Article(id=1240689599975051449, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, issueId=1240689590315569990, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1721836800000, receivedDateStr=2024-07-25, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773733051532, onlineDateStr=2026-03-17, pubDate=1739980800000, pubDateStr=2025-02-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773733051532, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-17, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773733051532, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773733051532, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1240689590315569990, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, year='2025', volume='45', issue='2', pageStart='593', pageEnd='1184', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773733049228, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773733150042, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1240690013239825123, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, issueId=1240689590315569990, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1240690013239825124, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, issueId=1240689590315569990, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=991, endPage=1003, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1240689600939741456, articleId=1240689599975051449, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, language=EN, title=Spatial and temporal distribution characteristics, ecological risk assessment and source analysis of heavy metals in surface sediments of Hasuhai Lake, columnId=1234106388083954308, journalTitle=China Environmental Science, columnName=Environmental Ecology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Hasuhai Lake was selected as the research object, where surface sediment samples were collected from 19 sampling points during three water periods: April 2023 (dry season), July 2023 (wet season), and September 2023 (normal season). The concentrations of seven heavy metals (As, Cr, Cd, Cu, Pb, Zn, and Hg) were determined, with all metals except Cr being detected. Subsequently, their pollution levels and spatial distribution characteristics were analyzed. The geo-accumulation index (Igeo) and potential ecological risk index (RI) were used to assess the potential ecological risks of six heavy metals, respectively. The correlation analysis (CA), principal component analysis (PCA) and positive matrix factorization (PMF) models were utilized to analyze the sources and relative contributions of heavy metals in surface sediments. The results indicated that the average contents of six heavy metals in both dry and wet season exceeded the background values of Inner Mongolia stream sediments, and the average contents of five heavy metals except As in normal season exceeded the background values of Inner Mongolia stream sediments. The average contents of Cd and Hg exceeded the background values of Chinese stream sediments in the three water periods. Spatially, the distribution of heavy metals content in surface sediments of each water period is significantly different. The high value of heavy metals content in the dry season is concentrated in the east and west of the lake area, the wet season is mainly concentrated in the north and south of the lake area, and the normal season is mainly concentrated in the middle of the lake area. The results of the geo-accumulation index method and the potential ecological risk index method revealed that Cd and Hg were the main heavy metals elements causing ecological risks in the three water periods, and the mean values of RI in each water period were 590.42, 503.73 and 570.07 respectively, indicating a strong potential ecological risk. The sum of the contribution rates of Cd and Hg to RI values in the three water periods exceeded 90%. The main sources of heavy metals in surface sediments were identified as agricultural production activities and transportation (32.5%), industrial activities (22.7%), natural sources (20.1%), and mining activities (24.7%).

, correspAuthors=Shao-yong LU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=He-yu ZHANG, Jing ZHANG, Shao-yong LU, Zhen-yang HAN, Zu-qin SHI, Rong-she ZHANG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1240689609336738732, articleId=1240689599975051449, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, language=CN, title=哈素海表层沉积物重金属时空分布特征、生态风险评价及来源解析, columnId=1234106388268503686, journalTitle=中国环境科学, columnName=环境生态, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

选取哈素海为研究对象,分别于2023年4月(枯水期)、2023年7月(丰水期)和2023年9月(平水期)各采集19个采样点的表层沉积物样品并测定了7种重金属(As、Cr、Cd、Cu、Pb、Zn和Hg)的含量(除Cr以外的重金属均检出),分析其污染及空间分布特征.采用地累积指数法(Igeo)和潜在生态风险指数法(RI)对6种重金属污染程度和潜在生态风险进行了评估,并结合相关性分析(CA)、主成分分析(PCA)和正定矩阵因子分解(PMF)模型解析了表层沉积物重金属的来源及相对贡献.结果表明,枯水期和丰水期6种重金属含量的平均值均超过内蒙水系沉积物背景值,平水期除As以外的5种重金属含量的平均值均超过内蒙水系沉积物背景值,其中Cd和Hg含量的平均值在3个水期均超过中国水系沉积物背景值;空间上,各水期表层沉积物重金属含量分布存在明显差异,枯水期重金属含量高值集中在湖区东西部,丰水期主要集中在湖区南北部,平水期则主要集中在湖区中部;地累积指数法结果和潜在生态风险指数法结果均表明Cd和Hg是造成3个水期生态风险的主要重金属元素,各水期RI均值分别为590.42、503.73和570.07,整体表现为强潜在生态风险水平,Cd和Hg在3个水期对RI值的贡献率之和均超过了90%;表层沉积物重金属的主要来源为农业生产活动和交通运输、工业活动、自然源和采矿活动,相对贡献率分别为32.5%、22.7%、20.1%和24.7%.

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*责任作者,研究员,
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张贺玉(1999-),男,湖北天门人,中国环境科学研究院硕士研究生,主要从事湖泊水体富营养化修复研究.发表论文1篇. .

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张贺玉(1999-),男,湖北天门人,中国环境科学研究院硕士研究生,主要从事湖泊水体富营养化修复研究.发表论文1篇. .

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张贺玉(1999-),男,湖北天门人,中国环境科学研究院硕士研究生,主要从事湖泊水体富营养化修复研究.发表论文1篇. .

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红色表示正相关,蓝色表示负相关;椭圆大小和颜色的深浅表示相关性系数绝对值的大小;*、**和***分别表示在0.05、0.01和0.001上水平显著

, figureFileSmall=LFuSJ+5+YOjY3c3d7WqZsw==, figureFileBig=xjPY7zjoL/LoPtdIIDBMEw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240689617809232388, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689599975051449, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Source apportionment of PMF model for heavy metals in surface sediments in Hasuhai Lake, figureFileSmall=Xlo5lqZmtbkKCSlOvUrQyw==, figureFileBig=qgqUoOrnLq+I0510cl3hkA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240689617943450129, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689599975051449, language=CN, label=图5, caption=哈素海表层沉积物重金属PMF模型来源解析, figureFileSmall=Xlo5lqZmtbkKCSlOvUrQyw==, figureFileBig=qgqUoOrnLq+I0510cl3hkA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240689618035724824, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689599975051449, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Classification standard of evaluation method for heavy metals pollution in sediments

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
地累积指数(Igeo)潜在生态风险指数多种重金属综合潜在生态风险指数(RI)
指数风险等级指数风险等级指数风险等级
Igeo<0无污染 <40轻度生态风险RI<110轻度生态风险
0≤Igeo<1轻度污染40≤<80中生态风险110≤RI<220中生态风险
1≤Igeo<2偏中度污染80≤<160较强生态风险220≤RI<440较强生态风险
2≤Igeo<3中度污染 160≤<320强生态风险440≤RI<880强生态风险
3≤Igeo<4偏重度污染Er≥320极强生态风险RI>880极强生态风险
4≤Igeo<5重度污染
Igeo≥5极重度污染
), ArticleFig(id=1240689618203496999, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689599975051449, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

