Article(id=1240689601438872554, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, issueId=1240689590315569990, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1722268800000, receivedDateStr=2024-07-30, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773733051881, onlineDateStr=2026-03-17, pubDate=1739980800000, pubDateStr=2025-02-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773733051881, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-17, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773733051881, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773733051881, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1240689590315569990, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, year='2025', volume='45', issue='2', pageStart='593', pageEnd='1184', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773733049228, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773733150042, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1240690013239825123, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, issueId=1240689590315569990, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1240690013239825124, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, issueId=1240689590315569990, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=954, endPage=965, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1240689604446187667, articleId=1240689601438872554, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, language=EN, title=Analysis of sediment sources in karst small watersheds in Southwest China using composite fingerprinting technique, columnId=1234106388083954308, journalTitle=China Environmental Science, columnName=Environmental Ecology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

This study focuses on the karst depression in Fenghuang Village, Zhongliang Mountain, Chongqing, using the composite fingerprinting technique. An optimal combination of fingerprint properties was selected to quantify the contributions of potential sources to the depression deposits by using multivariate linear mixed model (IsoSource) and Bayesian mixed models (MixSIAR, SIMMR, and SIAR). In addition, the applicability of these models was further assessed by using their root mean square error (RMSE) and in combination with previous reports. Results indicated that the cumulative identification accuracy of the five fingerprint properties, i.e., the total carbon (TC) content, sand content, grain size at 70% frequency (D70), soil organic carbon (SOC) content, and sulfur (S) content, reached 89.5%, and therefore these properties constituted an optimal combination. The RMSE values for the four models were: MixSIAR (2.05), SIMMR (2.05), SIAR (2.07), IsoSource (2.34). Since the RMSEs of the three Bayesian mixed models were lower than that of the IsoSource model, the applicability of the Bayesian mixed models for quantifying the contributions of sediment sources to the depression deposits was higher than that of the multivariate linear mixed model. Among the three Bayesian mixed models, the MixSIAR and SIMMR models had the highest accuracy. Results from the MixSIAR and SIMMR models indicated that arable land was the primary source of the depression deposits, followed by ditch walls, with forest and grassland contributing the least. The composite fingerprinting technique could effectively quantify the sediment sources in the small watersheds in the depression. In this study, the composite fingerprinting technique was employed to unveil the sediment source of depression deposits in a typical karst trough valley in Southwest China, aiming to provide a reference for model selection in similar studies.

, correspAuthors=Yong-jun JIANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Tao DAI, Yong-jun JIANG, Xing TIAN, Fang LIU, Sha HAN, Shu-e LUO), CN=ArticleExt(id=1240689613069677120, articleId=1240689601438872554, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, language=CN, title=基于复合指纹法解析西南岩溶小流域泥沙来源, columnId=1234106388268503686, journalTitle=中国环境科学, columnName=环境生态, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

以重庆市中梁山凤凰村岩溶洼地为研究区,基于复合指纹识别技术,选取最佳指纹因子组合,利用多元线性混合模型(IsoSource)与贝叶斯混合模型(MixSIAR、SIMMR、SIAR)量化潜在泥沙源地对洼地沉积物的贡献率,并使用均方根误差(RMSE),结合前人的观测结果,评估模型的适用性.研究结果表明:沉积物总碳(TC)含量、砂粒含量、70%频度下土壤粒径(D70)、土壤有机碳(SOC)含量、硫元素(S)含量5种指纹因子的累积判别正确率为89.5%,可以作为最佳指纹因子组合.4个模型的RMSE为:MixSIAR(2.05)、SIMMR(2.05)、SIAR(2.07)、IsoSource(2.34),其中所有贝叶斯混合模型的RMSE均小于IsoSource模型,说明使用贝叶斯混合模型量化洼地沉积物泥沙来源比例的适用性高于多元线性混合模型.其中MixSIAR模型与SIMMR模型的准确性最高,两者的计算结果类似,均表明耕地是洼地沉积物主要的泥沙来源地,沟壁是仅次于耕地的第二大泥沙来源地,而林草地的侵蚀产沙量最低.本研究利用复合指纹识别技术揭示了西南典型岩溶槽谷区洼地沉积物的泥沙来源,以期为类似泥沙来源研究提供模型选择的参考.

, correspAuthors=蒋勇军, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*责任作者,教授,
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戴涛(2000-),男,湖南怀化人,西南大学硕士研究生,主要从事土壤侵蚀和全球变化研究.发表论文1篇. .

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戴涛(2000-),男,湖南怀化人,西南大学硕士研究生,主要从事土壤侵蚀和全球变化研究.发表论文1篇. .

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戴涛(2000-),男,湖南怀化人,西南大学硕士研究生,主要从事土壤侵蚀和全球变化研究.发表论文1篇. .

