Article(id=1240689602755884021, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, issueId=1240689590315569990, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1722268800000, receivedDateStr=2024-07-30, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773733052195, onlineDateStr=2026-03-17, pubDate=1739980800000, pubDateStr=2025-02-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773733052195, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-17, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773733052195, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773733052195, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1240689590315569990, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, year='2025', volume='45', issue='2', pageStart='593', pageEnd='1184', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773733049228, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773733150042, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1240690013239825123, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, issueId=1240689590315569990, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1240690013239825124, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, issueId=1240689590315569990, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1099, endPage=1109, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1240689603104010267, articleId=1240689602755884021, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, language=EN, title=Activation of alveolar macrophage in rats under different modes of PM2.5 exposure and its mechanism, columnId=1234106388687934088, journalTitle=China Environmental Science, columnName=Environmental Toxicology and Environmental Health, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To explore the effects of two distinct PM2.5 exposure patterns on alveolar macrophages activation in rats, namely long-term low-concentration continuous exposure and high-concentration intermittent exposure. The rats were divided into three groups: a blank control group, a 4-fold concentrated PM2.5 continuous exposure group (4FC group) and an 8-fold concentrated PM2.5 intermittent exposure group (8-FI group). Exposure was facilitated using a whole-body dynamic exposure system over 84 days. The pathological changes in lung tissue were observed using hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining. The oxidative stress indexes in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) were determined by colorimetry. The mRNA levels of M2 polarization markers in lung tissue were measured by RT-qPCR. The protein expression levels related to the PI3K/AKT and JAK1/STAT6 signaling pathways, which are involved in macrophage activation, were assessed by Western blot. The results showed that, compared with the control group, the experimental group showed obvious symptoms of lung injury, accompanied by a significant elevation oxidation index in BALF. The mRNA levels of M2polarization marker and the protein expression of PI3K/AKT and JAK1/STAT6 signaling pathways were significantly upregulated, with the 8FI group showing higher levels than the 4FC group. These findings demonstrate that long-term inhalation of PM2.5 can promote the activation of alveolar macrophages via the stimulation of the PI3K/AKT and JAK1/STAT6 signaling pathways, ultimately leading to lung injury. And intermittent inhalation of PM2.5 with high concentration has a more serious effect on alveolar macrophages activation than continuous inhalation to low concentration. At the cellular level, the effect of PM2.5 on alveolar macrophages activation and related signaling pathways were further verified.

, correspAuthors=Huan-liang LIU, Zhu-ge XI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Li-na ZHU, Lin-hui YANG, Ben-cheng LIN, Yue SHI, Huan-liang LIU, Zhu-ge XI), CN=ArticleExt(id=1240689613858206356, articleId=1240689602755884021, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, language=CN, title=不同模式PM2.5暴露下大鼠的肺泡巨噬细胞活化及其机制, columnId=1234106394006311784, journalTitle=中国环境科学, columnName=环境毒理与健康, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为探讨长期低浓度连续与高浓度间歇两种PM2.5暴露模式对大鼠肺泡巨噬细胞活化的影响,将Wistar大鼠分为三组:空白对照组、4倍浓缩PM2.5连续暴露组(4FC组)和8倍浓缩PM2.5间歇暴露组(8FI组).采用动物全身动态暴露系统对大鼠进行染毒,共暴露84天.HE染色法观察肺组织病理变化,比色法测定肺泡灌洗液(BALF)中氧化应激指标,RT-qPCR测定肺组织中M2极化标志物的mRNA水平,Western-blot测定肺组织中巨噬细胞活化信号通路相关蛋白表达水平.结果显示,与对照组相比,实验组大鼠出现明显的肺损伤症状,BALF中氧化指标升高.大鼠肺组织中M2极化标志物的mRNA水平增加,PI3K/AKT以及JAK1/STAT6信号通路相关蛋白表达均明显上升,且8FI组高于4FC组.由此证明,长期吸入PM2.5可通过激活PI3K/AKT和JAK1/STAT6信号通路促进肺泡巨噬细胞的活化,进而造成肺损伤.且高浓度间歇吸入PM2.5比低浓度连续吸入PM2.5对肺部造成的损伤更为严重.在细胞水平上,进一步验证了PM2.5对AMs活化及相关信号通路的影响.

, correspAuthors=刘焕亮, 袭著革, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*责任作者,副研究员,;
**研究员,
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朱丽娜(1999-),女,江西九江人,上海海洋大学硕士研究生,主要研究方向为环境毒理学. .

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朱丽娜(1999-),女,江西九江人,上海海洋大学硕士研究生,主要研究方向为环境毒理学. .

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朱丽娜(1999-),女,江西九江人,上海海洋大学硕士研究生,主要研究方向为环境毒理学. .

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Cancer Cell International202323(1):330., articleTitle=LncRNA AGAP2antisense RNA 1stabilized by insulin-like growth factor 2mRNA binding protein 3promotes macrophage M2 polarization in clear cell renal cell carcinoma through regulation of the microRNA-9-5p/THBS2/ PI3K-Akt pathway, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1240715196822515792, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689602755884021, awardId=2017YFC0702700, language=CN, fundingSource=国家重点研发计划(2017YFC0702700), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1240715192154256262, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689602755884021, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1240715192162644871, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689602755884021, companyId=1240715192154256262, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.College of Oceanography and Ecological Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1240715192171033481, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689602755884021, companyId=1240715192154256262, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.上海海洋大学海洋科学与生态环境学院,上海 201306)]), AuthorCompany(id=1240715192233948042, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689602755884021, xref=2., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1240715192238142347, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689602755884021, companyId=1240715192233948042, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.Military Medical Sciences Academy, Academy of Military Sciences, Tianjin 300050, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1240715192246530956, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689602755884021, companyId=1240715192233948042, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.军事科学院军事医学研究院,天津 300050)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1240715194821833728, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689602755884021, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Effects of different PM2.5 exposure modes on weight of rats (n=14), figureFileSmall=ae5AWuo5oyh2BIESwc7n/Q==, figureFileBig=77oJRjPOmgN0YplZ3F5k2w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240715194901524481, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689602755884021, language=CN, label=图1, caption=不同PM2.5暴露模式对大鼠体重的影响(n=14)