沉积物重金属污染评价方法分级标准

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
地累积指数(Igeo)潜在生态风险指数多种重金属综合潜在生态风险指数(RI)
指数风险等级指数风险等级指数风险等级
Igeo<0无污染 <40轻度生态风险RI<110轻度生态风险
0≤Igeo<1轻度污染40≤<80中生态风险110≤RI<220中生态风险
1≤Igeo<2偏中度污染80≤<160较强生态风险220≤RI<440较强生态风险
2≤Igeo<3中度污染 160≤<320强生态风险440≤RI<880强生态风险
3≤Igeo<4偏重度污染Er≥320极强生态风险RI>880极强生态风险
4≤Igeo<5重度污染
Igeo≥5极重度污染
), ArticleFig(id=1240689618367074868, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689599975051449, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Statistics of heavy metals content in surface sediments during different water periods in Hasuhai Lake

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目数理统计参数重金属
AsCdCuPbZnHg
枯水期最大值(mg/kg)16.900.3140.0040.0096.000.468
最小值(mg/kg)5.850.0716.0020.0060.000.062
平均值±标准差(mg/kg)9.39±3.280.19±0.0627.95±7.1431.05±6.2076.95±9.540.18±0.10
丰水期最大值(mg/kg)17.801.7077.0050.001070.096
最小值(mg/kg)6.320.3810.0018.00560.050
平均值±标准差(mg/kg)12.03±3.421.00±0.3933.32±18.5633.00±9.4774.89±14.810.07±0.01
平水期最大值(mg/kg)22.771.4970.3666.70131.590.154
最小值(mg/kg)3.930.726.7425.9744.930.033
平均值±标准差(mg/kg)7.91±5.581.14±0.1930.33±15.1340.17±10.8479.38±21.320.08±0.03
全年变异系数(%)45.9563.1846.9727.9920.4972.58
中位值(mg/kg)8.660.8627.803375.000.08
背景值内蒙古水系沉积物背景值(mg/kg)9.150.10717.7020.9056.800.014
中国水系沉积物背景值(mg/kg)12.10.1931.7031.0088.000.05
), ArticleFig(id=1240689618539041349, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689599975051449, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

哈素海不同水期表层沉积物重金属含量统计

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目数理统计参数重金属
AsCdCuPbZnHg
枯水期最大值(mg/kg)16.900.3140.0040.0096.000.468
最小值(mg/kg)5.850.0716.0020.0060.000.062
平均值±标准差(mg/kg)9.39±3.280.19±0.0627.95±7.1431.05±6.2076.95±9.540.18±0.10
丰水期最大值(mg/kg)17.801.7077.0050.001070.096
最小值(mg/kg)6.320.3810.0018.00560.050
平均值±标准差(mg/kg)12.03±3.421.00±0.3933.32±18.5633.00±9.4774.89±14.810.07±0.01
平水期最大值(mg/kg)22.771.4970.3666.70131.590.154
最小值(mg/kg)3.930.726.7425.9744.930.033
平均值±标准差(mg/kg)7.91±5.581.14±0.1930.33±15.1340.17±10.8479.38±21.320.08±0.03
全年变异系数(%)45.9563.1846.9727.9920.4972.58
中位值(mg/kg)8.660.8627.803375.000.08
背景值内蒙古水系沉积物背景值(mg/kg)9.150.10717.7020.9056.800.014
中国水系沉积物背景值(mg/kg)12.10.1931.7031.0088.000.05
), ArticleFig(id=1240689618711007833, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689599975051449, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

The average content of heavy metals in surface sediments of other lakes in Inner Mongolia

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
湖泊采样年份重金属(mg/kg)
AsCdCuPbZnHg
哈素海(本研究)20239.780.7830.5334.7477.070.11
哈素海[15]201413.760.0532.2928.25128.100.04
乌梁素海[28]20213.640.4353.745.8694.690.02
呼伦湖[29]20207.220.3319.3217.6371.36
达里诺尔湖[30]201813.870.1921.6618.7756.67
岱海[31]20100.2139.429.9102.6
哈马太湖[32]202020.210.8015.225.3233.16
), ArticleFig(id=1240689618815865448, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689599975051449, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

内蒙古其他湖泊表层沉积物重金属平均含量

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
湖泊采样年份重金属(mg/kg)
AsCdCuPbZnHg
哈素海(本研究)20239.780.7830.5334.7477.070.11
哈素海[15]201413.760.0532.2928.25128.100.04
乌梁素海[28]20213.640.4353.745.8694.690.02
呼伦湖[29]20207.220.3319.3217.6371.36
达里诺尔湖[30]201813.870.1921.6618.7756.67
岱海[31]20100.2139.429.9102.6
哈马太湖[32]202020.210.8015.225.3233.16
), ArticleFig(id=1240689618920723061, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689599975051449, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Potential ecological risk index values of surface sediments during different water periods in Hasuhai Lake

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目水期类型 RI
AsCdCuPbZnHg
潜在生态风险指数统计枯水期最大值18.4786.9211.309.571.691337.141445.86
最小值6.3919.634.524.781.06177.14244.64
平均值10.2653.867.897.431.35509.62590.42
丰水期最大值19.45476.6421.7511.961.88274.29684.39
最小值6.91106.542.824.310.99142.86298.95
平均值13.15279.789.417.891.32192.18503.73
平水期最大值24.88417.5119.8815.962.32439.33853.61
最小值4.29202.961.906.210.7994.94411.86
平均值8.54315.758.639.541.39210.46570.07
潜在生态风险指数分布/(%)枯水期轻度生态风险1007410010010000
中度生态风险02600000
较强生态风险00000032
强生态风险000002658
极强生态风险000007410
丰水期轻度生态风险100010010010000
中度生态风险0000000
较强生态风险021000537
强生态风险0420009563
极强生态风险03700000
平水期轻度生态风险100010010010000
中度生态风险0000000
较强生态风险000003111
强生态风险0470005389
极强生态风险053000160
), ArticleFig(id=1240689619071718019, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689599975051449, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