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articleId=1240689601438872554, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Concentrations of fingerprint factors and results of the Kruskal-Wallis H test

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指纹因子单位耕地林草地沟壁沉积泥沙检验统计量H显著性P
平均值变异系数平均值变异系数平均值变异系数平均值变异系数
χhf10-8m3/ kg48.0055.6042.3656.6017.2940.4850.5124.1716.722.3 × 10-4*
χlf10-8m3/ kg52.7057.4445.3657.9317.3945.2848.6929.0317.082 × 10-4*
TN%0.1724.370.4933.160.1536.490.1717.3935.052.5 × 10-8*
TC%1.6129.646.3435.411.6758.931.6827.3239.462.7 × 10-9*
H%1.1116.251.4525.561.2220.420.9311.1716.502.6 × 10-4*
S%0.21155.380.12108.320.0534.650.0516.0218.091.2 × 10-4*
黏粒%20.139.8916.0113.5721.8017.6218.388.0929.044.9 × 10-7*
粉粒%63.004.5457.819.0066.035.5761.343.8124.415 × 10-6*
砂粒%16.8913.2226.2023.4512.1723.7920.304.9539.862.2 × 10-9*
D10µm1.0013.011.2314.580.9420.661.0710.9320.803.1 × 10-5*
D20µm1.9011.002.4514.561.7620.582.098.0230.782.1 × 10-7*
D30µm3.018.273.9815.462.7716.963.365.2236.869.9 × 10-9*
D40µm4.447.596.0417.193.9815.445.033.7740.511.6 × 10-9*
D50µm6.378.118.8118.935.5414.557.253.4341.629 × 10-10*
D60µm8.998.6812.6321.567.6313.8310.233.6541.589 × 10-10*
D70µm12.558.9218.3027.6410.4813.2214.263.6140.321.8 × 10-9*
D80µm17.748.8630.0756.0214.6213.0520.183.7240.181.9 × 10-9*
D90µm27.159.3964.5992.1222.2313.5931.124.2838.873.6 × 10-9*
SOCg/kg16.3028.9240.7142.0518.5739.5718.1118.7736.211.4 × 10-8*
), ArticleFig(id=1240689622020321517, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689601438872554, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

指纹因子浓度及Kruskal-Wallis H检验结果

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指纹因子单位耕地林草地沟壁沉积泥沙检验统计量H显著性P
平均值变异系数平均值变异系数平均值变异系数平均值变异系数
χhf10-8m3/ kg48.0055.6042.3656.6017.2940.4850.5124.1716.722.3 × 10-4*
χlf10-8m3/ kg52.7057.4445.3657.9317.3945.2848.6929.0317.082 × 10-4*
TN%0.1724.370.4933.160.1536.490.1717.3935.052.5 × 10-8*
TC%1.6129.646.3435.411.6758.931.6827.3239.462.7 × 10-9*
H%1.1116.251.4525.561.2220.420.9311.1716.502.6 × 10-4*
S%0.21155.380.12108.320.0534.650.0516.0218.091.2 × 10-4*
黏粒%20.139.8916.0113.5721.8017.6218.388.0929.044.9 × 10-7*
粉粒%63.004.5457.819.0066.035.5761.343.8124.415 × 10-6*
砂粒%16.8913.2226.2023.4512.1723.7920.304.9539.862.2 × 10-9*
D10µm1.0013.011.2314.580.9420.661.0710.9320.803.1 × 10-5*
D20µm1.9011.002.4514.561.7620.582.098.0230.782.1 × 10-7*
D30µm3.018.273.9815.462.7716.963.365.2236.869.9 × 10-9*
D40µm4.447.596.0417.193.9815.445.033.7740.511.6 × 10-9*
D50µm6.378.118.8118.935.5414.557.253.4341.629 × 10-10*
D60µm8.998.6812.6321.567.6313.8310.233.6541.589 × 10-10*
D70µm12.558.9218.3027.6410.4813.2214.263.6140.321.8 × 10-9*
D80µm17.748.8630.0756.0214.6213.0520.183.7240.181.9 × 10-9*
D90µm27.159.3964.5992.1222.2313.5931.124.2838.873.6 × 10-9*
SOCg/kg16.3028.9240.7142.0518.5739.5718.1118.7736.211.4 × 10-8*
), ArticleFig(id=1240689622158733564, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689601438872554, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

DFA test results

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步数指纹因子Wilks'lambda值单指纹因子判别正确率(%)累积指纹因子判别正确率(%)Sig.
1TC0.31373.373.32.5×10-14*
2砂粒0.22380.784.21.6×10-16*
3D700.17973.787.71.8×10-17*
4SOC0.14959.689.54.8×10-18*
5S0.12647.089.51.7×10-18*
), ArticleFig(id=1240689622276174093, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689601438872554, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

DFA检验结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
步数指纹因子Wilks'lambda值单指纹因子判别正确率(%)累积指纹因子判别正确率(%)Sig.
1TC0.31373.373.32.5×10-14*
2砂粒0.22380.784.21.6×10-16*
3D700.17973.787.71.8×10-17*
4SOC0.14959.689.54.8×10-18*
5S0.12647.089.51.7×10-18*
), ArticleFig(id=1240689622393614616, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689601438872554, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Discriminant results of the optimum composite fingerprints

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
泥沙源地类型样本数量(个)判别结果
正确判别数(个)正确判别率(%)
耕地201680
林草地272696.3
沟壁10990
), ArticleFig(id=1240689622498472225, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689601438872554, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

最佳复合指纹因子判别结果

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泥沙源地类型样本数量(个)判别结果
正确判别数(个)正确判别率(%)
耕地201680
林草地272696.3
沟壁10990
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基于复合指纹法解析西南岩溶小流域泥沙来源
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戴涛 , 蒋勇军 * , 田兴 , 刘芳 , 韩莎 , 罗淑娥
中国环境科学 | 环境生态 2025,45(2): 954-965
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中国环境科学 | 环境生态 2025, 45(2): 954-965
基于复合指纹法解析西南岩溶小流域泥沙来源
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戴涛 , 蒋勇军* , 田兴, 刘芳, 韩莎, 罗淑娥
作者信息
  • 西南大学地理科学学院,岩溶环境重庆市重点实验室,重庆 400715
  • 戴涛(2000-),男,湖南怀化人,西南大学硕士研究生,主要从事土壤侵蚀和全球变化研究.发表论文1篇. .

