Article(id=1240689600549680015, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, issueId=1240689590315569990, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1688486400000, receivedDateStr=2023-07-05, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773733051669, onlineDateStr=2026-03-17, pubDate=1739980800000, pubDateStr=2025-02-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773733051669, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-17, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773733051669, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773733051669, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1240689590315569990, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, year='2025', volume='45', issue='2', pageStart='593', pageEnd='1184', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773733049228, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773733150042, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1240690013239825123, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, issueId=1240689590315569990, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1240690013239825124, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, issueId=1240689590315569990, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1063, endPage=1073, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1240689601745056748, articleId=1240689600549680015, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, language=EN, title=Metabolic toxicity of polyethylene microplastics with different sizes to earthworms Eisenia fetida, columnId=1234106388687934088, journalTitle=China Environmental Science, columnName=Environmental Toxicology and Environmental Health, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

By using Eisenia fetida as the test object, the growth and reproduction, cytochrome P450 (CYP) sub-enzymes activity, and small molecule metabolites were measured to investigate the metabolic toxicity of polyethylene microplastics with different particle sizes (small, 30~50µm; large, 125µm) at different concentrations (0.5, 2.5, 10, 20g/kg). The results showed that small particles of polyethylene were more likely to retain and accumulate in earthworms, and their harm to earthworms were greater. And large particle polyethylene microplastics could inhibit the reproduction of earthworms to some extent. The top twelve most important metabolites identified by metabolomics responded differently under the stress of different sizes of polyethylene, and the particle size of polyethylene had a significant effect on the toxic effect. The stress of small-size polyethylene with low concentrations (0.5, 2.5g/kg) had no significant effect on the CYP2B6 and CYP3A4 activities and the concentrations of important metabolites in earthworms; under the stress of small-size polyethylene with high concentrations (10, 20g/kg), the levels in seven important metabolites (L-formylkynurenine, androstanedione, androstenedione, docosapentaenoic acid, (5Z, 8Z, 14Z) -11, 12-dihydroxyicosa-5, 8, 14-dienoic acid (11, 12-DHET), inositol, and all-trans-retinoic acid) significantly increased by 20.5% to 70.2% compared to the control. Small-size polyethylene could cause the inflammation and neuro-metabolic disorders in earthworms, and damage their osmotic regulation metabolism. The significant induction of CYP2B6 and CY2C9 activity revealed that earthworms had certain detoxification functions. Under the stress of large-size polyethylene with the concentration of 0.5~20g/kg, no significant change in the activities of CYP2B6 and CYP3A4 in earthworms in comparison to the control was observed. However, the levels in majority of important metabolites, including L-formylkynurenine, androstanedione, androstenedione, adenosine 3'-phosphate, inosine, and xanthine, were all significantly lower than the control by 20.0% to 77.3%, which suppressed the hormone production of the earthworms, thus affecting their reproduction and metabolism.

, correspAuthors=Xiao-xia YANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Xiao-xia YANG, Xue-mei ZHANG, Xiao SHU, Man-li XIE, Xia MENG, Wei ZHANG, Jun-ying YANG, Jiu-ping GONG, Bi-quan LI), CN=ArticleExt(id=1240689607898100128, articleId=1240689600549680015, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, language=CN, title=不同粒径聚乙烯微塑料对赤子爱胜蚓的代谢毒性, columnId=1234106394006311784, journalTitle=中国环境科学, columnName=环境毒理与健康, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

以赤子爱胜蚓为试验生物,以蚯蚓个体生长及繁殖、代谢解毒酶细胞色素P450(CYP)亚酶活力和小分子代谢物(代谢组)响应为指标体系,从个体到分子跨尺度水平探讨不同粒径(小粒径30~50µm、大粒径125µm)、不同浓度(0.5,2.5,10,20g/kg)聚乙烯微塑料的代谢毒性.暴露试验结果表明,小颗粒聚乙烯更易在蚯蚓体内停留及持续累积,其对生物体的危害更大;大颗粒聚微乙烯能在一定程度上抑制蚯蚓的繁殖.代谢组试验结果提示,不同粒径微塑料聚乙烯胁迫下,基于代谢组学识别出的前12位重要代谢物的响应明显不同,聚乙烯的粒径大小对其毒性效应有显著影响.在小粒径高浓度(10,20g/kg)聚乙烯胁迫下,7个重要代谢物(L-甲酰犬尿氨酸、雄甾烷二酮、雄烯二酮、二十二碳五烯酸、(5Z, 8Z, 14Z)-11, 12-二羟基二十碳-5, 8, 14-三烯酸(11,12-DHET)、肌醇及全反式维甲酸)的水平比对照显著增加20.5%~70.2%.小粒径聚乙烯可引发蚯蚓炎症反应及神经代谢紊乱效应,并对其渗透调节代谢产生损害;CYP2B6及CY2C9活力显著被诱导的现象揭示了蚯蚓自身具有一定解毒功能.在大粒径聚乙烯(浓度为0.5~20g/kg)胁迫下,蚯蚓CYP2B6及CYP3A4活力与对照组相当,但多数代谢物(L-甲酰犬尿氨酸、雄甾烷二酮、雄烯二酮、3’-磷酸腺苷、肌苷与黄嘌呤)的水平,相比对照显著降低20.0%~77.3%,抑制蚯蚓荷尔蒙生成,进而影响繁殖发育.

