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As a kind of complex polar organic compounds commonly existing in the atmosphere, dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in precipitation has extensive and far-reaching influences on regional ambient air quality, global climate change and carbon cycle process, and has become one of the hot spots in current global change research. This article systematically summarized the research progress on atmospheric precipitation DOC in recent decades both domestically and internationally from three aspects: the abundance and bioavailability of DOC in atmospheric precipitation, the spatial and temporal distribution characteristics and influencing factors of DOC concentration and wet deposition flux in precipitation, and the ecological and environmental effects of DOC wet deposition. In the end of the article, the future development direction was discussed. The results indicated that the chemical composition of precipitation DOC is exceptionally complex, mainly composed of low molecular weight organic acids, amino acids and urea, etc. with high bioavailability. There were significant spatiotemporal differences in precipitation DOC concentration and wet deposition flux among different areas, which were mainly controlled by emission sources, emission intensity, and complex weather conditions. The DOC in the atmosphere could affect the properties of aerosols and precipitation (acid rain), and DOC settling on the surface of snow and ice could accelerate the melting of glaciers. At the same time, the input of DOC brought by wet deposition can enrich the organic carbon levels on the surface of seawater. Active DOC can promote the improvement of secondary productivity in marine ecosystem, while refractory DOC could contribute to the refractory dissolved organic carbon pool in the ocean, which is conducive to carbon sequestration and enhances ocean carbon sinks, helping to achieve the goals of "Ocean Negative Carbon Emissions" and "Carbon Neutrality". Future research should continue to focus on developing and using advanced instruments and equipment to accurately identify and quantitative the chemical composition of precipitation DOC, to have a deeper understanding of the bioavailability/inertness characteristics of precipitation DOC. At the same time, new numerical simulation techniques should be developed and utilized to conduct in-depth research on the spatiotemporal heterogeneity of atmospheric DOC wet deposition fluxes with different properties of on the global scale, and quantify the indirect wet deposition flux of atmospheric DOC. On this basis, elucidating the significance and value of atmospheric DOC wet deposition as one of the new pathways for improving global ocean carbon sequestration, so as to gain a deeper understanding on the position and role of atmospheric deposition in global carbon cycling and ocean “missing carbon sink” research.

, correspAuthors=Jin-ming SONG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Jian-wei XING, Jin-ming SONG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1240689601354986470, articleId=1240689599761150774, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, language=CN, title=大气溶解有机碳湿沉降及其在海洋碳中和中的作用, columnId=1234106388364981004, journalTitle=中国环境科学, columnName=大气污染与控制, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

本文系统总结了近几十年来国内外关于大气降水DOC的研究进展,主要包括以下3个方面:大气降水DOC的丰度与生物可利用性、降水DOC浓度和湿沉降通量的时空分布特征及其影响因素、DOC湿沉降的生态环境效应,并展望未来的发展方向.结果表明,降水DOC的化学组分异常复杂,以低分子量有机酸、氨基酸、尿素等为主,具有较高的生物可利用性;不同地区降水DOC的浓度和湿沉降通量具有显著的时空差异,主要受控于排放源、排放强度以及复杂的气象条件;大气中的DOC可影响气溶胶和降水的性质(酸雨),沉降至冰雪表面的DOC会加速冰川融化;同时,湿沉降带来的DOC输入可加富表层海水的有机碳水平,其中的活性DOC可促进海洋生态系统次级生产力的提高,而惰性成分则可贡献海洋惰性溶解有机碳库,有利于碳封存并增强海洋碳汇,助力“海洋负排放”和“碳中和”目标的实现.未来的研究应持续注重开发利用先进仪器设备开展降水DOC化学成分的精准量化识别,以更深刻地认识降水DOC的生物可利用性及惰性特征;同时,开发利用新型数值模拟技术以深入开展全球尺度不同性质降水DOC湿沉降通量及其时空异质性研究,并量化大气DOC的间接湿沉降通量,在此基础上重点阐明大气DOC湿沉降作为新型路径之一对提高全球海洋碳封存的潜力,以期深入认识大气沉降在全球碳循环和海洋“碳失汇”研究中的作用和地位.

, correspAuthors=宋金明, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*责任作者,研究员,
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邢建伟(1988-),男,河南安阳人,研究员,博士,主要从事海洋大气沉降及其生态环境效应研究.发表论文40余篇. .

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邢建伟(1988-),男,河南安阳人,研究员,博士,主要从事海洋大气沉降及其生态环境效应研究.发表论文40余篇. .

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邢建伟(1988-),男,河南安阳人,研究员,博士,主要从事海洋大气沉降及其生态环境效应研究.发表论文40余篇. .

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tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689599761150774, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Precipitation DOC concentrations and wet deposition fluxes in different areas and ecosystems

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
区域区域类型年份DOC浓度/(mg/L,以碳计,下同)DOC湿沉降通量[g/(m2•a),以碳计,下同]来源
范围平均值VWM
胶州湾城市化近海2015~20161.58~20.45.203.633.15[1]
胶州湾城市化近海2018~20220.57~17.242.062.26[14]
养马岛城市化近海2020~20210.37~7.181.520.95[60]
大亚湾城市化近海2015~20172.33~38.943.909.59[61]
Aveiro, Portugal近海2008~20090.15~6.750.660.40[62]
Wilmington, USA近海2002~20030.048~4.550.73[63]
中国北方城市2007~20080.8~27.55.13.01.9[8]
北京城市2007~20081.2~39.57.63.92.7[8]
北京城市2018~20191.4~26.74.93.01.48[64]
青岛城市20140.336~7.392.601.51[4]
重庆城市20130.88~12.803.88[65]
上海城市2009~20101.36~12.522.803.86[66]
广州城市2003~20043.95.65[6]
深圳城市2005~20090.118~25.92.211.81[9]
厦门城市2011~20120.114~11.181.542.1[12]
厦门城市2018~20190.276~5.641.421.78[28]
拉萨城市20130.35~5.021.100.63[67]
丽江城市20140.741.99[68]
韩国首尔城市2009~20100.18~9.361.131.90[21]
希腊塞萨洛尼基城市2012~20130.46~21.32.84[22]
美国洛杉矶城市2.0~18.66.70[42]
Zagreb, Croatia城市2003~20070.67~4.031.93[69]
Šibenik, Croatia城市2003~20070.44~4.131.83[69]
Poznań City, Poland城市20135.10[7]
Araraquara, Brazil城市/农业区2004~20074.065.4[70]
São Paulo state, Brazil城市/农业区2004~20160.18~59.93.464.9[23]
Jeziory, Poland偏远地区20134.72[7]
Central Pennsylvania, USA偏远地区2012~20130.3~5.61.6[52]
South Island, New Zealand偏远地区1999~20000.120~4.810.820.70[31]
Ithaca, New York偏远地区1976~19770.30~3.101.881.92[32]
Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest, New Hampshire偏远地区1976~19770.07~2.921.091.19[32]
Pennsylvania, USA区域背景地区2010~20150.11~4.980.710.8[71]
Schauinsland, Germany背景区域2003~20040.185~5.071.492[72]
Azores, Portugal背景区域2003~20040.060~0.3850.021[72]
Everest, Himalayas背景区域2014~20160.860.16[73]
Puerto Rico背景区域2004~20070.4[74]
Terrestrial rain on a global scale1.932.3[2]
Marine rain on a global scale0.2760.26[2]
), ArticleFig(id=1240689607998763430, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689599761150774, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