*:与Control组相比,P<0.05;**:与Control组相比,P<0.01;#:与4FC组相比,P<0.05;##:与4FC组相比,P<0.01,下同

, figureFileSmall=ae5AWuo5oyh2BIESwc7n/Q==, figureFileBig=77oJRjPOmgN0YplZ3F5k2w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240715195010576389, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689602755884021, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=HE staining results in lung tissue of rats, figureFileSmall=6W7QyfB2PtSRgCMpGEkmiw==, figureFileBig=N3F/xrxKTrxlJ/y3PYKqwg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240715195073490952, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689602755884021, language=CN, label=图2, caption=大鼠肺组织HE染色结果

(a) Control组;(b) 4FC组;(C) 8FI组

, figureFileSmall=6W7QyfB2PtSRgCMpGEkmiw==, figureFileBig=N3F/xrxKTrxlJ/y3PYKqwg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240715195161571339, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689602755884021, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Effects of PM2.5 exposure on (a) MDA content, (b) GSH-Px and (c) SOD activity in BALF of rats (n=8), figureFileSmall=UYKfl5uSBMXzTOH8wGi+wg==, figureFileBig=9/eelSP6lrKhbqHYuZUswg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240715195245457422, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689602755884021, language=CN, label=图3, caption=PM2.5暴露对大鼠BALF中(a)MDA含量和(b)GSH-Px、(c)SOD活力的影响(n=8)

***:与Control组相比,P<0.001;###:与4FC组相比,P<0.001,下同

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1: Control组;2: 4FC组;3: 8FI组

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*:与Control组相比,P<0.05;**:与Control组相比,P<0.01;#:与PM2.5组相比,P<0.05;##:与PM2.5组相比,P<0.01

, figureFileSmall=zKRxtn0CKPMpDs1RLK/r5w==, figureFileBig=EqFzqrI5n9qmod5w0eLwSw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240715195979460653, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689602755884021, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=Expression of proteins related to activation pathway in NR8383 cells, figureFileSmall=TRJJN4Qzs2OA6qy/w2/28w==, figureFileBig=7X1xljDwzRONDpL7szJZZg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240715196067541041, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689602755884021, language=CN, label=图8, caption=PM2.5暴露大鼠肺泡巨噬细胞(NR8383)活化通路相关蛋白表达

1: Control组;2: PM2.5组;3: IL-4组.

, figureFileSmall=TRJJN4Qzs2OA6qy/w2/28w==, figureFileBig=7X1xljDwzRONDpL7szJZZg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240715196147232820, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689602755884021, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

RT-qPCR primer sequence analysis of target gene

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
基因名称引物序列(5′→3′)产物长度(bp)
TGF-βF:GACCGCAACAACGCAATCTATG106
R:GCAATGGGGGTTCTGGCACT
Arg-1F:CTCCAAGCCAAAGTCCTTAGAG185
R:AGGAGCTGTCATTAGGGACATC
), ArticleFig(id=1240715196218535992, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689602755884021, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

目标基因的RT-qPCR引物序列分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
基因名称引物序列(5′→3′)产物长度(bp)
TGF-βF:GACCGCAACAACGCAATCTATG106
R:GCAATGGGGGTTCTGGCACT
Arg-1F:CTCCAAGCCAAAGTCCTTAGAG185
R:AGGAGCTGTCATTAGGGACATC
), ArticleFig(id=1240715196302422074, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689602755884021, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Distribution of PM2.5 concentration in each group every 28 days (n=28, , mg/m3)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
时间大气环境4FC组8FI组
1~28d0.08±0.150.33±0.610.65±1.19
29~56d0.08±0.070.33±0.290.65±0.56
57~84d0.08±0.080.34±0.320.69±0.67
), ArticleFig(id=1240715196382113854, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689602755884021, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

每28天大气PM2.5浓缩浓度在各组中的分布(n=28,, mg/m3)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
时间大气环境4FC组8FI组
1~28d0.08±0.150.33±0.610.65±1.19
29~56d0.08±0.070.33±0.290.65±0.56
57~84d0.08±0.080.34±0.320.69±0.67
), ArticleFig(id=1240715196445028417, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689602755884021, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Levels of proteins related to AMs activation pathway in lung tissue of PM2.5 exposed rats(n=6, )

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组别JAK1/GAPDHPI3K/GAPDHp-AKT/AKTp-STAT6/STAT6
Control组0.70±0.020.58±0.040.42±0.020.72±0.06
4FC组0.83±0.04a0.74±0.06a0.61±0.04a0.86±0.06a
8FI组0.87±0.02a0.87±0.04ab0.87±0.06ab0.92±0.05a
), ArticleFig(id=1240715196507942980, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689602755884021, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

PM2.5暴露大鼠肺组织中AMs活化通路相关蛋白水平(n=6,)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组别JAK1/GAPDHPI3K/GAPDHp-AKT/AKTp-STAT6/STAT6
Control组0.70±0.020.58±0.040.42±0.020.72±0.06
4FC组0.83±0.04a0.74±0.06a0.61±0.04a0.86±0.06a
8FI组0.87±0.02a0.87±0.04ab0.87±0.06ab0.92±0.05a
), ArticleFig(id=1240715196579246151, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689602755884021, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Levels of proteins related to activation pathways in NR8383 cells(n=3, )