, correspAuthors=杨晓霞, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*责任作者,副研究员,
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杨晓霞(1985-),女,河南郑州人,副研究员,博士,主要从事环境新型污染物对蚯蚓的毒性效应及作用机制研究.发表论文30余篇. .

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杨晓霞(1985-),女,河南郑州人,副研究员,博士,主要从事环境新型污染物对蚯蚓的毒性效应及作用机制研究.发表论文30余篇. .

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杨晓霞(1985-),女,河南郑州人,副研究员,博士,主要从事环境新型污染物对蚯蚓的毒性效应及作用机制研究.发表论文30余篇. .

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标准偏差棒的小写字母表示与对照组差异显著

, figureFileSmall=ZAXgWAmsH2pjhHeMtOCacg==, figureFileBig=uXhw3MQDg+iMnFNaTQ9nYg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240689622141956346, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689600549680015, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Score plot of orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) for the metabolomics of earthworms under the stress of polyethylene with different sizes, and the projection value of important variables projection (VIP), figureFileSmall=9PDX9kBYppEdXgl1jCRoCg==, figureFileBig=L0CylGd/lgEq8azBIEFH1A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240689622259396874, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689600549680015, language=CN, label=图6, caption=不同粒径聚乙烯胁迫下对蚯蚓代谢组的OPLS-DA得分图和重要代谢物VIP值, figureFileSmall=9PDX9kBYppEdXgl1jCRoCg==, figureFileBig=L0CylGd/lgEq8azBIEFH1A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240689622360060176, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689600549680015, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Change rate in the levels of top 12important metabolites identified based on OPLS-DA compared to the control, figureFileSmall=mush5IkMYfd4uFbgXyACvQ==, figureFileBig=DyFuoSHpQfAPcZAN9tM9ng==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240689622498472224, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689600549680015, language=CN, label=图7, caption=基于OPLS-DA识别的前12位重要代谢物的水平相比于对照的变化比例

标准偏差棒上的字母代表与对照组存在显著差异,不同字母代表聚乙烯处理间存在显著差异

, figureFileSmall=mush5IkMYfd4uFbgXyACvQ==, figureFileBig=DyFuoSHpQfAPcZAN9tM9ng==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240689622670438702, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689600549680015, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Physical and chemical properties of test soil

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
土壤类型总磷(g/kg)总钾(%)凯氏氮(g/kg)有机质(g/kg)阳离子交换量(cmol/kg)pH值
紫色水稻土0.6418.80.716.520.26.8
), ArticleFig(id=1240689622800462141, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689600549680015, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

受试土壤的理化性质

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
土壤类型总磷(g/kg)总钾(%)凯氏氮(g/kg)有机质(g/kg)阳离子交换量(cmol/kg)pH值
紫色水稻土0.6418.80.716.520.26.8
), ArticleFig(id=1240689622976622919, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689600549680015, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Growth and reproduction of earthworms under the stress of polyethylene microplastics with different particle sizes (n=5)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
处理(g/kg)初始体重(g)结束时的体重(g)生长抑制率(%)繁殖量
对照组00.43±0.040.40±0.037.0±1.48.0±0.5a
粒径30~50µm0.50.41±0.020.38±0.027.3±1.09.2±0.4a+
2.50.42±0.030.40±0.014.8±1.68.5±0.7a+
100.39±0.020.37±0.015.1±1.19.1±0.7a+
200.40±0.030.38±0.025.0±1.39.2±0.4a+
粒径125µm0.50.38±0.010.36±0.015.3±1.07.3±0.4a-
2.50.40±0.020.38±0.015.0±1.77.4±0.4a-
100.38±0.020.36±0.015.3±1.37.2±0.4a-
200.39±0.020.37±0.015.1±1.17.0±0.4a-
), ArticleFig(id=1240689623127617873, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689600549680015, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

不同粒径聚乙烯微塑料胁迫下蚯蚓的生长及繁殖量

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
处理(g/kg)初始体重(g)结束时的体重(g)生长抑制率(%)繁殖量
对照组00.43±0.040.40±0.037.0±1.48.0±0.5a
粒径30~50µm0.50.41±0.020.38±0.027.3±1.09.2±0.4a+
2.50.42±0.030.40±0.014.8±1.68.5±0.7a+
100.39±0.020.37±0.015.1±1.19.1±0.7a+
200.40±0.030.38±0.025.0±1.39.2±0.4a+
粒径125µm0.50.38±0.010.36±0.015.3±1.07.3±0.4a-
2.50.40±0.020.38±0.015.0±1.77.4±0.4a-
100.38±0.020.36±0.015.3±1.37.2±0.4a-
200.39±0.020.37±0.015.1±1.17.0±0.4a-
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不同粒径聚乙烯微塑料对赤子爱胜蚓的代谢毒性
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杨晓霞 * , 张雪梅 , 舒晓 , 谢蔓莉 , 孟霞 , 张伟 , 杨俊英 , 龚久平 , 李必全
中国环境科学 | 环境毒理与健康 2025,45(2): 1063-1073
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中国环境科学 | 环境毒理与健康 2025, 45(2): 1063-1073
不同粒径聚乙烯微塑料对赤子爱胜蚓的代谢毒性
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杨晓霞* , 张雪梅, 舒晓, 谢蔓莉, 孟霞, 张伟, 杨俊英, 龚久平, 李必全
作者信息
  • 重庆市农业科学院农业质量标准与检测技术研究所,重庆 401329
  • 杨晓霞(1985-),女,河南郑州人,副研究员,博士,主要从事环境新型污染物对蚯蚓的毒性效应及作用机制研究.发表论文30余篇. .