通讯作者:

*责任作者,教授,
Analysis of sediment sources in karst small watersheds in Southwest China using composite fingerprinting technique
Tao DAI , Yong-jun JIANG* , Xing TIAN, Fang LIU, Sha HAN, Shu-e LUO
Affiliations
  • Chongqing Key Laboratory of Karst Environment, School of Geographic Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
出版时间: 2025-02-20
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以重庆市中梁山凤凰村岩溶洼地为研究区,基于复合指纹识别技术,选取最佳指纹因子组合,利用多元线性混合模型(IsoSource)与贝叶斯混合模型(MixSIAR、SIMMR、SIAR)量化潜在泥沙源地对洼地沉积物的贡献率,并使用均方根误差(RMSE),结合前人的观测结果,评估模型的适用性.研究结果表明:沉积物总碳(TC)含量、砂粒含量、70%频度下土壤粒径(D70)、土壤有机碳(SOC)含量、硫元素(S)含量5种指纹因子的累积判别正确率为89.5%,可以作为最佳指纹因子组合.4个模型的RMSE为:MixSIAR(2.05)、SIMMR(2.05)、SIAR(2.07)、IsoSource(2.34),其中所有贝叶斯混合模型的RMSE均小于IsoSource模型,说明使用贝叶斯混合模型量化洼地沉积物泥沙来源比例的适用性高于多元线性混合模型.其中MixSIAR模型与SIMMR模型的准确性最高,两者的计算结果类似,均表明耕地是洼地沉积物主要的泥沙来源地,沟壁是仅次于耕地的第二大泥沙来源地,而林草地的侵蚀产沙量最低.本研究利用复合指纹识别技术揭示了西南典型岩溶槽谷区洼地沉积物的泥沙来源,以期为类似泥沙来源研究提供模型选择的参考.

土壤侵蚀  /  复合指纹  /  岩溶槽谷区  /  泥沙来源  /  模型

This study focuses on the karst depression in Fenghuang Village, Zhongliang Mountain, Chongqing, using the composite fingerprinting technique. An optimal combination of fingerprint properties was selected to quantify the contributions of potential sources to the depression deposits by using multivariate linear mixed model (IsoSource) and Bayesian mixed models (MixSIAR, SIMMR, and SIAR). In addition, the applicability of these models was further assessed by using their root mean square error (RMSE) and in combination with previous reports. Results indicated that the cumulative identification accuracy of the five fingerprint properties, i.e., the total carbon (TC) content, sand content, grain size at 70% frequency (D70), soil organic carbon (SOC) content, and sulfur (S) content, reached 89.5%, and therefore these properties constituted an optimal combination. The RMSE values for the four models were: MixSIAR (2.05), SIMMR (2.05), SIAR (2.07), IsoSource (2.34). Since the RMSEs of the three Bayesian mixed models were lower than that of the IsoSource model, the applicability of the Bayesian mixed models for quantifying the contributions of sediment sources to the depression deposits was higher than that of the multivariate linear mixed model. Among the three Bayesian mixed models, the MixSIAR and SIMMR models had the highest accuracy. Results from the MixSIAR and SIMMR models indicated that arable land was the primary source of the depression deposits, followed by ditch walls, with forest and grassland contributing the least. The composite fingerprinting technique could effectively quantify the sediment sources in the small watersheds in the depression. In this study, the composite fingerprinting technique was employed to unveil the sediment source of depression deposits in a typical karst trough valley in Southwest China, aiming to provide a reference for model selection in similar studies.

