Article(id=1240689599496900745, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, issueId=1240689590315569990, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1720454400000, receivedDateStr=2024-07-09, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773733051418, onlineDateStr=2026-03-17, pubDate=1739980800000, pubDateStr=2025-02-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773733051418, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-17, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773733051418, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773733051418, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1240689590315569990, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, year='2025', volume='45', issue='2', pageStart='593', pageEnd='1184', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773733049228, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773733150042, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1240690013239825123, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, issueId=1240689590315569990, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1240690013239825124, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, issueId=1240689590315569990, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=854, endPage=869, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1240689600381898964, articleId=1240689599496900745, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, language=EN, title=Advances in carbocatalytic ozonation for water purification, columnId=1234106386360103680, journalTitle=China Environmental Science, columnName=Water Pollution Control, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Heterogeneous catalytic ozonation (HCO) was used to degrade organic pollutants in water via both direct oxidation and reactive oxygen species (ROS) converted from ozonation. In general, the physicochemical catalysts properties were considered as an important factor that influenced the wastewater purification efficiency. Being attributed to stable chemical properties, easily regulated surface properties and pore structures, carbon-based materials for HCO arose much attention in wastewater treatment. Herein, the research progress and application of carbon-based catalysts for HCO in wastewater treatment were systematically discussed, which helped reader make a complete view. Furthermore, the functionalization and regulation methods of commonly used carbon-based catalysts were introduced in details, and the relationship between carbon-based materials structure and ROS generation was deeply discussed. Meanwhile, organic pollutants degradation mechanisms via radical and non-radical reaction under different reaction conditions such as water quality were expounded. Finally, the prospection and development of carbon-based materials for HCO in wastewater treatment was proposed. The results showed that carbon-based materials for HCO have broad application prospects in wastewater treatment. Future research should focus on the optimization of catalysts and the in-depth exploration of practical applications.

, correspAuthors=Jin-nan WANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Yi-lian KONG, Zhi-ang HOU, Jin-nan WANG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1240689610225930250, articleId=1240689599496900745, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, language=CN, title=碳基材料催化臭氧氧化净水研究进展, columnId=1234106386565624579, journalTitle=中国环境科学, columnName=水污染与控制, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

非均相催化臭氧氧化可通过直接氧化和生成活性氧物种(ROS)降解水中有机污染物,其净水效能与催化剂性质密切相关.碳基材料因其稳定的化学性质、易于调控的表面特性以及孔结构,在催化臭氧净水方面得到大量研究.基于此,本文系统阐述了近年来碳基催化剂在非均相臭氧氧化净水中的研究进展,详细介绍了常用的碳基催化剂的特性及其功能化调控方法;探讨了碳基材料催化臭氧生成ROS的构效关系、污染物降解的自由基与非自由基反应机制;分析了实际水处理效能与水质条件的影响作用机制;最后对碳基材料催化臭氧净水的未来研究与发展方向进行了展望.结果表明,碳基材料在非均相臭氧氧化净水中具有广阔的应用前景,建议未来研究应聚焦于催化剂优化与实际应用的深入探索.

, correspAuthors=王津南, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*责任作者,教授,
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孔艺莲(2001-),女,云南临沧人,南京大学硕士研究生,主要从事催化臭氧氧化净水研究. .

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孔艺莲(2001-),女,云南临沧人,南京大学硕士研究生,主要从事催化臭氧氧化净水研究. .

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Applied Catalysis A: General2018551:129-138., articleTitle=Enhanced catalytic ozonation performance of highly stabilized mesoporous ZnO doped g-C3N4 composite for efficient water decontamination, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1240689618413212221, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689599496900745, awardId=52070095, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金资助项目(52070095), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1240689618547429958, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689599496900745, awardId=BK20231407, language=CN, fundingSource=江苏省自然科学基金(BK20231407), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1240689611924623402, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689599496900745, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1240689611937206317, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689599496900745, companyId=1240689611924623402, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=School of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1240689611945594926, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689599496900745, companyId=1240689611924623402, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=南京大学环境学院,江苏 南京 210023)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1240689614642532668, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689599496900745, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Comparison of TOC removal rates of typical organic pollutants via direct ozonation and catalytic ozonation over carbon-based catalyst, figureFileSmall=p1ldVbg0BBvj8JyMwohRTw==, figureFileBig=KunMm9cSKsGBwdHGodHN3g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240689616135704909, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689599496900745, language=CN, label=图1, caption=直接臭氧化与碳基材料催化臭氧化对典型有机污染物TOC去除率的比较

OA:草酸[8];ATZ:阿特拉津[36];KTP:酮洛芬[33];4-NP:4-硝基苯酚[37];phenol:苯酚[44];MD:亚甲基蓝[50];SMX:磺胺甲恶唑[51]