通讯作者:

*责任作者,副研究员,
Metabolic toxicity of polyethylene microplastics with different sizes to earthworms Eisenia fetida
Xiao-xia YANG* , Xue-mei ZHANG, Xiao SHU, Man-li XIE, Xia MENG, Wei ZHANG, Jun-ying YANG, Jiu-ping GONG, Bi-quan LI
Affiliations
  • Institute of Agricultural Quality Standard and Testing Technology, Chongqing Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chongqing 401329, China
出版时间: 2025-02-20
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以赤子爱胜蚓为试验生物,以蚯蚓个体生长及繁殖、代谢解毒酶细胞色素P450(CYP)亚酶活力和小分子代谢物(代谢组)响应为指标体系,从个体到分子跨尺度水平探讨不同粒径(小粒径30~50µm、大粒径125µm)、不同浓度(0.5,2.5,10,20g/kg)聚乙烯微塑料的代谢毒性.暴露试验结果表明,小颗粒聚乙烯更易在蚯蚓体内停留及持续累积,其对生物体的危害更大;大颗粒聚微乙烯能在一定程度上抑制蚯蚓的繁殖.代谢组试验结果提示,不同粒径微塑料聚乙烯胁迫下,基于代谢组学识别出的前12位重要代谢物的响应明显不同,聚乙烯的粒径大小对其毒性效应有显著影响.在小粒径高浓度(10,20g/kg)聚乙烯胁迫下,7个重要代谢物(L-甲酰犬尿氨酸、雄甾烷二酮、雄烯二酮、二十二碳五烯酸、(5Z, 8Z, 14Z)-11, 12-二羟基二十碳-5, 8, 14-三烯酸(11,12-DHET)、肌醇及全反式维甲酸)的水平比对照显著增加20.5%~70.2%.小粒径聚乙烯可引发蚯蚓炎症反应及神经代谢紊乱效应,并对其渗透调节代谢产生损害;CYP2B6及CY2C9活力显著被诱导的现象揭示了蚯蚓自身具有一定解毒功能.在大粒径聚乙烯(浓度为0.5~20g/kg)胁迫下,蚯蚓CYP2B6及CYP3A4活力与对照组相当,但多数代谢物(L-甲酰犬尿氨酸、雄甾烷二酮、雄烯二酮、3’-磷酸腺苷、肌苷与黄嘌呤)的水平,相比对照显著降低20.0%~77.3%,抑制蚯蚓荷尔蒙生成,进而影响繁殖发育.

代谢组学  /  繁殖  /  炎症  /  神经毒性

By using Eisenia fetida as the test object, the growth and reproduction, cytochrome P450 (CYP) sub-enzymes activity, and small molecule metabolites were measured to investigate the metabolic toxicity of polyethylene microplastics with different particle sizes (small, 30~50µm; large, 125µm) at different concentrations (0.5, 2.5, 10, 20g/kg). The results showed that small particles of polyethylene were more likely to retain and accumulate in earthworms, and their harm to earthworms were greater. And large particle polyethylene microplastics could inhibit the reproduction of earthworms to some extent. The top twelve most important metabolites identified by metabolomics responded differently under the stress of different sizes of polyethylene, and the particle size of polyethylene had a significant effect on the toxic effect. The stress of small-size polyethylene with low concentrations (0.5, 2.5g/kg) had no significant effect on the CYP2B6 and CYP3A4 activities and the concentrations of important metabolites in earthworms; under the stress of small-size polyethylene with high concentrations (10, 20g/kg), the levels in seven important metabolites (L-formylkynurenine, androstanedione, androstenedione, docosapentaenoic acid, (5Z, 8Z, 14Z) -11, 12-dihydroxyicosa-5, 8, 14-dienoic acid (11, 12-DHET), inositol, and all-trans-retinoic acid) significantly increased by 20.5% to 70.2% compared to the control. Small-size polyethylene could cause the inflammation and neuro-metabolic disorders in earthworms, and damage their osmotic regulation metabolism. The significant induction of CYP2B6 and CY2C9 activity revealed that earthworms had certain detoxification functions. Under the stress of large-size polyethylene with the concentration of 0.5~20g/kg, no significant change in the activities of CYP2B6 and CYP3A4 in earthworms in comparison to the control was observed. However, the levels in majority of important metabolites, including L-formylkynurenine, androstanedione, androstenedione, adenosine 3'-phosphate, inosine, and xanthine, were all significantly lower than the control by 20.0% to 77.3%, which suppressed the hormone production of the earthworms, thus affecting their reproduction and metabolism.