哈素海不同水期表层沉积物潜在生态风险指数值

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目水期类型 RI
AsCdCuPbZnHg
潜在生态风险指数统计枯水期最大值18.4786.9211.309.571.691337.141445.86
最小值6.3919.634.524.781.06177.14244.64
平均值10.2653.867.897.431.35509.62590.42
丰水期最大值19.45476.6421.7511.961.88274.29684.39
最小值6.91106.542.824.310.99142.86298.95
平均值13.15279.789.417.891.32192.18503.73
平水期最大值24.88417.5119.8815.962.32439.33853.61
最小值4.29202.961.906.210.7994.94411.86
平均值8.54315.758.639.541.39210.46570.07
潜在生态风险指数分布/(%)枯水期轻度生态风险1007410010010000
中度生态风险02600000
较强生态风险00000032
强生态风险000002658
极强生态风险000007410
丰水期轻度生态风险100010010010000
中度生态风险0000000
较强生态风险021000537
强生态风险0420009563
极强生态风险03700000
平水期轻度生态风险100010010010000
中度生态风险0000000
较强生态风险000003111
强生态风险0470005389
极强生态风险053000160
), ArticleFig(id=1240689620673942169, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689599975051449, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Principal component load distribution of heavy metals in surface sediments in Hasuhai Lake

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
重金属元素旋转后载荷系数
PC1PC2PC3
As0.066-0.4690.709
Cd0.740-0.376-0.171
Cu0.4690.3300.671
Pb0.6580.210-0.344
Zn0.5420.7090.052
Hg-0.5510.6380.067
特征值1.8031.4981.108
方差贡献率(%)30.0524.9718.48
累积方差贡献率(%)30.0555.0273.50
), ArticleFig(id=1240689620770411171, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689599975051449, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

哈素海表层沉积物重金属主成分载荷矩阵

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
重金属元素旋转后载荷系数
PC1PC2PC3
As0.066-0.4690.709
Cd0.740-0.376-0.171
Cu0.4690.3300.671
Pb0.6580.210-0.344
Zn0.5420.7090.052
Hg-0.5510.6380.067
特征值1.8031.4981.108
方差贡献率(%)30.0524.9718.48
累积方差贡献率(%)30.0555.0273.50
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哈素海表层沉积物重金属时空分布特征、生态风险评价及来源解析
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张贺玉 1 , 张静 1 , 卢少勇 1, * , 韩镇阳 1 , 石祖秦 1 , 张荣社 2
中国环境科学 | 环境生态 2025,45(2): 991-1003
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中国环境科学 | 环境生态 2025, 45(2): 991-1003
哈素海表层沉积物重金属时空分布特征、生态风险评价及来源解析
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张贺玉1 , 张静1, 卢少勇1, * , 韩镇阳1, 石祖秦1, 张荣社2
作者信息
  • 1.中国环境科学研究院,湖泊水污染治理与生态修复技术国家工程实验室,北京 100012
  • 2.浙江工业职业技术学院,浙江 绍兴 312099
  • 张贺玉(1999-),男,湖北天门人,中国环境科学研究院硕士研究生,主要从事湖泊水体富营养化修复研究.发表论文1篇. .

通讯作者:

*责任作者,研究员,
Spatial and temporal distribution characteristics, ecological risk assessment and source analysis of heavy metals in surface sediments of Hasuhai Lake
He-yu ZHANG1 , Jing ZHANG1, Shao-yong LU1, * , Zhen-yang HAN1, Zu-qin SHI1, Rong-she ZHANG2
Affiliations
  • 1.National Engineering Laboratory for Lake Pollution Control and Ecological Restoration, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
  • 2.Zhejiang Industry Polytechnic College, Shaoxing 312099, China
出版时间: 2025-02-20
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选取哈素海为研究对象,分别于2023年4月(枯水期)、2023年7月(丰水期)和2023年9月(平水期)各采集19个采样点的表层沉积物样品并测定了7种重金属(As、Cr、Cd、Cu、Pb、Zn和Hg)的含量(除Cr以外的重金属均检出),分析其污染及空间分布特征.采用地累积指数法(Igeo)和潜在生态风险指数法(RI)对6种重金属污染程度和潜在生态风险进行了评估,并结合相关性分析(CA)、主成分分析(PCA)和正定矩阵因子分解(PMF)模型解析了表层沉积物重金属的来源及相对贡献.结果表明,枯水期和丰水期6种重金属含量的平均值均超过内蒙水系沉积物背景值,平水期除As以外的5种重金属含量的平均值均超过内蒙水系沉积物背景值,其中Cd和Hg含量的平均值在3个水期均超过中国水系沉积物背景值;空间上,各水期表层沉积物重金属含量分布存在明显差异,枯水期重金属含量高值集中在湖区东西部,丰水期主要集中在湖区南北部,平水期则主要集中在湖区中部;地累积指数法结果和潜在生态风险指数法结果均表明Cd和Hg是造成3个水期生态风险的主要重金属元素,各水期RI均值分别为590.42、503.73和570.07,整体表现为强潜在生态风险水平,Cd和Hg在3个水期对RI值的贡献率之和均超过了90%;表层沉积物重金属的主要来源为农业生产活动和交通运输、工业活动、自然源和采矿活动,相对贡献率分别为32.5%、22.7%、20.1%和24.7%.

表层沉积物  /  重金属  /  时空分布  /  潜在生态风险  /  来源解析

Hasuhai Lake was selected as the research object, where surface sediment samples were collected from 19 sampling points during three water periods: April 2023 (dry season), July 2023 (wet season), and September 2023 (normal season). The concentrations of seven heavy metals (As, Cr, Cd, Cu, Pb, Zn, and Hg) were determined, with all metals except Cr being detected. Subsequently, their pollution levels and spatial distribution characteristics were analyzed. The geo-accumulation index (Igeo) and potential ecological risk index (RI) were used to assess the potential ecological risks of six heavy metals, respectively. The correlation analysis (CA), principal component analysis (PCA) and positive matrix factorization (PMF) models were utilized to analyze the sources and relative contributions of heavy metals in surface sediments. The results indicated that the average contents of six heavy metals in both dry and wet season exceeded the background values of Inner Mongolia stream sediments, and the average contents of five heavy metals except As in normal season exceeded the background values of Inner Mongolia stream sediments. The average contents of Cd and Hg exceeded the background values of Chinese stream sediments in the three water periods. Spatially, the distribution of heavy metals content in surface sediments of each water period is significantly different. The high value of heavy metals content in the dry season is concentrated in the east and west of the lake area, the wet season is mainly concentrated in the north and south of the lake area, and the normal season is mainly concentrated in the middle of the lake area. The results of the geo-accumulation index method and the potential ecological risk index method revealed that Cd and Hg were the main heavy metals elements causing ecological risks in the three water periods, and the mean values of RI in each water period were 590.42, 503.73 and 570.07 respectively, indicating a strong potential ecological risk. The sum of the contribution rates of Cd and Hg to RI values in the three water periods exceeded 90%. The main sources of heavy metals in surface sediments were identified as agricultural production activities and transportation (32.5%), industrial activities (22.7%), natural sources (20.1%), and mining activities (24.7%).