, figureFileSmall=p1ldVbg0BBvj8JyMwohRTw==, figureFileBig=KunMm9cSKsGBwdHGodHN3g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240689616479637869, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689599496900745, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Comparison of normalized kobs for catalytic ozonation of organic pollutants over different carbon-based materials[8,19,24,25,27,30,32,3638,41,42], figureFileSmall=2VBnOCrVxZ/QdWf48e/uHQ==, figureFileBig=t44gLS1cz1a8zV0fiwyHEg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240689616613855615, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689599496900745, language=CN, label=图2, caption=不同碳基材料催化臭氧降解有机污染物的归一化速率常数kobs对比[8,19,24,25,27,30,32,3638,41,42], figureFileSmall=2VBnOCrVxZ/QdWf48e/uHQ==, figureFileBig=t44gLS1cz1a8zV0fiwyHEg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240689616722907532, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689599496900745, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=(a)[2] Heteroatom doping in graphene and (b)[66] DFT models of favorable adsorption for ozone on pristine graphene:, figureFileSmall=Q+VmmQ0YtPbezf5pGw2Zsw==, figureFileBig=Pa0U4IbrhrYyqvonVN0L9g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240689616873902492, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689599496900745, language=CN, label=图3, caption=(a)[2]石墨烯中掺杂不同的杂原子和(b)[66]臭氧分子在纯石墨烯不同位置上的最优吸附DFT模型, figureFileSmall=Q+VmmQ0YtPbezf5pGw2Zsw==, figureFileBig=Pa0U4IbrhrYyqvonVN0L9g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240689617003925934, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689599496900745, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=(a)[75] Preparation scheme of HPCMs and (b)[80] the catalytic mechanism of ozonation over Mn-nCN, figureFileSmall=IYCdNC4Otn6mlX8Fn1SDIQ==, figureFileBig=+RwGPO4ir9yU+sjASh0zrA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240689617117172155, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689599496900745, language=CN, label=图4, caption=(a)[75] HPCM合成过程(b)[80]Mn-nCN多相催化臭氧的机理, figureFileSmall=IYCdNC4Otn6mlX8Fn1SDIQ==, figureFileBig=+RwGPO4ir9yU+sjASh0zrA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240689617268167119, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689599496900745, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Scheme of heterogeneous catalytic ozonation process via radical and non-radical reaction[83], figureFileSmall=mVclwr/V3mCs/+wSdcpHTA==, figureFileBig=eYHCQmweSX1VHvCzz9dGOw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240689617389801951, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689599496900745, language=CN, label=图5, caption=非均相催化臭氧氧化过程的自由基和非自由基反应路径示意图[83], figureFileSmall=mVclwr/V3mCs/+wSdcpHTA==, figureFileBig=eYHCQmweSX1VHvCzz9dGOw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240689617540796904, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689599496900745, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Comparison of COD removal from actual wastewater by direct ozonation and catalytic ozonation[93,94,99101], figureFileSmall=uRvMNUIyq5hFUwaFXaR3zA==, figureFileBig=wyN6B2guJ6eqobSWFfHK7w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240689617633071601, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689599496900745, language=CN, label=图6, caption=直接臭氧氧化和催化臭氧氧化对实际废水中COD的去除率比较[93,94,99101], figureFileSmall=uRvMNUIyq5hFUwaFXaR3zA==, figureFileBig=wyN6B2guJ6eqobSWFfHK7w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240689617767289345, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689599496900745, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Carbon based catalysts reported in previous literatures

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
碳催化剂类型催化剂合成/改性方法目标污染物主要的ROS参考文献
体块碳GAC商业购买、球磨草酸羟基自由基(•OH)[8]
AC-NO2商业购买、硝化/胺化草酸•OH[22]
AC-OH热处理-氧化处理-热处理腐殖酸•OH[23]
BC热解花生壳酮洛芬单线态氧(1O2)、超氧自由基(O2-)和•OH[11]
BC污泥热解苯酚O2-[10]
SBC热解大豆秸秆阿特拉津O2-1O2[24]
NBC木屑与二氰二胺混合热解布洛芬O2-和H2O2[25]
N、S-BC海带热解、碱活化布洛芬•OH、O2-1O2[26]
N、P-BC热解废蛋白核小球藻布洛芬表面吸附氧原子(*Oad)、1O2和电子转移途径[27]
纳米碳多壁CNT商业购买全氟辛烷磺酸•OH[28]
CNT-NO2商业购买、硝化对氯苯甲酸•OH[29]
CNT-H2在H2气氛下进行热处理草酸•OH[30]
GOHummers法合成N,N-二乙基间甲苯酰胺•OH[15]
rGO热还原对羟基苯甲酸O2-1O2[31]
N-rGO微波还原4-硝基苯酚•OH、O2-1O2[32]
O-C3N4过氧化氢水热法阿特拉津O2-和•OH[19]
NHC模板刻蚀热解酮洛芬•OH和电子转移途径[33]
过渡金属复合碳Mn-CSF一步合成、湿法浸渍法草酸O2-和•OH[34]
MnOx/BC、FeOx/BC浸渍法阿特拉津•OH[35]
ZVZ/g-C3N4零价锌(ZVZ)和g-C3N4热解阿特拉津•OH和O2-[36]
MnO2/rGO水热法4-硝基苯酚O2-1O2[37]
Fe-NC高温热解草酸和羟基苯甲酸*Oad1O2[38]
T-FMSAC化学共沉淀对氯苯甲酸•OH[39]
Mn-C3N4、Fe-C3N4、Co-C3N4水热法草酸•OH[40]
Co-N-BC高温热解4-硝基苯酚O2-和•OH[41]
Fe-Mn/BC浸渍-热解法布洛芬•OH和O2-[42]
CNT-Fe/Zn浸渍-煅烧法邻苯二甲酸二丁酯•OH[43]
CeO2-OCNTs水热法苯酚•OH[44]
), ArticleFig(id=1240689617897312781, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689599496900745, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

文献报道的碳基催化剂

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
碳催化剂类型催化剂合成/改性方法目标污染物主要的ROS参考文献
体块碳GAC商业购买、球磨草酸羟基自由基(•OH)[8]
AC-NO2商业购买、硝化/胺化草酸•OH[22]
AC-OH热处理-氧化处理-热处理腐殖酸•OH[23]
BC热解花生壳酮洛芬单线态氧(1O2)、超氧自由基(O2-)和•OH[11]
BC污泥热解苯酚O2-[10]
SBC热解大豆秸秆阿特拉津O2-1O2[24]
NBC木屑与二氰二胺混合热解布洛芬O2-和H2O2[25]
N、S-BC海带热解、碱活化布洛芬•OH、O2-1O2[26]
N、P-BC热解废蛋白核小球藻布洛芬表面吸附氧原子(*Oad)、1O2和电子转移途径[27]
纳米碳多壁CNT商业购买全氟辛烷磺酸•OH[28]
CNT-NO2商业购买、硝化对氯苯甲酸•OH[29]
CNT-H2在H2气氛下进行热处理草酸•OH[30]
GOHummers法合成N,N-二乙基间甲苯酰胺•OH[15]
rGO热还原对羟基苯甲酸O2-1O2[31]
N-rGO微波还原4-硝基苯酚•OH、O2-1O2[32]
O-C3N4过氧化氢水热法阿特拉津O2-和•OH[19]
NHC模板刻蚀热解酮洛芬•OH和电子转移途径[33]
过渡金属复合碳Mn-CSF一步合成、湿法浸渍法草酸O2-和•OH[34]
MnOx/BC、FeOx/BC浸渍法阿特拉津•OH[35]
ZVZ/g-C3N4零价锌(ZVZ)和g-C3N4热解阿特拉津•OH和O2-[36]
MnO2/rGO水热法4-硝基苯酚O2-1O2[37]
Fe-NC高温热解草酸和羟基苯甲酸*Oad1O2[38]
T-FMSAC化学共沉淀对氯苯甲酸•OH[39]
Mn-C3N4、Fe-C3N4、Co-C3N4水热法草酸•OH[40]
Co-N-BC高温热解4-硝基苯酚O2-和•OH[41]
Fe-Mn/BC浸渍-热解法布洛芬•OH和O2-[42]
CNT-Fe/Zn浸渍-煅烧法邻苯二甲酸二丁酯•OH[43]
CeO2-OCNTs水热法苯酚•OH[44]
), ArticleFig(id=1240689617985393175, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689599496900745, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Application of carbon-based materials in catalytic ozonation of actual wastewater