soil erosion  /  composite fingerprinting technique  /  karst trough valley  /  sediment sources  /  models
戴涛, 蒋勇军, 田兴, 刘芳, 韩莎, 罗淑娥. 基于复合指纹法解析西南岩溶小流域泥沙来源. 中国环境科学, 2025 , 45 (2) : 954 -965 .
Tao DAI, Yong-jun JIANG, Xing TIAN, Fang LIU, Sha HAN, Shu-e LUO. Analysis of sediment sources in karst small watersheds in Southwest China using composite fingerprinting technique[J]. China Environmental Science, 2025 , 45 (2) : 954 -965 .
土壤是保证21世纪人类气候安全和粮食安全的重要资源,然而,水土流失与土壤侵蚀正在威胁这一资源[1].据联合国粮农组织统计,全球每年有750亿t的土壤从耕地流失,造成的损失达4,000亿美元[2].在全球农业区,土壤流失的速度是土壤形成速度的10~40倍,每年约有1.00×107hm2的耕地因水土流失而消失[3].我国是农业与人口大国,同时也是世界上土壤侵蚀最严重的国家之一[4].根据第3次全国水土流失普查,我国年土壤流失量为5.00×109t,水蚀区平均侵蚀强度为3,800t/(km2⋅a),侵蚀强度远超世界其他水土流失严重的国家[5].根据《2023年中国水土保持公报》,2023年我国共有262.76万km2的土地存在土壤侵蚀现象,约占我国陆地面积的27.44%,其中水力侵蚀面积为107.14万km2[6].水土流失仍是制约我国社会经济可持续发展的重要因素之一[4].
西南岩溶区(约55万km2)是全球三大岩溶集中分布区(欧洲地中海沿岸、美国东部、中国西南部)中连片裸露碳酸盐岩面积最大、岩溶发育最强烈的地区[7].由于地表、地下双层空间结构发育,西南岩溶区往往呈现出地表侵蚀和地下漏失双重土壤侵蚀过程[8],其中水土漏失是岩溶区特有的水土流失过程.西南岩溶区土壤常分布在岩缝、洼地和谷地中,下雨后极易沿岩溶裂缝或落水洞漏失,导致耕地丧失,石漠化加剧,一些石漠化区几乎无土可流[9-11].水土漏失还会堵塞地下河管道,造成岩溶洼地和盆地洪涝灾害,仅广西岩溶区就有6.12万hm2耕地常被淹没,并且近些年内涝灾害越发频繁[12].虽然自2010年起,针对西南岩溶区水土漏失的科学研究与防治实践已经展开,但至今尚未形成系统性的理论和防治技术体系[13].峰丛洼地是西南地区典型的岩溶地貌类型,也是水土漏失问题最严重的岩溶地貌类型之一[8,13].确定岩溶洼地小流域泥沙来源,对于理解表层岩溶带系统水文转化与土壤侵蚀和溶质运移的耦合过程及机制、乃至整个表层岩溶带系统水土漏失关键过程等具有重要意义.
针对泥沙来源问题,国内外学者开展了大量的研究.传统研究方法包括径流小区观测[14]、水文资料分析、遥感调查制图等[15],具有研究尺度大、应用成熟等优点[16-17].然而,这些方法也存在着一定的局限性,包括野外实地监测周期长、大面积调查复杂性高以及难以监测复杂地貌类型的产沙全过程等[18].相较于传统研究方法,指纹识别技术具有经济、可靠和快速的优点[15].20世纪70年代,单因子指纹识别技术开始被用于定量示踪泥沙来源[19].然而,单因子指纹识别技术存在判别结果精度不足、受泥沙输移复杂形式和流域自然环境因素影响大、不适用于多物源地等缺点[15].
对这一问题,Collins等[19-20]提出了复合指纹识别技术,其基于沉积物与泥沙源地之间指纹因子的联系,根据不同的数学模型定量确定不同泥沙源地间的相对贡献[21].复合指纹识别技术使用的指纹因子主要包括地球化学元素[22-23]、放射性核素[24-25]、磁化率[15,18]、粒度[15]、生物标志物[21]等.目前,复合指纹识别技术主要用于研究非岩溶区,岩溶区的相关研究较少[26].量化沉积物泥沙来源的模型主要有多元线性混合模型[19]与贝叶斯混合模型[27-28].多元线性混合模型基于质量守恒原理,在计算泥沙来源中运用最广泛[29].贝叶斯混合模型在不确定性的定量分析方面具有较大的优势,因而被广泛应用于生态学领域,后来被逐渐引入泥沙来源研究[30].由于各种模型基于不同的计算原理,导致量化沉积物泥沙来源的结果不尽相同.在研究岩溶洼地沉积物的泥沙来源时,应该选择何种模型,这一问题有待探讨.
本研究以典型西南岩溶槽谷区小流域—重庆市中梁山凤凰村岩溶洼地小流域为研究区,基于多元线性混合模型(IsoSource)和3种贝叶斯混合模型(MixSIAR、SIMMR、SIAR),通过复合指纹识别技术,量化不同泥沙源地对洼地沉积物的贡献比例,揭示岩溶槽谷区洼地小流域的泥沙来源;同时,评估不同模型计算沉积物泥沙来源的表现,并分析引起计算结果差异的潜在原因,以期为后续水土漏失关键过程的系统研究提供参考.
