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In this research, BPS and BPF with sublethal dose were selected to compare the difference and combined toxicity of neurodevelopmental toxicity in zebrafish from four aspects: developmental phenotype, motor behavior, vascular development and neurotoxicity. The results showed that both BPS and BPF of LC5 induced apparent deformities in zebrafish, such as inhibiting the development of swimming sac and yolk sac. Exposure to BPS and BPF can affect the early motor behavior of zebrafish, which is potentially associated with damage to the cardiovascular system and nervous central system. BPS and BPF caused abnormal cardiovascular development and shortened caudal vein (CV) width in zebrafish. The abnormal transmission of DA, AChE and NO neurotransmitters leads to the impaired development of zebrafish neurons, which has a direct impact on the function of the lateral nervous system, and then leads to the impaired early motor behavior of zebrafish. BPS and BPF show different toxicity differences in specific indicators. BPF exposure is more likely to induce tissue and organ toxicity in zebrafish, while the direct toxicity of BPS is less than that of BPF, which is more manifested at the molecular level, indicating that there is a certain degree of difference in the mode of action of the two. In addition, combined with the analysis of the combined action of concentration addition model, the addition action between BPS and BPF is mainly. The results of this study provide a reference for health risk assessment and risk warning after exposure to BPS, BPF and their mixtures.

, correspAuthors=Ze-jun WANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Xiao YANG, Zhi-wei BAO, Xiao-wen HAN, Xin-cong SU, Ling-hao MENG, Zhuo-ya DAI, Ze-jun WANG, Hui-li WANG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1240689605331185923, articleId=1240689602219013103, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, language=CN, title=双酚S和双酚F诱导斑马鱼的神经发育毒性及联合作用分析, columnId=1234106394006311784, journalTitle=中国环境科学, columnName=环境毒理与健康, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

本研究选择亚致死剂量下等效应的BPS和BPF,从斑马鱼的发育表型、运动行为、血管发育和神经毒性等4个方面比较神经发育毒性的差异和联合毒性研究.结果表明,虽然LC5的BPS和BPF均会诱导斑马鱼表观畸形,如抑制了斑马鱼游泳囊、卵黄囊等发育;BPS和BPF的暴露会影响斑马鱼的早期运动行为,这与心血管系统损伤以及神经中枢系统损伤有着潜在的关联.BPS和BPF造成了斑马鱼心血管发育的异常,尾静脉(CV)宽度缩短;DA、AChE以及NO神经递质的异常传递导致了斑马鱼神经元发育受损,这对侧线神经系统的功能产生了直接的影响,进而导致斑马鱼早期运动行为的受损.BPF暴露更容易诱导斑马鱼的组织、器官毒性,而BPS直接毒性影响要小于BPF,更多的通过分子层次表现出来,这表明两者作用模式具有一定程度的差异性.此外,结合浓度加和模型的联合作用分析来分析20个检测指标,BPS和BPF产生加和作用有16个,达到了80%,因此混合物产生的毒性效应应当引起重视.研究结果为BPS、BPF及其混合物暴露后的健康风险评估与风险预警给予相关的参考依据.

, correspAuthors=王泽君, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*责任作者,讲师,
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杨潇(1997-),男,浙江宁波人,苏州科技大学环境科学与工程学院硕士研究生.主要从事风险评价与生态安全方面的研究. .

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杨潇(1997-),男,浙江宁波人,苏州科技大学环境科学与工程学院硕士研究生.主要从事风险评价与生态安全方面的研究. .

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杨潇(1997-),男,浙江宁波人,苏州科技大学环境科学与工程学院硕士研究生.主要从事风险评价与生态安全方面的研究. .

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Advances in Veterinary Medicine202041(4):91-94., articleTitle=Research progress of concentration addition model and independent action model in predicting combined toxicity of chemical mixtures, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1240689620875276403, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689602219013103, awardId=22306141; 32371705, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金资助项目(22306141; 32371705), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1240689605628981551, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689602219013103, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1240689605633175856, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689602219013103, companyId=1240689605628981551, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou 215009, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1240689605641564465, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689602219013103, companyId=1240689605628981551, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=苏州科技大学环境科学与工程学院,江苏 苏州 215009)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1240689617666634709, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689602219013103, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Developmental abnormalities in zebrafish induced by exposure to BPS, BPF, and their mixtures, figureFileSmall=LI05w3D3IA6Ylxx2qZC40g==, figureFileBig=oNvyPplREyniN+Unk67pkA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240689617826018272, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689602219013103, language=CN, label=图1, caption=BPS和BPF及其混合物暴露诱导斑马鱼发育畸形

(a)24h,72h,96h和120h幼鱼不同部位的形态.SS:游泳囊发育迟缓;BS:脊柱弯曲;PC:心包囊肿;HM:头部畸形;YS:卵黄囊肿大.(b)~(e) 120h幼鱼的体长,卵黄囊面积,心包面积,游泳囊面积.(f) 96h幼鱼游泳囊长出比例.(g) 120h斑马鱼畸形数量.“*”、“**”和“***”分别表示P<0.05、P<0.01和P<0.001的显著性水平