surface sediments  /  heavy metals  /  spatio-temporal distribution  /  potential ecological risk  /  source apportionment
张贺玉, 张静, 卢少勇, 韩镇阳, 石祖秦, 张荣社. 哈素海表层沉积物重金属时空分布特征、生态风险评价及来源解析. 中国环境科学, 2025 , 45 (2) : 991 -1003 .
He-yu ZHANG, Jing ZHANG, Shao-yong LU, Zhen-yang HAN, Zu-qin SHI, Rong-she ZHANG. Spatial and temporal distribution characteristics, ecological risk assessment and source analysis of heavy metals in surface sediments of Hasuhai Lake[J]. China Environmental Science, 2025 , 45 (2) : 991 -1003 .
近几十年来,由于快速的城市化、工业化、高度集约的农业化以及对湖泊的粗放式管理,湖泊生态系统中重金属含量呈上升趋势[1].重金属是一类具有难降解、易生物富集和毒性强等特点的污染物,可通过皮肤接触、食物链等途径进入人体,富集在人体不同部位而造成严重危害,如致癌、致突变和致畸形等[2].重金属可通过多种途径进入湖泊,被水体中的悬浮物吸附、积累和沉淀后在沉积物中富集[3].已有研究发现,水生系统中约99%的重金属最终附着在沉积物中[4],沉积物中重金属的含量通常是上覆水中的4~5倍[5-6].沉积物是湖泊生态系统的重要组成部分,其为底栖生物和水生植物的生长提供了栖息地,同时也是湖泊生物群落营养物质的储存库.然而,当环境因素如氧化还原电位、pH值、盐度和有机物含量发生变化时可能导致沉积物中重金属释放到上覆水体,引发二次污染,进而影响水质和生态平衡[7-8].鉴于此,对湖泊沉积物重金属污染程度进行评价并溯源对深入了解湖泊生态系统的健康状态和制定有效的控污策略具有重要意义.
确定湖泊沉积物重金属的来源对于控制污染至关重要.当前众多学者利用因子分析(FA)、主成分分析(PCA)、聚类分析(CA)、化学质量平衡法(CMB)和正定矩阵因子分解(PMF)模型等方法解析重金属来源[9].其中PCA是一种历史悠久且被广泛应用的污染物来源识别方法,它无需依赖难以获取的污染源调查数据,但只能定性识别主要污染物类别,无法对各污染源的具体贡献进行定量评估[10].美国环境保护署(USEPA)推荐的PMF模型在污染源解析领域具有显著优势,可以定性识别污染源类型并量化其对污染源的相对贡献,但单独使用该方法时,对污染源的定性分析过于依赖对以往数据的整理和筛选,使得PMF模型的分析结果具有一定的主观性[11].若将PCA与PMF模型联合分析则可以有效提高污染物来源贡献的准确性,增强潜在源的识别能力,降低在源解析过程中不准确估计的风险[12].匡荟芬等[9]结合PCA和PMF模型探究鄱阳湖丰水期表层沉积物重金属的主要来源,得出4个污染源:矿业和工业活动、尾矿和废渣、农业活动和自然来源,贡献率分别为:38%、28%、19%和14%.而Luo等[13]运用PCA和PMF模型两种方法识别陕西省沣河流域表层沉积物重金属的污染来源和贡献,PCA法确定了2个污染源,PMF模型识别了4个污染源,两种方法相结合提高了解析结果的可靠性.
哈素海作为呼和浩特市辖区唯一内陆湖,属大黑河水系的外流淡水湖泊,素有“塞外西湖”之称.近年来,随着环湖地区经济社会的发展和受全球气候变暖的影响,人类活动对哈素海的影响日渐加深,湖泊水面不断萎缩(从1986年的18.74km2减小至2014年的14.90km2),芦苇和蒲草繁殖茂盛,湖泊底部泥沙淤积严重,沼泽化趋势明显,水体交换不畅,湖泊重金属含量不断上升,水质日趋恶化[14].已有学者对哈素海表层沉积物重金属赋存展开了相关研究[15],但针对不同水期沉积物重金属含量和重金属来源解析尚鲜有成果报道.本文选取哈素海表层沉积物为研究对象,分析了枯水期、丰水期和平水期3个不同水期7种重金属(As、Cr、Cd、Cu、Pb、Zn和Hg)的空间分布特征,运用地累积指数法(Igeo)和潜在生态风险指数法(RI)协同评估重金属潜在风险,结合相关性分析(CA)、主成分分析(PCA)和正定矩阵因子分解(PMF)模型解析重金属污染来源并量化其相对贡献率,以期为哈素海表层沉积物重金属污染控制和治理提供理论参考.
哈素海(40°34′N~40°38′N,110°56′E~111°1′E)位于内蒙古自治区呼和浩特市土默特左旗境内,大青山南麓洪积平原、黄河冲积平原和大黑河冲积平原的交接处[16].湖区呈两头小、中间大的形态,正常蓄水位下库容为4840万m3,水域面积29.7km2,湖岸线长24.1km,平均水深1m.该湖泊北面为大青山,东、南、西三面被农田和牧场包围,周边鱼池总面积8.36km2,同时兼有渔业、灌溉和旅游等多种功能.年平均气温为6.5℃,多年平均降水量为391.8mm(主要集中在6~9月),年平均蒸发量为1851.7mm,年平均风速为2.0m/s,春季风多且大,最大风速为36m/s[17].其补给水源主要是黄河水(民生渠补水),占总补水量的75.7%,其他补给水源包括美岱沟、万家沟等河流补给和地下水补给[18].
参考《湖泊沉积物调查规范》[19]并根据哈素海水域形态、面积和植物覆盖等实际情况共设计19个采样点(图1),其中H1~H15共15个采样点位于湖边缘四周(H7位于北侧入湖沟渠处,H9位于西侧后河入湖沟渠处,H15位于南侧黄河民生渠处),湖区分布较多芦苇等挺水植物,H16~H19共4个采样点位于湖中心.分别于2023年4月(枯水期)、7月(丰水期)和9月(平水期)进行3次采样,采样前利用手持GPS对各个预设采样点进行精准定位并记录坐标,利用彼得森采样器在每个采样点采集表层沉积物(0~10cm),样品密封在洁净的聚乙烯塑料袋中,置于冷藏箱内,在6h内运送至实验室,并保存在-20℃下以备进一步分析.