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组别JAK1/GAPDHPI3K/GAPDHp-AKT/AKTP-STAT6/STAT6
Control组0.81±0.100.89±0.140.56±0.050.79±0.08
PM2.51.08±0.07a1.30±0.08a0.82±0.08a0.96±0.02a
IL-4组1.10±0.06a1.54±0.06ab1.11±0.12ab1.13±0.10ab
), ArticleFig(id=1240715196663132235, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689602755884021, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

NR8383细胞活化通路相关蛋白水平(n=3,)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组别JAK1/GAPDHPI3K/GAPDHp-AKT/AKTP-STAT6/STAT6
Control组0.81±0.100.89±0.140.56±0.050.79±0.08
PM2.51.08±0.07a1.30±0.08a0.82±0.08a0.96±0.02a
IL-4组1.10±0.06a1.54±0.06ab1.11±0.12ab1.13±0.10ab
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不同模式PM2.5暴露下大鼠的肺泡巨噬细胞活化及其机制
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朱丽娜 1, 2 , 杨林汇 1, 2 , 林本成 2 , 石玥 2 , 刘焕亮 2, * , 袭著革 2, **
中国环境科学 | 环境毒理与健康 2025,45(2): 1099-1109
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中国环境科学 | 环境毒理与健康 2025, 45(2): 1099-1109
不同模式PM2.5暴露下大鼠的肺泡巨噬细胞活化及其机制
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朱丽娜1, 2 , 杨林汇1, 2, 林本成2, 石玥2, 刘焕亮2, * , 袭著革2, **
作者信息
  • 1.上海海洋大学海洋科学与生态环境学院,上海 201306
  • 2.军事科学院军事医学研究院,天津 300050
  • 朱丽娜(1999-),女,江西九江人,上海海洋大学硕士研究生,主要研究方向为环境毒理学. .

通讯作者:

*责任作者,副研究员,;
**研究员,
Activation of alveolar macrophage in rats under different modes of PM2.5 exposure and its mechanism
Li-na ZHU1, 2 , Lin-hui YANG1, 2, Ben-cheng LIN2, Yue SHI2, Huan-liang LIU2, * , Zhu-ge XI2, **
Affiliations
  • 1.College of Oceanography and Ecological Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
  • 2.Military Medical Sciences Academy, Academy of Military Sciences, Tianjin 300050, China
出版时间: 2025-02-20
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为探讨长期低浓度连续与高浓度间歇两种PM2.5暴露模式对大鼠肺泡巨噬细胞活化的影响,将Wistar大鼠分为三组:空白对照组、4倍浓缩PM2.5连续暴露组(4FC组)和8倍浓缩PM2.5间歇暴露组(8FI组).采用动物全身动态暴露系统对大鼠进行染毒,共暴露84天.HE染色法观察肺组织病理变化,比色法测定肺泡灌洗液(BALF)中氧化应激指标,RT-qPCR测定肺组织中M2极化标志物的mRNA水平,Western-blot测定肺组织中巨噬细胞活化信号通路相关蛋白表达水平.结果显示,与对照组相比,实验组大鼠出现明显的肺损伤症状,BALF中氧化指标升高.大鼠肺组织中M2极化标志物的mRNA水平增加,PI3K/AKT以及JAK1/STAT6信号通路相关蛋白表达均明显上升,且8FI组高于4FC组.由此证明,长期吸入PM2.5可通过激活PI3K/AKT和JAK1/STAT6信号通路促进肺泡巨噬细胞的活化,进而造成肺损伤.且高浓度间歇吸入PM2.5比低浓度连续吸入PM2.5对肺部造成的损伤更为严重.在细胞水平上,进一步验证了PM2.5对AMs活化及相关信号通路的影响.

PM2.5  /  动态暴露  /  肺泡巨噬细胞  /  PI3K/AKT信号通路  /  JAK1/STAT6信号通路

To explore the effects of two distinct PM2.5 exposure patterns on alveolar macrophages activation in rats, namely long-term low-concentration continuous exposure and high-concentration intermittent exposure. The rats were divided into three groups: a blank control group, a 4-fold concentrated PM2.5 continuous exposure group (4FC group) and an 8-fold concentrated PM2.5 intermittent exposure group (8-FI group). Exposure was facilitated using a whole-body dynamic exposure system over 84 days. The pathological changes in lung tissue were observed using hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining. The oxidative stress indexes in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) were determined by colorimetry. The mRNA levels of M2 polarization markers in lung tissue were measured by RT-qPCR. The protein expression levels related to the PI3K/AKT and JAK1/STAT6 signaling pathways, which are involved in macrophage activation, were assessed by Western blot. The results showed that, compared with the control group, the experimental group showed obvious symptoms of lung injury, accompanied by a significant elevation oxidation index in BALF. The mRNA levels of M2polarization marker and the protein expression of PI3K/AKT and JAK1/STAT6 signaling pathways were significantly upregulated, with the 8FI group showing higher levels than the 4FC group. These findings demonstrate that long-term inhalation of PM2.5 can promote the activation of alveolar macrophages via the stimulation of the PI3K/AKT and JAK1/STAT6 signaling pathways, ultimately leading to lung injury. And intermittent inhalation of PM2.5 with high concentration has a more serious effect on alveolar macrophages activation than continuous inhalation to low concentration. At the cellular level, the effect of PM2.5 on alveolar macrophages activation and related signaling pathways were further verified.