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
催化剂实际废水类型碳基材料功能化调控方式运行条件进出水COD浓度参考文献
CuCo/NiCAF煤气化废水二级出水过渡金属复合pH:6.5~7.0
进料流量200L/h
臭氧投量25mg/L
原水COD=80mg/L
出水COD=29mg/L
(水力停留时间:30min)
[93]
CoSAC-N-C焦化厂二级出水杂原子掺杂、过渡金属复合臭氧投量10mg/L原水COD=86mg/L
出水COD=46mg/L
(水力停留时间:40min)
[95]
N-MnxOy/AC印染废水二沉池出水杂原子掺杂、过渡金属复合催化剂投量0.3g/L
臭氧投量12mg/L
原水COD=90mg/L
出水COD=26mg/L
(反应60min后)
[96]
αMnO2-N/C@AC印染废水杂原子掺杂、过渡金属复合催化剂投量:0.3g/L
臭氧投量12mg/L
原水COD=90mg/L
出水COD=20mg/L
(反应60min后)
[97]
αMnO2-N/C@AC反渗透废水杂原子掺杂、过渡金属复合催化剂投量:0.3g/L
臭氧投量12mg/L
原水COD=90mg/L
出水COD=38mg/L
(反应60min后)
[97]
MgO/CNT/GO复
合材料
农药生产废水过渡金属复合pH:7
催化剂投量:1g/L
臭氧投量8.1mg/L
原水COD=617mg/L
出水COD=173mg/L
(反应60min后)
[94]
Fe-Mn/AC炼油废水含氧官能团改性、过渡金属复合pH:9
催化剂投量80g/L
臭氧投量8.1mg/L
原水COD=266mg/L
出水COD=24mg/L
(反应60min后)
[98]
MnO-CoO/AC焚烧渗滤液过渡金属复合pH:9
催化剂投量0.4g/L
臭氧投量6.11mg/L
原水COD=390mg/L
出水COD=273mg/L
(反应30min后)
[99]
Fe-Mn/AC造纸废水过渡金属复合pH 6.5~7.5
臭氧投量0.5g/h
催化剂投量1g/L
原水COD=160mg/L
出水COD=42mg/L
(反应60min后)
[100]
), ArticleFig(id=1240689618190914085, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689599496900745, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

碳基材料催化臭氧氧化在实际废水处理中的应用

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
催化剂实际废水类型碳基材料功能化调控方式运行条件进出水COD浓度参考文献
CuCo/NiCAF煤气化废水二级出水过渡金属复合pH:6.5~7.0
进料流量200L/h
臭氧投量25mg/L
原水COD=80mg/L
出水COD=29mg/L
(水力停留时间:30min)
[93]
CoSAC-N-C焦化厂二级出水杂原子掺杂、过渡金属复合臭氧投量10mg/L原水COD=86mg/L
出水COD=46mg/L
(水力停留时间:40min)
[95]
N-MnxOy/AC印染废水二沉池出水杂原子掺杂、过渡金属复合催化剂投量0.3g/L
臭氧投量12mg/L
原水COD=90mg/L
出水COD=26mg/L
(反应60min后)
[96]
αMnO2-N/C@AC印染废水杂原子掺杂、过渡金属复合催化剂投量:0.3g/L
臭氧投量12mg/L
原水COD=90mg/L
出水COD=20mg/L
(反应60min后)
[97]
αMnO2-N/C@AC反渗透废水杂原子掺杂、过渡金属复合催化剂投量:0.3g/L
臭氧投量12mg/L
原水COD=90mg/L
出水COD=38mg/L
(反应60min后)
[97]
MgO/CNT/GO复
合材料
农药生产废水过渡金属复合pH:7
催化剂投量:1g/L
臭氧投量8.1mg/L
原水COD=617mg/L
出水COD=173mg/L
(反应60min后)
[94]
Fe-Mn/AC炼油废水含氧官能团改性、过渡金属复合pH:9
催化剂投量80g/L
臭氧投量8.1mg/L
原水COD=266mg/L
出水COD=24mg/L
(反应60min后)
[98]
MnO-CoO/AC焚烧渗滤液过渡金属复合pH:9
催化剂投量0.4g/L
臭氧投量6.11mg/L
原水COD=390mg/L
出水COD=273mg/L
(反应30min后)
[99]
Fe-Mn/AC造纸废水过渡金属复合pH 6.5~7.5
臭氧投量0.5g/h
催化剂投量1g/L
原水COD=160mg/L
出水COD=42mg/L
(反应60min后)
[100]
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碳基材料催化臭氧氧化净水研究进展
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孔艺莲 , 候志昂 , 王津南 *
中国环境科学 | 水污染与控制 2025,45(2): 854-869
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中国环境科学 | 水污染与控制 2025, 45(2): 854-869
碳基材料催化臭氧氧化净水研究进展
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孔艺莲 , 候志昂, 王津南*
作者信息
  • 南京大学环境学院,江苏 南京 210023
  • 孔艺莲(2001-),女,云南临沧人,南京大学硕士研究生,主要从事催化臭氧氧化净水研究. .

