]；而C3柱样缺乏239+240Pu存量数据而无法计算.最后，对辽宁大连DL-01和DL-02土壤柱样中239+240Pu垂向分布的研究发现[30]，DL-01柱样和DL-02柱样239+240Pu的表观对流速率值（v）分别是（0.106±0.013）cm/a和（0.0281±0.0105）cm/a.如果在同一小区内环境条件（降雨等因素）差异不大的情况下，且大连DL-01和DL-02柱样全部为未扰动的柱样，那么两个柱样中239+240Pu的垂向分布形态应该是基本一致的，即239+240Pu的比活度与深度呈现指数分布并且最大值在表层.然而，DL-01和DL-02柱样的239+240Pu分布与存量差异显著，并且DL-01柱样表观对流速率是DL-02柱样表观对流速率的3.8倍，这说明对流扩散与淋溶等因素在同一小区域环境中对土壤中239+240Pu核素的迁移影响的程度并不一致.
目前中国土壤柱样中利用CDE模型研究了90Sr、137Cs、239+240Pu和237Np等核素的表观扩散系数和表观对流速率[8,13-16,29].中国土壤样品中239+240Pu比活度峰值对流速率的范围是0.004~0.473cm/a[13,29]；最小值代表239+240Pu比活度最大值在表层，最大值代表239+240Pu239+240Pu比活度最大值在底层（图4虚线圆圈）.整体上，中国已研究的45根土壤柱样中表观对流速率与239+240Pu比活度峰值深度呈现正相关的线性关系[29]，线性方程为Y=0.0152×X+0.0304，n=45，R2=0.847.
对于相同核素，利用不同模型（隔室模型和对流扩散迁移模型（CDE））计算迁移速率的结果有差异.例如，贵州贵阳土壤柱样239+240Pu迁移速率分别为0.23cm/a和0.104cm/a；甘肃瓜州土壤柱样239+240Pu迁移速率分别为0.23cm/a和0.187cm/a[13-14].同时，这两地239+240Pu迁移速率的差异也与土壤柱样的取样环境类型有关.贵阳柱样是森林土壤样品，土壤中有机质含量为11.3%；而瓜州柱样是沙漠土壤样品，土壤中有机质含量为5.8%.森林柱样是沙漠柱样有机质的2倍，鉴于有机质对于239+240Pu的吸附，理论上239+240Pu在森林柱样中的迁移速率要低于沙漠中的迁移速率.对于不同核素，利用相同模型计算出来的迁移速率也有差异.在对中国沿海核电厂周围某地土壤237Np和239+240Pu的研究中，发现237Np在土壤中的迁移速率比239+240Pu快得多，部分237Np已经渗透到30cm以深的深层土壤层中[16].
2.2　中国湖泊柱样中239+240Pu的无峰分布
目前中国湖泊样品中，云南黑农坡湖TMS3柱样沉积物[19]和青海省德令哈地区克鲁克湖（柴达木盆地的东部，属于微咸性淡水湖）的K4柱样沉积物[20]表现出典型的239+240Pu无峰分布特点（图5）.湖泊沉积物中239+240Pu的无峰分布不能利用其分布特点进行沉降定年.
利用放射性核素定年的一个最基本假设是，放射性核素一旦沉积在沉积物中就不可移动.在对加拿大安大略省肯诺拉区湖泊柱样沉积物中239+240Pu的研究中发现，239+240Pu是一种比137Cs更可靠的沉积物示踪剂，这是因为239+240Pu的迁移能力要比137Cs小得多[28].然而，放射性核素因为生物扰动而在柱样中发生移动，以及任何显著地扩散迁移都将违背其在湖泊沉积之后不可移动的假设.也有研究表明，在美国的新英格兰和斯堪的纳维亚的软水湖的沉积物中，利用137Cs定年是不可行的[31].类似的研究表明青海湖和其他低沉积速率湖泊沉积物137Cs的垂向分布特征和一些无堆积非农耕地土壤的非常相似.表层的扰动导致沉积物出现这种非正常的137Cs垂向分布特征，利用137Cs定年的断代价值不大[11].同样的，邓彬彬等[20]研究克鲁克湖明确指出K4柱样中210Pb的分布不能用于沉积定年.因此，K4柱样中239+240Pu和137Cs的分布并不属于沉积形成的分布，而对流扩散等因素是其分布的成因.
中国湖泊中发现的239+240Pu无峰分布并非具有偶然性，相似地，239+240Pu无峰分布在俄罗斯和法国的湖泊中也有发现[32-33].例如，俄罗斯Khuko湖（43.94°N，39.80°E）[32]以及法国的Small湖（44.12°N，7.33°E）[33]，柱样中的分样间隔分别为0.5cm和2cm.法国的Small湖柱样中239+240Pu无峰分布与TMS3类似；俄罗斯Khuko湖柱样中239+240Pu无峰分布与K4类似.如果是分样间隔过大导致了无峰分布，那么即使对表层样再进行细分，并发现了极表层所谓的"单峰"，柱样中239+240Pu分布模式与北半球239+240Pu的沉降特征相违背.因此，湖泊柱样中239+240Pu的无峰分布可能是一种普遍存在且特殊的现象.