PM2.5  /  dynamic exposure  /  alveolar macrophages  /  PI3K/AKT signaling pathway  /  JAK1/STAT6 signaling pathway
朱丽娜, 杨林汇, 林本成, 石玥, 刘焕亮, 袭著革. 不同模式PM2.5暴露下大鼠的肺泡巨噬细胞活化及其机制. 中国环境科学, 2025 , 45 (2) : 1099 -1109 .
Li-na ZHU, Lin-hui YANG, Ben-cheng LIN, Yue SHI, Huan-liang LIU, Zhu-ge XI. Activation of alveolar macrophage in rats under different modes of PM2.5 exposure and its mechanism[J]. China Environmental Science, 2025 , 45 (2) : 1099 -1109 .
随着国家《环境空气质量标准》的提出和《大气污染防治行动计划》政策的实施,我国大部分地区的空气污染情况已经有了明显的改善.从2013年至2022年,我国的PM2.5(空气动力学直径≤2.5µm的颗粒物)的平均浓度从67.4µg/m3降至29µg/m3,降低了57%;且近十年内重污染天数(PM2.5日均值大于150µg/m3)也有明显的减少[12].然而,我国空气中的PM2.5仍然具有浓度超标频次高、长时间维持在高浓度、呈区域性分布等特点[3].其中,京津冀、长三角和珠三角空气污染现象尤为严重.PM2.5颗粒物易于进入人体呼吸道,并在肺泡中积累、渗透,可能导致呼吸系统的结构损伤和功能障碍,进而引发一些肺部疾病.肺纤维化(PF)是由肺部上皮组织反复微损伤造成细胞外基质过度沉积的一种慢性间质性肺部疾病[4].PM2.5中由化石燃料燃烧、工业活动等产生的硫酸盐、硝酸盐和铵等成分可以极大程度的引起肺功能下降,进而诱发PF[5].研究表明,长期暴露于PM2.5不仅能引发肺部炎症,促成PF,同时也可能会引起肺血管重塑,导致肺动脉高压[6-7].
然而,当前多数研究采用气管[8-9]或鼻腔滴注[10]PM2.5颗粒悬液的方式建立动物染毒模型,这些给药方式在操作过程中容易对动物造成物理伤害,且麻醉会增加动物死亡风险,进而影响实验结果.此外,以往的实验研究通常采用单一的低、中、高剂量PM2.5暴露模型[11-13]或采用同一PM2.5暴露浓度建立急性暴露与长期暴露模型[14].尽管这些模型能够控制各实验组染毒时间相同或暴露浓度一致,但各组暴露总剂量之间仍存在显著差异,未能充分揭示不同浓度水平与PM2.5毒性效应之间的相关性.
鉴于目前动物染毒方式及模型建立方面存在的不足,本研究采用PM2.5在线浓缩富集系统和动物全身动态暴露系统建立了4倍浓缩连续式和8倍浓缩间歇式两种PM2.5暴露模式的动物模型,以探讨在暴露剂量相当的情况下,连续式与间歇式暴露对大鼠肺部健康的影响.这两种PM2.5暴露模式模拟了日常生活中新风系统、空气净化系统等设备的不同运行方式,即连续运行和间歇运行.随着人们生活质量的提升以及全民健康意识的增强,对新风系统及空气净化系统的需求显著增加.然而这些设备在连续运行和间歇运行两种运行模式下对人们健康的影响及其能耗、运行成本等方面一直存在争议[15].本研究对比分析了两种运行模式对肺部健康产生的影响及相关机制,旨在为室内空气污染物的有效控制及设备能耗的优化策略提供参考.
肺泡巨噬细胞(AMs)作为肺部免疫细胞的“主将”,在PF进程中发挥着重要的调节作用[16].AMs根据组织遇到的微环境刺激和信号做出功能性反应,从而表现出某种特定表型的过程称为AMs活化,亦称AMs极化[17].AMs依据其激活方式可分为经典活化的巨噬细胞(M1)和选择性活化的巨噬细胞(M2).相较于M1极化,M2极化在肺部损伤中扮演着更为重要的角色,尤其是慢性阻塞性肺疾病[18].Wang等[19]通过观察PF过程中AMs活化的动态变化发现,在炎症时期,M1型巨噬细胞显著比例明显增加;一旦炎症得到控制,M1型巨噬细胞便会显著地向M2型激活状态转变.而关键信号通路的激活与抑制,直接决定了巨噬细胞的功能状态,进而对肺部炎症反应和组织修复过程产生影响[20-21].研究表明,Janus激酶/信号转导和转录激活因子(JAK/STAT)以及磷脂酰肌醇3激酶/蛋白激酶B(PI3K/AKT)是调节PF进程的关键信号通路,抑制其表达可以有效缓解PF的症状[22-23].然而,先前的研究多采用博来霉素(BLM)[24]、脂多糖(LPS)[25]或者二氧化硅(SiO2[26]诱导的PF模型来探究JAK/STAT或PI3K/AKT信号通路对PF的影响.本文通过PM2.5动态暴露装置建立大鼠PF模型,探究了PM2.5暴露过程中,AMs活化及JAK1/STAT6、PI3K/AKT信号通路的变化.
本课题组前期研究发现,雄性大鼠长期处于低浓度连续与高浓度间歇两种PM2.5暴露模式下可通过TIPE2甲基化诱导M2型巨噬细胞活化,激活TGF-β1/Smad2信号通路,最终导致支气管纤维化[27],本研究基于前期建立的PM2.5染毒模型,探讨两种PM2.5暴露模式对大鼠肺部组织的毒性作用及AMs活化关键信号通路JAK1/STAT6、PI3K/AKT的变化;并进一步利用大鼠肺泡巨噬细胞(NR8383)建立PM2.5染毒模型,在细胞水平验证AMs活化过程中的关键通路表达情况.有望为不同PM2.5暴露方式的环境健康风险评估及后续预防或减轻吸入PM2.5导致的肺损伤提供理论依据.