不同区域和生态系统中大气降水DOC的浓度和湿沉降通量

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
区域区域类型年份DOC浓度/(mg/L,以碳计,下同)DOC湿沉降通量[g/(m2•a),以碳计,下同]来源
范围平均值VWM
胶州湾城市化近海2015~20161.58~20.45.203.633.15[1]
胶州湾城市化近海2018~20220.57~17.242.062.26[14]
养马岛城市化近海2020~20210.37~7.181.520.95[60]
大亚湾城市化近海2015~20172.33~38.943.909.59[61]
Aveiro, Portugal近海2008~20090.15~6.750.660.40[62]
Wilmington, USA近海2002~20030.048~4.550.73[63]
中国北方城市2007~20080.8~27.55.13.01.9[8]
北京城市2007~20081.2~39.57.63.92.7[8]
北京城市2018~20191.4~26.74.93.01.48[64]
青岛城市20140.336~7.392.601.51[4]
重庆城市20130.88~12.803.88[65]
上海城市2009~20101.36~12.522.803.86[66]
广州城市2003~20043.95.65[6]
深圳城市2005~20090.118~25.92.211.81[9]
厦门城市2011~20120.114~11.181.542.1[12]
厦门城市2018~20190.276~5.641.421.78[28]
拉萨城市20130.35~5.021.100.63[67]
丽江城市20140.741.99[68]
韩国首尔城市2009~20100.18~9.361.131.90[21]
希腊塞萨洛尼基城市2012~20130.46~21.32.84[22]
美国洛杉矶城市2.0~18.66.70[42]
Zagreb, Croatia城市2003~20070.67~4.031.93[69]
Šibenik, Croatia城市2003~20070.44~4.131.83[69]
Poznań City, Poland城市20135.10[7]
Araraquara, Brazil城市/农业区2004~20074.065.4[70]
São Paulo state, Brazil城市/农业区2004~20160.18~59.93.464.9[23]
Jeziory, Poland偏远地区20134.72[7]
Central Pennsylvania, USA偏远地区2012~20130.3~5.61.6[52]
South Island, New Zealand偏远地区1999~20000.120~4.810.820.70[31]
Ithaca, New York偏远地区1976~19770.30~3.101.881.92[32]
Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest, New Hampshire偏远地区1976~19770.07~2.921.091.19[32]
Pennsylvania, USA区域背景地区2010~20150.11~4.980.710.8[71]
Schauinsland, Germany背景区域2003~20040.185~5.071.492[72]
Azores, Portugal背景区域2003~20040.060~0.3850.021[72]
Everest, Himalayas背景区域2014~20160.860.16[73]
Puerto Rico背景区域2004~20070.4[74]
Terrestrial rain on a global scale1.932.3[2]
Marine rain on a global scale0.2760.26[2]
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大气溶解有机碳湿沉降及其在海洋碳中和中的作用
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邢建伟 1, 2, 3, 4 , 宋金明 1, 2, 3, 4, *
中国环境科学 | 大气污染与控制 2025,45(2): 606-618
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中国环境科学 | 大气污染与控制 2025, 45(2): 606-618
大气溶解有机碳湿沉降及其在海洋碳中和中的作用
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邢建伟1, 2, 3, 4 , 宋金明1, 2, 3, 4, *
作者信息
  • 1.中国科学院海洋研究所,中国科学院海洋生态与环境科学重点实验室,山东 青岛 266000
  • 2.青岛海洋科技中心,海洋生态与环境科学功能实验室,山东 青岛 266237
  • 3.中国科学院大学,北京 100049
  • 4.中国科学院海洋大科学研究中心,山东 青岛 266000
  • 邢建伟(1988-),男,河南安阳人,研究员,博士,主要从事海洋大气沉降及其生态环境效应研究.发表论文40余篇. .

通讯作者:

*责任作者,研究员,
Wet deposition of atmospheric dissolved organic carbon and its role in marine carbon neutralization
Jian-wei XING1, 2, 3, 4 , Jin-ming SONG1, 2, 3, 4, *
Affiliations
  • 1.CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266000, China
  • 2.Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Qingdao Marine Science and Technology Center, Qingdao 266237, China
  • 3.University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
  • 4.Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266000, China
出版时间: 2025-02-20
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本文系统总结了近几十年来国内外关于大气降水DOC的研究进展,主要包括以下3个方面:大气降水DOC的丰度与生物可利用性、降水DOC浓度和湿沉降通量的时空分布特征及其影响因素、DOC湿沉降的生态环境效应,并展望未来的发展方向.结果表明,降水DOC的化学组分异常复杂,以低分子量有机酸、氨基酸、尿素等为主,具有较高的生物可利用性;不同地区降水DOC的浓度和湿沉降通量具有显著的时空差异,主要受控于排放源、排放强度以及复杂的气象条件;大气中的DOC可影响气溶胶和降水的性质(酸雨),沉降至冰雪表面的DOC会加速冰川融化;同时,湿沉降带来的DOC输入可加富表层海水的有机碳水平,其中的活性DOC可促进海洋生态系统次级生产力的提高,而惰性成分则可贡献海洋惰性溶解有机碳库,有利于碳封存并增强海洋碳汇,助力“海洋负排放”和“碳中和”目标的实现.未来的研究应持续注重开发利用先进仪器设备开展降水DOC化学成分的精准量化识别,以更深刻地认识降水DOC的生物可利用性及惰性特征;同时,开发利用新型数值模拟技术以深入开展全球尺度不同性质降水DOC湿沉降通量及其时空异质性研究,并量化大气DOC的间接湿沉降通量,在此基础上重点阐明大气DOC湿沉降作为新型路径之一对提高全球海洋碳封存的潜力,以期深入认识大气沉降在全球碳循环和海洋“碳失汇”研究中的作用和地位.