metabolomics  /  reproduction  /  inflammation  /  neurotoxicity
杨晓霞, 张雪梅, 舒晓, 谢蔓莉, 孟霞, 张伟, 杨俊英, 龚久平, 李必全. 不同粒径聚乙烯微塑料对赤子爱胜蚓的代谢毒性. 中国环境科学, 2025 , 45 (2) : 1063 -1073 .
Xiao-xia YANG, Xue-mei ZHANG, Xiao SHU, Man-li XIE, Xia MENG, Wei ZHANG, Jun-ying YANG, Jiu-ping GONG, Bi-quan LI. Metabolic toxicity of polyethylene microplastics with different sizes to earthworms Eisenia fetida[J]. China Environmental Science, 2025 , 45 (2) : 1063 -1073 .
微塑料(<5mm)在多种环境介质(海洋、河流湖泊、沉积物、土壤、空气)中均有被检出,甚至人体血液中也发现了微塑料[1-3].由于其环境持久性、潜在生物毒性及生态与健康风险,微塑料已被视为全球第二大类污染物,成为备受关注的焦点环境问题[4].
以水生生物为受试对象的大量研究结果表明,微塑料被生物摄取后可在体内累积,磨损其肠道组织,改变生物的抗氧化酶活力,进而引发生物的肝损伤或诱发神经毒性[5-8].土壤是污染物的主要汇,也是微塑料汇集的重灾区.有关调查数据显示,土壤中微塑料的含量高,约是海洋环境微塑料总量的4~23倍[9-10].然而土壤中微塑料引发生态毒性效应的研究报道偏少,主要集中在微塑料(28~1464µm、1000~1500µm、250~1000µm和1.5cm)的暴露吞食、生物抗氧化酶毒性响应等方面,具体涉及微塑料粒径、浓度、聚合物的化学结构性能对其毒性效应的影响.有文献报道了蚯蚓对不同粒级聚乙烯(28~1500µm、1.5cm)、聚丙烯微塑料(8~1660µm)的摄取[11-14],聚乙烯微塑料(≤300µm)对过氧化氢酶(CAT),超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和谷胱甘肽硫转移酶(GST)活力的影响[11,15-16].然而这些研究对于土壤中微塑料的生物体内保留、累积及可能诱发的毒性效应(如神经毒性、繁殖毒性等)等问题尚无法定论.因此,有必要进一步开展深入研究,揭示不同粒径微塑料对蚯蚓的毒性及作用模式,为土壤微塑料污染的生态风险预测提供有利的数据支撑.
研究表明,蚯蚓代谢组学在准确识别低剂量暴露的生物标记物及解读污染物代谢毒性机制方面优势明显.尽管个体生长指标无法显示毒害效应,但代谢组指标显示出在纳米银暴露下,蚯蚓的消化系统的能量代谢与谷胱甘肽代谢受到了破坏[17];聚乙烯微塑料暴露下,蚯蚓γ-氨基丁酸、谷氨酸、柠檬酸及色氨酸等代谢物水平发生显著变化,提示能量、氨基酸代谢稳态被破坏及神经毒害的发生[18].因此,基于蚯蚓代谢组学识别出的重要代谢标记物的变化,能为微塑料的分子毒性提供深入见解.
由于聚乙烯在土壤中检出率高,被视为土壤中微塑料的主导成分[4,19].本文将赤子爱胜蚓培养于添加了粒径为30~50µm(小粒径)或125µm(大粒径)聚乙烯的土壤中28d后,从个体生长及繁殖、代谢解毒酶细胞色素P450(CYP)亚酶活力、小分子代谢物(代谢组)的响应的多尺度响应为指标体系,深入评估不同粒径聚乙烯微塑料的代谢毒性,揭示聚乙烯粒径对蚯蚓毒性效应的影响.研究结果将为不同粒径聚乙烯微塑料对土壤生物的潜在健康风险提供重要启示,可极大丰富聚乙烯微塑料生态毒性数据库.
供试聚乙烯的平均粒径分别为30~50µm(小)、125µm(大),购自西格玛公司(中国上海).供试赤子爱胜蚓(Eisenia fetida)购于重庆的养殖商,选用2~3月龄、体重350~450mg带有环带的健康蚯蚓.试验前,将蚯蚓培养于干净的土壤中.土壤采自重庆市农业科学院农业园区(29°27′N,106°21′E),该园区周围3km内无工业活动,无大规模农业生产.采集0~20cm的表层土壤,去除根和叶,磨细过5mm筛后,存储在4℃冰箱备用.根据文献[20]的方法,在Zeiss Stemi 508显微镜(德国)下未观察到该土壤中存在微塑料.因此,将该土壤设置为对照组(CK).暴露实验前及结束后,对受试土壤的物理和化学性质进行了分析,未发生明显变化,土壤的物理与化学性质见表1.
采用傅里叶红外光谱仪(FTIR,Nicolet is50,赛默飞世尔公司,美国)验证材料的化学结构,采用扫描电子显微镜(TM 4000plus,日立,日本)观察聚乙烯的形态,采用粒度粒形图像分析仪(QICPIC/L02-OM,德国新帕泰克有限公司,德国),自动计算分析聚乙烯的粒径及分布,采用液相色谱串联质谱联用仪(LC-MS/MS,沃特世,美国)分析蚯蚓代谢组学及CYP亚酶活力.