湖泊沉积物中239+240Pu无峰分布，本研究认为是湖泊极表层沉积物中239+240Pu的对流扩散引起的（假设全球大气核试验沉降为脉冲式输入，仅在1963年沉降高峰期向湖泊输入绝大多数的239+240Pu放射性尘）.自然环境中，这种特殊的形成条件在高原高山湖泊或者雪溶性湖泊中易于发现.这是由于高海拔环境中大气稀薄，沉降到湖水中沉积物或者悬浮颗粒物极其稀少.理想状态下，全球大气核试验沉降的放射性核素直接全部富集于沉积底泥的极表层，这个极表层的厚度趋近于0cm.例如，云南黑农坡湖是一个高山（海拔3779m）狭窄的谷地形成的湖泊，除了降水的补给外，还有高山融雪水的补给[19].沉积物中的239+240Pu集中在最上层.该湖泊中TMS3柱样沉积物上部4cm层汇聚了59%的239+240Pu沉积通量，尤其是TMA柱样沉积物上部4cm层集中了94%的239+240Pu沉积通量[19].
泥沙等物质裹挟放射性核素239+240Pu的沉积速率与放射性核素239+240Pu在泥沙中的迁移速率，虽然这两个速率的单位（cm/a）是一致的，但是其各自表示的物理意义并不相同.Guo等[19]利用CDE模型（见公式（6）和（7））计算出的TMA和TMS3两个柱子中的v分别为0.0315cm/a和0.059cm/a，而沉积速率分别为0.03cm/a和"0"cm/a；并不能与中国其他湖泊由于沉积形成的239+240Pu峰值计算的沉积速率相比较.再者，计算TMS3柱样的Kd值为4.8×103L/kg，柱样中Kd的实测值比计算的Kd值小.沉积物中239+240Pu的Kd值越小，放射性核素239+240Pu在沉积柱样中的流动性越大.然而，文献[19]中指出TMS3柱样中239+240Pu的分布不是由对流扩散引起的，进而推测是生物的扰动或者人为取样过程中导致的239+240Pu混合.显然，这种解释是不合理的.相似地，Zhang等[35]利用CDE模型计算出239+240Pu在XK08柱样中的迁移速率为（0.22±0.02）cm/a，而沉积速率为0.35cm/a.本研究认为这两个湖泊柱样利用CDE模型是基于湖泊柱样中239+240Pu存在两种形态的假设，一种是相对可交换态的239+240Pu，另一种是相对不可交换态的239+240Pu.由于239+240Pu的相对可交换态只占239+240Pu形态的一部分，所以利用CDE模型计算出来的表观对流速率v（cm/a）并不等价于相对可交换态239+240Pu的表观对流速率，而是等同于最大表观对流速率（vmax）.目前，数据表明在数值上最大表观对流速率不大于以239+240Pu为时标的沉积速率；所以本文推测在湖泊柱样中239+240Pu的对流扩散，不会影响239+240Pu在柱样中的分布特征或者峰值的位置深度，有峰柱样中239+240Pu最大表观对流速率的理论计算完全可以忽略.
另外，虽然吉林四海龙湾湖SHLW柱样239+240Pu中出现了单峰，但是单峰呈现"拖尾"分布的现象[35].有研究表明pH值和氧化态的变化使得239+240Pu在某些沉积物中的流动性也相应产生变化[36].239+240Pu在沉积物中迁移会导致其再分配，进而影响其在湖泊年代学中的应用.目前尚不清楚四海龙湾湖沉积物的地球化学性质，很难估计239+240Pu在该湖泊沉积物中的再迁移程度.与SHLW柱样不同的是，贵州红枫湖HF20040709S柱样[37]和洞庭湖E9柱样[38]中239+240Pu单峰呈现“无尾”分布的现象.红枫湖是个人工湖，20世纪50年代末期才蓄水成湖，湖底沉积物在1960年前后才有239+240Pu的存在，所以柱样中239+240Pu的分布出现以峰值为中心上下极不对称的现象.洞庭湖E9柱样位于河口通道，受到泥沙快速淤积影响柱样中239+240Pu垂直分布未取到可探测的最大深度[38]；同时，E9柱样与E8柱样有着相似的沉积环境和类似分布.整体上，中国湖泊样品中239+240Pu比活度峰值时标计算出的沉积速率的范围是0.00~2.18cm/a[38-39]，需要说明的是湖泊柱样中239+240Pu比活度最大值在表层，计算出的沉积速率定义为"0"cm/a（图6虚线圆圈）；并且沉积速率与239+240Pu比活度峰值（1963±1）深度呈现正相关的线性关系[39]，线性方程为Y=0.0313×X-0.0774，n=35，R2=0.921.