, figureFileSmall=LI05w3D3IA6Ylxx2qZC40g==, figureFileBig=oNvyPplREyniN+Unk67pkA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240689618086065146, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689602219013103, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Abnormal motor behavior of zebrafish caused by exposure to BPS, BPF, and their mixtures, figureFileSmall=1EEonDsAtitAC783xXFh+g==, figureFileBig=h/jaB8VcMbJeALlpFLgMFw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240689618232864773, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689602219013103, language=CN, label=图2, caption=BPS和BPF及其混合物暴露引起幼鱼运动行为异常

(a) 120h斑马鱼自主运动轨迹;(b)~(c)幼鱼自主移动距离和运动速度;(d)120h幼鱼明暗节律交替移动距离;(e)幼鱼明暗交替移动速度;(f)~(g)明/暗条件下幼鱼身体转弯角度.“*”、“**”和“***”分别表示P<0.05、P<0.01和P<0.001的显著性水平

, figureFileSmall=1EEonDsAtitAC783xXFh+g==, figureFileBig=h/jaB8VcMbJeALlpFLgMFw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240689618396442638, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689602219013103, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Abnormal vascular development in zebrafish caused by exposure to BPS, BPF, and their mixtures, figureFileSmall=jC1LR16yoYLvDM+6Lv7Isg==, figureFileBig=0iqwsoE+ezqbXnlTalMcAA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240689618568409112, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689602219013103, language=CN, label=图3, caption=BPS和BPF及其混合物暴露诱引起幼鱼血管发育异常

(a)72h斑马鱼1min心跳频率.(b)120hTg(kdrl:EGFP)斑马鱼血管形态观察.(箭头分别标记了斑马鱼头部的眼球、脑颅内血管紊乱,白色框标记的节间血管(ISV)).(c)斑马鱼尾静脉(CV)长度量化

, figureFileSmall=jC1LR16yoYLvDM+6Lv7Isg==, figureFileBig=0iqwsoE+ezqbXnlTalMcAA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240689618715209759, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689602219013103, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=The nervous system of zebrafish damaged by BPS, BPF, and their mixtures, figureFileSmall=/ercwButm0fPNa45LeR71A==, figureFileBig=wKZHWe0FGgb3ApsnhSdmvg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240689618853621806, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689602219013103, language=CN, label=图4, caption=BPS和BPF及其混合物损伤斑马鱼神经系统

(a)120h斑马鱼侧线神经丘扫描电子显微镜观察.(b)120hTg(elavl3:EGFP)斑马鱼表型观察.(c)Tg(elavl3:EGFP)斑马鱼荧光强度量化.(d-f)多巴胺(DA)、一氧化氮(NO)、乙酰胆碱酯酶(AChE)水平量化.(g-h)神经相关基因elavl3、gfap表达水平

, figureFileSmall=/ercwButm0fPNa45LeR71A==, figureFileBig=wKZHWe0FGgb3ApsnhSdmvg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240689618954285115, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689602219013103, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Evaluation of the combined effect of BPS and BPF at equivalent concentration, figureFileSmall=+iCvV2ZLB4PJo48fv+YOWA==, figureFileBig=1l/DSwpNQucsp8KsFcSEow==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240689619063337033, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689602219013103, language=CN, label=图5, caption=等效应浓度下BPS和BPF联合作用评估

(a)~(c)BPS、BPF及混合物120h斑马鱼致死效应.(d)实际测得以及预测混合物致死效应对比.(e)~(h)根据实验测得指标评估混合物相互作用.(图中虚线分别为BPS和BPF单独产生毒性效应,实线为混合物产生的毒性效应,黑色虚线为对照组测得效应;ADD表示混合物产生加和作用,ANT表示混合物产生拮抗作用,SYN表示混合物产生协同作用)

, figureFileSmall=+iCvV2ZLB4PJo48fv+YOWA==, figureFileBig=1l/DSwpNQucsp8KsFcSEow==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240689619172388949, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689602219013103, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Primer sequences for RT qPCR analysis

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
引物名称序列(5'-3')
Forward primer sequence of β-actinCTGTAGCCTCTCTCGGTCAG
Reverse primer sequence of β-actinCCATGTACGTTGCCATCCAG
Forward primer sequence of gfapCCTG 0GAGCAGCAGAACAAGA
Reverse primer sequence of gfapTGTTTGAGAGTGCCGAGGTC
Forward primer sequence of elavl3ATCAACACGCTCAACGGTCT
Reverse primer sequence of elavl3TTACCAGGATGCGTGAGGTG
), ArticleFig(id=1240689620686532702, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689602219013103, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