通讯作者:

*责任作者,教授,
Advances in carbocatalytic ozonation for water purification
Yi-lian KONG , Zhi-ang HOU, Jin-nan WANG*
Affiliations
  • School of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
出版时间: 2025-02-20
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非均相催化臭氧氧化可通过直接氧化和生成活性氧物种(ROS)降解水中有机污染物,其净水效能与催化剂性质密切相关.碳基材料因其稳定的化学性质、易于调控的表面特性以及孔结构,在催化臭氧净水方面得到大量研究.基于此,本文系统阐述了近年来碳基催化剂在非均相臭氧氧化净水中的研究进展,详细介绍了常用的碳基催化剂的特性及其功能化调控方法;探讨了碳基材料催化臭氧生成ROS的构效关系、污染物降解的自由基与非自由基反应机制;分析了实际水处理效能与水质条件的影响作用机制;最后对碳基材料催化臭氧净水的未来研究与发展方向进行了展望.结果表明,碳基材料在非均相臭氧氧化净水中具有广阔的应用前景,建议未来研究应聚焦于催化剂优化与实际应用的深入探索.

碳基催化材料  /  功能化调控  /  催化臭氧氧化  /  反应机制

Heterogeneous catalytic ozonation (HCO) was used to degrade organic pollutants in water via both direct oxidation and reactive oxygen species (ROS) converted from ozonation. In general, the physicochemical catalysts properties were considered as an important factor that influenced the wastewater purification efficiency. Being attributed to stable chemical properties, easily regulated surface properties and pore structures, carbon-based materials for HCO arose much attention in wastewater treatment. Herein, the research progress and application of carbon-based catalysts for HCO in wastewater treatment were systematically discussed, which helped reader make a complete view. Furthermore, the functionalization and regulation methods of commonly used carbon-based catalysts were introduced in details, and the relationship between carbon-based materials structure and ROS generation was deeply discussed. Meanwhile, organic pollutants degradation mechanisms via radical and non-radical reaction under different reaction conditions such as water quality were expounded. Finally, the prospection and development of carbon-based materials for HCO in wastewater treatment was proposed. The results showed that carbon-based materials for HCO have broad application prospects in wastewater treatment. Future research should focus on the optimization of catalysts and the in-depth exploration of practical applications.