所有沉积物样品经冷冻干燥后去除砾石和植物残体等杂质,研磨并过200目筛后装入自封袋备用.在聚四氟乙烯消解管中采用HCl-HNO3-HF-HClO4体系消解处理样品,采用电感耦合等离子体发射质谱仪(ICP-MS,Agilent-7700x,美国)测定As、Cr、Cd、Cu、Pb和Zn的含量,Hg的含量则采用原子荧光光谱仪(XGY-1011A)进行测定.As、Cr、Cd、Cu、Pb、Zn和Hg的检出限分别为0.1,0.5,0.01,0.02,0.02,0.2和0.002mg/kg.通过加入标准参考物质(GBW07366GSD-2)、平行样和空白对照进行质量保证和质量控制,各重金属的回收率为85%~115%,3次重复分析结果的误差均在5%以内.除Cr外,其他6种目标重金属均有检出.具体测试方法和实验注意事项参考本课题组之前的研究成果[20].
地累积指数法是德国学者Muller于1969年提出的可以反映沉积物或土壤中重金属潜在污染程度的一种方法[21],其计算公式如下:
式中:Igeo为重金属的地累积指数;Ci是第i种重金属的实测含量,mg/kg;k是考虑地面岩石差异可能导致重金属背景值变化而得到的常数,一般取1.5;Bi是第i种重金属的参照值,mg/kg.本研究选用内蒙古自治区水系沉积物背景值作为参照值[22],沉积物地累积指数评价标准见表1.
潜在生态风险指数法是瑞典科学家Hakanson于1980年提出的一种基于重金属实测值与背景值比较及重金属毒性系数的评价指标,其综合考量了重金属元素的生态、环境和毒理效应,广泛应用于沉积物重金属污染以及生态危害综合评价[20,23-24].计算公式如下:
式中:是第i种重金属的污染系数;Ci是第i种重金属的实测含量,mg/kg;是第i种重金属的背景值,本研究选用内蒙古自治区水系沉积物背景值作为参照值,mg/kg;是第i种重金属的潜在生态风险指数;是第i种重金属的毒性系数;RI为多种重金属综合潜在生态风险指数.本研究参照马建华等[25]提出的修正后的潜在生态风险指数分级标准,具体见表1.
PCA是一种用来反映变量与因子之间相关程度及关系的多元统计分析方法,将原来多个变量进行降维,通过全面分析各指标信息,以正交变换的方式将一组线性相关的变量转换成线性无关的新变量,划分出少数能概括大多数据的综合指标,并求出主成分的特征值及方差贡献率[26].
PMF模型是芬兰学者Paatero于1994年提出的一种改进的用于源分配的因子分析受体模型[27],该模型利用最小迭代二乘算法将浓度矩阵(X)分解为源贡献矩阵(G)、源成分矩阵(F)和残差矩阵(E).计算公式如下:
式中:Xij为样品浓度矩阵,表示第i个样品中第j种重金属的含量,mg/kg;p为源因子个数;Gik为源贡献矩阵,表示源因子k对第i个样品的贡献率;Fkj为源成分矩阵,表示源因子k中第j种重金属的含量,mg/kg;Eij为残差矩阵,表示第i个样品中第j种重金属的残差值.
为使目标函数Q值最小,PMF通过多次计算分解原始矩阵来选择最合适的因子数.计算公式如下:
式中:Q为目标函数;n为样品数;m为重金属种类数;Uij为不确定度,表示第i个样品中第j种重金属的不确定度.本研究中重金属含量均大于相应的方法检出限,不确定值计算公式如下:
式中:δ为相对标准偏差,一般为5%~30%,本文选取10%来计算;C为重金属的含量,mg/kg;MDL为重金属方法检出限,mg/kg.
采用ArcGIS 10.8绘制研究区域采样图和重金属含量空间分布图,使用Excel 2021进行数据整理,采用SPSS 26.0进行相关性分析和主成分分析,利用EPA PMF 5.0解析沉积物重金属来源,采用Origin 2021进行图形绘制.
表2可见,枯水期表层沉积物中6种重金属ω(As)、ω(Cd)、ω(Cu)、ω(Pb)、ω(Zn)和ω(Hg)分别为:5.85~16.90,0.07~0.31,16.00~40.00,20.00~40.00,60.00~96.0 0和0.06~0.47mg/kg,平均值分别为:9.39,0.19,27.95,31.05,76.95,0.18mg/kg,其中As、Cu、Zn 3种重金属含量的平均值均超过内蒙水系沉积物背景值,Cd和Pb 2种重金属含量的平均值与中国水系沉积物背景值接近,Hg含量的平均值远超中国水系沉积物背景值,超标倍数为3.6,表明枯水期哈素海表层沉积物中Hg污染相对严重.
丰水期表层沉积物中6种重金属ω(As)、ω(Cd)、ω(Cu)、ω(Pb)、ω(Zn)和ω(Hg)分别为:6.32~17.80,0.38~1.70,10.00~77.00,18.00~50.00,56.00~107.00和0.05~0.10mg/kg,平均值分别为:12.03,1.00,33.32,33.00,74.89,0.07mg/kg,其中Cu、Pb、Zn 3种重金属含量的平均值均超过内蒙水系沉积物背景值,As和Hg 2种重金属含量的平均值与中国水系沉积物背景值接近,Cd含量的平均值远超中国水系沉积物背景值,超标倍数为5.26,表明丰水期哈素海表层沉积物中Cd污染相对严重.
平水期表层沉积物中6种重金属ω(As)、ω(Cd)、ω(Cu)、ω(Pb)、ω(Zn)和ω(Hg)分别为:3.93~22.77,0.72~1.49,6.74~70.36,25.97~66.70,44.93~131.59和0.03~0.15mg/kg,平均值分别为:7.91,1.14,30.33,40.17,79.38和0.08mg/kg,其中Cu和Zn含量的平均值均介于内蒙水系沉积物背景值和中国水系沉积物背景值之间,Cd、Pb和Hg 3种重金属含量的平均值超过中国水系沉积物背景值,Cd的超标倍数最高(超标倍数为6),表明其为丰水期哈素海表层沉积物中污染相对严重的重金属.
将哈素海3个水期沉积物重金属含量平均值与内蒙古其他典型湖泊[15,28-32]进行对比,如表3所示,分析可知Pb和Hg的含量均显著高于其他湖泊,Cd的含量仅低于哈马太湖,Cu和Zn的含量均高于呼伦湖、达里诺尔湖和哈马太湖,As的含量相对较低.