根据文献报道的土壤微塑料的环境水平及微塑料可能对蚯蚓产生毒性的浓度[15,20-22],本研究选择聚乙烯微塑料的暴露浓度系列为0.5,2.5,10,20g/kg.
根据设计浓度,称取不同粒径聚乙烯粉末添加到土壤中充分混合,调节土壤水分为最大持水量的25%~30%,平衡48h.之后将染毒土壤(约500g)转移到带孔的培养盒中(18cm×13cm×7cm),在每个培养盒中均匀投放10条健康蚯蚓后,于(20±2)℃持续培养28d.期间,每周投放3g不含微塑料的牛粪,每3d加入5mL超纯水.每个处理组设置5个平行.另设一个对照组(CK)不添加聚乙烯颗粒.
暴露28d后,从每个培养盒中取出蚯蚓,分别记录成熟蚯蚓、幼蚓及卵的数量,其中幼蚓及卵数量的总和用于表示繁殖量[18].超纯水冲洗成熟蚯蚓后,滤纸吸干表体水分,称重并记录,计算蚯蚓生长抑制率,即暴露试验起始与结束时,蚯蚓体重的差值与起始体重的比值(%)[18].之后,将蚯蚓置于湿润的滤纸上空肠24h,每个处理组中取20条成熟蚯蚓,提取微粒体后,用于测试CYP2B6与CYP2C9活力;取20条成熟蚯蚓,于液氮中粉碎后,用于代谢组学分析;取10条成熟蚯蚓用于分析蚯蚓体内的微塑料积累量.
蚯蚓代谢物的提取方法及LC-MS/MS的具体参数参考杨晓霞等[23-25]的报道.由于正交偏最小二乘判别分析(Orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis,OPLS-DA)更能突出组间的差异[18],因此本研究采用OPLS-DA分析代谢组学数据矩阵.模型的有效性由模型预测率Q2确定,选择P<0.01且投影变量重要性(VIP)值大于1的代谢物,作为重要代谢物.根据精确分子量,进行重要代谢物的鉴定确认(分子量误差小于20×10-6Da).通过自建标准品数据库,参考Human metabolome database(http://www.hmdb.ca)、Metlin(http://metlin.scripps.edu)、Massbank(www.massbank.jp)、KEGG等数据库,鉴定确认其化学身份.并进一步计算重要代谢物相比对照组的变化比例,计算公式如下:
式中:I处理I对照分别代表处理组、对照组某代谢物在质谱上的响应强度.
重要代谢物参与的代谢路径与CYP2亚族代谢有关,而CYB2B6、CYP2C9是主要的CYP2亚族酶[26].根据杨晓霞等[23-25]的报道,采用探针底物法,利用LC-MS/MS分析蚯蚓体内CYB26、CYP2C9酶活力.微粒体悬浮液中蛋白含量采用Bradford方法[27]测定,以牛血清蛋白作为标准蛋白.
蚯蚓体内的微塑料提取方法参照Lu等[28].将提取样品镀金,在扫描电子显微镜下(TM 4000plus,日立,日本)观察.在消解蚯蚓样品的同时,设置一个试剂空白样品,验证分析过程中是否有潜在污染.
采用SPSS16.0进行统计分析,采用软件Origin 8.0绘图.利用Kolmogornov–Smirnov检验数据是否符合正态分布,采用Levene’s tests进行方差齐次性检验.所有数据集经检验,符合正态分布与方差齐次性后,采用方差分析(ANOVA)分析聚乙烯粒径或浓度对蚯蚓体重抑制率、繁殖、CYP亚酶活力及小分子代谢标记物水平的影响,P<0.05视为显著差异.
图1可以看出,不同粒径聚乙烯的特征光谱峰的位置一致,因此确定两个材料的化学结构相同.特征光谱峰是由基团的振动方式形成,2917cm-1为CH2基团不对称伸缩振动,2848.7cm-1为CH2基团对称伸缩振动,1472cm-1为CH2基团弯曲振动,718cm-1为CH2基团摇摆振动.两个材料的特征峰强度表现出明显不同,是由于材料的粒径不同所致.
图2可知,两个材料的粒径明显不同.小粒径聚乙烯颗粒有球形与非球形,颗粒表面有些光滑,有些粗糙.大粒径聚乙烯颗粒均为非规则形状,颗粒表面粗糙.两个材料形态不同,可能会导致对蚯蚓的毒性存在差异.
图3所示,小粒径聚乙烯颗粒的面积平均粒径为33.8µm,有90%的颗粒粒径不大于54µm.大粒径聚乙烯颗粒的面积平均粒径为96.8µm,粒径不大于54.2µm的颗粒占4.8%,不大于150µm的颗粒占77.8%.上述信息与试剂供应商提供的粒径信息一致.
对比图4图2可知,蚯蚓暴露于2个粒级的聚乙烯微塑料中28d后,0.5、2.5、10、20g/kg小颗粒(30~50µm)处理组中观察到蚯蚓体内有聚乙烯颗粒(图4b、c、d、e).而在大颗粒聚乙烯胁迫下,仅在0.5g/kg浓度下观察到聚乙烯颗粒(图4f).显然,小颗粒聚乙烯(30~50µm)更易保留在蚯蚓体内.
