Article(id=1240689600167989450, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, issueId=1240689590315569990, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1721232000000, receivedDateStr=2024-07-18, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773733051577, onlineDateStr=2026-03-17, pubDate=1739980800000, pubDateStr=2025-02-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773733051577, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-17, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773733051577, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773733051577, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1240689590315569990, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, year='2025', volume='45', issue='2', pageStart='593', pageEnd='1184', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773733049228, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773733150042, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1240690013239825123, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, issueId=1240689590315569990, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1240690013239825124, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, issueId=1240689590315569990, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=935, endPage=942, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1240689601111707936, articleId=1240689600167989450, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, language=EN, title=Distribution of nitrate nitrogen and oxygen isotopes along the hydrological path in alpine forests, columnId=1234106388083954308, journalTitle=China Environmental Science, columnName=Environmental Ecology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To deeply understand the nitrogen cycling process in alpine forest small watersheds in the northeast of the Tibetan Plateau, the throughfall, soil water and surface runoff at two alpine forest sites in Datong and Huangyuan in the Hehuang Valley in the Tibetan Plateau were studied from April to September 2022. The concentration and flux of dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) were monitored, and the distribution characteristics of nitrogen and oxygen (N and O) isotopes of nitrate (NO3) along the hydrological path (from throughfall to soil water and then to surface runoff) was analyzed via stable isotope technology. The results showed that the average nitrogen deposition in Datong and Huangyuan (3.60kg/(hm2·a)) was higher than that in the Tibetan Plateau (2.94kg/(hm2·a)), and the nitrogen deposition in Huangyuan (4.17kg/(hm2·a)) was higher than that in Datong (3.02kg/(hm2·a)). The average concentration of NO3 in soil water at the two alpine forest small watersheds was 5.78mg/L. The average δ18O-NO3 ((−1.54±9.77)‰) in soil water was lower than that in throughfall ((74.2±0.01)‰), indicating that nitrification occurred in alpine forest soil. Over 90% of the NO3 in soil water was from soil nitrification using the end member model analysis, and the remaining approximately 10% might be came from atmospheric deposition. The average concentration of NO3 in surface runoff at the two alpine forest small watersheds was 5.73mg/L. The δ18O-NO3 and δ15N-NO3 in surface runoff were enriched along the growth trend of 1:2, indicating that a denitrification process occurred in surface runoff. The δ15N-NO3 and δ18O-NO3 in the Tibetan Plateau alpine forests decreased from throughfall to soil water, and then increased from soil water to surface runoff.

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为深入了解青藏高原东北部高寒森林小流域的氮循环过程,2022年4~9月,以青藏高原河湟谷地大通和湟源两处高寒森林站点的穿透水、土壤水和地表径流为研究对象,监测其可溶性无机氮(DIN)的浓度和通量,并利用稳定同位素技术分析硝酸盐(NO3)的氮氧(N、O)同位素沿水文路径(穿透水−土壤水−地表径流)的分布特征.结果表明,大通和湟源高寒森林的平均氮沉降(3.60kg/(hm2·a))高于青藏高原地区的平均氮沉降(2.94kg/(hm2·a)),并且湟源高寒森林氮沉降(4.17kg/(hm2·a))高于大通高寒森林氮沉降(3.02kg/(hm2·a)).两处高寒森林小流域土壤水中NO3的平均浓度为5.78mg/L,其δ18O−NO3平均值((−1.54±9.77)‰)低于穿透水中δ18O−NO3的平均值((74.2±0.01)‰),表明高寒森林土壤中发生了硝化作用.利用端元混合模型计算发现土壤的硝化作用贡献了土壤水中90%以上的NO3,其余约10%则来源于大气沉降.两处高寒森林地表径流中NO3的平均浓度为5.73mg/L,其δ18O−NO3和δ15N−NO3沿1:2的增长趋势富集,表明地表径流中存在反硝化过程.青藏高原高寒森林中的δ15N−NO3和δ18O−NO3沿穿透水−土壤水−地表径流均呈现先减小后增大的趋势.