研究区位于重庆市北碚区中梁山龙凤槽谷凤凰村附近(106°25′~106°29′E,29°45′~29°50′N),属于亚热带湿润季风气候,年平均降水量为1200~1300mm,约76%的降水集中发生于4~10月,年平均气温16.5℃[31].地质构造为观音峡复式背斜,整体呈南北走向,背斜核部为下三叠统飞仙关组(T1f),以灰岩、泥灰岩和页岩为主,两翼地层逐渐过渡为下三叠统嘉陵江组(T1j),以灰岩为主,中三叠统雷口坡组(T2l),以白云岩为主,以及上三叠统须家河组(T3xj),以砂、页岩为主[32].槽谷整体上呈“一山三岭二槽”笔架式地貌格局,海拔495~707m.土壤类型为地带性黄壤和非地带性石灰土,土层厚薄不均,厚度约15~100cm[32].植被类型主要为亚热带常绿阔叶林[33].
研究区为一封闭岩溶洼地小流域,面积0.57km2,洼地海拔范围550~670m,底部沉积物厚度超过3m,周边坡地随坡度增加,土层逐渐变薄,平均厚度不超过0.5m.为治理石漠化,20世纪90年代中期实行了“退耕还林”项目,大多数乔木与灌木已生长超过20a.洼地底部排水不畅,在雨季多发生涝灾,大多数情况下,滞水时间为3~5d[34].
研究区岩石裸露率高,沟道发育(图1(d)),地表土体在暴雨的冲刷下极易被侵蚀并带入洼地底部沉积.林草地、耕地为小流域主要的土地利用类型.耕地集中分布于洼地底部与山麓地区.林地坡度较大,以次生林与灌丛地为主.结合研究区的主要土地利用类型与野外实际勘察,将侵蚀泥沙源地划分为林草地、耕地、沟壁3种(图1(d)),其中林草地与坡耕地分别占流域面积的65.7%与17.7%.2023年11月~2024年4月,前往洼地小流域采集样品,共采集源地土壤样品57个(耕地20个、林草地27个、沟壁10个),沉积泥沙样品4个(图1(c)).耕地与林草地土壤样品采集过程主要使用多点混合法,首先使用不锈钢铁锹铲去土壤表面的枯枝落叶,然后在采样点附近采集3~5个土壤样品(深度为地表0~5cm)均匀混合,每个样品取2kg.沟壁的土壤样品采集于主要沟道的沿壁和底部,每个样品的重量不小于2kg.沉积泥沙样品的采集使用随机法,在洼地底部选取4个沉积泥沙采样点(C1、C2、C3、C4,图1(c)).
将所有土壤样品带回实验室详细清点后,去除植物残体与碎石,自然风干,研磨过10目(2mm)与100目(0.15mm)筛以进行下一步分析.分析测试的指标包括:土壤粒径组成、土壤有机碳(SOC)含量、土壤全氮(TN)含量、土壤总碳(TC)含量、磁化率、硫元素(S)和氢元素(H)含量.以上样品处理与测试均在西南大学地理科学学院岩溶环境重庆市重点实验室完成.
沉积物粒径等级划分采用国际土壤颗粒分类制[15]:黏粒(<0.02mm)、粉粒(0.002~0.02mm)、砂粒(0.02~2mm).土壤粒径测试流程为:称取0.3g左右粒径小于2mm的土壤样品置于100mL烧杯,分别加入10mL的10%浓度的过氧化氢(H2O2)溶液与10mL的10%浓度稀盐酸(HCl),以去除土样中的有机质与碳酸盐;将样品清洗至中性后,加入10mL的0.05mol/L的六偏磷酸钠((NaPO36)溶液,用作分散剂;处理好的样品使用Mastersize 2000激光粒度仪测量粒度分布,每个样品重复测量3次,取平均值作为测量结果,然后构建粒径频度分布曲线,计算样品在10%、20%、30%、40%、50%、60%、70%、80%、90%频度下的土壤粒径(D10、D20、D30、D40、D50、D60、D70、D80、D90).
磁化率的实验流程为:称取10g左右2mm粒径土壤样品装入样品盒内,保证装入盒内的样品在测量磁化率时不可移动.使用英国Bartington仪器公司生产的MS2型双频磁化率仪,在高频率(4700Hz)与低频率(470Hz)下测定样品的高频磁化率(χhf)与低频磁化率(χlf).土壤有机碳(SOC)由Multi N/C 3100仪器的固体模块测量得出.具体步骤为:取0.05g左右粒径小于0.25mm的土壤样品置于样品舟中,滴入10%浓度的稀盐酸(HCl)溶液,去除样品中的无机碳组分,最后放入Multi N/C 3100仪器中测量.元素的实验流程为:取0.1g左右粒径小于0.15mm的土壤样品,使用实验专用锡纸包样后放入仪器进样器,使用vario MACRO cube有机元素分析仪测量TC、TN、H、S.
使用复合指纹识别法示踪沉积物的泥沙来源,需要筛选一组具有统计学意义上最佳判别能力的复合指纹识别因子[30].本文采用SPSS 26.0中的Kruskal-Wallis H检验和多元判别函数分析(DFA)来选择复合指纹.首先使用Kruskal-Wallis H检验法检验单个指纹因子区分沉积物来源的能力,排除掉P>0.05的指标,以筛选出各潜在泥沙源地间具有差异性显著的指纹因子[34];然后对通过Kruskal-Wallis H检验的指纹因子进行DFA分析,确定具有最强判别能力的最佳指纹因子组合[35];多元判别函数分析通过最小化Wilks' lambda值,可以用最少的指标提供最佳的复合指纹,从而在不同泥沙源地间提供最大的区分度[21,34].