2.3　中国海洋柱样中239+240Pu的无峰分布
目前在中国海域中，黄海CB-35柱样沉积物[21]、东海C67柱样沉积物[40]和南海PA-11柱样沉积物[22]中发现了典型的239+240Pu无峰分布（图7）.中国近海不同海域中出现了相似分布，这绝非偶然.研究发现PA-11柱样表观对流速率v是（0.00±0.10）cm/a[27]（图8虚线圆圈）；这表明沉积柱样中239+240Pu的对流扩散极为缓慢.本研究认为这也是基于海洋柱样中239+240Pu存在两种形态的假设，与湖泊中239+240Pu的扩散理论分析基本一致（2.2节）.再者，海洋沉积过程中伴随着扰动存在，相较于土壤的扰动更加显著.因此，海样柱样中239+240Pu无峰分布应用CDE模型时受到限制，模型中需要增加扰动项等[41].黄海CB-35柱样（水深64m）和南海PA-11柱样（水深4234m）中239+240Pu无峰分布推测是扩散成因，或者是沉积混合成因，也或者扩散与沉积混合的双重成因或多重成因[5].例如，在对黄海柱样沉积物CB-35的研究中同时测定了210Pb的数据[21]，在不同的混合速率的条件下（S=0cm/a和S=0.1cm/a），分别计算出的混合扩散系数Db值也不同，分别为1.4cm2/a和0.7cm2/a.在苏禄海PA-1柱样中，239+240Pu在沉积物柱中的垂向迁移是受到“扩散型”混合机制控制，这与苏禄海深海环境中的低生物活动性相一致.在南海PA-11柱样中的239+240Pu已被生物优先通过洞穴和“扩散型”混合输运至更深的埋藏深度，从而导致239+240Pu穿透深度比计算值更深[21].
相似地，239+240Pu无峰分布在西太平洋海盆和日本近岸海域中也有发现[42-43].例如，美拉尼西亚海盆SX-02柱样（水深2080m；0.66°S，157.51°E）[42]和Stn.IB-16柱样（水深566m；36.99°N，141.66°E）[43]，柱样中的分样间隔分别为1cm和1.5cm.如果是分样间隔过大导致了无峰分布，那么即使对表层样再进行细分，并发现了极表层所谓的"单峰"，柱样中239+240Pu分布模式也与北半球239+240Pu的沉降特征相违背.因此，太平洋美拉尼西亚海盆和日本近岸海域柱样中都发现的239+240Pu无峰分布是在海洋环境中一种普遍存在的且极为特殊的分布模式.整体上，中国已研究的32根海洋沉积物柱样中239+240Pu分布拟合出的最大表观对流速率（vmax）的范围是0.00~2.219cm/a[27]，并且最大表观对流速率（vmax）与239+240Pu比活度（1963±1）峰值深度呈现正相关的线性关系，线性方程为Y=0.0130×X+0.0426，n=32，R2=0.949.
3　结论
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3.1　中国土壤、湖泊和海洋柱样中普遍存在一类239+240Pu无峰分布的柱样，这与柱样中239+240Pu的有峰分布存在明显差异.土壤柱样中239+240Pu的无峰分布有两种类型，而湖泊或海洋柱样中239+240Pu的无峰分布仅有一种类型.
3.2　中国土壤柱样239+240Pu的表观对流速率与239+240Pu最大值深度呈现正相关关系.而在湖泊或者海洋柱样中可交换态239+240Pu的最大表观对流速率（vmax）与沉积速率（v）在数值上相当，并且该速率不影响239+240Pu在柱样中的垂向分布特征.
3.3　中国土壤（n=45）、湖泊（n=35）和海洋（n=32）柱样中表观对流速率或者沉积速率与柱样中239+240Pu峰值深度呈现显著正相关的线性关系，皮尔森相关性系数（R2）分别为：0.847、0.921和0.949.
基金
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  • 南宁师范大学博士科研启动项目(602021239517)
文献
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2025年第45卷第2期
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  • 接收时间：2024-07-09
  • 首发时间：2026-03-17
  • 出版时间：2025-02-20
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  • 收稿日期：2024-07-09
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南宁师范大学博士科研启动项目(602021239517)
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    1.南宁师范大学环境与生命科学学院，广西 南宁 530001
    2.中山大学海洋科学学院，广东 珠海 519082
    3.苏州大学放射医学与防护学院，江苏 苏州 215123
    4.广西大学物理科学与工程技术学院，广西 南宁 530004

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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