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*责任作者,讲师,
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韩怡蒙(2002-),女,河南洛阳人,长安大学硕士研究生,主要研究氮的生物地球化学循环.发表论文1篇. .

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韩怡蒙(2002-),女,河南洛阳人,长安大学硕士研究生,主要研究氮的生物地球化学循环.发表论文1篇. .

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韩怡蒙(2002-),女,河南洛阳人,长安大学硕士研究生,主要研究氮的生物地球化学循环.发表论文1篇. .

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journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689600167989450, language=CN, orderNo=5, keyword=高寒森林)], refs=[Reference(id=1240689614164381965, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689600167989450, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=42, issue=6, pageStart=2202, pageEnd=2220, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[1], rfOrder=0, authorNames=聂宇, 杨彦敏, 王一航, journalName=生态学报, refType=null, unstructuredReference=聂宇,杨彦敏,王一航,等. 拉萨市城关区近50年城市扩展过程对自然生境质量的综合影响[J]. 生态学报202242(6):2202−2220., articleTitle=拉萨市城关区近50年城市扩展过程对自然生境质量的综合影响, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1240689614277628185, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689600167989450, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=42, issue=6, pageStart=2202, pageEnd=2220, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[1], rfOrder=1, authorNames=Nie Y, Yang Y M, Wang Y H, journalName=Acta Ecologica Sinica, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Nie YYang Y MWang Y H,et 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高寒森林硝酸盐氮氧同位素沿水文路径的分布
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韩怡蒙 , 周剑兴 , 夏凡 , 李秉珍 , 谢丹妮 *
中国环境科学 | 环境生态 2025,45(2): 935-942
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中国环境科学 | 环境生态 2025, 45(2): 935-942
高寒森林硝酸盐氮氧同位素沿水文路径的分布
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韩怡蒙 , 周剑兴, 夏凡, 李秉珍, 谢丹妮*
作者信息
  • 长安大学土地工程学院,陕西 西安 710054
  • 韩怡蒙(2002-),女,河南洛阳人,长安大学硕士研究生,主要研究氮的生物地球化学循环.发表论文1篇. .

通讯作者:

*责任作者,讲师,
Distribution of nitrate nitrogen and oxygen isotopes along the hydrological path in alpine forests
Yi-meng HAN , Jian-xing ZHOU, Fan XIA, Bing-zhen LI, Dan-ni XIE*
Affiliations
  • School of Land Engineering, Chang’an University, Xi’an 710054, China
出版时间: 2025-02-20
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为深入了解青藏高原东北部高寒森林小流域的氮循环过程,2022年4~9月,以青藏高原河湟谷地大通和湟源两处高寒森林站点的穿透水、土壤水和地表径流为研究对象,监测其可溶性无机氮(DIN)的浓度和通量,并利用稳定同位素技术分析硝酸盐(NO3)的氮氧(N、O)同位素沿水文路径(穿透水−土壤水−地表径流)的分布特征.结果表明,大通和湟源高寒森林的平均氮沉降(3.60kg/(hm2·a))高于青藏高原地区的平均氮沉降(2.94kg/(hm2·a)),并且湟源高寒森林氮沉降(4.17kg/(hm2·a))高于大通高寒森林氮沉降(3.02kg/(hm2·a)).两处高寒森林小流域土壤水中NO3的平均浓度为5.78mg/L,其δ18O−NO3平均值((−1.54±9.77)‰)低于穿透水中δ18O−NO3的平均值((74.2±0.01)‰),表明高寒森林土壤中发生了硝化作用.利用端元混合模型计算发现土壤的硝化作用贡献了土壤水中90%以上的NO3,其余约10%则来源于大气沉降.两处高寒森林地表径流中NO3的平均浓度为5.73mg/L,其δ18O−NO3和δ15N−NO3沿1:2的增长趋势富集,表明地表径流中存在反硝化过程.青藏高原高寒森林中的δ15N−NO3和δ18O−NO3沿穿透水−土壤水−地表径流均呈现先减小后增大的趋势.