溶解有机碳(DOC)  /  湿沉降  /  生物可利用性  /  海洋惰性溶解有机碳库  /  “双碳”目标

As a kind of complex polar organic compounds commonly existing in the atmosphere, dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in precipitation has extensive and far-reaching influences on regional ambient air quality, global climate change and carbon cycle process, and has become one of the hot spots in current global change research. This article systematically summarized the research progress on atmospheric precipitation DOC in recent decades both domestically and internationally from three aspects: the abundance and bioavailability of DOC in atmospheric precipitation, the spatial and temporal distribution characteristics and influencing factors of DOC concentration and wet deposition flux in precipitation, and the ecological and environmental effects of DOC wet deposition. In the end of the article, the future development direction was discussed. The results indicated that the chemical composition of precipitation DOC is exceptionally complex, mainly composed of low molecular weight organic acids, amino acids and urea, etc. with high bioavailability. There were significant spatiotemporal differences in precipitation DOC concentration and wet deposition flux among different areas, which were mainly controlled by emission sources, emission intensity, and complex weather conditions. The DOC in the atmosphere could affect the properties of aerosols and precipitation (acid rain), and DOC settling on the surface of snow and ice could accelerate the melting of glaciers. At the same time, the input of DOC brought by wet deposition can enrich the organic carbon levels on the surface of seawater. Active DOC can promote the improvement of secondary productivity in marine ecosystem, while refractory DOC could contribute to the refractory dissolved organic carbon pool in the ocean, which is conducive to carbon sequestration and enhances ocean carbon sinks, helping to achieve the goals of "Ocean Negative Carbon Emissions" and "Carbon Neutrality". Future research should continue to focus on developing and using advanced instruments and equipment to accurately identify and quantitative the chemical composition of precipitation DOC, to have a deeper understanding of the bioavailability/inertness characteristics of precipitation DOC. At the same time, new numerical simulation techniques should be developed and utilized to conduct in-depth research on the spatiotemporal heterogeneity of atmospheric DOC wet deposition fluxes with different properties of on the global scale, and quantify the indirect wet deposition flux of atmospheric DOC. On this basis, elucidating the significance and value of atmospheric DOC wet deposition as one of the new pathways for improving global ocean carbon sequestration, so as to gain a deeper understanding on the position and role of atmospheric deposition in global carbon cycling and ocean “missing carbon sink” research.