RT-qPCR分析引物序列

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
引物名称序列(5'-3')
Forward primer sequence of β-actinCTGTAGCCTCTCTCGGTCAG
Reverse primer sequence of β-actinCCATGTACGTTGCCATCCAG
Forward primer sequence of gfapCCTG 0GAGCAGCAGAACAAGA
Reverse primer sequence of gfapTGTTTGAGAGTGCCGAGGTC
Forward primer sequence of elavl3ATCAACACGCTCAACGGTCT
Reverse primer sequence of elavl3TTACCAGGATGCGTGAGGTG
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双酚S和双酚F诱导斑马鱼的神经发育毒性及联合作用分析
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杨潇 , 包志伟 , 韩晓雯 , 苏心聪 , 孟令浩 , 代卓雅 , 王泽君 * , 王慧利
中国环境科学 | 环境毒理与健康 2025,45(2): 1088-1098
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中国环境科学 | 环境毒理与健康 2025, 45(2): 1088-1098
双酚S和双酚F诱导斑马鱼的神经发育毒性及联合作用分析
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杨潇 , 包志伟, 韩晓雯, 苏心聪, 孟令浩, 代卓雅, 王泽君* , 王慧利
作者信息
  • 苏州科技大学环境科学与工程学院,江苏 苏州 215009
  • 杨潇(1997-),男,浙江宁波人,苏州科技大学环境科学与工程学院硕士研究生.主要从事风险评价与生态安全方面的研究. .

通讯作者:

*责任作者,讲师,
Neurodevelopmental toxicity and combined effects of bisphenol S and bisphenol F induced zebrafish
Xiao YANG , Zhi-wei BAO, Xiao-wen HAN, Xin-cong SU, Ling-hao MENG, Zhuo-ya DAI, Ze-jun WANG* , Hui-li WANG
Affiliations
  • School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou 215009, China
出版时间: 2025-02-20
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本研究选择亚致死剂量下等效应的BPS和BPF,从斑马鱼的发育表型、运动行为、血管发育和神经毒性等4个方面比较神经发育毒性的差异和联合毒性研究.结果表明,虽然LC5的BPS和BPF均会诱导斑马鱼表观畸形,如抑制了斑马鱼游泳囊、卵黄囊等发育;BPS和BPF的暴露会影响斑马鱼的早期运动行为,这与心血管系统损伤以及神经中枢系统损伤有着潜在的关联.BPS和BPF造成了斑马鱼心血管发育的异常,尾静脉(CV)宽度缩短;DA、AChE以及NO神经递质的异常传递导致了斑马鱼神经元发育受损,这对侧线神经系统的功能产生了直接的影响,进而导致斑马鱼早期运动行为的受损.BPF暴露更容易诱导斑马鱼的组织、器官毒性,而BPS直接毒性影响要小于BPF,更多的通过分子层次表现出来,这表明两者作用模式具有一定程度的差异性.此外,结合浓度加和模型的联合作用分析来分析20个检测指标,BPS和BPF产生加和作用有16个,达到了80%,因此混合物产生的毒性效应应当引起重视.研究结果为BPS、BPF及其混合物暴露后的健康风险评估与风险预警给予相关的参考依据.

双酚F  /  双酚S  /  神经毒性  /  联合暴露  /  浓度加和模型

In this research, BPS and BPF with sublethal dose were selected to compare the difference and combined toxicity of neurodevelopmental toxicity in zebrafish from four aspects: developmental phenotype, motor behavior, vascular development and neurotoxicity. The results showed that both BPS and BPF of LC5 induced apparent deformities in zebrafish, such as inhibiting the development of swimming sac and yolk sac. Exposure to BPS and BPF can affect the early motor behavior of zebrafish, which is potentially associated with damage to the cardiovascular system and nervous central system. BPS and BPF caused abnormal cardiovascular development and shortened caudal vein (CV) width in zebrafish. The abnormal transmission of DA, AChE and NO neurotransmitters leads to the impaired development of zebrafish neurons, which has a direct impact on the function of the lateral nervous system, and then leads to the impaired early motor behavior of zebrafish. BPS and BPF show different toxicity differences in specific indicators. BPF exposure is more likely to induce tissue and organ toxicity in zebrafish, while the direct toxicity of BPS is less than that of BPF, which is more manifested at the molecular level, indicating that there is a certain degree of difference in the mode of action of the two. In addition, combined with the analysis of the combined action of concentration addition model, the addition action between BPS and BPF is mainly. The results of this study provide a reference for health risk assessment and risk warning after exposure to BPS, BPF and their mixtures.