青藏高原  /  氮沉降  /  硝酸盐  /  氮氧同位素  /  高寒森林

To deeply understand the nitrogen cycling process in alpine forest small watersheds in the northeast of the Tibetan Plateau, the throughfall, soil water and surface runoff at two alpine forest sites in Datong and Huangyuan in the Hehuang Valley in the Tibetan Plateau were studied from April to September 2022. The concentration and flux of dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) were monitored, and the distribution characteristics of nitrogen and oxygen (N and O) isotopes of nitrate (NO3) along the hydrological path (from throughfall to soil water and then to surface runoff) was analyzed via stable isotope technology. The results showed that the average nitrogen deposition in Datong and Huangyuan (3.60kg/(hm2·a)) was higher than that in the Tibetan Plateau (2.94kg/(hm2·a)), and the nitrogen deposition in Huangyuan (4.17kg/(hm2·a)) was higher than that in Datong (3.02kg/(hm2·a)). The average concentration of NO3 in soil water at the two alpine forest small watersheds was 5.78mg/L. The average δ18O-NO3 ((−1.54±9.77)‰) in soil water was lower than that in throughfall ((74.2±0.01)‰), indicating that nitrification occurred in alpine forest soil. Over 90% of the NO3 in soil water was from soil nitrification using the end member model analysis, and the remaining approximately 10% might be came from atmospheric deposition. The average concentration of NO3 in surface runoff at the two alpine forest small watersheds was 5.73mg/L. The δ18O-NO3 and δ15N-NO3 in surface runoff were enriched along the growth trend of 1:2, indicating that a denitrification process occurred in surface runoff. The δ15N-NO3 and δ18O-NO3 in the Tibetan Plateau alpine forests decreased from throughfall to soil water, and then increased from soil water to surface runoff.

Tibetan Plateau  /  nitrogen deposition  /  nitrate  /  nitrogen and oxygen isotopes  /  alpine forest
韩怡蒙, 周剑兴, 夏凡, 李秉珍, 谢丹妮. 高寒森林硝酸盐氮氧同位素沿水文路径的分布. 中国环境科学, 2025 , 45 (2) : 935 -942 .
Yi-meng HAN, Jian-xing ZHOU, Fan XIA, Bing-zhen LI, Dan-ni XIE. Distribution of nitrate nitrogen and oxygen isotopes along the hydrological path in alpine forests[J]. China Environmental Science, 2025 , 45 (2) : 935 -942 .
极端的地形气候条件使青藏高原的生态系统对人类活动敏感[1],频繁的人类活动可能对其生态环境造成危害.青藏高原海拔高,降水少[2].但其水资源丰富,约占全国水资源总量的20.2%[3].此外,青藏高原也是重要的林区,其森林类型多样、树种繁多.其中,高寒森林是青藏高原地区具有代表性的森林生态系统,占其总面积的12.1%[4].人类活动造成的高氮(N)排放和高N沉降是全球关注的环境问题之一,近几十年来青藏高原的氮沉降增加趋势明显[5].森林小流域的水化学不仅能反映大气沉降的影响[6],也与江河湖泊等水系密切相连[1-2].因此,研究青藏高原高寒森林小流域中的氮循环过程十分必要.
随着工厂烟囱排放、化石燃料燃烧和农业化肥施用等一系列人为活动的干扰,青藏高原地区的氮沉降增加.虽然青藏高原地区的平均氮沉降较低(2.94kg/(hm2·a))[8],但其东部地区的大气平均氮沉降(11.3kg/(hm2·a))明显高于亚洲(7kg/(hm2·a))[9]、欧洲(6.6kg/(hm2·a))[10]乃至全球(5kg/(hm2·a))[11]的平均氮沉降,并逐年升高(8.7~13.8kg/(hm2·a))[12].其城市地区的氮沉降甚至高达18.1kg/(hm2·a)[8],超过北美工业区的大气氮沉降(10kg/(hm2·a))[13].