dissolved organic carbon (DOC)  /  wet deposition  /  bio-availability  /  marine refractory dissolved organic carbon pool  /  carbon peaking and carbon neutrality goals
邢建伟, 宋金明. 大气溶解有机碳湿沉降及其在海洋碳中和中的作用. 中国环境科学, 2025 , 45 (2) : 606 -618 .
Jian-wei XING, Jin-ming SONG. Wet deposition of atmospheric dissolved organic carbon and its role in marine carbon neutralization[J]. China Environmental Science, 2025 , 45 (2) : 606 -618 .
溶解有机碳(DOC)是以碳的含量来表示环境中溶解态有机质水平的综合指标.气溶胶中的有机物绝大部分是可溶的,因此,DOC在大气气溶胶和降水中普遍存在[1-5].虽然DOC仅占雨水中总化学组分的1/4左右[6],但占降水中总碳含量的比例高达87%~91%[7].在我国北方地区,降水DOC含量占降水总有机碳(TOC)的比例平均为79%[8].在深圳,降水DOC的含量甚至与常量离子SO42-和NO3-相当(以质量浓度计)[9],显示出DOC在我国大气降水化学成分中的重要地位.
大气中的DOC包含一些持久性有机污染物成分,其在大气中的积累会对环境空气造成污染,危害人体健康.大气DOC的成分组成和丰度是影响降水pH值(酸雨)的重要因素之一,同时大气中的DOC因可有效吸收紫外和近紫外波段的太阳辐射,带来直接或间接的气候变暖效应[10].此外,经降水沉降至地表和水体的活性DOC可为微生物新陈代谢提供碳源,促进生态系统次级生产力的增长,而降水惰性溶解有机碳(RDOC)向水体尤其是向海洋的沉降和封存则可能成为永久碳汇,离开全球碳循环体系[11-14],构成“碳失汇”的一部分.因此,大气和降水中的DOC及其沉降会对环境空气质量和人体健康、全球气候变化以及碳循环过程产生重要影响,这一课题已成为当前全球变化研究的前沿领域[11,15-16].湿沉降(降水)作为大气中各类成分的一个重要清除机制,是地球不同圈层之间物质循环和能量流动的关键环节之一,在全球碳循环中扮演重要角色[1-2,4,14,17-24].据《全球发展报告2023》,化石燃料仍是全球近中期的主体能源,且煤炭带来的CO2排放仍在持续增长,预计全球化石能源需求和消耗量在2030年左右达峰.这表明今后几年大气中各类有机成分的浓度仍旧可能升高,这势必导致大气DOC湿沉降通量的持续增长并使得DOC湿沉降过程在全球碳循环中的地位愈加突出,进而对全球生态环境产生巨大而深远的影响.因此,DOC的湿沉降及其生态环境效应研究对深入认识全球碳循环过程和“碳失汇”意义重大.
鉴于此,本文系统分析了近几十年来国内外大气降水DOC的研究进展,着重从以下3个方面:降水DOC的丰度和生物可利用性、降水DOC浓度和湿沉降通量的时空分布特征及其影响因素、DOC湿沉降的生态环境效应尤其是在海洋碳中和中的作用,深入解析大气降水DOC湿沉降过程及其对地球多圈层的影响,并从RDOC湿沉降贡献海洋惰性溶解有机碳库的角度,初步评估大气DOC湿沉降在增强海洋碳封存和“海洋负排放”中的意义和潜力.研究结果有助于深入认识大气沉降在全球碳循环中的作用,并期望从大气有机碳沉降的角度为国家“碳中和”目标的实现提供科学支撑.
从分子组成的角度,大气降水DOC主要由有机酸、氨基酸、尿素、羰基化合物以及荧光组分类腐殖酸和类蛋白质等成分构成[11-12,25],化学成分非常复杂.一般而言,降水有机碳的水溶性主要取决于有机物碳链的长度和官能团组成.分子量小且氧化程度高的成分(一般指含有羧基和羰基等亲水性官能团)易于溶解;而含有较长碳链和复杂结构的有机物水溶性差,如类腐殖酸.低分子量有机酸在全球降水中普遍存在,可占降水DOC总含量的18%~40%[26-28],是构成降水DOC的主要成分之一.其中,甲酸、乙酸和乙二酸是占绝对主导地位的低分子量有机酸成分,如在贵州安顺,雨水中的甲酸、乙酸和乙二酸分别占所测总有机酸含量的46.2%、36.5%和14.9%[29];在深圳,这一占比则分别为44.7%、24.7%和28.7%[30],三者之和均在97%以上,且甲酸的占比最高,接近总低分子量有机酸浓度的一半.甲酸和乙酸通常呈显著的正相关性,表明二者可能具有相似的来源或源强相当[31].近年来的研究证实低分子量有机酸主要由植物生长或土壤释放而来,同时生物质燃烧和机动车尾气排放也有较大的贡献[30,32-35].氨基酸也是大气中溶解有机质的重要成分之一,主要来自于生物初级生产释放和生物质燃烧[36-37].目前关于降水中氨基酸的研究还极为有限.在我国贵阳的研究发现,雨水中的溶解游离态氨基酸(DFAA)的浓度在3.94~126.45nmol/L,均值为24.59nmol/L,其中丝氨酸的含量最高,占比达30.25%;而溶解结合态氨基酸(DCAA)的浓度范围和均值分别为27.25~493.87nmol/L和182.44nmol/L,显著高于DFAA[38],表明降水中的氨基酸主要以结合态为主.在云水中,氨基酸可占总DOC含量的4.4%~21.6%,平均占比为9.1%[39],暗示氨基酸在降水DOC中的占比不容忽视.关于降水中的尿素,研究发现冬、春季东海雨水中的尿素氮浓度分别为7.8~18.1,12.1~35.3µmol/L,均值分别为11.4,21.4µmol/L,呈春季明显高于冬季的季节变化特征[40].
雨水中的羰基化合物一般包括醛、酮类成分,是大气挥发性有机物的一部分.甲醛、乙醛、己醛、乙二醛、甲基乙二醛和丙酮是雨水中羰基化合物的主要成分.雨水中的醛类平均可占降水DOC含量的16%[22],也有研究认为这一比例为1.99%~14.91%[41],不同区域降水中的含量存在较大变异.雨水中的醛类一般以甲醛为主,可占降水醛类总含量的3/4[42]和降水DOC含量的3.2%[22].大气中的羰基化合物参与各种光化学反应过程,被认为是二次有机气溶胶的前体物[43],可能在灰霾天气形成中扮演重要角色.在全球尤其是我国灰霾天气仍频繁发生的背景下,有必要深入开展大气中羰基化合物的丰度和迁移转化机制研究.