carbon-based catalysts  /  functionalization modulation  /  catalytic ozonation  /  reaction mechanism
孔艺莲, 候志昂, 王津南. 碳基材料催化臭氧氧化净水研究进展. 中国环境科学, 2025 , 45 (2) : 854 -869 .
Yi-lian KONG, Zhi-ang HOU, Jin-nan WANG. Advances in carbocatalytic ozonation for water purification[J]. China Environmental Science, 2025 , 45 (2) : 854 -869 .
臭氧(O3)氧化能力强、无二次污染,在水处理领域得到广泛应用.碳基材料发达的孔结构可有效吸附、富集污染物,并通过丰富的催化位点活化臭氧产生活性氧物种(ROS),显著提高污染物去除效能[1-2].因此,不同尺寸、维度的碳基材料包括活性炭、生物炭、碳纳米管、石墨烯等在非均相催化臭氧领域得到大量研究.碳基材料的多孔结构、电子结构以及表面性质对催化臭氧净水的机制和活性具有显著影响,深刻理解碳基材料催化臭氧的构效关系、ROS的生成转化路径以及调控机制,对碳基材料催化臭氧净水的实际应用具有重要意义.本文重点介绍典型碳基催化剂结构特点、性质以及功能化调控方法;阐明O3与碳基材料相互作用产生ROS的过程机制以及污染物降解的自由基/非自由基途径;分析碳基材料在实际水处理的效能以及溶液pH值、离子强度和其他背景物质(如溶解性有机质)对催化效率的影响机制.最后从催化剂性能优化、作用机制的深入理解来展望碳基材料催化臭氧氧化面临的挑战机遇.
碳基材料由碳六元环基本结构组成,具有良好的化学稳定性,其表面含氧官能团、碳缺陷位点、杂原子、离域π电子等位点可活化臭氧产生ROS,实现有机污染物的高效降解[24],碳基材料根据尺寸大小可分为体块碳(活性炭、生物炭等)和纳米碳(碳纳米管、石墨烯、纳米碳球等),前者规模化制备程度高、孔结构发达,可通过吸附协同提高污染物去除效率.然而,其较大的颗粒尺寸增加了污染物向孔道内部扩散的距离,限制了活性位点的利用效率.
后者尺寸小、理化性质均一,活性位点可充分暴露,目前因制备成本高,尚未能大规模应用,常用作机理研究的模型催化剂.
活性炭(AC)是最早用于非均相催化臭氧氧化的碳基催化剂[5],其可通过吸附协同作用提高催化O3去除污染物的效率.与单一臭氧氧化和单一AC吸附相比,利用AC催化臭氧可显著提高水中草酸(OA)[6]以及苯扎贝特的矿化率[7].因此,强化AC吸附作用是强化其催化臭氧去除污染物的关键之一.AC的吸附能力与其粒径、比表面积和孔结构密不可分,Chen等[8]发现将AC的粒径从10目增加到800目,比表面积增大了163%,同时污染物扩散至孔道内部的距离大大缩短,AC活化O3降解OA的矿化率显著增加了4.5倍.微孔数量是决定比表面积的另一因素,然而微孔不利于O3和污染物的扩散,从而降低了孔内活性位点的利用效率,构建大孔-介孔-微孔分级结构,可充分发挥不同孔的优势,有利于保证传质效率与活性位点利用之间的平衡.因此,合理调控AC的孔结构对强化其污染物处理效能具有重要意义.
生物炭(BC)与AC性质类似,可由废弃生物质热解得到,因而具有更低的生产成本[9].热解温度是影响生物炭的催化臭氧氧化性能的关键因素之一.Zhang等[10]在不同温度(300℃、500℃、700℃和900℃)下热解活性污泥制备生物炭催化臭氧降解苯酚,发现700℃和900℃热解得到的生物炭表现出更高的催化活性,这主要由于升高热解温度在一定程度上提高了生物炭的石墨化程度和比表面积.然而,热解温度过高也可能导致生物炭表面官能团和孔结构破坏,从而降低臭氧催化活性[11].此外,生物炭由随机排列的石墨结构连续体组成,类似具有高度芳香性的化合物,较高的热解温度可促进石墨化,形成更大碳域,强化与有机污染物间的色散力[12],进而促进对污染物和O3的吸附.
体块碳材料应用前景广阔,然其固有催化活性不高,亟需通过孔结构、表面修饰、改性等手段进一步提高其催化活性.
碳纳米管(CNTs)可看作是由二维碳平面卷曲而成的一维管状结构,其拓扑结构的完整性有利于通过表面修饰选择性引入活性官能团,从而为定性定量研究官能团与催化臭氧活性之间的构效关系提供了理想模型.此外,独特的有序一维结构以及管内疏水特性可使碳管内的水流速度达到宏观水流的3~4倍,因而在非均相催化中可展现出优异的传质性能[13].Gonçalves等[14]发现多壁碳纳米管与AC催化臭氧产生自由基的机理相似,然而前者催化臭氧化降解磺胺甲恶唑的效率显著优于后者,这主要得益于其丰富的表面官能团和一维孔道内更高效的传质效率.尽管碳纳米管在表面活性位点调控与管内传质等方面展现出极大优势,但碳管内限域空间中的水分子传输与O3活化机理仍存在争议,有必要充分发展和利用原位表征手段进一步解析对该微观过程和机制.
石墨烯由sp2杂化碳平面构成,碳平面上可自由移动π电子是活化臭氧的关键,此外其官能团、缺陷等位点完全暴露于二维平面之上,有利于O3的吸附以及后续分解为ROS.Liu等[15]利用氧化石墨烯(GO)活化臭氧降解水中N,N-二乙基间甲苯酰胺,发现含氧官能团和离域π电子是活化臭氧产生ROS的关键,然而过量的含氧基团通过空间效应阻碍了电子的迁移,从而降低了GO对O3亲电攻击的化学稳定性[16].因此,相较于GO,还原氧化石墨烯(rGO)一般具有更高的催化性能,这主要归因于其更加优异的平面电子传递效率、适量的缺陷以及表面含氧官能团.