青藏高原是一个氮限制的生态系统,对氮沉降增加敏感.青藏高原高寒森林的氮临界负荷(≤5kg/(hm2·a))[14]低于欧洲森林氮临界负荷最小值(10kg/(hm2·a))[15]和北美高寒生态系统的临界负荷最小值(5kg/(hm2·a))[16].高寒森林的氮临界负荷低于热带和亚热带森林,对氮沉降的增加更为敏感[17].当氮沉降高于7.98~9.94kg/(hm2·a)时,高寒森林中过量的氮素会导致温室气体排放增加、生物多样性减少、土壤和水体酸化[18-22],对生态环境健康造成威胁.降水通常含有不等量的铵盐(NH4+)和硝酸盐(NO3),但由于铵盐相对于硝酸盐会优先被森林冠层保留,大部分气源氮都以硝酸盐的形式到达土壤表面[23].到达高寒森林土壤表面的硝酸盐部分会被淋溶到土壤水中,并对地表径流造成影响.
目前,我国针对硝酸盐氮氧稳定同位素技术的研究主要是识别各种水体中NO3的迁移转化过程及源解析,例如,重庆铁山坪亚热带森林中δ15N−NO3和δ18O−NO3表明,硝化作用是其表层土壤水中NO3的重要来源,并且在深层土壤中发生了反硝化[24];江苏省大港河水体中的δ15N−NO3和δ18O− NO3证据表明,流域土壤是NO3的主要来源,并且流域中的氮循环过程以硝化作用为主[25];河北省洋河北岸地下水中的NO3主要来自土壤氮,其氮的迁移转化过程也以硝化作用为主[26].国外对森林小流域水体中NO3氮氧稳定同位素的研究发现,美国东北部温带森林流域地表水中82%~100%的硝酸盐来源于土壤的硝化作用,其15N、18O同位素的组成受大气沉降中硝酸盐的影响[27];美国Hubbard Brook实验森林浅层地下水中的同位素(δ15N−NO3和δ18O−NO3)证据表明,降水贡献了高达34%的溪水硝酸盐,而剩余的硝酸盐则是由硝化作用产生,并且在夏季的浅层地下水中发生了广泛的反硝化作用[28].
河湟谷地位于青藏高原和黄土高原间的生态过渡带,是青藏高原东北缘的重要水源涵养区和典型工农业密集区[29],其氮沉降已经超过青藏高原的平均氮沉降,增加的氮沉降可能对高寒森林小流域的氮循环过程造成影响.因此,本研究在河湟谷地的大通县和湟源县分别选取了一处高寒森林小流域,分析穿透水、土壤水和地表径流中NO3的浓度和通量以及δ15N−NO3和δ18O−NO3的分布特征,探究受人为干扰的青藏高原高寒森林的大气氮沉降状态以及NO3沿水文路径的迁移转化过程.
大通和湟源高寒森林站点位于青藏高原东北缘的湟水河流域(图1).湟水河位于青藏高原和黄土高原的交界地带,河流全长374km,流域总面积1.61×104km2,年径流量4.63×109m3,是黄河上游最大的支流,也是黄河上游主要的径流补给水系[29].大通站点位于距离大通县城(106°41′E,36°56′N)20km处牧区的白桦林中,周边多为林地和草地,几乎无工业和农业污染.湟源站点位于距离湟源县城(101°16′E,36°41′N)17km外的白桦林中,距离西丽高速和京藏高速较近,且周边多为城乡、工矿和居民用地.大通县和湟源县均属高原大陆性气候,年平均气温约为3℃,年均降水量约为450mm,其中植物生长季(5~9月)降水量约占全年降水量的80%以上,海拔在2280~4898m,县内河流全属湟水水系[30-32].植被以山地落叶阔叶林为主,土壤类型分别为黑毡土和黑钙土.