流行病学调查[28]和本课题组前期研究结果[27]都表明,冬季采暖期大气PM2.5污染和毒性效应较为严重.结合我国冬季呼吸系统疾病高发的特点,本实验选择冬季采暖期(2018年12月至2019年3月)进行PM2.5动物暴露.实验动物选择6周龄SPF级雄性Wistar大鼠42只,体重为(180±10)g,购自北京维通利华实验动物技术有限公司,动物合格证号为SCXK(京) 2016-0006,饲养于天津市环境医学与作业医学研究所SPF级实验动物中心,室温为21~26℃,相对湿度为40%~60%,昼夜均为12h.实验期间,大鼠可自由摄水、饮食.本动物实验经环境医学与作业医学研究所动物伦理学委员会批准(批准号:IACUC of AMMS-04-2018-004).
适应喂养一周后将大鼠按照体重随机分为三组,分别为空白对照组(Control组)、4倍浓缩PM2.5连续暴露组(4FC组)和8倍浓缩PM2.5间歇暴露组(8FI组),每组14只.采用HRH-PM286型PM2.5在线浓缩富集系统(北京慧荣和科技有限公司)和HRH-MNE3026型动物全身动态暴露系统(北京慧荣和科技有限公司)对动物进行PM2.5暴露处理.Control组饲养于洁净空气的SPF级实验动物中心,不进行任何干预;4FC组的PM2.5暴露浓度为环境大气中PM2.5浓度的4倍,每天连续暴露8h;8FI组的PM2.5暴露浓度为环境中PM2.5浓度的8倍,每暴露1h暂停1h,每天共间歇暴露8h.暴露组非染毒时段饲养于洁净空气的SPF级实验动物中心.总共连续暴露84天,每28天测量1次大鼠体重.暴露期间实时记录大气环境中PM2.5浓度及各组动物PM2.5暴露浓度,每28天计算PM2.5暴露平均值.染毒结束后,用2%戊巴比妥钠将大鼠麻醉处死,每组取8只收集肺泡灌洗液(BALF),其余6只收集新鲜肺组织.
经4%多聚甲醛固定后的肺组织样本,通过JT-12J型脱水机(武汉俊杰电子有限公司)进行乙醇梯度脱水.采用JB-L8型包埋机(武汉俊杰电子有限公司)进行常规石蜡包埋切片,HE染色后使用BX51型奥林巴斯显微镜(南京贝登电子商务有限公司)观察并拍照记录.
采用丙二醛(MDA)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)、总超氧化物歧化酶(T-SOD)试剂盒(南京建成生物工程研究所)检测BALF上清液中MDA的含量及GSH-Px、T-SOD的活性,按试剂盒说明书进行操作.
RT-qPCR测定转化生长因子-β(TGF-β)与精氨酸酶1(Arg-1)的mRNA表达水平.取大鼠冻存肺组织,用TRNzol Universal总RNA提取试剂(天根生化科技)提取组织mRNA,使用NanoDrop分光光度计测定各样本RNA纯度和浓度,体外反转录合成cDNA.将稀释后的cDNA(150ng/µL)作为模板,按照RT-qPCR试剂盒说明书进行扩增,扩增反应程序为:95℃预变性30s;反应40个循环:95℃变性5s,60℃退火延伸30s;熔解曲线:95℃ 15s,60℃ 1min,每15s升温0.3℃,95℃ 15s.使用ABI Step One plus实时荧光定量PCR仪(美国Thermo Fisher Scientific公司)检测各模板的Ct值,用2—∆∆Ct值计算目的基因的相对表达变化.目的基因引物序列见表1.
Western-blot测定大鼠肺组织中AMs活化信号通路PI3K/AKT的关键蛋白PI3K、p-AKT/AKT以及JAK1/STAT6信号通路关键蛋白JAK1、p-STAT6/STAT6的表达水平.利用RIPA裂解液(碧云天生物技术有限公司)提取大鼠肺组织蛋白,并采用BCA蛋白浓度测定试剂盒(北京索莱宝科技有限公司)进行蛋白定量.每孔加入适量的蛋白样品,经PAGE凝胶电泳后,湿转方法将目的蛋白分别转膜至PVDF膜上.脱脂奶粉封闭1h,加入AKT、p-AKT、JAK1、PI3K、STAT6抗体(美国CST公司)、p-STAT6抗体(英国Abcam公司)、GAPDH抗体(天津优抗公司)4℃摇床孵育过夜,TBST清洗3次,每次10min,加入羊抗兔IgG-HRP、羊抗小鼠IgG-HRP(北京博奥森生物技术有限公司)室温摇床孵育1h,洗膜后按照ECL显色试剂盒说明书进行显色.使用Gel-Pro analyzer软件进行成像并用Image J软件分析目的条带的灰度值.
动物实验暴露期间通过崂山2030型中流量智能TSP采样器(青岛崂山应用技术研究所)和直径为80mm的石英滤膜采集PM2.5颗粒物,采样地点为天津市和平区环境医学与作业医学研究所五楼阳台,采样流量为100m3/min,采样周期为24h,每4h休息采样器0.5h.采样前将石英滤膜置于马弗炉中400℃灼烧4h以彻底消除滤膜可能吸附的有机组分.放置采样膜时,使用无菌镊子夹取采样膜,滤膜毛面朝上.采样结束后取下滤膜,−20℃保存.将采集颗粒物后的滤膜剪碎,放入装有适量超纯水的无菌烧杯中,使用KQ2200DE型超声振荡仪(功率800W,工作频率60kHz,昆山市超声仪器有限公司)冰浴超声震荡15min,重复3次.超声后用无菌纱布过滤2次,将滤液置于TGL-20M型高速台式冷冻离心机(长沙湘仪离心机仪器有限公司)4℃、10 000r/min离心10min后,收集底层颗粒物于玻璃平皿中,−80℃冷冻过夜.次日用FD-1C型台式超低温冷冻干燥仪(美国BD公司)制备PM2.5干粉,−80℃保存备用.使用前先将PM2.5干粉紫外灭菌30min,再用无菌PBS(北京鼎国生物技术公司)配成浓度为100mg/mL的染毒母液并混匀,用于细胞实验.