bisphenol F  /  bisphenol S  /  neurotoxicity  /  combined exposure  /  concentration addition model
杨潇, 包志伟, 韩晓雯, 苏心聪, 孟令浩, 代卓雅, 王泽君, 王慧利. 双酚S和双酚F诱导斑马鱼的神经发育毒性及联合作用分析. 中国环境科学, 2025 , 45 (2) : 1088 -1098 .
Xiao YANG, Zhi-wei BAO, Xiao-wen HAN, Xin-cong SU, Ling-hao MENG, Zhuo-ya DAI, Ze-jun WANG, Hui-li WANG. Neurodevelopmental toxicity and combined effects of bisphenol S and bisphenol F induced zebrafish[J]. China Environmental Science, 2025 , 45 (2) : 1088 -1098 .
双酚A(BPA)是一种全球广泛使用的化合物,主要用于塑料和环氧树脂的生产,但因其健康危害而被多个国家限制使用,与BPA结构和理化性质相似的BPA类似物受到积极推广并获得广泛关注[1].其中双酚F(BPF)和双酚S(BPS)因化学性质稳定、耐热、耐高温、生产工艺简单等优势,使得其产量和使用量呈逐年上升,导致了它们在自然水体、沉积物、污水厂进出水、污泥、室内灰尘中被广泛检出.随着BPA限制令政策的出现,BPA的替代使用越来越频繁.例如,中国太湖水样中检测到BPF和BPS的最高浓度分别为1634,1569ng/L[2].通过接触,饮食及水体暴露,环境中的BPF和BPS不可避免地进入生物体[3].而在同一水域同时检出的结果也表明BPF和BPS会以混合的形式存在于实际环境水体等介质中.为了更好地保护水生生物及人类,有必要开展BPS和BPF及其混合物的毒性研究.
斑马鱼和大型蚤的急性毒性分级标准(半数致死剂量即LD50值)表明,BPF属于中等毒性,而BPS的毒性略低[4],两种化合物暴露都有诱发生殖问题,细胞损伤,遗传问题和内分泌干扰等毒性效应的风险[5].有研究表明长期暴露于BPS的雌激素作用会增加亲代DNA甲基化水平从而介导跨代生殖障碍[6],另外,BPS的暴露会导致神经肽信号通路和抗氧化酶相关基因表达的改变,进而影响斑马鱼的社交行为并产生心理焦虑[7].环境浓度水平的BPF暴露检测到斑马鱼脑部显著的炎症反应和吞噬活性增加,导致小胶质细胞的激活,这是引起神经元丢失的原因,从而导致斑马鱼认知行为异常[8].而即便是环境浓度的BPF暴露会诱导性腺细胞凋亡,在F1代幼鱼中发现细胞凋亡和神经发育相关的基因表达水平显著改变[9].因此即便是双酚A的替代品,BPS和BPF的产生的毒性影响我们不容忽略.
为了更好地进行环境风险评价和管理,往往通过危害评估,剂量-反应评估,暴露评估和风险评估等过程进行科学评估和数据分析[10],从而确定用于制定环境保护政策和监管标准的阈值浓度[11].相比于半数致死剂量,亚致死剂量是阈值浓度确定的重要参考.在亚致死剂量下,污染物虽然不会引起生物死亡,但是能够导致行为、生理、生化和组织等方面的某种异常[12].然而,当前在亚致死剂量下,关于等效应浓度的BPF和BPS的相关研究较为缺乏,这无疑在很大程度上限制了人们对BPF和BPS毒性的认识以及对其进行有效管理[13].因此,本研究以斑马鱼为受试生物,通过其早期发育过程中的发育表型、运动行为、血管发育和神经毒性等四个方面,深入系统地分析BPF和BPS的致毒机理,比较亚致死剂量下的等效应浓度BPF和BPS毒性差异,并基于相应的量化指标结合浓度加和模型评估两者的联合作用.为BPF和BPS的毒性机制及差异提供科学认知,同时也为环境中双酚类内分泌干扰物的潜在风险评估以及制定相应管理策略提供理论依据.
本实验以斑马鱼为模型生物,主要使用野生型AB品系斑马鱼与转基因斑马鱼Tg(elavl3:EGFP)以及Tg(kdrl:mCherry),所用斑马鱼购于国家斑马鱼资源中心,按照标准斑马鱼养殖手册饲养于斑马鱼养殖系统,雌雄成鱼分缸饲养,系统水温维持在(28.5±0.5)℃,pH值为6.8~7.5,光暗周期为14h光照和10h黑暗,每日早晚分2次投喂新鲜孵育丰年虾,并清理饲料残渣与排泄物.
化学品:BPF(CAS No.620-92-8,99.5%)和BPS(CAS No. 80-09-1,99.5%)均购于Sigma-Aldrich公司(St.Louis,USA).药品溶剂为丙酮(Acetone,99.9%),购于浙江中星化工试剂有限公司.
试剂盒:基因逆转录试剂盒购于北京宝日医生物有限公司;第一链cDNA合成试剂盒,Trans Start@Greenq PCR SuperMix试剂盒来源于北京全式金公司.乙酰胆碱酯酶(AChE)检测试剂盒购于北京索莱宝科技有限公司,鱼多巴胺(DA)检测使用ELISA试剂盒购于江苏晶美生物技术有限公司,一氧化氮(NO)检测使用南京建成生物工程研究所制造的商用试剂盒.