构成降水DOC的荧光组分主要包括类腐殖酸,其主要源自于气溶胶中的类腐殖质(HULIS),生物质燃烧、二次反应生成的有机气溶胶和海洋输出等都是其具体的来源途径[44-46].另一类荧光组分——类蛋白质,主要来源包括陆地植物、细菌、酵母菌、孢子及花粉等[46-47].利用荧光分光光度法,Muller等[46]识别出雨水中DOC的3个荧光成分:类腐殖酸、类酪氨酸和类色氨酸物质.此外,在厦门雨水中也发现了4个DOC荧光组分:类腐殖质C1、C2、C4和类蛋白质组分C3,其中类腐殖质是主要的荧光组分,其浓度与降水中的DOC含量呈正相关[48],暗示其在降水DOC中的含量比例较为稳定.
除此之外,雨水中的DOC还包括脂肪酸、碳氢化合物、羟基化合物以及单宁、木质素等低分子有机物等[25,32].早在20世纪70~80年代已有科研人员在雨雪样品中发现了超过300种有机成分,包括碳氢化合物(脂肪烃)、自由脂肪酸、酯、酮、醛、酚、苯醛、异戊二烯酮、多环芳基酮、邻苯二酸酯、多环芳基酮、多环芳烃和杂环化合物等[25,49-50],但其中附着在悬浮颗粒物中的占绝对优势,溶解态的有机成分丰度尚需进一步研究量化.需要指出的是,不同区域降水中DOC的组成不可避免地存在一定差异,主要与来源途径及其排放强度有关[51].此外,即使在同一区域,不同降水事件之间DOC的化学组成也存在较大差异,综合反映了降水期间气团来源、局部污染源排放以及大气污染物化学转化作用导致部分有机物的溶解性增强等的协同效应[52].
DOC的生物可利用性大小是其影响地球各类生态系统的基础和关键.一般而言,河水DOC因主要来源于土壤有机物的冲刷,其中含有较多的腐殖质.这类相对稳定的DOC组分非常难以被微生物降解和利用,因而生物可利用性较低.相比之下,降水DOC主要来源于生源排放和含碳物质的燃烧,且含有较高比例的有机酸、氨基酸和尿素等小分子有机物,因而其生物可利用性相比河流显著偏高[53].研究发现,厦门近海大气降水中DOC的生物可利用性高达46%±17%,表明近半的降水DOC可以被微生物在短时间内利用,尤其是甲酸和乙酸的生物可利用性更高达90%,可占雨水中全部生物可利用溶解有机碳(BDOC)含量的30%[12,54].类似地,美国威灵顿地区大气降水中BDOC占比也高达63%±14%,超过一半的降水DOC可以被微生物利用,远超河水中生物可利用性DOC的比例(9.0%±4.5%)[53].
世界范围内降水DOC的高生物可利用性暗示出降水DOC的组成具有一定的相似性.研究表明,与陆地水体溶解有机质组分相比,气溶胶和雨水中的溶解有机质具有更小的分子量、相对较低的芳香性、弱的酸性和更高的脂肪化组分[28,55],这些可能是大气降水DOC较之陆源径流DOC具有较高生物可利用性的重要原因.通过与河水DOC的对比,Bao等[28]发现雨水DOC的特异性紫外线吸收率(SUVA254)较低,暗示雨水DOC的芳香性较低,从侧面解释了雨水DOC呈较高生物可利用性的原因.进一步借助培养实验发现,BDOC的浓度与DOC的初始浓度呈显著正相关关系,即BDOC含量在很大程度上受降水中DOC浓度的控制[12].一般认为,脂类以及一元和二元羧酸等低分子羧酸的生物可利用性较高,而木质素的生物可利用性较低.因此,降水中不同有机物组成比例的差异可能会对湿沉降DOC的生物可利用性产生重要影响[48].此外,温度、光强、营养水平、微生物群落组成以及降水中有机物的来源差异等也会对降水(湿沉降)DOC的生物可利用性产生影响[12,45,56].
截至目前,全球多地已开展了降水DOC浓度及湿沉降的研究.为便于对比和研究,笔者将目前搜集到的有关大气降水DOC的研究数据分区域汇总整理,见表1.整体而言,全球不同区域大气降水DOC的浓度和湿沉降通量变化范围均很大,单次降水DOC浓度极低值和极高值相差普遍可达1~2个数量级,不同区域DOC年湿沉降通量最高也可相差1个数量级.即使在同一站点,降水DOC的浓度也存在显著的事件性差异和时间变化[1,12,14,52].
空间上,由陆向海,降水DOC的浓度和湿沉降通量均大致呈降低的趋势.降水DOC的直接来源途径一般为吸附在大气颗粒物上的挥发性有机物(VOCs,主要源于生物质燃烧和化石燃料燃烧),其经氧化后形成的二次气溶胶经云内清除和云下冲刷溶解形成降水DOC[57].因此,一般而言海洋性降水较之大陆性降水中DOC的浓度和湿沉降通量均显著偏低[2],表明大气中有机碳的来源强度控制降水中DOC的浓度和湿沉降水平[58],进而表明陆源人为活动排放对降水中DOC的浓度具有重要影响.例如,通过汇总全球多地的TOC或DOC观测资料,Iavorivska等[59]指出,海洋性降水有机碳的平均浓度为(0.92±0.7)mg/L(以碳计,下同),陆地性降水的平均浓度为(2.87±1.9)mg/L,后者高出前者2倍多,且上述浓度值均显著高于Willey等[2]于2000年估算的水平(表1).一方面,Iavorivska等[59]的结果可能包含了部分的TOC数据,导致估算结果偏高;另一方面,随着近十几年来人类活动的持续增强,全球大气环境均已受到人类活动的强烈干扰,这使得无论海洋性降水还是陆地性降水中人为源DOC含量均增长明显.同时,也应注意到,大陆性降水与海洋性降水DOC浓度的比值在近十几年中呈明显降低的趋势(由2000年的近似于7迅速降低至2016年的近似于3,表1),暗示出海洋大气环境较之大陆对高强度人类活动更为敏感,也更易受到人类活动的影响.由此推断,随着人类改造自然界能力的持续增强,海洋性降水和大陆性降水DOC的比值将可能进一步降低,凸显了人类活动对全球生态环境的显著影响.
在陆地区域,不同地区的降水DOC浓度和沉降通量差别亦非常明显.一般而言,近岸站点由于受海洋性气团的影响,降水中DOC的含量显著低于内陆区域[4,12,58,63].同时,受人为影响显著的站点降水DOC的含量和湿沉降通量更高.由表1可知,我国城市化近海区域和主要大中城市的降水DOC浓度和湿沉降通量相当,且明显高于国外同类区域,同时也显著高于世界偏远地区和相关背景区域的水平.整体而言我国城市化近海降水DOC浓度和湿沉降通量在全球均处于较高水平(表1).在我国受自然变化和人类活动双重影响显著的典型半封闭海湾——胶州湾和大亚湾,降水DOC的浓度和湿沉降通量均处于较高水平,而尤以大亚湾为甚,这与其极高的污染物排放水平和较高的降水量密不可分[1,14,61].同时,对于某些受局部排放源影响显著的特定地区,降水DOC浓度和湿沉降通量也会显著偏高.如在受生物质燃烧(收获期甘蔗叶燃烧)影响显著的巴西圣保罗州农业区,降水DOC的浓度和湿沉降通量处于极高水平[23,70],甚至超过了我国特大城市北京[8]、广州[6]和胶州湾[1,14]、大亚湾[61]等区域的水平,凸显了局部强排放源对降水DOC浓度和湿沉降通量的显著影响.