不同粒径聚乙烯微塑料胁迫下,蚯蚓个体生长抑制率及繁殖量如表2所示.小粒径聚乙烯胁迫下,蚯蚓平均生长抑制率在4.8%~7.3%,平均繁殖量在8.5~9.2范围波动,略高于对照组的繁殖量.大粒径聚乙烯胁迫下,蚯蚓生长抑制率为5.0%~5.3%,平均繁殖量低于对照,对蚯蚓的繁殖表现为一定的抑制作用,但不显著.统计分析结果表明,与对照组相比,聚乙烯胁迫下,蚯蚓的生长及繁殖变化均不显著;聚乙烯的粒径对蚯蚓的生长无显著影响,但明显影响蚯蚓的繁殖量.相同暴露浓度下,大颗粒聚乙烯胁迫下蚯蚓的繁殖量低于小颗粒聚乙烯胁迫下的繁殖量20.5%~26.1%,表现为显著差异.
图5所示,与对照相比,低浓度(0.5、2.5g/kg)小粒径聚乙烯暴露下,CYP2B6及CYP2C9活力均未见显著变化;当暴露浓度增加至10,20g/kg时,CYP2B6活力显著增加,分别为对照水平的1.5倍和1.8倍;而CYP2C9活力仅在20g/kg小颗粒聚乙烯胁迫下达到对照组的1.9倍,表现为显著差异.大颗粒聚乙烯胁迫下,CYP2B6及CYP2C9活力与对照组水平相当,差异不显著.可见,不同粒径聚乙烯暴露下,蚯蚓CYP2B6及CYP2C9活力的响应明显不同.
对蚯蚓代谢组进行正交偏最小二乘判别分析(OPLS-DA)后,样品的分组得分图如图6所示.OPLS-DA模型的预测值(Q2)为0.97,表明该模型具有较高的拟合精度.根据文献报道[18],处理组间沿x轴(即第一主成分得分,PC1score)的距离代表差异水平,距离越远,表明差异越大.由图6所示,聚乙烯暴露组与对照组分离明显,表明聚乙烯胁迫下,蚯蚓的代谢组的响应与对照组差异明显.对照组位居图中,大粒径聚乙烯暴露组位于其左侧,小粒径聚乙烯暴露组则位于其右侧,反映出不同粒径聚乙烯对蚯蚓的毒性作用差异明显.
基于OPLS-DA,图6给出贡献位居前12位的重要代谢物及其VIP值.这12个代谢物可分为如下五组:(1)参与色氨酸代谢的化合物3个,吲哚丙酮酸(Indolepyruvate)、吲哚-3-乙酸盐(Indole-3-acetate)、L-甲酰犬尿氨酸(L-Formylkynurenine);(2)参与脂代谢的化合物2个:(5Z,8Z,14Z)-11,12-二羟基二十碳-5,8,14-三烯酸(11,12-DHET)与二十二碳五烯酸(Docosapentaenoic acid,DPA);第(1)组与第(2组)代谢物的VIP值位居前5位;(3)参与视黄醇代谢、渗透调节代谢的化合物2个:全反式维甲酸(All-trans-Retinoic acid)与肌醇(Myo-Inositol);(4)参与类固醇降解的代谢物2个:雄甾烷二酮(Androstanedione)与雄烯二酮(Androstenedione);(5)参与嘌呤代谢的化合物3个:3’-磷酸腺苷(3’-AMP)、肌苷(Inosine)与黄嘌呤(Xanthine).
前12位重要代谢物的水平相比于对照的变化比例如图7所示.小粒径聚乙烯胁迫下,蚯蚓吲哚丙酮酸、吲哚-3-乙酸盐、3’-AMP与黄嘌呤浓度与对照组差异不显著;在高浓度(10、20g/kg)胁迫下,其余代谢物的浓度,相比对照,差异显著.具体如下:相比对照水平,L-甲酰犬尿氨酸的增幅分别为26.8%、65.3%;雄甾烷二酮的增幅分别为38.9%、44.0%;雄烯二酮的增幅为20.5%、65.9%;11,12-DHET的增幅分别为48.5%、70.2%;DPA的增幅分别为28.5%、43.6%;肌醇的增幅分别为32.0%、41.0%;全反式维甲酸的增幅为45.4%、68.4%;肌苷的降幅为21.0%、51.2%.
大粒径聚乙烯胁迫下,前12位重要代谢物相比于对照的变化,明显不同于小颗粒聚乙烯.DPA、肌醇、11,12-DHET与全反式维甲酸的水平,与对照组相比,差异均不显著;其余8个代谢物与对照存在显著差异.其中,吲哚丙酮酸、吲哚-3-乙酸盐的水平显著高于对照组,增幅分别在32.3%~59.1%、22.1%~54.7%.L-甲酰犬尿氨酸、雄甾烷二酮、雄烯二酮、3’-AMP、肌苷与黄嘌呤的水平均分别显著低于对照组,具体表现为:相比对照水平,L-甲酰犬尿氨酸的降幅在20.0%~34.9%,雄甾烷二酮、雄烯二酮、3’-AMP的降幅分别为50.7%~79.6%、20.0%~40.7%、35.0%~48.5%,肌苷与黄嘌呤的降幅分别为51.9%~77.3%、20.0%~31.9%.
本研究发现,相比小粒径,大粒径聚乙烯对蚯蚓繁殖的抑制更明显,表明聚乙烯颗粒的大小显著影响蚯蚓的繁殖.作者之前的研究发现,小粒径聚乙烯持续60d的暴露能显著抑制蚯蚓的繁殖[18].本研究中,暴露持续时间相对较短,因此推测大粒径聚乙烯的延长暴露,将显著影响蚯蚓种群的繁衍发育.Lwanga等[9]的结论与我们的结果一致,但也有报道与本文不同,如Lahive等[29]发现3个粒径(13~18µm、63~90µm、90~150µm)的聚酰胺微塑料均显著降低翅虫的繁殖,这可能与聚合物类型及受试生物有关.