实验仪器:斑马鱼养殖系统(上海海圣生物实验室有限公司),体式显微镜(Cover-015,日本奥林巴斯),台式低温高速离心机(Gentrifuge5424R,德国Eppendorf公司),制冰机(IBS-20,宁波特朗普仪器有限公司),涡旋混合器(xw-80,上海医科大学仪器厂),F6/F10手持式高速匀浆机(上海净信科技公司),Step OnePlusTM Real—Time PCR System((48孔)美国thermofisher科技公司)
为了便于更直观观察斑马鱼的毒性作用及潜在分子变化,将斑马鱼置于类环境条件下暴露,最终选择亚致死剂量下阈值浓度LC5进行试验[14].通过剂量-效应曲线拟合与计算得到BPS和BPF的LC5,分别为8.13,2.08mg/L.对于混合物,采用等效应浓度(LC50)比方法设计组分浓度比,得到BPS和BPF两组分浓度比为0.87:0.13,通过毒性试验获得混合物的剂量-效应曲线和LC5浓度(4.38mg/L),此时BPS和BPF两个组分的浓度分别为3.94和0.44mg/L.
实验前一天晚上将成年斑马鱼按照雌雄比1:1放入产卵器中,使用透明隔板将雌鱼及雄鱼分隔开,第2d待产卵后,挑选优质胚胎孵育至6h后进行暴露实验.设置对照组(CTR 0.01%丙酮)和BPS(8.13mg/L)、BPF(2.08mg/L)和MIX(4.38mg/L)等3个处理组,加入预先配制BPS、BPF溶液进行暴露.每间隔24h换液一次以保持染毒浓度.
针对BPS、BPF及其混合物对斑马鱼的早期发育情况,首先从斑马鱼个体层面开展双酚A类似物(BPS,BPF)毒性差异分析和联合分析.使用体式荧光显微镜对不同暴露时间的斑马鱼进行表观形态,并对体长、游泳囊、卵黄囊和心包等表观特征进行测量、量化和制表,通过软件制成变化趋势图.进一步,采用扫描电子显微镜观察不同实验组侧线神经丘的发育情况.此外,通过Tg(elavl3:EGFP)和Tg(kdrl:mCherry)斑马鱼观察BPS、BPF及其混合物暴露下神经元发育和血管发育情况.
本研究中通过自主运动和光暗节律实验评价亚致死剂量下等效应浓度BPS、BPF及其混合物对幼鱼运动行为的影响.
自主运动:将暴露后120h的斑马鱼幼鱼转移至96孔无菌培养板里面,随后利用动物行为观察分析系统进行行为测试.使用EthoVision XT软件进行运动轨迹视频采集(每处理样本量为48尾幼鱼),统计20min内幼鱼的移动距离及速率作为自主运动活力的评价指标.
光暗节律:设置光暗周期为光照:黑暗=5min:5min,并循环3次,光照黑暗条件均设置为100%.在5min黑暗环境适应期后,运用EthoVision XT软件进行运动视频采集并计算运动速率,检测光照刺激与黑暗条件下幼鱼的运动状态.
斑马鱼的侧线系统是起源于皮肤的感觉器官,它由神经肥大毛细胞与侧线神经丘组成,毛细胞的缺失以及侧线神经丘的损伤可能导致听力受损或前庭疾病.因此,本研究通过可视化神经丘结构和毛细胞来评估侧线系统的发展,采用扫描电镜观察不同治疗组侧线神经丘的发育情况.在离心管中收集暴露于5d的胚胎,每组20个胚胎.每管加入1mL PBS经过3次反复漂洗,每次1min,吸去残液后加入2.5%戊二醛固定一晚,第二天使用乙醇梯度脱水3次,将斑马鱼置入干燥机干燥,最后将脱水和充分干燥的斑马鱼样品放置在载体台上,使用扫描电子显微镜观察侧线神经丘毛细胞.
取30条斑马鱼(120h)于EP管内,冷冻致死,随后使用PBS清洗2次,吸尽管内清洗液后,加入蛋白提取液超声研磨匀浆.在2500r/min速度下使用离心机离心15min,吸净管内上清液.依据碧云天BCA蛋白浓度测定试剂盒说明书操作流程,检测相应的生化指标.检测的生化指标包括神经递质相关生化指标(一氧化氮(NO),多巴胺(DA)和乙酰胆碱酯酶(AChE)).
从不同处理组暴露5d幼鱼中提取总RNA,根据逆转录体系将总RNA逆转录为cDNA.根据Trans Start Green qPCR Super Mix试剂盒操作要求配制样本反应液,在ABI7500仪器上运行程序进行RT-qPCR分析检测相关基因的表达水平.检测的基因包括神经相关(elavl3gfap)相关引物序列见表1.
所有数据记录以(平均值±标准差)(SD)表示,实验组间比较在Tukey排序检验之后进行单因素方差分析(ANOVA),所有统计分析均以SPSS 18.0软件(芝加哥,美国)进行,显著性水平为P<0.05(*),P<0.01(**),P<0.001(***).
混合物毒性相互作用采用浓度加和模型进行评估[15],见式(1).由于BPS、BPF及其混合物3个组别选择的是等效应浓度,对于亚致死剂量下的其他指标而言,采用如下原则:混合物毒性在BPS和BPF两者之间时表明两者存在加和作用;大于两者中最大者时,表示协同作用;小于两者中最小者时,表明存在拮抗作用.偏离对照组的程度越大毒性或危害越大.