除CNT和石墨烯外,多孔纳米碳球同时具有纳米尺寸以及易于调控的多孔结构,是近年来研究的热点之一[17].Wang等[18]以环糊精和钴盐为前驱体,将纳米管嵌入石墨金属框架中,合成了内置纳米管的无金属3D介孔石墨碳框架(CPG).与CNTs、rGO和LaMnO3催化剂相比,CPG在OA降解方面表现出更高的催化臭氧化活性.这主要归因于这种特殊的3D内置纳米管的介孔少层结构能够提供更多比表面积和活性位点,进一步促进催化性能.与其他纳米碳材料不同,石墨状氮化碳(g-C3N4)由sp2杂化的N、C元素组成,是一种二维半导体材料.Yuan等[19]采用过氧化氢水热法制备了氧功能化石墨氮化碳(O@g-C3N4)复合材料,发现用O@g-C3N4催化臭氧化阿特拉津(ATZ)的降解效率比单独臭氧化提高了29.76%,这归因于O原子的掺杂可以增加g-C3N4表面含氧官能团和氮空位的数量,提高了O3催化活性.此外,g-C3N4的独特结构包含具有吡啶氮基团和6个孤对电子的庚嗪环,不仅使g-C3N4成为富电子供体,而且为金属离子的容纳提供了理想的位点[20].Xie等[21]合成了不同Ce(III)含量的Ce(III)掺杂石墨氮化碳(Ce-CN)复合材料用于催化臭氧降解OA,发现g-C3N4还可以提供容纳Ce(III)的理想位点,加速表面羟基的形成.
本文讨论典型有机物主要涉难以被臭氧直接降解的小分子羧酸、农药、酚类以及药物类有机物.草酸(OA)可在复杂有机物降解过程中产生,其可通过ROS降解矿化,但与臭氧直接反应速率较低(kO3/OA<0.04L/(mol⋅s),常被用作催化臭氧研究的模型污染物[45].直接臭氧化对水中总有机碳(TOC)减少有限(<5%),但碳基催化剂的引入增强了ROS的生成,TOC去除率可提高至90~100%(图1[8,22,38].阿特拉津(ATZ)是一种持久性除草剂,被欧盟水框架指令列为优先污染物[46].ATZ可被⋅OH和⋅O2-k•OH/ATZ=3×109L/(mol⋅s);k•O2-/ATZ=4.1×109L/(mol⋅s))降解、矿化[47].相比于直接臭氧氧化,碳基材料催化臭氧化强化了⋅OH和⋅O2-的生成,矿化率提高了2.5~3.4倍[19,24,36].4-硝基苯酚(4-NP)这种典型的酚类污染物的臭氧化降解过程缓慢且矿化率低.碳基催化剂后能够显著提高4-NP降解速率和矿化效率,TOC去除率超过60%[32,37,41].布洛芬(IBP)是典型的药物类新污染物[48],IBP对⋅OH具有高度反应性,但与O3反应有限(kOH/IBP=7.4×109L/(mol⋅s);kO3/IBP=9.6L/(mol⋅s))[49],常规水处理只能去除60%~80%.碳基催化剂的多孔结构可吸附富集低浓度IBP并通过丰富的活性位点活化O3生成⋅OH,进而实现IBP的有效降解[25,27,42].总体而言,碳基材料在催化臭氧氧化体系中可促进活性氧物种的生成,显著提高难以被臭氧直接氧化的有机污染物的降解和矿化效率,从而提升水处理效果.
尽管碳基材料可提高催化臭氧氧化对难降解有机污染物的去除效果,但不同结构的碳基材料表现出的催化活性存在差异.图2总结了部分碳基催化材料催化臭氧氧化降解典型代表有机污染物(OA、4-NP、ATZ以及IBP)的归一化降解速率常数,其计算公式如下[52]
式中:kobs-okobs-co分别为臭氧氧化或催化臭氧氧化的拟一级动力学常数,min-1;[Ps]为污染物浓度,µmol/L;[catalysts]为催化剂的投加量,g/L;[O3]为溶解臭氧浓度,mg.
可以看出,不同材料催化臭氧降解OA的归一化的kobs顺序为Fe-CN>CNT-H2>GAC.在ATZ降解中也观察到类似的趋势,表明相较于体块状AC,具有纳米尺寸的CNT具有更高催化活性,金属Fe复合则进一步增强了碳基材料的活性.而在降解IBP时,氮、磷掺杂的生物炭(N、P-BC)增强了臭氧分子在其表面的吸附和传质,产生了更高浓度的⋅OH,显示出比金属掺杂的碳材料(Fe-Mn-C)更高的催化活性[27].总而言之,碳基材料催化臭氧氧化的活性与污染物的性质及材料的结构特征密切相关.因此,优化碳基材料的结构设计和功能化处理,以适应不同类型污染物的高效降解需求,是进一步提升其在复杂条件下水处理能效的重要手段.
尽管上述各种碳基材料不同的理化性质赋予其一定的臭氧催化能力,然而不同于过渡金属催化剂具有多种价态,原始碳材料催化活性有限,对其进行表面性质、孔结构等功能化调控以及构建金属-碳复合物等,是提高其催化臭氧活性的必要手段.
表面含氧官能团可改变碳材料局部电子状态,从而影响碳材料催化臭氧的活性.目前官能团改性方法主要有热处理、酸碱处理、后接枝等方法.具有高碱度和亲核性羰基(-C=O)的孤对电子可以作为路易斯碱位点,通过给电子催化臭氧转化为O3−,引发后续自由基链式反应[53].Song等[54]发现GO、rGO和g-C3N4对O3的催化活性可随-C=O基团含量的增加而升高.具有中等给电子能力的羟基(-OH)可增加相邻区域碳原子的电子密度,可被O3氧化成-C=O,两种官能团的氧化还原循环有利于O3的活化[55].Feng等[23]通过热处理增加了AC的表面-OH含量,其催化臭氧降解腐殖酸的化学需氧量(COD)去除率由71%提高到96%.类似地,羧基(-COOH)中-C=O的存在增加了氧官能团的电荷密度,同样可促进电子从路易斯碱位向O3的转移.Qu等[56]通过硫酸/硝酸氧化碳纳米管制备羧基官能化碳纳米管(CNTs-COOH),研究发现-COOH的高电荷密度可作为媒介,促进O3直接氧化吸附的污染物.因此,调控表面官能团的类型和数量来提高碳基材料的臭氧催化活性是可行的.然而,如何保证在调控特定官能团时不改变材料其他特性仍是目前研究的难点,官能团类型、数量与臭氧活化之间的数量关系仍需进一步揭示.
由于电负性和原子半径等差异,将B、N、P、S等杂原子引入碳骨架中(图3(a)),可改变原有的原子排布,重新分配电荷和自旋状态,进而使掺杂原子及与之毗邻的碳原子形成臭氧活化位点[2,57],是提高碳基材料催化臭氧活性的有效策略.N、C元素电负性差异较大(N:3.07;C:2.55),掺杂N原子可与C原子形成多种构型(吡咯N、吡啶N和石墨N).然而目前研究对3种N杂原子活化臭氧的作用尚存争议.有理论计算发现石墨N位点可以产生比吡啶N和吡咯N更高的电荷密度,有利于O3的吸附,从而显示出更高的催化活性[32].也有研究表明,N-rGO的吡啶N中的不成对电子为催化臭氧化提供了活性位点[58].由于氮物种的热稳定性不同,通过热处理可以改变氮杂原子的类型和数量[33,59],然而这通常会改变多种N杂原子构型,如何控制单一N掺杂类型,对明确N掺杂类型对O3催化活性的贡献具有重要意义.除N掺杂外,B、P、S等杂原子也可起到类似作用,Song等[60]合成了掺杂N、P、B和S掺杂的rGO.发现与未掺杂的rGO相比,B掺杂仅使降解和矿化效率略有提高.然而,P掺杂显著提高了降解速率,获得了与N掺杂的rGO相似的催化活性.值得注意的是,P(1.30Ȧ)与S(1.04Ȧ)的原子半径比C(0.77Ȧ)大得多.因此P、S的掺杂通常会导致缺陷位点数量增加[61].研究表明,苯并三唑(BZA)和对氯苯甲酸(p-CBA)在N-rGO、P-rGO和B-rGO表面吸附较弱,而S-rGO则对BZA和对p-CBA显示出较强的表面吸附,其催化臭氧氧化BZA和CBA性能相较于单独臭氧氧化分别提高了20%和32%[60].此外,由于不同杂原子之间的协同作用,多元掺杂有望进一步提高杂原子掺杂碳基材料的催化性能.Wei等[27]合成了富含N、P的生物炭,发现杂原子P的掺杂进一步增加了O3的吸附,并将O3进一步解离为*Oad和*O2free,石墨氮、吡啶氮和C3-P=O主要的活性位点,它们共同作用提供了更多的活性位点,从而进一步提高了催化材料的表面活性.