确定最佳指纹因子组合后,根据洼地沉积物与潜在泥沙来源地中各指纹因子的浓度,使用多元线性混合模型(IsoSource)与贝叶斯混合模型(MixSIAR、SIMMR、SIAR)分别计算每个潜在泥沙来源地对洼地沉积物的贡献率.使用R语言包FingerPro调用IsoSource模型计算泥沙来源比例.IsoSource模型输入数据为泥沙源地样品与沉积物样品中最佳指纹因子组合的原始数据.该模型基于最小二乘法的原理,使用拉丁超立方抽样法(LHS),以较小的增量对每个源贡献率(0~100%)的所有可能组合进行检查.使用相对误差的平方和与拟合优度(GOF)来评估每种源贡献率组合的质量[36].GOF值最大的组合为泥沙源地贡献率的最优解.贝叶斯模型使用R语言包MixSIAR、SIMMR、SIAR计算泥沙来源比例.在贝叶斯模型中,输入沉积物样品指纹因子浓度值作为混合数据,各潜在泥沙源地中指纹因子的浓度平均值与标准差作为源数据.贝叶斯混合模型通过计算各泥沙源地泥沙贡献比的概率分布,量化各泥沙源地泥沙贡献比的不确定范围.
使用沉积泥沙样本指纹因子浓度的预测值与实测值之差的均方根误差(RMSE)评估模型效果.RMSE值越小说明模型对沉积泥沙样本指纹因子浓度的预测值与实测值之间的误差越小,预测的结果更准确[37].RMSE的计算公式为[37-38]
式中:n为泥沙源地的个数;Oi为沉积物土壤样品的指纹因子浓度实测值;pi为根据模型计算结果求出的指纹因子浓度预测值.预测值(pi)通过以下公式计算得出:
式中:fi为模型计算得出的第i个泥沙源地的泥沙贡献比;δA为不同泥沙源地的指纹因子浓度.
在沉积物样品与泥沙源地的土壤样品中,共测得19个指标作为代用指纹因子(χhf、χlf、TN、TC、H、S、黏粒含量、粉粒含量、砂粒含量、D10、D20、D30、D40、D50、D60、D70、D80、D90、SOC).在SPSS 26软件中导入潜在指纹因子数据,使用Kruskal-Wallis非参数检验检验潜在指纹因子,计算K-W统计量H值及其检验概率P值(表1).根据检验概率P值,筛选出在各泥沙源地间具有差异性显著的因子(P<0.05),通过Kruskal-Wallis非参数检验的因子可以进入下一步的多元判别分析(DFA).Kruskal-Wallis H检验结果显示,所有潜在指纹因子的P值<0.05,组间差异显著,说明19种指纹因子均通过了Kruskal-Wallis H检验,可以进入下一步的多元判别分析.
使用逐步判别分析(DFA)检验通过Kruskal-Wallis H检验的指纹因子,获得区分沉积物泥沙来源的最佳指纹因子组合.在SPSS 26软件中运行步进判别分析法,计算每一步骤的Wilks' lambda与指纹因子的判别正确率(表2).通过Sig值(Significance)验证判别结果的可靠性.前人的研究表明,Sig<0.05,说明对应的判别函数具有统计学意义,判别结果可靠[30].
在进入DFA检验的19个潜在指纹因子中,共有5个指纹因子(TC、砂粒、D70、SOC、S)通过DFA检验,具有判别能力.Wilks' lambda值从0.313下降至0.126.累积判别正确率分别为73.3%、84.2%、87.7%、89.5%、89.5%.累积指纹因子判别正确率>80%,说明该指纹因子组合可以很好的区分沉积物的泥沙源地[39].其中砂粒含量与70%频度下的土壤粒径(D70)的单指纹因子判别正确率最高,分别为80.7%与73.7%,其次为TC、SOC与S.各判别函数的Sig值均小于0.05,说明本研究中的判别函数式是可靠的,可以用于沉积物泥沙源地的判别.为进一步检验最佳指纹因子组合的保守性,对通过判别分析的指纹因子关系图进行分析(图2).结果表明,沉积物样本的指纹因子浓度均在泥沙来源地样本范围内(最大值—最小值),说明所选指纹因子均保守.
由TC、砂粒、D70、SOC、S组成的指纹因子组合对耕地、林草地、沟壁3种源地土壤样品的正确判别率分别为80%、96.3%、90%,总正确判别率为89.5%(表3),各泥沙来源地的错误判别率均低于30%,符合复合指纹法应用的要求[22].因此,TC、砂粒、D70、SOC、S五种指纹因子组成的指纹因子组合可以作为识别研究区泥沙来源的最佳指纹因子组合.
图3所示,根据最佳指纹因子组合建立的判别函数有效分离了来自3个泥沙源地的大部分样本,取得了较好的判别归类效果(图3),同时,交互检验结果也表明其归类判别正确率达到89.5%(表3),说明判别函数对潜在泥沙来源的判别是有效的.但也可以发现,有部分样本分组归类判别出现了误判.
从图中可以看出,耕地有4个样本(20%)与沟壁的样本十分接近,被错误地判别为了沟壁样本;同时,1个沟壁样本(10%)和耕地样本几乎重叠,说明耕地与沟壁的部分样本具有相似的地球化学与物理性质.此外,1个林草地样本(3.7%)被错误地分类为了耕地样本,这可能与部分坡耕地被弃耕转变为撂荒草地有关.
将TC、砂粒、D70、SOC、S组成的最佳指纹因子组合,分别代入多元线性混合模型(IsoSource)与贝叶斯混合模型(MixSIAR、SIMMR、SIAR)求解耕地、林草地、沟壁3种潜在泥沙源地对洼地沉积物的泥沙贡献比例(图4).IsoSource模型预测的结果显示,4个沉积样品中,耕地贡献率在10.0%~24.3%,均值19.3%;林草地贡献率在20.1%~25.8%,均值24.2%;沟壁贡献率在50.2%~64.8%,均值56.5%.