此外,还有研究发现,青藏高原3个典型野外台站纳木错站、藏东南站和珠峰站的降水DOC浓度分别为(1.05±1.01),(0.83±0.85),(0.86±0.81)mg/L,其中纳木错站的浓度最高.然而,3个站点的DOC湿沉降通量却分别为(0.34±0.32),(0.84±0.86),(0.16±0.17)g/(m2·a),其中藏东南站显著高于其他2个台站[73].进一步研究发现,3个台站的降水DOC来源存在显著差异:纳木错站受到自然和人为来源的共同影响,藏东南站的降水DOC主要反映了来自南亚季风的信息,而珠峰站的降水DOC则主要来自局地沙尘源的贡献.因而,尽管3个台站都位于青藏高原的中南部,受控于共同的大气系统,不同区域的大气化学特征仍具有很大的差异性[73],这表明来源途径也会对降水DOC的浓度和沉降产生明显影响.
除空间差异外,降水DOC的浓度和湿沉降通量也存在较大的时间变异.全球范围内,降水中DOC的浓度一般呈湿季较低、干季较高的季节变化特征,而湿沉降通量则与之相反.如我国北方城市大气降水DOC的浓度呈现明显的冬季>春季>秋季>夏季的特征,而夏季降水DOC的湿沉降通量(10.8mg/(m2·d))可达冬季(0.5mg/(m2·d))的21倍[8,64],与我国多数南方城市如上海[66]、重庆[65]、厦门[12,28]、深圳[9]以及波兰中部地区[7]和巴西圣保罗[23]的研究结果相似,主要受控于降水的云下冲刷.同理,在纽约伊萨卡岛和新罕布什尔州的哈伯德溪实验森林,DOC的湿沉降在湿季分别约占当地年总沉降量的65%和62%[32].对于DOC浓度,较高的降水量带来的主要是稀释效应;而对于DOC湿沉降通量,较高的降水量则可以将更多的大气有机成分溶解和冲刷、沉降至地表,带来较高的湿沉降通量.因此,雨水的冲刷和溶解效应是大气中有机物去除的主要途径之一.而对于不同的有机成分,湿沉降的去除效率也存在差异.如研究发现,一元羧酸被雨水冲刷清除的效率比醛类更高,且甲醛的冲刷清除效率分别为乙醛和丙醛的10倍和30倍,因此云下冲刷是清除大气中一元羧酸和甲醛的主要方式[42].然而,对此项研究结果学术界尚有争议,例如也有研究表明,湿沉降DOC的云内清除约为云下冲刷效率的3倍[75].而且,对于降水中的低分子有机酸,其在海洋气团来源的降水中的比例要显著高于陆源气团[26,31].因此,气团来源和远距离传输过程会极大地影响降水中DOC的含量[31,76].此外,也有研究指出,湿季降水DOC的含量要略高于干季,主要与湿季较高的温度有利于陆地植物和海洋浮游植物的生源排放,以及较高的温度和太阳辐射强度有利于光化学生产密切相关[31-32,69,77-78].
除此之外,降水发生前后的气象条件也会对降水DOC浓度产生重要影响.研究表明,在长时间干旱后的降水和雨季开始时,雨水中的羰基化合物浓度特别高,主要与长期缺乏降水导致羰基化合物在大气中的积累有关[41].很多因素包括当地大气污染源及其污染程度、风向、风速、相对湿度、气团来源以及降水量都会对降水DOC浓度和湿沉降通量产生重要影响[1,4,8,14,22,28,31].综上,降水DOC的浓度和湿沉降通量主要受控于降水量、来源类型和源排放强度,也受气团远距离传输以及降水发生前和降水发生期间复杂气象条件的综合制约.
据估计,中国陆地降水DOC湿沉降通量高达23×1012g/a,其中约7.1×1012g为化石燃料源有机碳[4],占比可达30%.大气中的溶解态黑碳(DBC)作为DOC的重要组分[11],可以强烈吸收太阳辐射,引发近地面增温,是大气中仅次于CO2的气候辐射强迫因子.因而,大气中的DOC尤其是DBC会对全球气候产生重要影响.大气沉降尤其是湿沉降过程,作为生态系统物质循环的重要环节,不仅是有机碳从大气中清除的主要方式[71],也是地表有机碳的重要输入源.利用山东省2014年观测的降水DOC数据,Wang等[4]估算出全球尺度上DOC的年湿沉降通量高达357Tg,其中化石燃料源的贡献约110Tg,如此巨大的DOC湿沉降输入势必会对生态系统产生不可忽视的影响.
大气降水中的DOC直接来自于气团传输过程中的云内雨除和云下冲刷过程.因易于与金属离子发生络合反应,降水中的DOC可能会对其中的金属离子形态及其在大气传输过程中的溶解特征和生物可利用性产生一定影响[22,69,79-80].例如,有色溶解有机物(CDOM)是降水中Cu2+的有效配体,可与Cu2+形成强络合物,这对控制金属的形态分布以及CDOM在降水中的反应活性具有重要意义[81].同时,DOC成分可作为稳定雨水中Fe(II)形态的强配体,这主要表现为雨水中的疏水性DOC可防止雨水中的Fe(II)在沉降进入海水后被氧化为Fe(III)[82].由于雨水中较强的铁络合配体(平均占比约25%)的存在[79],且雨水中疏水性可提取有机碳组分在与海水混合时对雨水源Fe的溶解度起着重要调控作用[82],疏水性DOC成分对雨水中Fe(II)的稳定效应对维持沉降至表层海水的湿沉降Fe的生物可利用性乃至Fe支持的海洋初级生产力意义重大.
大气中的某些自由氨基酸如甘氨酸和丙氨酸,由于其较低的大气活性,可在大气中稳定存在,因此可作为指示远距离传输过程中气溶胶年龄和来源的生物标志物[36,83].另外,大气中CDOM的存在对大气吸收太阳辐射起到决定性作用[77].