杂原子掺杂为碳基材料的功能化调控提供了可行方法,主要可通过3种方式进行.(1)直接热解含杂原子的有机前驱体;Sun等[33]使用富氮多巴胺作为碳源,SiO2作为模板,直接热解得到N掺杂空心碳球.(2)在有机碳源中外加尿素、磷酸等含有杂原子的前体共同碳化;Chen等[62]通过一步热解三聚氰胺、尿素、硼酸和三嵌段共聚物(P123)合成了珊瑚状的N、B共掺杂的碳纳米束.(3)利用含有杂原子的气体(氨气等)对碳材料进行二次热处理;Wang等[63]采用等离子体增强化学气相沉积技术,以NH3和CH4气体为前驱体合成氮掺杂碳材料.
碳基材料中的缺陷可分为由原子掺杂造成的外部缺陷和由碳原子排布方式构成的固有内部缺陷[64].碳基材料中的固有缺陷包括边缘缺陷(扶手椅形和锯齿形)、点缺陷(例如空位、空穴和空隙)、线缺陷(例如位错、晶界)、一些拓扑缺陷(例如五边形、七边形等)和表面缺陷[65].研究表明,边缘缺陷与共价键具有很高的亲和力,对反应物具有高反应性,缺陷可以作为O3的吸附和活化位点.这些缺陷地点因结构不完整而导致未饱和的碳原子,这些碳原子对电子的需求使得它们与O3中的氧原子有很高的反应性.Wang等[66]构建了O3吸附于GO不同活性位点上的DFT模型(图3(b)),发现当O3位于结构缺陷(空位和边缘)附近时,更有利于ROS的产生.Yuan等[67]报道了石墨烯边缘的电子转移比基底平面快得多,快速的电子转移不仅能够使O3能够更快地被还原成ROS,还促进了自由基链式反应,加速生成更多的羟基自由基,更有利于催化反应.
碳基材料的缺陷调控可通过制造空隙/空位和调制边缘来完成.例如Zhu等[68]以芦苇作为前驱体制备了N掺杂生物炭,随热解温度从400℃增加到900℃,其拉曼光谱的ID/IG值从0.86增加到1.06,表明在热处理过程中产生了更多的缺陷.除温度控制外,通过蚀刻(例如等离子体)产生碳缺陷通过改变处理时间和等离子体功率,可灵活控制碳基材料的缺陷数量[69].尽管部分缺陷位点有利于对O3的吸附和活化,但缺陷位点处不饱和悬空键和长对电子会诱导O3的亲电攻击从而发生变化或重组,导致稳定性下降[69].因此,需要合理控制缺陷水平,以对反应性和稳定性之间进行平衡.
非均相催化臭氧氧化的过程涉及气-液-固三相,O3在水中的低溶解度以及三相界面处较高的传质阻力导致其利用率低以及反应动力学缓慢[70].提高碳基材料孔径有利于强化O3和污染物在三相界面处的传质.Orge等[71]制备了介孔碳用于活化臭氧降解有机物,发现O3的传质效率和利用率以及污染物在催化剂表面的吸附均随介孔表面积的升高而增加,从而提高了自由基利用率.对于活性炭、生物炭、纳米碳球等多孔碳而言,不同孔径在反应体系中发挥作用不同,中孔和大孔可增加活性位点暴露,并作为反应物之间的扩散通道,缩短O3和污染物的扩散距离以增强传质,然而过大的孔径会降低比表面积,减少活性位点数量;微孔可提供大的比表面积和更多活性位点,但同时也限制了反应物的扩散.因此,合理并精准调控碳基材料孔结构及不同孔径的孔结构比例对加速三相界面反应动力学十分重要[72].
模板法是孔结构精准调控的常用方法,主要分为硬模板法和软模版法两大类[73].前者主要包括氧化硅、氧化铝等硬性材料,通常需要在最后的步骤中通过酸/碱洗涤等方式去除模版.软模板法则通常使用嵌段共聚物表面活性剂等,后续可以通过碳化过程热解去除.相比之下,软模板可以灵活地调控形状和结构,因此更适合制备较为复杂的孔隙结构.而硬模板的孔隙结构相对固定,通常用于制备规则的孔阵列[74].Li等[75]利用双模板法合成了具有尺寸可调的三维分级多孔碳微球(HPCM)用于三相催化臭氧化.如图4(a)所示,HPCM高度开放的大孔(0.3~30µm),三嵌段共聚物(F127)模板化的中孔(10~45nm),以及丰富的微孔(表面积>1000m2/g).这种分级孔结构和丰富的缺陷大大提高了O3和污染物的传质以及O3的活化活性,其催化臭氧氧化草酸盐表现出极高的降解动力学.Chen等[34]制备负载锰的C-SiO2框架用于催化臭氧化去除OA.发现大的外比表面积可以增强大分子有机物的降解,而多孔结构对于小分子污染物的去除起到关键作用.活化法和熔融盐法也属于模板法造孔的方法[76].活化法包括物理活化、化学活化或二者的组合.物理活化是通过碳前体与气体蚀刻剂(如CO2、NH3等)反应引入孔隙来实现造孔,而化学活化则是利用活化剂(如KOH、ZnCl2、Na2CO3等)的作用引入孔隙或改变碳材料的结构和组成,从而实现对材料的造孔.通过该方法可以制备具有超高比表面积的分级多孔碳材料.Li等[77]采用松果壳作为前体,采用KOH进行活化,制备了具有3931m2/g高比表面积的活性炭用于吸附CO2.盐熔融法是一种使用各种类型的盐(如KCl、NaCl等)作为硬模板的材料制备技术.在此方法中,操作温度须高于这些盐的熔点,以确保盐能够融化并充当模板,形成孔隙结构.其优点是易于分离产物,且可实现盐的回收与循环利用.Chen等[78]开发了一种室温盐模板技术,成功合成了一系列可控孔径的3D多孔材料,同时实现了盐模板和反溶剂的有效回收.值得注意的是,通过活化法和盐熔融法制得的碳孔结构通常是随机分布且无序的.