在两处高寒森林站点分别设置3个平行样地,每个样地分别设置了1个穿透水采样器和1组土壤水采样器.其中,穿透水采样器设置在森林冠层下距地面1m高度处,土壤水采样器设置在森林土壤30cm的矿物质层,地表水则采集自大通和湟源高寒森林站点地势较低的沟壑处的季节性地表径流.从2022年4月起,每次降雨结束后收集1次穿透水和土壤水并采集500mL地表径流.由于采样点的降水量较少,只采集到了2022年4~9月的部分穿透水、土壤水和地表径流共计65个样品.将采集到的样品冷藏在4℃的冰箱中,然后寄送到清华大学实验室进行水样的基本化学组成分析.
使用孔径为0.45µm的水相针式过滤器(SCAA−201,美国)对水样进行过滤,然后运用离子色谱法(ICS:DX−1000;ICS:DX−2000,美国)测定其可溶性无机氮DIN(DIN=NO3+NH4+)的浓度.DIN年平均浓度和通量的详细计算方法见参考文献[33].
水样中NO3的δ15N和δ18O(δ15N−NO3和δ18O−NO3)采用改进过的反硝化方法进行测定[34].具体步骤为:首先利用脱氮菌(Paracoccus denitrificans,ATCC 17741)去除胰酪大豆胨液体培养基(tryptic soya broth,TSB,加入NH4Cl作为氮源)的背景NO3,然后,进行高压灭菌和过滤去除培养基中的脱氮菌得到无NO3的TSB培养基.在无NO3的TSB培养基中接种金黄色假单胞菌(Pseudomonas aureofaciens,ATCC 13985,一种缺乏N2O还原酶的脱氮菌),经过6~8h的好氧生长后,将2mL的菌液转移到经过氦洗和灭菌的120mL的注射瓶中.向瓶中注入约含100nmol NO3水样,室温下培养2d,将NO3转化为N2O后,在瓶中注入1mL1mol/L的NaOH溶液停止转化并吸收瓶中的CO2,以减少对N2O中δ15N测量的影响.痕量气体预浓缩装置和稳定同位素比率质谱仪联用(PreConIRMS,美国)对瓶中N2O的δ15N和δ18O进行测定.国际标准品IAEA N3、USGS 32和USGS 34作为内部标准用于每个批次中,对样品的δ15N和δ18O进行校准和校正.这种方法总体的δ15N和δ18O重复性≤0.3‰和≤0.7‰[34].由于部分样品低于检测限,因此只测得了20个水样中的δ15N−NO3和δ18O−NO3.
δ表示硝酸盐中N、O同位素的相对比值,即样品的同位素比值相对于参照标准的同位素比值的千分偏差.δ的计算见式(1).
式中:R为重同位素原子丰度与轻同位素原子丰度的比值;15N、18O的R分别表示为15N/14N、18O/16O;N同位素参照标准是标准大气(AIR),O同位素参照标准是维也纳标准平均海水(Vienna Standard Mean Oceanic Water,V−SMOW).
利用式(2)确定降水和硝化作用对土壤水中NO3的贡献.
式中:f为降雨对土壤水中NO3的贡献比例;Rainδ18O−NO3为穿透水的δ18O−NO3Nitrifδ18O−NO3为硝化作用产生的δ18O−NO3.
大通和湟源高寒森林穿透水中NO3的平均浓度分别为10.3和10.1mg/L,NH4+的平均浓度分别为0.61和0.72mg/L.两处高寒森林的平均穿透水DIN通量为3.60kg/(hm2·a),且湟源高寒森林穿透水中的DIN通量4.17kg/(hm2·a)高于大通高寒森林穿透水中的DIN通量(3.02kg/(hm2·a))(图2).
大通高寒森林土壤水和地表径流中NO3的平均浓度分别为4.44,5.38mg/L.湟源高寒森林土壤水和地表径流中NO3的平均浓度分别为7.13mg/L和6.08mg/L,均高于大通高寒森林(图2).此外,大通和湟源高寒森林土壤水和地表径流中NH4+的浓度较低,甚至低于检测限(数据未展示).