长期以来,人们普遍认为降水的酸度主要受控于降水中无机强酸的丰度[24,84].然而近年来的研究发现,降水DOC浓度与pH值呈负相关关系,表明DOC中的酸性成分对降水酸度有一定贡献[78,85].在广州,当雨水pH<5时,雨水中的DOC与pH值呈明显负相关[6],表明雨水有机物对低pH值雨水的酸度有较大贡献.尤其对清洁城市和偏远地区而言,降水中的无机强酸浓度较低,而植物生长季节繁茂的植被大量释放的低分子有机酸对降水总自由酸度的贡献甚至超过了无机强酸[29,34],成为这些地区酸雨的主要成因.例如,在深圳,降水中的主要低分子有机酸成分甲酸、乙酸和草酸对总自由酸度的贡献为2.86%[9],与北京(2%)[33]相当,但显著低于其对我国遵义(18.4%)[86]、贵阳(18.7%)[34]、安顺(平均32.9%)[29]、尚重镇(58.1%)[34]、美国洛杉矶(27.4%)[87]、西班牙西北部(16.8%)[88]以及巴西亚马孙雨林(80%~90%)[89]降水总自有酸度的贡献,且在植被快速生长季节的贡献更大.
综上,降水DOC会对气溶胶和降水性质产生一定影响(图1),其中低分子有机酸对降水总自由酸度的贡献在不同类型地区(大中城市、清洁地区和偏远地区)存在较大差异.显然,含有一定比例低分子有机酸的降水DOC的湿沉降也不可避免地会对环境和水体的酸化产生一定影响,尤其是短时强降水发生的情况下,这也是一个值得关注的研究课题.
DOC在冰冻圈地区的碳循环、辐射强迫中发挥重要作用.大气中的DOC可通过大气环流远距离传输至极地和高原,再通过大气干湿沉降的形式沉降至雪冰表面并在其中富集,可降低冰雪表面的反照率;同时DOC的强烈吸光性会使得冰雪对太阳辐射的吸收增强,加速冰川的融化[90-91],对冰雪消融产生正反馈作用(图1).在玉龙雪山,通过大气干湿沉降至冰川表面的DOC等强吸光性物质可能是导致近年来高原冰川/冰雪加速融化的一个重要原因[68,92].由此可见,沉降至雪冰中的DOC可显著加速冰冻圈的消融,从而在一定程度上改变着区域尺度的水循环以及水资源的时空分布.
海洋DOC是地球上最大的表层有机碳库.尽管浮游植物的初级生产被认为是海洋中DOC的主要内部来源,但以河流输入和雨、雪为代表的湿沉降则是海洋DOC的主要外部输入源[93-94].全球河流分布具有极大的不均匀性,超过一半的陆地径流集中于10条大的河流.与全球陆源径流输入的不均匀性相比,降水输入具有全球普遍性,因而降水对于全球各个海域的物质输入而言都是不容忽视的.一般而言,在近海海域,受制于大的径流输入,相比河流,大气沉降在海区DOC的外源输入中居于次要地位,如在美国北卡罗来纳州的Long Bay,河流DOC输送量(77×109g/a)约为湿沉降输入量(21×109g/a)的4倍[53].在烟台北部养马岛附近海域,降水带来的DOC年输入量仅占海域DOC储量的4.0%[60].然而,在开阔海域,由于径流输入的影响迅速降低,使得雨水DOC的输入通量近乎与河流输入在同一个数量级上[2].对于频繁发生短时强降水或径流输入较少的海区,湿沉降带来的DOC输入甚至超过河流,在对海洋生态系统的影响中占据主导地位[1,48].由于雨水的脉冲式输入和河流的连续性输入在形式上存在较大差异,且河流输入主要作用于近海.因此,相对于河流,大气降水DOC沉降则是无河流输入的偏远地区和开阔大洋溶解有机物的主要来源(图1).然而,目前的研究尚没有考虑湿沉降通过河流间接向海洋的输送过程.近期研究表明,湿沉降对波兰Warta河水DOC的贡献可达40%[41],暗示即使是河水中也有很大一部分的DOC源自于大气沉降.这表明湿沉降也可以通过冲刷地表并汇入河流的间接方式最终输送入海,这一间接途径亟待甄别和量化.
降水DOC的输入会对海洋生态环境和生物地球化学循环过程产生重要影响,这包括浮游植物必需微痕量生源要素的生物可利用性、微生物的食物来源等[12,47,53].在胶州湾,降水中DOC的浓度普遍高于表层海水,强降水带来的大量DOC输入会使得表层海水DOC浓度上升7%左右[1].在烟台近海也发现了类似结果[60],表明湿沉降尤其是短时强降水的直接输入会加富表层海水的DOC水平.
通过降水等大气沉降过程输入至自然水体中的DOC可与金属元素形成络合物,控制重金属在自然水中的迁移和溶解性[69],影响金属元素的生物可利用性.通过改变能源利用模式和减少化石燃料排放会引起大气中疏水性DOC丰度的改变,进而影响到达地球表面的太阳光的光谱分布,同时有可能会改变海洋初级生产力的强度[95].此外,降水过程带来的DOC直接输入可为海洋微生物的新陈代谢提供碳源,促进海洋次级生产力的提高(图1).在胶州湾,BDOC年沉降量约为506.3t,可支持75.9t C/a的细菌有机碳[14],具有显著的次级生产力增长潜力.溶解态氨基酸可作为浮游细菌生长发育可利用的有效氮源,降水溶解氨基酸的输入势必会在一定程度上促进海洋浮游细菌的生长繁殖.因此,雨水DOC的输入对驱动浮游微生物的二次生产具有重要意义.
Avery等[53]在国际上首次比较了沿海地区河流和降水中DOC的生物可利用性,指出对于BDOC而言,降水和河流对海洋生态系统的作用几乎同等重要,这在一定程度上归因于降水中DOC的高生物可利用性.在北卡罗莱纳州Long Bay的研究表明,尽管4次飓风导致的输入到Long Bay的雨水DOC沉降通量没有河流输入明显,但如果考虑DOC的生物可利用性,则湿沉降带来的BDOC输入量约为河流的2倍,凸显了湿沉降在近海BDOC外源输入中的突出地位.同时,这也意味着在1~2d的时间内,飓风带来的强降水可将年度3%~9%的BDOC输送至Long Bay,从而显著贡献飓风过后的近海次级生产力[53,96].在厦门湾,大气BDOC通过湿沉降输入到厦门湾的通量约为九龙江的35%,尽管低于Long Bay的结果,仍可证实降水在向海洋供应BDOC方面发挥重要作用,并可进一步对海洋食物网产生重要影响[12].值得注意的是,尽管环境发生很大变化,但雨水中的DOC沉降入海后仍保持较高的生物可利用性[12].鉴于大气降水DOC的高生物可利用性,湿沉降引起的DOC脉冲式输入可为次级生产过程提供重要营养基质,可能导致海洋微生物的大量繁殖,对近海生态系统,尤其是缺乏河流输入的海域次级生产力的刺激作用值得关注.此外,由于气溶胶中有机物和有机碳的平均比值约为2.1[97],若据此比例将DOC换算成溶解有机物的沉降,则大气有机物的湿沉降量可能翻番,由此带来的生态环境效应可能会更为显著.