式中:cBPScBPF分别表示效应为x时组分浓度,ECx,BPS和ECx,BPF为其等效浓度,即单独存在时引起与混合物效应相等效应x时该组份的浓度.
通过对斑马鱼连续120h的暴露,发现与对照组相比,在BPS和BPF暴露下幼鱼形态表现出多种明显表观畸形. BPS和BPF处理72h后幼鱼出现卵黄囊肿,当暴露到96h时,对照组大部分幼鱼已经长出游泳囊,而BPS和BPF暴露抑制游泳囊的生长,且伴随心包水肿的出现[16],其中BPF组更为严重.而当暴露到120h时,BPS和BPF单独以及混合暴露组幼鱼畸形现象更加显著,畸形数量也增加了,除了观察到心包水肿、卵黄囊肿大、游泳囊发育迟缓以外,BPF组甚至观察到斑马鱼头部出现轻微畸形(图1(a)).进一步对120h的体长、卵黄囊面积、心包面积、游泳囊面积分别进行了量化(图1(b)~(e)),结果表明,BPS和BPF均能诱导斑马鱼发育毒性,表现为卵黄囊面积增大、心包面积增大、游泳囊发育迟缓和游泳囊面积降低,而BPF暴露产生的毒性更大,即BPF更容易诱导斑马鱼幼鱼的发育毒性,BPS和BPF的混合毒性次之,BPS的毒性最小.对96h斑马鱼游泳囊长出比例进行统计,三个处理组未长出游泳囊比例分别为24%、47.4%、36.8%(图1(f)).通过对120h斑马鱼畸形数量的统计,我们发现BPF暴露组畸形比例高达53.3%(图1(g)),针对以上各组的发育毒性作用进行归结,得出发育影响排序为BPF>MIX>BPS.
从自主运动的轨迹可以看出(图2(a)),与对照组相比,BPF和MIX暴露组的斑马鱼幼鱼行为能力显著下降,有少部分游动距离极短的考虑可能是因为游泳囊发育程度过低或未开游泳囊,而BPS暴露组轨迹相较于对照组没有表现出很显著的差异,表明BPF组和MIX组斑马鱼幼鱼处在焦虑和抑郁的状态.从移动距离(图2(b))和运动速度(图2(c))的量化结果看,与对照组相比,3个处理组的的移动距离和运动速度明显降低,抑制效果顺序为BPS<MIX<BPF.
光暗节律受斑马鱼内在生物钟调控.从实验结果来看,与对照组相比,虽然BPS组和MIX组幼鱼的整体运动距离和速度低于对照组,但光暗条件下基本符合运动节律(图2(d)~(e));而BPF组斑马鱼进入黑暗条件时基本没有提升,在黑暗条件下的运动速度曲线基本没有呈节律性的谷峰变化,表现为无规则的杂乱运动,这说明BPF暴露严重破坏斑马鱼的光暗感知能力[17].此外,正常情况下斑马鱼幼鱼在空旷条件下一般很少表现出大幅度转向,且在较暗环境下幼鱼的转向活动更为频繁[17-18],实验发现BPS和BPF处理组幼鱼在黑暗阶段进行的10°~90°的转角次数较对照增多,而BPF暴露组出甚至出现个别斑马鱼转角大于90°的现象,表明BPF组的幼鱼内心出现明显的焦虑;然而在光照阶段4个组均未出现急转现象(图2(f)~(g)).这表明BPS和BPF均对斑马鱼的运动行为以及精神状态产生影响,这种影响主要包括移动距离和速度的降低,对于光暗感官功能失调以及内心的焦虑不安.总体来看,与发育影响相类似,BPF对于斑马鱼的运动能力影响更加显著,而混合组与BPS组产生的影响要略弱一些.
上述行为学实验发现BPS和BPF单独及混合暴露诱导斑马鱼的运动行为受到抑制,这些结果可能直接或间接由于心血管系统受到伤引起的[19],因此检测了斑马鱼72h的心跳频率.与对照组相比,BPF暴露使得斑马鱼心跳频率显著增强,而同等效应的混合物暴露仅轻微加快斑马鱼心跳(图3(a)).通过Tg(kdrl:mCherry)品系转基因斑马鱼观察斑马鱼血管发育情况,结果发现相较于对照组,暴露组斑马鱼血管出现不同程度的损伤,BPS和BPF暴露后,斑马鱼头部均观察到血管分支杂乱,排列不齐,BPS暴露后心脏血管出现轻微消融现象,在BPF及混合物暴露组当中甚至观察到斑马鱼眼球血管结构损伤.和对照组相比,BPS和BPF的暴露使得斑马鱼主血管和尾静脉血管也出现轻度损伤(图3(b)).通过对尾静脉血管宽度的量化,发现BPS和BPF暴露组斑马鱼尾静脉的宽度缩短(图3(c)).此外,BPF组还观察到尾部节间血管间隙变宽[20].以上现象说明双酚类混合物对斑马鱼的血管均存在毒性作用,且BPF暴露条件下和BPS与BPF混合暴露条件下毒性作用更强,造成了斑马鱼血管损伤现象更为严重.值得注意的是,血管发育异常会抑制斑马鱼的运动行为,还有可能对其神经系统发育产生影响.
侧线神经丘能够协助斑马鱼感知周围水流变化,与神经系统密切相关[21].在对照组中,神经丘的发育正常,结构完整.神经丘中央均有一簇丰富的毛细胞束,相对细长,神经丘中间略微隆起,有一个完整而大的开口.BPS暴露下的毛细胞并无明显变化,而BPS对于斑马鱼神经丘的影响更多的是表现在神经丘中央洞口缩小,相比较BPS组,BPF的暴露对于神经丘的影响更加显著,其神经丘中央洞口不仅缩小,而且毛细胞数量大大减少,相当多的毛细胞并未长出来.而两者的混合,使得神经丘的形态无变化,相反其毛细胞的形态散乱,呈现不规则排布(图4(a)).