总体来看,哈素海表层沉积物重金属含量在3个水期呈现不同的规律,其中As和Cu在丰水期的平均含量大于枯水期和平水期,Cd、Pb和Zn在平水期的平均含量大于枯水期和丰水期,Hg则表现为枯水期平均含量大于丰水期和平水期,Cd和Hg在3个水期污染均较为严重.各重金属含量范围变化较大,且变异系数均大于20%(当变异系数超过20%时,人类活动是导致重金属含量空间差异的主要驱动因子[33]),其中Hg(72.58%)的变异系数最大,Cd(63.18%)、Cu(46.97%)、As(45.95%)和Pb(27.99%)次之,Zn(20.49%)的变异系数最小,表明这6种重金属存在显著的空间异质性,受人类活动的影响较大.
哈素海不同水期表层沉积物重金属含量的空间分布见图2,从中可得,枯水期哈素海表层沉积物重金属含量呈现出东西部较高,南部较低的特点.其中Cd、Cu和Zn在空间分布上具有一致性,主要分布于湖区西部,Cd和Cu在湖区北部沟渠附近也有较高的含量.As和Pb主要集中于湖区东部,Pb在湖区中部H18、H19等点位的含量也较高.Hg则呈现出较独特的空间分布规律,其含量高值区仅位于湖区的西南部位(H12和H13点位),在湖区其他点位含量较低.枯水期重金属空间分布特征可能与哈素海的潮流类型有关,枯水期时哈素海风生流较强,湖面常年风向和强风向基本为北向[15],在北风作用下,哈素海大部分表层水体由北向南流动,且枯水期时哈素海处于供水状态(由民生渠补水),加大了湖泊由南向北的水流速度,重金属在此处停留时间较短,湖体南部重金属向北部迁移使得湖体南部H14和H15点位沉积物的As、Cu、Zn、Pb和Hg含量较低.
丰水期哈素海表层沉积物重金属含量呈现出南北部较高,东部较低的特点.其中Cu和Hg主要集中于湖区南部,Hg在湖区西部H11点位处含量也较高.Pb和Zn主要分布于湖区中部和北部,在湖区西部H11和H12点位也有较高的含量.As与Cd的空间分布规律则不同于其他重金属,As绝大部分高值含量分布于H1、H2、H12、H13、H14和H15等湖区南部的点位,在H8点位的含量也较高.Cd在湖区北部、西部和东部均有较高的含量,其中最高值位于湖区西部H12点位.丰水期重金属空间分布特征可能与降雨径流有关,哈素海东侧存在万家沟泄洪渠、一扬干渠、二扬干渠、万家沟西运洪渠等多条支流渠道,而丰水期降雨量大,受汇入水流冲刷影响导致水中重金属不易沉降,使得湖体东部H1和H4点位沉积物的Cu、Zn、Pb和Hg含量较低.
平水期哈素海表层沉积物重金属含量呈现出中部较高,南北部较低的特点.其中Cd、Pb和Hg这3种重金属在空间分布上具有一致性,主要分布于湖区中部,Cd在湖区西北部泄洪渠附近(H5点位)也有较高的含量,Hg在湖区北部H7点位处的含量也较高,Pb的分布规律与枯水期和丰水期相似,即湖区中部和北部的含量大于湖区南部的含量,这表明Pb的分布在各水期较为均衡,受人类活动影响的可能性较小.Cu和Zn主要集中于湖区东部,而As含量高值区主要集中在湖区西部,呈现出相反的空间分布规律.平水期哈素海降雨量减少,湖面几乎无风,湖体扰动降低,湖体重金属更易在湖中部沉积,使得湖体中部H17、H18、H19点位沉积物的As、Cd、Zn、Pb和Hg含量较高.
不同水期地累积指数统计结果见图3,As和Cu的丰水期地累积指数平均值大于枯水期和平水期平均值,Cd和Pb的平水期地累积指数平均值大于枯水期和丰水期平均值,Hg的枯水期地累积指数平均值大于丰水期和平水期平均值,Zn在3个水期的地累积指数平均值相近.枯水期各重金属地累积指数平均值大小顺序为:Hg>Cd>Cu>Pb>Zn>As,丰水期地累积指数平均值大小顺序为:Cd>Hg>Cu>Pb>Zn>As,平水期地累积指数平均值大小顺序为:Cd>Hg>Pb>Cu>Zn>As.在3个水期Cd和Hg均是造成沉积物污染的主要元素.根据地累积指数评价标准可以得出,Cd在枯水期有58%的采样点处于轻度污染水平,在丰水期则全部采样点位于偏中度-偏重度污染水平,在平水期全部采样点位于中度-偏重度污染水平.Hg在枯水期有95%的采样点处于中度及以上污染水平,在丰水期和平水期全部采样点均处于轻度-中度污染水平.Cu和Pb在3个水期的污染水平相似,有45%左右的采样点均处于无污染水平,有55%左右的采样点均处于轻度-偏中度污染水平.As和Zn在3个水期超过60%的点位均处于无污染水平,其余点位均处于轻度污染水平,对表层沉积物造成的污染最小.
不同水期表层沉积物潜在生态风险统计结果见表4,从中可得,3个水期As、Cu、Pb和Zn的值均小于40,处于低生态风险水平.Cd和Hg在枯水期的平均值分别为53.86和509.62,其中Cd有74%的采样点处于轻度生态风险水平,有26%的采样点处于中度生态风险水平,而Hg的全部采样点均处于强生态风险和极强生态风险.在丰水期Cd的全部采样点都处于中度生态风险水平到极强生态风险水平之间,Hg有95%的采样点处于强生态风险水平.在平水期Cd的全部采样点都处于强生态风险和极强生态风险,Hg有89%的采样点处于强生态风险水平,11%的采样点处于较强生态风险水平.因此Cd和Hg是造成哈素海3个水期表层沉积物生态风险的主要元素,这与地累积指数的分析结论一致.
通过综合潜在生态风险指数(RI)结果来看,哈素海表层沉积物总体上处于强生态风险水平,枯水期哈素海表层沉积物重金属RI值范围为244.64~1445.86,均值为590.42,其中58%的采样点处于强生态风险水平(440≤RI<880),10%的采样点处于极强潜在生态风险(RI≥880).丰水期RI值范围为298.95~684.39,均值为503.73,其中有12个采样点处于强生态风险水平(440≤RI<880).平水期RI值范围为411.86~853.61,均值为570.07,其中89%的采样点处于极强潜在生态风险(RI≥880).枯水期和丰水期哈素海表层沉积物各重金属对RI值的平均贡献率大小顺序均为:Hg>Cd>As>Cu>Pb>Zn,平水期各重金属对RI值的平均贡献率大小顺序为:Cd>Hg>Pb>Cu>As>Zn,且Cd和Hg在3个水期对RI值的贡献率之和均超过了90%,远大于其他4种重金属元素的贡献率.因此,这两种元素不仅在表层沉积物重金属污染中占据主导地位,也是导致潜在生态风险的主要来源.