穿透水、土壤水和地表径流中δ15N−NO3和δ18O−NO3的分布范围如图3,两处高寒森林穿透水中δ15N−NO3和δ18O−NO3的平均值分别为(1.42±2.59)‰和(74.2±0.01)‰.湟源高寒森林土壤水中δ15N−NO3和δ18O−NO3的平均值分别为(0.24±3.43)‰和(3.8±9.34)‰,均高于大通高寒森林土壤水中δ15N−NO3和δ18O−NO3的平均值(分别为(−8.08±12.9)‰和(−6.88±7.71)‰)(图4).大通和湟源高寒森林地表径流中的δ15N−NO3和δ18O−NO3无显著差异,两处高寒森林地表径流中δ15N−NO3和δ18O−NO3的平均值分别为(4.65±1.58)‰和(2.68±1.69)‰.
δ15N−NO3和δ18O−NO3在大通和湟源高寒森林沿穿透水−土壤水−地表径流均呈现先减小后增大的趋势(图5).大通高寒森林的δ15N−NO3和δ18O−NO3沿穿透水−土壤水−地表径流的变化幅度大于湟源高寒森林,从穿透水到土壤水,大通和湟源高寒森林的δ18O−NO3分别降低了81.1‰和70.4‰,δ15N−NO3分别降低了9.50‰和1.18‰;从土壤水到地表径流,大通和湟源高寒森林的δ18O−NO3分别增加了8.24‰和0.2‰,δ15N−NO3分别增加了13.23‰和3.91‰.
青藏高原高寒森林的氮沉降与周边含氮污染物的人为排放有关.两处高寒森林的氮沉降都低于高寒森林的最小氮临界负荷(9.94kg/(hm2·a))[35],但高于青藏高原地区的平均氮沉降(2.94kg/(hm2·a))[8].湟源高寒森林的氮沉降(4.17kg/(hm2·a))高于大通高寒森林的氮沉降(3.02kg/(hm2·a)),可能是因为湟源高寒森林距离高速公路和工厂等污染源更近[36],并且位于这些污染源的下风向[37],含氮污染物的排放使其氮沉降增加[38].因此加强对生态环境脆弱的青藏高原地区含氮污染物排放的控制,可能使高寒森林的氮沉降有效降低.
大通和湟源高寒森林土壤水中的NO3浓度低于穿透水中的NO3浓度,可能是由于土壤中的同化作用(植物或微生物将无机氮转化为有机氮的过程)使部分NO3−N转化为了有机氮.影响土壤微生物同化作用的因素主要有土壤温度、体积含水率、pH值和氮含量等[39-40],对于土壤温度、体积含水率和pH值相近的大通和湟源高寒森林[33],氮沉降低的大通高寒森林土壤中NO3−N的同化作用可能由于其较高的碳氮比而相对更高[40-42],因此其土壤水中NO3浓度低于湟源高寒森林土壤水中的NO3浓度.
大通和湟源高寒森林穿透水中δ15N−NO3和δ18O−NO3的范围分别为−0.41‰~3.25‰和74.17‰~74.18‰,与大气降水(δ15N−NO3为−15‰~15‰,δ18O−NO3为63‰~94‰)一致[43-44].同时与欧美高寒森林的穿透水沉降中δ15N−NO3和δ18O−NO3的范围一致,例如德国斐克特高原森林流域的穿透水δ15N−NO3平均值为4.3‰,δ18O−NO3平均值为65‰,美国卡茨基尔山脉与阿迪朗达克山脉森林流域的穿透水δ15N−NO3平均值为−0.8‰,δ18O−NO3平均值为78‰[45-48].