作为神经系统发育的重要标志基因,elavl3在神经元分化中发挥重要作用[22],将Tg(elavl3:EGFP)转基因斑马鱼连续暴露72h,以观察斑马鱼神经元生长情况(图4(b)).在对照组中,斑马鱼脑部、脊索和肠道均观察到新生神经元,其中脊索神经元分布均匀,排列整齐,肠道神经元分布紧密,均匀且丰富[23].而在BPS、BPF及其混合物暴露条件下的斑马鱼神经元的发育受到显著的抑制,斑马鱼间脑长度明显短于对照组,且间脑荧光强度显著降低(间脑主要起信息传递作用),肠道神经元稀疏分散.BPF组及MIX组斑马鱼嗅球及端脑发育畸形,间脑,后脑和延脑长度变短,荧光强度降低,表明BPS、BPF及其混合物对斑马鱼早期脑中枢神经元发育产生了极大的抑制作用并且破坏了中枢神经元的正常结构和功能.不同暴露组的斑马鱼的神经元发育情况可以更直观地通过量化结果展示(图4(c)).BPS、BPF及MIX组均出现了显著的下降,这表明BPS和BPF均能显著地抑制elavl3的表达,影响神经元的发育.
神经递质是神经系统中用于传递信息的关键化学物质,神经递质主要分为两类,包含兴奋性和抑制性.为了评估对神经信号传递的影响,分别选取了兴奋性神经递质多巴胺DA(图4(d)),抑制性神经递质NO(图4(e))以及兴奋性神经递质乙酰胆碱的水解酶乙酰胆碱酯酶(AChE)(图4(f))进行检测.结果表明低浓度的BPS暴露对多巴胺的合成有轻微的促进效果,而BPF有显著的抑制效果[24],MIX组并无显著变化.对于NO神经递质来说,仅含有BPF能够刺激NO的含量上升,相反,仅含有BPS的能够刺激AChE的含量上升.这表明,虽然BPS和BPF都能抑制神经信号的传递,但是,两者存在一定程度的差别.进一步从分子层次探究神经毒性的影响,选择了两个神经相关的功能基因elavl3gfap进行RT-qPCR验证.elavl3基因表达结果相比较发现(图4(g)),和对照组相比,虽然BPF及MIX组表现一致,但BPS却出现较大的差别,这可能由于BPS是通过抑制基因表达后续的翻译过程来抑制elavl3的表达.此外,gfap基因表达水平检测结果发现BPS,BPF及其混合物组与对照组基本无差异(图4(h)),说明BPS和BPF不会影响星形胶质细胞的形成[25-26].
总的来说,亚致死剂量下等效应BPS和BPF对斑马鱼的神经毒性机制具有较大差异.虽然二者都能影响神经元的发育,但BPF是抑制elavl3的转录过程,而BPS抑制elavl3转录后的翻译过程.从神经信号传递的角度来说,BPF和BPS分别表现出特异性,BPS促进了DA以及AChE的生成,而BPF对这两个兴奋性递质的生成起到了抑制的效果,它仅仅促进了NO的生成,抑制了神经信号的传递.这也说明BPS和BPF诱导斑马鱼神经毒性的作用模式具有较大的差异.
目前有报道表明,BPS和BPF分别对斑马鱼的发育表型[27-28]、运动行为[29-30]、血管发育[31-32]和神经发育[33]均表现出一定程度的危害.我们基于亚致死剂量等效应浓度的BPS和BPF对相关指标进行比较分析.结果表明BPF暴露更容易诱导斑马鱼的组织、器官毒性、例如发育异常、运动行为紊乱、血管损伤和神经元发育受损,而BPS暴露的毒性更多的通过分子层次表现出来.
BPS和BPF毒性差异明显表明两者的作用模式确实存在一定程度的差异性.一般认为,化学结构决定理化性质,理化性质影响生物效应.从分子结构的角度来说,BPS的分子结构中含有一个磺酰基(—SO2—)连接两个苯环,每个苯环上各有一个羟基(—OH).而BPF分子结构由两个苯环通过一个亚甲基(—CH2—)连接,每个苯环上各有一个羟基.两者的差别主要表现在和亚甲基.磺酰基的存在使得BPS分子具有较强的极性.这种极性可能影响其在环境中的迁移性、溶解性以及与生物分子的相互作用[34].而亚甲基的存在使得BPF的分子结构相对较为灵活[35].这种灵活性可能影响其与生物受体的结合方式以及在生物体内的代谢过程[36].在浓度下,BPS剂量略微大于BPF.因此,在组织器官内,亚甲基结构被破坏的BPF表现出更大的危害;而在分子层次,由于磺酰基具有极性,BPS表现出更活跃的性质和作用.在制定针对性的风险管控措施时,除了应该考虑阈值浓度外,还应该根据BPS和BPF的不同毒性特点,采取不同的策略.对于BPF引发的组织、器官毒性,可重点加强对相关器官功能的监测,制定严格的排放限制标准,以减少其在环境中的浓度.对于BPS诱导的分子层次毒性,可深入研究其对特定基因和蛋白质的影响,开发相应的生物标志物,以便早期发现其潜在危害.同时,也可以通过研发新型的环境修复技术,针对性地去除或降低BPS和BPF在环境中的含量,从而有效降低它们对生态系统和人类健康的风险.