蚯蚓摄入污染物并在体内不断累积,进而可引起生理上的一系列变化.当前围绕微塑料污染研究的一个关键性问题在于生物能否摄入及保留微塑料.本研究结果表明,小于50µm的聚乙烯颗粒更易在蚯蚓体内保留,而大颗粒聚乙烯的滞留则较少(图2).因此推断,蚯蚓倾向于保留颗粒较小的聚乙烯.Rodriguez-Seijo等[14]的研究结果表明,暴露于较大粒径的聚乙烯(250~1000µm)28d后,仅部分蚯蚓体内有聚乙烯颗粒,这与本研究结果类同.
这种现象的可能解释有两种:一是蚯蚓随机摄入食物,而较大粒径的微塑料能在空肠期被排出体外.Jager等[30]研究蚯蚓的摄食行为后,发现20℃条件下肠道内容物的保留时间为5.5h.因此推测,蚯蚓在空肠24h后,已将大颗粒聚乙烯完全排出.二是蚯蚓偏好摄取小粒径食物,因为其口腔尺寸较小(<3mm)[9].但也有学者发现,蚯蚓摄食率与食物的尺寸呈负相关性,食物的尺寸越大,摄食量越少[30].虽然这两种观点不大一致,但都表明大尺寸食物并非蚯蚓的偏好.Lwanga等[9]根据蚓粪中小于50µm微塑料比例的变化,也提出蚯蚓偏爱摄入尺寸<50µm的微塑料.
有关大颗粒微塑料不易被蚯蚓保留于体内的数据,在Hodson等[12]和Zhang等[13]的研究中也有报道:将蚯蚓分别暴露于1000~1500µm和1.5cm聚乙烯颗粒28d后,未发现蚯蚓体内有塑料颗粒.此外,本研究中使用的大颗粒聚乙烯中,也有4.8%的颗粒小于54µm(图3).本研究发现部分大粒径聚乙烯暴露下的蚯蚓体内有微塑料保留,被保留的微塑料应是4.8%的小粒径微塑料颗粒(图4),这亦进一步佐证了蚯蚓选择性保留小颗粒聚乙烯.类似现象在海洋生物中也有发现:将大型海洋露脊虫暴露于聚苯乙烯(浓度7.4%,粒径为400~1300µm)28d后,经检测未发现生物体内有微塑料[31].Lahive等[29]发现,翅虫能摄入更多的较小(13~18µm)而非较大(>63µm)微塑料,推测粒径较小的微塑料对翅虫的毒害更大.
综上,小颗粒聚乙烯更易在蚯蚓体内停留并持续累积,而大颗粒聚乙烯不易被蚯蚓吞食.因此推测,小颗粒聚乙烯微塑料对生物体的损伤及危害更大,而大颗粒聚乙烯微塑料的生态危害相对较小.
本研究在蚯蚓体内检测到3种参与色氨酸代谢的化合物,分别是吲哚丙酮酸、吲哚-3-乙酸盐及L-甲酰犬尿氨酸;它们在不同粒径聚乙烯胁迫下的响应不同(图6图7).色氨酸代谢路径一般有两条:一条是在色氨酸羟化酶及5-羟色胺酸脱羧酶的催化下,色氨酸转化为吲哚丙酮酸,后者在脱氢酶的催化下,被进一步氧化为吲哚乙酸盐;另一条是在限速酶的催化下,色氨酸转化为L-甲酰犬尿氨酸[6,18].小粒径高浓度聚乙烯暴露下,L-甲酰犬尿氨酸的水平表现为显著上调,这可能是限速酶水平提升的直接后果.大粒径聚乙烯暴露下,吲哚丙酮酸与吲哚-3-乙酸盐水平表现为显著上调,L-甲酰犬尿氨酸水平表现为显著下调,则表明色氨酸—吲哚丙酮酸—吲哚乙酸盐代谢路径在色氨酸代谢中起主导作用.本研究还在蚯蚓体内检测到3种由磷酸肌苷转化并参与嘌呤代谢的中间产物,分别是3’-AMP、肌苷与黄嘌呤.小粒径高浓度聚乙烯暴露下,蚯蚓体内的嘌呤代谢中间产物仅肌苷的水平显著低于对照;而大粒径聚乙烯暴露下,这三种代谢物的水平均显著低于对照.这可能是因为相比小颗粒,大颗粒聚乙烯暴露导致蚯蚓体内参与3’-AMP与黄嘌呤生成的催化酶的合成被抑制,进而导致3’-AMP与黄嘌呤的水平显著下调[32].上述这些结果表明,不同粒径聚乙烯尽管对蚯蚓色氨酸代谢与嘌呤代谢都产生了显著干扰,但具体作用模式明显不同.
本研究在蚯蚓体内检测到2个参与脂代谢的化合物(参见图6图7),分别是具有神经保护作用的不饱脂肪酸DPA与11,12-DHET[32].后者为花生四烯酸的代谢产物,同时参与CYP2亚酶代谢[33].小粒径高浓度聚乙烯暴露下,蚯蚓体内DPA的水平显著高于对照;在大粒径聚乙烯暴露下,DPA的水平与对照组相当.表明高浓度的小粒径聚乙烯引发蚯蚓神经代谢紊乱效应明显.11,12-DHET具有促炎特性,其浓度水平的增加,被视为炎症效应的明显表征[34].本研究里高浓度小粒径聚乙烯胁迫下,蚯蚓11,12-DHET水平的显著提高,反映此时炎症反应的产生.CYP酶是生物代谢的第Ⅰ阶段酶,负责将外源化合物由疏水型转化为更易排泄的亲水性,其活力的提高一般代表着解毒能力的增强[18,25].本研究发现的CYP2B6及CYP2C9活力显著被诱导现象,从代谢解毒方面反映蚯蚓的自身解毒能力被激活,以降低炎症伤害.类似地,Rodriguez-Seijo等[14]通过病理组织学观察,发现暴露于聚乙烯(250~1000µm)微塑料28d后,蚯蚓的消化腺结缔组织、导管和小管外围形成肉芽肿,存在强烈的炎症反应.本试验数据表明,蚯蚓暴露于大粒径聚乙烯微塑料后,与对照组相比,其体内11,12-DHET的浓度、CYP2B6与CYP2C9的活力,均未显著变化,由此推断,大颗粒聚乙烯导致的炎症毒性反应几乎可忽略.