综上所述,2种评价方法对重金属污染评价结果一致,Cd和Hg为哈素海潜在生态风险最大的重金属元素,该结果与鲁玥[18]等研究哈素海表层沉积物、杜彩丽等[28]和崔志谋等[24]研究乌梁素海表层沉积物、以及李星谕等[34]研究汤逊湖表层沉积物重金属污染得出的结论类似.因此,在今后对哈素海表层沉积物重金属研究中应重点关注Cd和Hg两种元素.
相关性分析是推测各重金属元素之间同源性的主要依据,具有相同来源的重金属元素之间的相关性系数较大[35-36].将3个水期数据整合,利用Spearman相关系数(已对数据进行k-s检验,不服从正态分布)对6种重金属相关性进行分析.相关性分析结果如图4所示,重金属Cu和Zn呈极显著正相关(P<0.001),Pb和Zn呈显著正相关(P<0.01),Cd和Pb之间也呈显著正相关(P<0.05),表明这些元素在哈素海沉积物中的地球化学性质相似,可能具有相同来源或者产生了复合污染.Hg和Cd均呈极显著负相关(P<0.001),表明Hg和Cd之间可能存在拮抗作用,其来源可能不同.
采用PCA进一步分析表层沉积物重金属的主要来源,结果显示KMO度量值为0.594(>0.5),Bartlett球形度检验结果为0.00(<0.05),表明各元素之间的相关性较强,适合进行主成分分析.根据特征值大于1的原则共提取了3个主成分,累积方差贡献率为73.50%,表明其能解释6种重金属元素的大部分信息,结果见表5.
可知,第一主成分(PC1)的特征值为1.803,方差贡献率为30.05%,其中Cd和Pb具有较高的载荷值,分别为0.740和0.658,表明Cd和Pb具有较强的相关性,这与相关性分析的结果一致,推测这2种重金属可能来源相同.前文数理统计分析部分的结果显示大部分采样点的Cd和Pb含量高于内蒙古水系物沉积物背景值,全年的变异系数为63.18%和27.99%,说明这两种重金属污染受到人为活动干扰较大.其中Cd作为农业活动的标志性元素[37],不仅是磷肥等无机肥料中含量较高的重金属,也是水产养殖中常用的饲料添加剂[38],其积累与长期农业活动施用的磷肥、农药和水产养殖中饲料投喂等密切相关.实地调查发现,哈素海作为土默特左旗主要的农田灌溉和畜牧水资源地,东岸、西岸和南岸有大面积的农田(耕地多为盐碱地,富含Cd、Pb等重金属)和牧场,化肥和农药使用量较高,家禽粪便产出量大,大量未被充分利用的农药、化肥和有机肥以淋溶、渗漏等途径,携带重金属随入湖渠道富集在沉积物中[15].同时,哈素海是内蒙古土默川平原上最大的水产养殖基地,近年来湖区周边大片沼泽地被开发成养鱼池,渔业资源丰富,年产鱼量300多万t[39],水产养殖过程中大量外源饵料的投喂,导致重金属随残饵和水生动物排泄物在沉积物中蓄积[18].Pb的主要来源为汽车尾气[40]、发动机中金属合金的磨损[41]、轮胎磨损[42]和铅锌矿的生产活动[43].哈素海是内蒙古重点旅游区,旅游业发达,北部有G6京藏高速、G110国道和京包高铁,大量汽车在环湖公路和高速公路行驶以及船舶在水上活动不可避免的向环境中释放含Pb的粉尘,经降雨径流和大气沉降进入湖中,引起沉积物Pb的累积.因此,PC1的主要来源可能是农业生产活动和交通运输.
第二主成分(PC2)的特征值为1.498,方差贡献率为24.937%,其中Zn和Hg具有较高的载荷值,分别为0.709和0.638,可能具有相同来源.其中Zn的来源通常与人类活动有关,是冶炼和采矿的重要污染物[20,44].Hg的主要来源包括含Hg废水的排放、大气中含Hg颗粒物的干湿沉降和地表径流等[34,45].实地调查发现,哈素海位于大青山南部,矿石开采活动较为频繁,矿区生产活动产生的含Zn粉尘或重金属废水进入湖体后易被有机物吸附而富集在沉积物中,矿山尾矿和矿石冶炼厂所排出的含Hg的废气和煤烟经大气沉降易进入湖体.因此,PC2的主要来源可能是采矿活动.
第三主成分(PC3)的特征值为1.108,方差贡献率为18.48%,其中As和Cu具有较高的载荷值,分别为0.709和0.671.As和Cu在3个水期的平均值接近内蒙古水系沉积物背景值,造成的污染指数和生态风险均较低.有研究表明,As在化肥和农药中含量较,主要来源是农业污染[19,22],Cu主要来源于金属冶炼[46]、热力发电[47]、化工企业[48]等行业.研究发现,哈素海流域所处位置的沉积岩层属于太古代灰绿色大理岩、黑色玄武岩等岩层,As含量比一般地壳丰度值高(7.7mg/kg,为地壳均值4倍[49]),经过长期的风化溶解,含As碎屑物通过山间沟谷潜流和地表径流逐渐沉积到地势低缓的哈素海[50],故推测As的来源为自然源.黄河内蒙古段沉积物中的Cu含量较高[51-52],而哈素海年补水量的75.7%来源于黄河,黄河内蒙段沿线城市巴彦淖尔、包头、达拉特前旗等均为重工业发达城市,金属冶炼、化工和炼油等企业较多,故推测Cu的来源为工业活动.因此,PC3的主要来源可能是工业活动和自然源.
将57个表层沉积物样品的6种重金属数据及计算出的不确定数据导入EPA PMF 5.0软件中,6种重金属程度(Cat)均为“Strong”(S/N>1),根据前文PCA分析结果,选择不同的因子数(3~5)迭代运算20次,最终确定因子数为4,绝大部分样品的残差值在-3~3之间,说明重金属元素能够被PMF模型较好地分配.各重金属元素拟合曲线的R2值分别为0.997、0.961、0.949、0.757、0.639和0.682,均大于0.6,说明PMF模型对于6种重金属具有良好的预测作用,源解析结果较好.
图5可知,4个因子的相对贡献率分别为32.5%、22.7%、20.1%和24.7%.因子1的主要贡献元素为Cd(82.1%)、Pb(46.2%)和Zn(31.4%),因子载荷与PC1相似.根据2023年呼和浩特统计年鉴,土默特左旗哈素海流域的农作物以玉米、大豆和油菜籽为主,全流域范围内磷肥施用量300kg/hm2,而我国磷肥和复合肥中Cd的平均含量分别为0.91和0.18mg/kg[53],均高于《土壤环境质量标准》的限值和内蒙古水系沉积物背景值.同时磷肥的过量施用会抑制根系对Zn的吸收,增加土壤中Zn的含量[54].前文分析表明,含铅汽油的燃烧等交通活动是Pb的重要来源.因此,可将因子1识别为农业生产活动和交通运输.