在生物毒性测试中,常采用基于死亡率的剂量-效应曲线及LC50、NOAEL评估化学污染物毒性[37].从剂量-效应曲线、毒性指标看,BPF对斑马鱼毒性更强.(图5(a-b))等效应浓度法是混合物设计的最常见方法之一,对于评估混合物的联合毒性更具有代表性(图5(c)).CA模型被认为适用于评估具有相似作用模式化合物构成的混合物体系[38-39].因此,在本研究基于CA模型评估BPS和BPF的相互作用.从混合物的实测CRC和CA预测CRC来看,表现出低浓度加和高浓度协同的毒理学相互作用(图5(d)).这表明在混合物风险评估时,应考虑两者的相互作用.
从环境评估与管理角度,亚致死剂量是阈值浓度确定的重要参考.在前文中发育表型、运动行为(自主运动和光暗节律)、血管损伤和神经毒性(神经系统和分子机制)等4个方面毒性的基础上,本研究进一步基于相关20个量化指标,对亚致死剂量下等效应BPS和BPF毒性相互作用进行评估.在本研究检测的20个指标中,除了斑马鱼的运动转角、尾静脉血管长度以及神经毒性部分指标出现了协同和(或)拮抗作用外,其余绝大部分都是加和作用(图5(e-h)).值得注意的是,虽然最终的效应上表现出加和,但是两种化合物在调控该效应的不同生物过程上存在协同作用和拮抗作用.例如,BPS和BPF能够协同地抑制了神经元细胞数量而在AChE的合成上表现出拮抗作用,但最终对于神经毒性的作用还是加和更多.说明虽然生物效应出现加和的现象,但是部分分子层次的危害可能是协同进行的.
研究混合物的联合毒性对于准确评估环境风险至关重要.在进行环境风险评估时,不能仅仅考虑单一污染物的毒性,而应该综合考虑BPS和BPF的联合毒性.可以采用联合风险评估模型,如浓度加和模型、独立作用模型等,来评估它们的联合风险.本研究中可以看出BPS和BPF之间表现出加和作用,这表明在涉及BPS和BPF联合暴露的环境评估与管理的过程中,浓度加和模型进行风险评估可以作为一种有效科学的方法[40].
3.1 BPS和BPF均会诱导斑马鱼胚胎产生表观畸形,如心包水肿,卵黄囊肿,游泳囊闭合等,但从120h斑马鱼的畸形比例来看,BPF暴露组达到了53.3%,而BPS组只有26.7%,我们发现即便是等效应浓度,但BPF的毒性诱导斑马鱼发育畸形比BPS更严重.BPS和BPF的暴露显著抑制了斑马鱼的早期运动活性,表现在移动距离的缩短和运动速度的降低,同时BPF使得斑马鱼变得更焦虑,自主运动轨迹杂乱;BPF显著影响了斑马鱼对于光暗刺激的敏感性.从心血管系统的各项指标来看,BPF显著刺激了斑马鱼心跳频率的增加,而BPS和BPF均使得尾静脉(CV)宽度缩短,引起心血管发育障碍.通过Tg(elavl3:EGFP)转基因斑马鱼的观察,BPS和BPF的暴露损伤运动相关神经元,并影响幼鱼体内各类神经递质(DA,AChE以及NO)的活性,进而造成神经行为的异常.
3.2 从危害角度来说,BPF暴露更容易诱导斑马鱼的组织,器官毒性,例如发育异常,运动行为紊乱,血管损伤和神经元发育受损,而BPS暴露的毒性更多的通过分子层次表现出来,例如促进兴奋性神经递质DA,打破神经递质在体内的平衡状态,同时还会刺激神经递质分解酶乙酰胆碱酯酶(AChE)的大量合成,加速神经递质的分解代谢,从而干扰神经信号在神经元之间的传递效率与精准度.这种差异也表明尽管BPS和BPF同属双酚A类似物,在化学结构上存在一定的相似性,但二者在斑马鱼体内的作用模式实则具有相当程度的差异性.这种差异性不仅体现在作用的靶点与层次上,同时反映在斑马鱼整体生理机能影响的途径与结果方面.
3.3 对于单个化合物毒性而言,BPF产生的毒性影响要略大于BPS,但是结合混合物的毒性结果来看,加和作用达到了80%,表明亚致死剂量下等效应浓度BPS和BPF的混合物相互作用主要以加和作用为主,这一结果意味着,在实际的环境评估与管理场景中,若涉及到混合物联合暴露的情况,从科学性与可行性的角度出发,可以合理采用浓度加和模型等加和模型来进行有效的风险评估.
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(22306141; 32371705)
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  • 接收时间:2024-07-17
  • 首发时间:2026-03-17
  • 出版时间:2025-02-20
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  • 收稿日期:2024-07-17
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国家自然科学基金资助项目(22306141; 32371705)
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    苏州科技大学环境科学与工程学院,江苏 苏州 215009

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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