实验细胞选用NR8383大鼠肺泡巨噬细胞(武汉原生原代公司),用含20%胎牛血清(美国Thermo Fisher Scientific公司)、1%青链霉素(美国Hyclone公司)的Ham’s F-12K培养基(武汉普诺赛生命科技有限公司)于37℃、5% CO2培养箱中培养.
取处于对数生长期的NR8383大鼠肺泡巨噬细胞,制备2×104cells/mL的单细胞悬液,接种至96孔板,每孔100µL.24h后进行分组染毒,依据PM2.5染毒浓度设置0,17.5,35,70µg/mL暴露组,每组6个复孔,每孔加入100µL相应浓度的PM2.5悬液.24h染毒结束后每孔加入10µL的CCK-8试剂(碧云天生物技术有限公司)避光孵育1h,用酶标仪(美国Molecular Devices公司)于450nm处测定吸光度值,计算细胞存活率.
实验分为对照组、PM2.5组和IL-4组.取对数生长期细胞,用培养液将细胞数调整至5×105cells/mL.接种至6孔板,每组设3个复孔.对照组使用含20%胎牛血清、1%青链霉素的Ham’s F-12K培养基正常培养,不使用任何药物刺激;PM2.5组和IL-4组分别给予70µg/mL PM2.5悬液、20ng/mL IL-4(英国Abcam公司)[29]处理24h.收集细胞,加入TRNzol试剂裂解细胞,采用RT-qPCR测定NR8383大鼠肺泡巨噬细胞中Arg-1、TGF-β基因表达,方法同1.5.
细胞分组及处理方式同1.8.2,用RIPA裂解液提取细胞蛋白进行定量分析.采用Western-blot测定PI3K、p-AKT/AKT、JAK1、p-STAT6/STAT6蛋白的表达水平,方法同1.6.
采用SPSS 24.0软件进行统计分析,计量资料以表示.多组间比较采用方差齐性检验和单因素方差分析(One-Way ANOVA).进一步进行组间两两比较,若方差齐时,采用LSD法检验;若方差不齐时,采用Dunnet's T3法检验.以P<0.05为差异有统计学意义.
实验利用PM2.5在线浓缩动物全身吸入暴露系统进行Wistar大鼠PM2.5染毒实验.本实验中大鼠染毒共84d,根据每天浓缩后的PM2.5浓度求得每28d PM2.5浓缩浓度的平均值,如表2所示.
不同PM2.5暴露模式下的大鼠体重变化如图1所示.整个实验阶段,实验组与对照组Wistar大鼠体重随染毒周期的增长大致呈稳定增高趋势.染毒第28天时,4FC组和8FI组大鼠体重均明显低于对照组,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05),4FC组与8FI组之间体重变化无显著差异.染毒第56天时,8FI组大鼠体重明显低于对照组和4FC组,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05),4FC组较对照组无显著差异.染毒第84天时,与对照组相比,4FC组和8FI组大鼠的体重均明显降低,且8FI组大鼠体重低于4FC组(P<0.05).
HE染色结果如图2所示.对照组大鼠肺组织整体结构正常,肺泡结构清晰,肺泡壁无增厚,无明显炎症细胞浸润.染毒组大鼠肺组织整体结构异常,可见间质充血(黄色箭头)、肺泡壁明显增厚(黑色箭头).其中4FC组肺组织可见由上皮细胞和多核巨细胞组成的肉芽肿(蓝色箭头),8FI组肺组织可见肺泡萎缩塌陷、炎症细胞浸润(绿色箭头),并且出现实质化(红色箭头),表现为PF的病理性特征.
大鼠BALF中氧化应激指标测定结果如图3所示.与对照组相比,4FC组和8FI组大鼠BALF中MDA含量均升高,且8FI组MDA含量明显高于4FC组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);与对照组相比,4FC组和8FI组GSH-Px和SOD活力均降低,且8FI组大鼠BALF中的GSH-Px和SOD的活力均低于4FC组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05).此结果表明不同的PM2.5暴露模式下,大鼠肺部氧化平衡遭到破坏,发生了氧化应激反应,且8FI组较4FC组反应更为严重.
TGF-β与Arg-1是AMs发生M2型极化的标志物.如图4所示,经过不同模式的PM2.5暴露后,大鼠肺组织中TGF-β与Arg-1的mRNA水平依次为:8FI组>4FC组>对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05).此结果表明PM2.5暴露使大鼠AMs向M2型活化,且8倍浓缩间歇式吸入较4倍浓缩连续式吸入对AMs活化的影响更为严重.
Western blot法检测各组肺组织中PI3K/AKT、JAK1/STAT6关键蛋白表达水平,结果如表3图5所示.与对照组相比,PI3K/AKT信号通路的关键蛋白PI3K和p-AKT/AKT表达显著升高,且在8FI组中的表达显著高于4FC组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);JAK1/STAT6信号通路关键蛋白JAK1、p-STAT6/STAT6表达显著升高,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05).由此得出,不同模式的PM2.5暴露可能通过PI3K/AKT、JAK1/STAT6信号通路引发大鼠肺泡巨噬活化,并使其向M2型极化,且PI3K/AKT通路更能有效激活M2型AMs.