贝叶斯混合模型的计算结果如图4所示.在MixSIAR模型的计算结果中,耕地贡献率在32.8%~50.8%,均值42.9%;林草地贡献率在20.8%~36.7%,均值26.1%;沟壁贡献率在28.4%~35.2%,均值31%.SIAR模型的计算结果表明,耕地贡献率为37.9%~41.4%,均值39.8%;林草地贡献率为25.6%~28.5%,均值26.5%;沟壁贡献率为32.6%~36.5%,均值33.9%;根据SIMMR模型的计算结果,耕地贡献率在33.9%~51%,均值43.6%;林草地贡献率在21.1%~37.7%,均值26.4%;沟壁贡献率在27.9%~34%,均值30%.除样点C1(图1(c))外,3个贝叶斯混合模型对各潜在泥沙源地的泥沙贡献率估算相近,其中MixSIAR模型与SIMMR模型计算的泥沙贡献率最为接近(图4).贝叶斯混合模型的计算结果表明在洼地沉积物的泥沙贡献中,耕地>沟壁>林草地.然而,在IsoSource模型计算的泥沙贡献中,沟壁>林草地>耕地.
贝叶斯混合模型与多元线性混合模型是量化沉积物泥沙来源的两种重要方法.本文的研究结果显示两种模型在量化沉积物泥沙来源上存在显著的差异.3种贝叶斯混合模型(MixSIAR、SIMMR、SIAR)量化的沉积物泥沙来源结果相似,不同位置的沉积物样品在泥沙来源比例上不存在显著的空间差异.前人研究表明,MixSIAR、SIMMR、SIAR 3种模型在量化沉积物的泥沙来源时性能相近[40],这与本文的研究结果类似.然而,IsoSource模型的计算结果表明沟壁的泥沙贡献比例远高于林草地与耕地,耕地对洼地沉积物的泥沙贡献率最低,这有悖于前人的研究结果—耕地作为洼地的主要泥沙来源地[26,41].耕地受人类活动的影响最强烈,种植、翻耕、除草和收割等农业活动会显著增强土壤侵蚀,因此耕地往往是最容易受到侵蚀的土地利用方式[42-43].前人基于复合指纹法的研究表明,耕地是岩溶洼地小流域主要的泥沙来源地[22,26,41].中梁山槽谷区径流小区的监测结果也显示,耕地的径流量和产沙量远高于其他的土地利用类型[44].沟道侵蚀是集中流引起的土壤侵蚀过程,其最初受土壤性质的控制,植被和地形(坡度和海拔)主要影响沟蚀的强度[45].与坡耕地相比,沟道由于温度较低、湿度和土壤含水量较高、土壤颗粒较细,更适合植被恢复.前人的研究指出,沟床植物可以通过减少径流、拦截泥沙以及修复天然沟谷等有效控制沟蚀[46-47].因此,在植被覆盖较好的小流域,沟壁的产沙量往往低于耕地.例如对重庆市青木关岩溶槽谷区的研究表明,耕地的产沙量远高于沟道[22].在沅江流域干热河谷的研究也发现,植被恢复后沟道的泥沙贡献率远远低于植被恢复前[48].此外,与3个贝叶斯混合模型相比,IsoSource模型的RMSE更大(图3),表明IsoSource模型计算结果的准确性与可靠性较低,这与前人的研究结果一致[38].
多元线性混合模型(IsoSource)与贝叶斯混合模型量化洼地沉积物泥沙来源的结果差异明显,可能与模型的结构有关.IsoSource模型基于线性质量平衡方程,通过设置增量与容差参数,检查每一种可能的源贡献率组合,并提供一系列可能的贡献率组合作为模型的解,而非精确值.解的范围取决于源与混合物组成的相似性以及系统的几何形状[37].IsoSource模型并未考虑源数据的不确定性与变化.当不同源地间的指纹因子浓度相似时,IsoSource模型可能会将指纹因子浓度相似的源地归纳为同一源地,从而导致最终的计算结果偏大[49].这可能是IsoSource模型与贝叶斯混合模型在量化耕地与沟壁的泥沙贡献率时产生差距的主要原因.
针对IsoSource模型存在的问题,贝叶斯混合模型通过引入贝叶斯统计理论并纳入源数据的不确定性,对线性混合模型进行了改进[50].Moore and Semmens[51]在MATLAB平台开发了MixSIR模型,该模型基于重要性重采样算法(SIR),明确考虑多种来源的不确定性,并在分析过程中加入先验信息,提高了模型输出结果的准确性,同时提供精确解.Parnell等[50]在R语言中发布了基于马尔可夫链蒙特卡洛方法(MCMC)的SIAR模型.MixSIR模型与SIAR模型在许多方面相似,但是SIAR模型包含残差,而MixSIR没有残差.MixSIAR模型基于R语言包,结合了MixSIR与SIAR模型的优点,通过考虑先验信息的不确定性、连续协变量和乘法误差结构,进一步提高了计算结果的准确性[37].Parnell等[27]在SIAR模型的基础上进一步提出了SIMMR模型,该模型基于贝叶斯分层建模与组合数据分析思想.MixSIAR模型与SIMMR模型都在SIAR模型的基础上做出了改进,因此,二者在计算结果的准确率上也高于SIAR模型,这也得到本文研究结果的支持(图5).
由于MixSIAR模型与SIMMR模型的准确性高于SIAR模型与IsoSource模型,因此本研究采用MixSIAR与SIMMR模型的计算结果.MixSIAR与SIMMR模型的计算结果表明,耕地是洼地最主要的泥沙输送地,其平均泥沙贡献率>40%.这是因为耕地受人类活动的影响最为强烈.人类活动,诸如松土、翻耕、作物种植、除草、收割等,不仅使得耕地地表长期裸露,还会影响耕地土壤的结构,破坏土壤团聚体的形成与稳定性[52].前人研究表明,与甘薯、马铃薯等其他旱作植物相比,玉米稀植的种植方式与高杆、叶片稀疏的植株结构,扩大了玉米地土壤裸露的比例,增加了雨滴直接击溅土壤的几率与流水冲刷裸露地表的面积,减弱了植株对地表径流的拦截作用,使玉米地土壤更易受到侵蚀[53];此外,玉米中耕除草和玉米根部培土等田间管理措施也会加剧水土流失[53].鉴于此,当地大面积种植玉米的人为活动也可能是造成耕地水土流失严重的主要原因之一.同时研究区的耕地主要分布在岩溶洼地的山麓区域,耕地流失的土壤难以被植被截留,使得耕地对洼地沉积物的泥沙贡献大.