因子2的主要贡献元素为Cu(67.6%)和Zn(28.5%),相关性分析也显示重金属Cu和Zn呈极显著正相关(P<0.001),可能具有相同来源.有研究表明,Cu和Zn均来源于有色金属冶炼和燃煤等的烟尘[55].土默特左旗存在多家化肥化工、钢铁冶炼和燃煤发电等燃煤锅炉企业,同时冬季农村高污染燃料禁燃区内居民多采用燃煤供暖.因此,可将因子2识别为工业活动.
因子3的主要贡献元素为As(58.9%),因子4的主要贡献元素为Hg(64.6%)、Pb(31.2%)和Zn(26.8%),其中因子4与PCA结果中的PC2一致,由上文分析知可将因子3识别为自然源,因子4识别为采矿活动.
综上所述,PCA和PMF模型解析的重金属来源相似,PCA方法将重金属来源分为3类,分别是农业生产活动和交通运输、采矿活动、工业活动和自然源,PMF模型将PCA结果中的PC3工业活动和自然源解析得更加细致,将重金属来源分为4类,分别是农业生产活动和交通运输、工业活动、自然源和采矿活动,源相对贡献率分别为32.5%、22.7%、20.1%和24.7%.PCA结果通过解析来源的一般分类,为PMF模型分析奠定了基础.与PCA相比,PMF模型解析了更多具有较高解释方差的因子,提供了更多的细节,扩大了源的分类.PMF模型在来源识别和重金属元素的分配方面优于PCA,既提供了内部分析,又提供了定量分析.两种方法相互验证,提高了来源解析结果的可靠性.哈素海流域内的农业生产活动和交通运输对表层沉积物重金属的积累最明显,表明重金属污染主要与农业生产活动和交通运输等外界人类活动有关,这与郑煌等[56]研究洪湖沉积物重金属来源得出的结论一致,洪湖与哈素海均为当地重要的农业和水产养殖基地,哈素海流域所处的土默川平原占土默特左旗总面积的66.5%,全旗耕地面积11.33万hm2,农业生产条件优良,具有悠久的农业生产历史.
根据2023年呼和浩特市统计年鉴数据[57],土左旗农用塑料薄膜(包括地膜)使用量高达4933t,位居全市榜首,氮肥和磷肥分别施用2万t和1万t,大量塑料薄膜、化肥和农药等农用物质的使用加剧了土壤重金属污染.且自20世纪60年代起,哈素海周边开始进行大规模水产围栏养殖,鱼产量每年约为60~340t,直至2020年为推进哈素海生态环境修复治理,对哈素海周边禁渔退池,此前大量外源性饲料的添加导致重金属最终沉积到湖底沉积物中[58].鉴于此,为减少哈素海沉积物重金属造成的生态风险,建议实施合理有效的农业种植结构,结合灌排制度采取合理的灌排技术,改善土地盐碱化程度有效提高耕地土壤肥力,减少化肥和农药施用量,提倡施用生物有机肥、提升秸秆粉碎还田和饲料化利用比重;规范渔业养殖并研究养殖废水中重金属的去除机制和资源化利用;大力推进废弃矿山地质环境保护与治理,加强哈素海退水渠道等主要河道与河岸滩涂的生态治理.
3.1 哈素海表层沉积物6种重金属As、Cd、Cu、Pb、Zn和Hg在枯水期和丰水期含量的平均值均超过内蒙水系沉积物背景值,平水期除As以外的5种重金属含量的平均值均超过内蒙水系沉积物背景值,6种重金属全年的变异系数均超过20%,存在显著的空间异质性,受人类活动影响较大.
3.2 哈素海表层沉积物重金属含量在3个水期呈现不同的空间分布特征,在枯水期重金属含量较高的采样点主要集中在湖区东西部,在丰水期主要集中在湖区南北部,在平水期则主要集中在湖区中部.
3.3 枯水期6种重金属地累积指数平均值大小顺序为:Hg>Cd>Cu>Pb>Zn>As,丰水期6种重金属地累积指数平均值大小顺序为Cd>Hg>Cu>Pb>Zn>As,平水期6种重金属地累积指数平均值大小顺序为Cd>Hg>Pb>Cu>Zn>As,Cd和Hg在3个水期大部分点位处于偏中度-中度污染水平;潜在生态风险指数结果显示3个水期RI平均值分别为590.42、503.73和570.07,整体上处于强生态风险水平,Cd和Hg是造成3个水期生态风险的主要元素,其余元素均处于低风险水平.
3.4 结合PCA和PMF模型解析结果表明,哈素海表层沉积物重金属主要来源分别是农业生产活动和交通运输、工业活动、自然源和采矿活动,源相对贡献率分别为32.5%、22.7%、20.1%和24.7%.其中Cd和Pb主要来源于农业生产活动和交通运输,贡献率分别为82.1%和46.2%,Cu主要受工业活动的影响,As的来源主要受自然因素的影响,Hg主要来源于采矿活动,贡献率为64.4%,Zn的来源受农业生产活动和交通运输、工业活动和采矿活动多种因素的影响.
  • 国家重点研发计划项目(2021YFC3201505)
  • 科技基础性工作专项(2015FY110900)
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2025年第45卷第2期
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  • 接收时间:2024-07-25
  • 首发时间:2026-03-17
  • 出版时间:2025-02-20
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  • 收稿日期:2024-07-25
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国家重点研发计划项目(2021YFC3201505)
科技基础性工作专项(2015FY110900)
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    1.中国环境科学研究院,湖泊水污染治理与生态修复技术国家工程实验室,北京 100012
    2.浙江工业职业技术学院,浙江 绍兴 312099

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
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species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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