DOC是海洋有机碳的主体组分,其碳库容量可达662Gt,其中有约95%的DOC是生物难以利用的惰性溶解有机碳(RDOC).这一巨大且稳定的海洋RDOC碳库几乎与大气碳库相当[98],已成为大气CO2主要的汇,在海洋碳循环和调节全球气候变化方面具有举足轻重的地位.尽管雨水中DOC的生物可利用性相对较高,但部分高分子量有机物由于具有复杂的结构而难于被降解[54],甚至可以在海洋环境中长期稳定存在,从而贡献海洋RDOC碳库.此外,随着近年来对微食物环研究的不断深入,我国科学家发现微型生物如异养细菌、古菌在将BDOC转化为难降解有机质方面扮演重要角色,并在国际上首次提出“微型生物碳泵”理论,阐释了海洋巨大RDOC碳库的形成和存储的生物地球化学机制[99].全球每年约有12Tg的黑碳通过大气沉降进入海洋,其中近海沉降量与远海相当甚至高于远海[100].DBC作为黑碳降解的中间产物,也是降水DOC以及海水溶解有机碳库的重要组成部分[11],沉降入海后可在海洋环境中稳定保存达千年之久.DBC通过大气沉降的方式向海洋持续稳定地输送可能会成为海洋RDOC碳库的重要来源之一(图1).Bao等[11]首次估算出全球海洋大气DBC干湿沉降通量总和约为(1.8±0.83)Tg/a,并对海洋RDOC碳库有重要贡献.在胶州湾的研究也发现,难降解的降水DOC沉降可增强海洋碳封存能力,具有一定的碳增汇效应[14]图1),从而可在一定程度上助力国家“海洋负排放”以及“碳中和”目标的实现.
4.1 大气降水DOC主要由有机酸、氨基酸、尿素、羰基化合物以及荧光组分类腐殖酸和类蛋白质等成分构成,化学组成复杂,多以低分子量有机酸占主导地位,这使得其对降水酸性具有一定贡献,也是降水DOC相较于河流DOC具有较高生物可利用性的主要原因.
4.2 不同地区降水DOC的浓度和湿沉降通量存在显著的时空变异,主要受控于降水量、来源类型和源排放强度,也受气团远距离传输以及降水发生前和发生期间复杂的气象条件制约.
4.3 大气中的DOC可通过络合作用影响气溶胶、降水以及水体中金属离子的生物有效性,并可通过低分子量有机酸的丰度影响雨水的酸性,这一效应在洁净城市和偏僻地区尤为显著.经由大气沉降至高原或极地冰雪表面的DOC会导致或加速冰川的消融,影响全球和区域尺度的水循环.降水过程可加富表层海水的有机碳水平,并刺激生态系统次级生产力的增长,而降水惰性DOC沉降或经由“微型生物碳泵”将降水活性DOC转化成的难降解DOC则可在一定程度上提高海洋碳封存能力,具有碳增汇潜力,可望成为助力“海洋负排放”和国家“碳中和”目标的实现的潜在途径之一.
经过几十年的研究,尽管学术界在降水DOC的沉降特征及生态环境效应方面取得了较为丰硕的成果,但也存在诸多不足和缺陷,亟待深入研究和改进.以下在深入分析目前研究局限性的基础上,展望了该领域未来的发展方向.
5.1 目前对降水DOC的化学成分及丰度开展了较为系统的研究,也鉴定出了种类繁多的有机成分,但由于DOC来源和组成的异常复杂性,加之有机分析技术的落后,目前仍有近一半的降水DOC化合物成分没有被准确识别或鉴定,相当部分有机组分的结构特征仍不清楚,尤其是DBC等RDOC组分,这也在很大程度上限制了对降水DOC生物可利用性乃至沉降至海水后的生态环境效应的理解.因此,亟待研发高分辨率有机化学分析仪器,以开展更为深入系统的降水DOC化学组分及其生物可利用性研究.
5.2 目前针对全球和区域尺度的降水DOC浓度和湿沉降通量的研究还不多,更多地集中于一城一地的局部性研究,已有的研究也仅基于局部的研究数据放大扩展到了全球尺度,这势必带来极大的误差,从而严重制约对全球碳循环过程的理解.因此,可在已有数据模型的基础上,开发利用新型数值模拟技术以深入开展全球尺度不同性质降水DOC湿沉降通量及其时空异质性研究,提高研究结果的准确性.
5.3 对大气DOC通过沉降至流域后汇入江河,再以径流形式进入海洋的间接途径入海通量尚未得到重视.以往的研究均将其视为河流输入,这势必严重低估了大气DOC沉降入海的通量及其生态环境效应.今后应高度重视大气DOC通过间接途径的湿沉降入海通量的估算,以更准确、完善地理解大气沉降在全球物质循环中的作用.
5.4 大气惰性DOC沉降入海后的封存具有贡献海洋碳汇的潜力,然而目前对这一途径及其碳增汇效应的认识还极为浅显,对大气惰性DOC沉降入海后的迁移转化规律及对海洋碳汇的贡献尚未有确切的认知.未来应从大气惰性化学成分的精确识别入手,系统解析远距离传输过程、河口“过滤器”作用、光降解效率、沉积物再悬浮以及水动力过程等对大气惰性有机碳成分沉降、降解、封存以及埋藏的影响,以明确大气DOC沉降这一新途径对实现“海洋负排放”、贡献海洋惰性溶解有机碳库以及在海洋碳中和中的作用.
综上,未来大气DOC湿沉降的研究应在多学科交叉迁移转化机制、大尺度扩展研究以及在海洋碳中和的作用调节等方面深入开展.
  • 山东省自然科学基金资助项目(ZR2024MD052)
  • 青岛市自然科学基金资助项目(24-4-4-zrjj-176-jch)
  • 中国科学院海洋研究所“汇泉青年学者”人才项目
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2025年第45卷第2期
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  • 接收时间:2024-07-01
  • 首发时间:2026-03-17
  • 出版时间:2025-02-20
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  • 收稿日期:2024-07-01
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山东省自然科学基金资助项目(ZR2024MD052)
青岛市自然科学基金资助项目(24-4-4-zrjj-176-jch)
中国科学院海洋研究所“汇泉青年学者”人才项目
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    1.中国科学院海洋研究所,中国科学院海洋生态与环境科学重点实验室,山东 青岛 266000
    2.青岛海洋科技中心,海洋生态与环境科学功能实验室,山东 青岛 266237
    3.中国科学院大学,北京 100049
    4.中国科学院海洋大科学研究中心,山东 青岛 266000

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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