本研究还发现了一些参与其他代谢的化合物,如全反式维甲酸,参与视黄醇代谢,是视黄酸受体(RAR)和类视黄醇X受体(RXR)的配体,可有效刺激AR/RXR信号通路[35].我们的结果显示,在小颗粒高浓度聚乙烯胁迫下,全反式维甲酸的水平显著高于对照水平,且与CYP2亚酶活力呈现显著正相关.表明蚯蚓自身解毒能力激活与视黄醇代谢被激活存在连锁效应,以期降低外界胁迫对自身的伤害.类似地,Lampen等[36]发现小鼠肠道内CYP2亚酶基因水平的表达与全反式维甲酸肠道代谢呈现显著正相关,推断CYP2亚族酶参与小鼠肠道内维甲酸的稳态维持.本研究中,我们还观察到小粒径高浓度聚乙烯暴露下,蚯蚓体内的肌醇水平显著高于对照组.由于肌醇浓度的增加是肌醇合成的上调与转化过程减少的综合作用的结果[37],因此我们的结果表明,小颗粒高浓度聚乙烯引发神经毒性,干扰渗透调节代谢.Tang等[38]有类似的报道,他们发现蚯蚓暴露于添加了聚苯乙烯(粒径为90~110nm,浓度为0.02%,W/W)的土壤中14d后,其肌醇水平发生了显著变化,推断聚苯乙烯纳米微颗粒对蚯蚓的渗透调节代谢系统起到了破坏作用.在本研究中,小颗粒聚乙烯胁迫引发DPA水平的显著变化也是聚乙烯微塑料诱发神经毒性的另一个证据.
雄甾烷二酮与雄烯二酮均参与类固醇的降解,后者还参与荷尔蒙的生成,且前者不可逆地转化为后者.我们的结果中,小颗粒高浓度聚乙烯胁迫下,蚯蚓雄甾烷二酮、雄烯二酮的水平均显著高于对照,这表明小颗粒聚乙烯促进了蚯蚓类固醇的降解及荷尔蒙的生成.而大粒径聚乙烯胁迫下,二种代谢物的水平均显著低于对照,明显不同于小颗粒聚乙烯暴露下的变化.表明大颗粒聚乙烯则下调类固醇的降解及荷尔蒙的生成.有学者发现哺乳生物体内的雄烯二酮水平的下调,代表对繁殖产生明显的负面作用[39-40].从本研究的另一组实验数据看,相同浓度下,大颗粒聚乙烯暴露下,蚯蚓的繁殖量明显比小颗粒聚乙烯暴露下的低,也佐证了这一推测.
综上,基于代谢组学,筛选出的前12位重要代谢物的水平相比对照组的变化可知,聚乙烯胁迫对蚯蚓代谢系统产生了明显影响,包括色氨酸代谢、嘌呤代谢、脂代谢、神经代谢和自身解毒代谢等.不同粒径聚乙烯胁迫下,同个代谢物的响应明显不同,这反映出聚乙烯微塑料的粒径大小对其毒性效应具有一定影响.小粒径高浓度聚乙烯使蚯蚓产生炎症反应,明显引发神经代谢紊乱效应,产生神经毒害,对其渗透调节代谢系统功也能有损害;而CYP2B6及CYP2C9活力显著被诱导的现象,一方面提示了强烈的炎症反应,另一方面也揭示了蚯蚓自身具有解毒能力.但具体的作用细节仍需进一步的研究.
4.1 蚯蚓选择性保留聚乙烯微塑料,小粒径聚乙烯微塑料更易在蚯蚓体内停留并持续累积,而大粒径聚乙烯微塑料不易被蚯蚓保留.
4.2 聚乙烯微塑料的粒径大小影响其毒性效应.小粒径聚乙烯微塑料明显引发蚯蚓神经代谢紊乱效应,并对其渗透调节代谢系统产生损害.大粒径聚乙烯的毒性效应偏弱,其主要作用模式是抑制荷尔蒙生成,进而对蚯蚓繁殖发育产生一定影响.然而具体的代谢毒性产生细节尚不清楚,仍需进一步的试验研究.本研究结果将为精准评估土壤微塑料的生态风险提供数据支撑,同时能极大提升公众对微塑料生态毒性的认知.
  • 重庆市级财政项目(KYLX20240500057; cqaas2023sjczqn009; KYLX20231000102)
  • 重庆市自然科学基金资助项目(CSTB2024JXJL-YFX0017; CSTB2022NSCQ-MSX0303)
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2025年第45卷第2期
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  • 接收时间:2023-07-05
  • 首发时间:2026-03-17
  • 出版时间:2025-02-20
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  • 收稿日期:2023-07-05
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重庆市级财政项目(KYLX20240500057; cqaas2023sjczqn009; KYLX20231000102)
重庆市自然科学基金资助项目(CSTB2024JXJL-YFX0017; CSTB2022NSCQ-MSX0303)
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    重庆市农业科学院农业质量标准与检测技术研究所,重庆 401329

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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