值得注意的是,沟壁对洼地沉物的泥沙贡献比可达30%,是仅次于耕地的第二大泥沙源地.沟道往往是地表径流的汇集区,不仅受到降雨径流的侵蚀还会受到地表泄流的冲刷,在土壤侵润后还会发生滑塌、坍塌等重力侵蚀[15].此外,研究区内沟道坡度大,土壤松散,使得沟道内土壤极易流失.文安邦[54]等基于137Cs的泥沙来源研究表明,在坡耕地面积占比较小的森林小流域内,沟谷的侵蚀产沙量可占淤积泥沙的一半以上,是流域内沉积物的主要泥沙来源地.
林草地常年植被覆盖丰富,在减缓径流,增加下渗方面具有显著效果.在本研究中,林草地对洼地沉积物的贡献率最低,平均贡献率为26.2%,这与植被对水土流失的改善作用有关.在地上部分,树冠通过拦截降水,降低雨滴的重力势能,从而减少雨滴飞溅造成的土壤侵蚀;同时增加地表的粗糙度,延缓径流,并截留泥沙.在地下部分,土壤根系可以有效增加土壤的孔隙度,并提高土壤有机质含量,促进形成土壤团粒,从而稳定土壤结构并改善土壤侵蚀环境[55-56].因此,林草地是本研究区泥沙贡献比例最小的泥沙源地(图4).
不同类型与数量的潜在指纹因子可能会产生具有不同示踪能力的指纹因子组合,从而对模型的计算结果产生影响[41].为了更准确地量化不同泥沙来源地对沉积物的贡献比例,可以选择多种示踪剂作为潜在指纹因子[57].本文仅使用了磁化率、粒径与地球化学元素作为指纹因子,而在其他研究中,金属元素[22]、放射性同位素[24-25]、生物标志物[21]等也被用作识别泥沙来源的指纹因子.例如,Collins等通过使用47种地球化学元素,有效区分了英国萨默塞特平原集水区的沉积物来源类型[20].国内学者使用27个生物标志物属性与45个地球化学元素作为潜在指纹因子,准确量化了黄土高原中一个小流域的沉积物泥沙来源[21].此外,除了本文使用的IsoSource模型与贝叶斯混合模型外,还有其他多种模型可以用于量化沉积物泥沙来源,如Hughes模型[58]、修正的Collins模型[20]、Motha模型等[59].因此,为了更加准确识别洼地沉积物的泥沙来源,后续研究不仅应该选择尽可能多的指纹因子,还应该同时开展多模型对比,探讨不同模型在量化岩溶区小流域泥沙来源时的效果和差异.
4.1 多元线性混合模型(IsoSource)与贝叶斯混合模型(MixSIAR、SIMMR、SIAR)计算的泥沙贡献比例存在显著差异.均方根误差(RMSE)的计算结果显示,MixSIAR(2.05) = SIMMR(2.05) < SIAR(2.07)< IsoSource(2.34),贝叶斯混合模型整体的可靠性高于IsoSource模型,其中MixSIAR模型与SIMMR模型的准确性最高.因此,在解析岩溶槽谷区洼地小流域的泥沙来源时,MixSIAR模型和SIMMR模型比IsoSource模型与SIAR模型的适用性更高.
4.2 SIMMR模型与MixSIAR模型计算得到的各泥沙源地的平均贡献率中,耕地(43.3%)>沟壁(30.5%)>林草地(26.2%),耕地是洼地小流域的主要产沙区,同时,沟壁的水土流失也不容忽视,二者贡献了洼地沉积物中超过70%的泥沙.未来研究区的水土保持工作应着重于耕地与沟道的治理.
  • 重庆市科技局-院士专项(2022YSZX-JCX0008CSTB)
  • 西南大学创新研究2035先导计划项目(SWU-XDZD22003)
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(42202108)
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2025年第45卷第2期
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  • 接收时间:2024-07-30
  • 首发时间:2026-03-17
  • 出版时间:2025-02-20
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  • 收稿日期:2024-07-30
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重庆市科技局-院士专项(2022YSZX-JCX0008CSTB)
西南大学创新研究2035先导计划项目(SWU-XDZD22003)
国家自然科学基金资助项目(42202108)
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    西南大学地理科学学院,岩溶环境重庆市重点实验室,重庆 400715

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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