采用不同浓度的PM2.5暴露后,NR8383细胞活性结果如图6所示.当PM2.5浓度分别为0,17.5,35,70µg/mL时,NR8383巨噬细胞的活性分别为(100.86±0.81)%、(92.86±1.80)%、(86.36±1.18)%、(77.26±3.41)%,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05).结果表明,PM2.5干预后NR8383细胞活性显著下降,且PM2.5浓度越大,对细胞的毒性作用越大.
NR8383细胞中TGF-β与Arg-1的mRNA水平如图7所示.与对照组相比,PM2.5组和IL-4组大鼠肺泡巨噬细胞NR8383中的M2极化标志物TGF-β与Arg-1 mRNA水平均显著上升(P<0.05),且IL-4组较PM2.5组表达量更为显著(P<0.05).
与对照组相比,PM2.5组和IL-4组大鼠肺泡巨噬细胞NR8383中的JAK1、PI3K、p-AKT/AKT和p-STAT6/STAT6蛋白表达显著提高,且IL-4组PI3K、p-AKT/AKT和p-STAT6/STAT6蛋白明显高于PM2.5组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05).结果见表4图8.
随着人们健康意识的提高,空气污染问题也越来越受到广大关注.而PM2.5作为首要的空气污染物,因其颗粒体积小、比表面积大,容易吸附空气中的有毒有害物质,成分复杂,对人体造成的危害不容小觑.众多流行病学研究表明,暴露于高浓度PM2.5环境中会导致患者死亡率显著上升、肺功能出现衰退,并加剧肺部疾病的进展,尤其是长期暴露于重工业环境的人群[5,30-32].细颗粒物是天津市冬春季的主要空气污染物,而集中供暖是导致该现象的关键因素[33].在先前的研究中,我们采集了PM2.5并对其成分进行分析,发现其中重金属及多环芳烃分别占PM2.5总质量的0.71‰和4.46‰[34].本研究通过在线实时监测并采集环境中的细颗粒物对大鼠进行实际环境空气PM2.5浓缩动态吸入暴露,利用“PM2.5实时在线浓度动物全身暴露系统”模拟真实的PM2.5暴露环境,评估了低浓度连续式及高浓度间歇式两种模式下,PM2.5暴露对大鼠肺部组织健康的影响.
研究结果显示,经过不同模式的PM2.5暴露后,4FC和8FI组的大鼠体重较对照组均明显下降,其原因可能有:(1)PM2.5的摄入诱发大鼠肺部炎症,这可能伴随着食欲减退、营养不良等现象,进而导致暴露组大鼠体重逐渐下降.(2)颗粒物对大鼠呼吸系统造成损伤的同时,可能对大鼠其他系统也造成了一定的损伤,导致相应的器官发生萎缩、质量减少,从而导致暴露组体重下降[35].HE染色结果直观的展示了在PM2.5暴露总量相似的情况下,高浓度PM2.5间歇暴露比低浓度PM2.5连续暴露对肺部造成的损伤更为严重,且出现了PF症状.巨英超等利用PM2.5全身暴露染毒系统对Wistar大鼠进行了9个月的染毒,也观察到大鼠肺部发生了明显的病变,肺组织呈现出不同程度的结节且内部沉积着大量颗粒性物质[36].
氧化应激是由组织或细胞中产生过量活性氧(ROS)或氧化-抗氧化系统失衡引起的病理损伤,此过程中会伴随着氧化能力的增强以及抗氧化能力的减弱[37].氧化损伤是PM2.5引发肺部炎症的重要机制之一[38].本研究发现,与对照组比较,4FC和8FI组抗氧化指标SOD及GSH-Px活力均降低,脂质过氧化产物MDA含量升高.此结果说明了PM2.5可以引起机体产生氧化应激,且8FI组大鼠反应更加明显.此外,PM2.5还可使得肝脏、心脏等多种器官发生氧化损伤[39-41].这可能是由于PM2.5中具有含氧化还原性质的过渡金属、醌类化合物、环境持久性自由基、多环芳烃及挥发性有机化合物等,它们可以被代谢激活产生ROS,从而破坏细胞内氧化还原系统平衡来诱发氧化应激反应[42].而过量的ROS能够作为有效的炎症刺激,诱导促炎细胞因子的合成与分泌并激活炎症信号通路,导致炎症和肺损伤[38,43-44].Lin等[45]发现PM2.5暴露通过氧化应激增强了肺组织的炎症反应,其表现为BALF中的炎症细胞数量增加以及促炎因子表达上调.而AMs作为典型的炎症细胞,其活化作用与肺组织炎性损伤有着密不可分的关系.
巨噬细胞活化是一个动态的过程,M1和M2型巨噬细胞的平衡关系很大程度上影响着肺损伤进程.在肺部发生炎症早期,M1型巨噬细胞通过产生TNF-α、IL-6等炎症介质发挥促炎作用;在炎症消退时期,AMs从M1表型转变为M2表型,通过释放TGF-β、IL-10等抗炎细胞因子来抑制炎症,进而促进组织修复[18].TGF-β是M2型巨噬细胞释放的主要抗炎分子,它能够诱导成纤维细胞分化为肌成纤维细胞,促进肌成纤维细胞增殖并形成细胞外基质沉积[46-47].而成纤维细胞增殖和过度胶原沉积正是PF形成的主要原因[48].已有研究证实,间充质干细胞分泌的TGF-β可使巨噬细胞极化向M2表型倾斜[49].同时,Arg-1也是M2极化的重要标志物,它能将L-精氨酸催化为L-鸟氨酸和尿素,该降解过程可刺激Th2细胞产生IL-4,从而诱导M2型巨噬细胞极化[37].Zhang等[50]通过单细胞转录组学揭示了亚慢性暴露于PM2.5后,IL-17介导的免疫失调可导致TGF-β的分泌增加,而富含TGF-β的微环境会进一步促使巨噬细胞发生M2极化并使得成纤维细胞增殖,从而诱发慢性炎症.本研究结果显示,4FC组和8FI组大鼠肺组织内的TGF-β与Arg-1的基因表达均明显上调,且8FI组更为显著.表明两种PM2.5暴露模式皆可促使AMs向M2型极化,且在暴露剂量相当的情况下,高浓度间歇式暴露相较于低浓度连续式暴露能更大程度地激活M2极化,促进肺部慢性炎症,进而诱导PF.