δ15N−NO3和δ18O−NO3从穿透水到土壤水呈下降趋势(图5),表明青藏高原高寒森林小流域的土壤中发生了硝化作用.大通和湟源高寒森林土壤水的δ18O−NO3小于穿透水的δ18O−NO3,而在所有氮循环过程中仅有硝化过程导致δ18O−NO3减小,因为只有在硝化作用过程中,微生物或植物会优先利用周围环境中较轻的O原子生成NO3导致δ18O−NO3降低[49],表明除大气沉降的直接输入外,高寒森林土壤水中的NO3部分来自土壤的硝化作用[50].此外,大通和湟源高寒森林土壤水中的δ15N−NO3也小于穿透水的δ15N−NO3,δ15N−NO3降低的原因一方面可能是土壤中硝化过程反应底物的δ15N较低;另一方面可能是硝化过程中δ15N−NO3的降低效应大于同化作用的δ15N−NO3增加效应[24].
大通和湟源高寒森林大部分土壤水的δ15N−NO3和δ18O−NO3处于土壤硝化作用的δ15N−NO3(−10‰~5‰)和δ18O−NO3(−10‰~10‰)特征范围内[44],小部分土壤水的δ15N−NO3和δ18O−NO3处于降水和硝化作用的特征范围之间(图6),表明高寒森林土壤水中的NO3大部分来自土壤的硝化作用,大气沉降的直接输入可能仅占小部分.降水中的NO3和土壤硝化作用产生的NO3之间的δ18O−NO3差异大[44],因此可以通过测定降水和硝化作用的δ18O−NO3并利用端元混合模型计算对土壤水中NO3的贡献比例[28,5153].大通和湟源高寒森林穿透水中δ18O−NO3的平均值为74.17‰,土壤水中δ18O−NO3的平均值为−1.54‰,结合硝化作用的δ18O−NO3为−10‰~10‰[44],通过端元混合模型计算得出:当土壤硝化作用的δ18O−NO3为−10‰时,硝化作用对土壤水中NO3的贡献比例为90%;当硝化作用的δ18O−NO3由−10‰向10‰趋近时,其贡献比例将大于90%.因此土壤的硝化作用贡献了土壤水中90%以上的NO3,其余的则来自大气沉降(小于10%).
大通和湟源高寒森林地表径流中的δ15N−NO3大于穿透水和土壤水中的δ15N−NO3,说明在地表径流中发生了使δ15N−NO3富集的反应.而在反硝化过程中,硝酸盐中较轻的同位素会优先被微生物所利用,从而导致剩余的反应底物富集重同位素[49],因此地表径流中可能存在反硝化过程.在实地观察中,例如在自然水域的研究中发现反硝化作用使18O和15N的含量沿1:2的趋势增加,尽管造成这种现象的机制尚未明确,但δ18O和δ15N接近1:2的增长趋势已被用于确定反硝化作用的发生[43,54].在大通和湟源高寒森林地表径流中,所有的δ18O−NO3和δ15N−NO3都聚集在从土壤水δ18O−NO3和δ15N−NO3平均值延伸出的1:2比例线周围(图7),说明地表径流中发生了反硝化作用.青藏高原东南部以及欧美高寒森林小流域中的δ15N−NO3和δ18O−NO3也表明高寒森林的地表径流中存在着反硝化[28,5556].此外,大通高寒森林地表径流中的δ18O−NO3小于湟源,是因为大通高寒森林土壤水中的δ18O−NO3较小.
4.1 大通和湟源高寒森林的平均氮沉降为3.60kg/(hm2·a),湟源高寒森林的穿透水氮沉降(4.17kg/(hm2·a))高于大通(3.02kg/(hm2·a)).
4.2 大通和湟源高寒森林的土壤中发生了硝化作用,利用端元混合模型计算得出硝化作用贡献了土壤水中90%以上的NO3,其余约10%来自大气沉降.
4.3 大通和湟源高寒森林地表径流中的δ18O−NO3和δ15N−NO3沿1:2的趋势富集,在高寒森林的地表径流中发生了反硝化.
4.4 人为排放的含氮污染物通过大气沉降影响青藏高原高寒森林小流域的穿透水、土壤水和地表径流中NO3的分布和迁移转化,进而可能影响江河湖泊的地表水水质.
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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