巨噬细胞活化是一个多因素相互作用的复杂过程,受多种信号分子和通路调控.Yang等[51]采用气管滴注结晶二氧化硅(CS)混悬液建立矽肺大鼠模型,发现养清尘肺方(YCF)通过抑制PI3K/AKT、JAK/STAT和Wnt信号通路传导来成纤维细胞活化.另有研究发现,蝎毒多肽(SVP)可抑制JAK/STAT6信号通路,阻碍AMs向M2型极化,进而改善博来霉素(BLM)诱发的的PF[52].然而,JAK1/STAT6和PI3K/AKT信号通路在PM2.5诱导PF形成过程中调节M2极化的确切作用仍不清晰,需要进一步探索.本研究显示,与对照组相比,4FC组和8FI组大鼠肺组织中PI3K/AKT信号通路的关键蛋白PI3K和p-AKT/AKT表达明显升高,且8FI组明显高于4FC组;同时,实验组JAK1/STAT6信号通路关键蛋白JAK1、p-STAT6/STAT6表达也显著升高.这说明两种PM2.5暴露模式能够有效地激活JAK1/STAT6和PI3K/AKT信号通路,促进M2型巨噬细胞活化,且PI3K/AKT较JAK1/STAT6对AMs活化的影响更为显著.IL-4是M2极化的有效诱导剂,可通过与受体结合来使得Janus激酶(JAK)磷酸化,从而激活STAT-6转录因子并导致靶炎症介质的基因表达,并激活JAK/STAT信号通路[53].同时,IL-4也可诱导γc-IRS-2依赖的酪氨酸磷酸化,并使磷脂酰肌醇3-激酶(PI3K)与生长因子受体结合蛋白2(Grb2)的p85亚基结合,从而激活PI3K/AKT信号通路[54].我们在细胞水平上也观察到,PM2.5染毒后M2极化标志物表达量增加,JAK1/STAT6和PI3K/AKT信号通路的关键蛋白含量上调,与IL-4处理组结果趋势一致.由此证实,PM2.5可能通过JAK1/STAT6和PI3K/AKT信号通路诱导AMs活化向M2型转变.我们将通过进一步研究,阐明JAK1/STAT6与PI3K/AKT信号通路在M2极化过程的调控作用.
长链非编码RNA(lncRNA)和微小RNA(mi RNA)能通过与特定的基因序列结合来调节基因表达,在表观遗传调控中扮演着核心角色.随着研究的不断发展,越来越多的lncRNA和miRNA被证明与多种疾病的发生发展存在密切关联[55].Xue等[56]通过RNA测序分析发现,在缺氧条件下,从神经胶质瘤细胞提取的外泌体中miR-25-3p通过激活小胶质细胞和巨噬细胞中的PI3K/AKT通路诱导M2极化.Xu等[57]发现,lncRNA Gm16410可通过调节巨噬细胞活化并降低TNF-α等炎症因子的mRNA和蛋白质水平,抑制肺部炎症.Han等[58]揭示了lnc-Helf/PTBP1/PIK 3R5/AKT前馈放大信号可促进巨噬细胞M1极化,从而加剧肝纤维化和炎症过程.此外,有研究表明,lncRNA AGAP2-AS1可通过与其下游靶标miR-9-5p竞争性结合来上调血栓调节蛋白2的表达,进而激活PI3K/AKT信号通路,促使巨噬细胞向M2极化,最终导致肾细胞癌变[59].然而,目前关于PF进程中,M2极化上游lncRNA-mRNA调控网络及关键靶基因与巨噬细胞活化信号通路的相互作用机制尚不明确.未来,我们将通过进一步的研究分析出PM2.5致AMs活化的lncRNA-mRNA调控网络的关键靶基因,为PF的治疗新策略提供潜在的靶点.
4.1 在PM2.5暴露剂量相当的情况下,高浓度间歇性暴露较低浓度连续性暴露对肺组织造成了更为严重的损伤.其原因为高浓度间歇性暴露较低浓度连续性暴露能够引起炎症反应和氧化应激,并且在更大程度上激活了M2型活化.
4.2 PM2.5暴露可通过激活JAK1/STAT6及PI3K/AKT信号通路,使AMs活化向M2型极化.因此,JAK1/STAT6及PI3K/AKT信号通路作为AMs活化的主要调控通路,下调其关键蛋白的表达可能会成为PF的靶向治疗手段.然而,目前与M2极化相关的信号通路中的lncRNA-mRNA调控网络尚不明确,我们将通过进一步的研究来阐明.
  • 国家重点研发计划(2017YFC0702700)
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2025年第45卷第2期
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  • 接收时间:2024-07-30
  • 首发时间:2026-03-17
  • 出版时间:2025-02-20
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  • 收稿日期:2024-07-30
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国家重点研发计划(2017YFC0702700)
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    1.上海海洋大学海洋科学与生态环境学院,上海 201306
    2.军事科学院军事医学研究院,天津 300050

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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