Fe、Co、Mn等具有给电子d轨道的过渡金属本身可通过自身价态变化等方式活化臭氧,亦可调节碳材料的电子性质(如自旋密度和功函数)来提高碳材料的电子导电性和电子转移能力[79].Tian等[35]在生物炭上负载Mn和Fe,发现MnOx/生物炭和FeOx/生物炭上的总路易斯酸位点分别是原始生物炭的3.5倍和4.1倍,为O3的吸附、活化提供了更多的位点;并且通过循环伏安扫描证实了与过渡金属物种复合提高了生物炭的电子转移能力.碳材料中的缺陷、掺杂原子和部分官能团是金属物种潜在的锚定位点,多孔结构进一步促进了金属物种的负载和分散,并抑制其迁移和聚集.Wang等[80]在氮化碳上负载MnO用于催化臭氧化,在20min内,对莠去津的降解效率从40.7%提升到了98.0%,催化剂在重复使用4次后依然稳定,且锰离子的溶出量仅为催化剂中锰含量的0.17%.这一催化性能和稳定性的提升主要得益于Mn-nCN中的富电子Mn(II)位点和贫电子CN位点形成C−N−Mn和C−O−Mn键促进了与O3之间的电子转移、加快ROS的生成和莠去津的降解(图4(b)).
金属与碳之间的强耦合可改变催化剂界面电荷密度和活性位点的配位环境,从而调节催化活性可显著提升碳基材料的催化活性并缓解金属离子的浸出[81].因此,开发具有高效耦合、稳定、易于调控的金属-碳复合催化剂,是未来研究的重要方向.
相较于臭氧直接氧化,由碳基材料催化臭氧化生成的ROS具有更高的氧化电位,在降解、矿化有机污染物过程中占主导地位.该过程通常包括自由基和非自由基两条反应路径(图5).此外,O3的溶解度有限,也进一步制约了它与污染物相互作用的效果[82].碳基材料表面的O3吸附、分解以及ROS的产生是围绕电子展开的.碳骨架、表面含氧官能团、边缘与结构缺陷、掺杂的杂原子等的潜在的电子活性位点[2].在这些活性位点上,电子转移被增强,促使O3的催化活化,从而触发链式反应.
碳基材料催化臭氧化过程中产生的自由基主要包括⋅OH、O2•—和HO2⋅,其中⋅OH具有高氧化电位(2.80V)和非选择性,被认为催化臭氧降解污染物过程中最重要的ROS[84].碳基材料催化臭氧生成⋅OH一般经历3个步骤:(1)O3吸附于表面活性位点;(2)O3的解离:吸附在催化剂表面的O3倾向于分解成与催化剂基质结合的原子氧(*Oad)和游离过氧化物(*O2).(3)氧自由基的反应:表面吸附的*Oad会激活周围的水分子,诱导自由基链式反应生成⋅OH.式(2)~(4)为碳材料表面活化O3生成⋅OH的过程(^表示活性位点).
由于⋅OH的高氧化能力和非选择性,以⋅OH为主要活性物种的臭氧化体系对大部分有机污染物的均具有较快的降解速率,但⋅OH的半衰期短(t1/2≤1µs)限制了其长距离传质,因而仅在催化剂表面附近区域有效,因此强化污染物在材料表面的吸附有利于提高自由基利用率.相比于溶液中游离的⋅OH,催化剂表面吸附的⋅OH(⋅OHad)可以显著增加催化剂表面附近的反应活性区域的局部浓度.这种高浓度的局部化有助于增强催化剂表面的反应速率,从而提高整体的催化效率.Zhang等[28]通过荧光显微镜图像分析CNT/O3体系中产生的⋅OH的分布,发现⋅OH主要在表面区域内产生和积累,该区域⋅OH的丰度比液相中至少高1000倍,作为液相⋅OH的猝灭剂,叔丁醇对该污染物降解动力学无明显抑制.说明该体系中O3主要在活性位点上分解成⋅OHad氧化有机物.此外,⋅OHad减少自由基的自由扩散和消耗,一定程度上避免了⋅OH在溶液中寿命短的问题.
相比于⋅OH,O2•—和HO2⋅氧化电位(0.89-1.70V)相对较低,是自由基链式反应的关键中间体.碳基材料的离域π电子可促进O2•—的生成[54,60],GO和rGO的sp2杂化碳平面,具有π-给电子特性,可以通过与水分子和O3的相互作用,触发O3的链分解形成O2•—和HO2⋅(式(5)~(9)).Wang等[31]合成了具有低缺陷/无序水平的rGO用于催化臭氧化降解对羟基对苯甲酸(pHBA),pHBA苯环上的两个吸电子基团(-C=O和-COOH)可通过共轭吸电子效应降低芳香环的电子密度,使其不易被高亲电性的⋅OH攻击.然而,rGO的离域π电子促进了同时具有氧化和还原能力的O2•—产生,加速了pHBA的降解该体系中O2•—在pHBA的降解中起到关键作用.此外,O2•—还可以作为自由基引发剂,引发一系列连锁反应,产生⋅OH(式(10)~(13))[28],因此通过调控碳材料表面性质,提高O3转化为O2•—和HO2⋅的效率,是碳基材料催化臭氧化触发自由基链反应的关键一步.然而,自由基链式反应速率快,在自由基体系中通常多种自由基共存,实现对单一自由基的精确调控仍有困难.
以⋅OH为代表的自由基降解路径能有效打破化学键,对高浓度难降解污染物的降解、矿化表现出显著效果.然而,其易受无机阴离子的淬灭,且对目标污染物无选择性,易产生有毒副产物.因此,如何解决自由基过程的抗干扰能力,提高自由基与目标污染物之间的精准相互作用是未来研究的重点.
除自由基反应外,O3在碳基材料表面可被活化为吸附态活性氧中间物质如表面吸附O3(O3,ad)、表面吸附羟基自由基(⋅OHad)、表面吸附原子氧(Oad)、表面吸附过氧化物(O2,ad)以及单线态氧(1O2)等,可驱动污染物非自由基氧化[83].
相比于游离的O3,O3,ad氧化电位大幅提高,以碳材料表面为媒介通过直接电子转移过程将吸附的有机物降解乃至矿化.Sun等[33]利用N掺杂空心球碳催化臭氧降解酮洛芬(KTP),发现碳sp2杂化平面上的离域π电子加速电荷传输,而石墨N掺杂重构了碳sp2平面的电子分布,增强了相邻碳对O3亲核分子的强亲和力,可充当“电子迁移率”区域,通过非自由基反应过程将电子从KTP分子转移至O3,ad,促进了KTP的降解[2].Oad氧化电位较高(2.43V),是通过非自由基路径矿化污染物的另一活性物质[85].Wang等[86]合成了一种层状N掺杂纳米碳用于催化臭氧化降解OA.发现化学吸附的O3分子倾向于催化解离成Oad和游离过氧化物(游离O2),Oad可以直接攻击吸附的有机物,从而大大提高了污染物的降解速率和矿化程度.O2,ad也是表面吸附的ROS中的一种,能够通过在碳基材料表面的电子转移将O2,ad转化为1O2(式(13)).值得注意的是,对于表面吸附的ROS为主导的催化臭氧化体系,催化剂表面的吸附和反应对污染物的矿化过程中起着关键作用.Santos等[87]使用进行改性后的多壁CNT作为臭氧化催化剂,与单一臭氧化反应相比,催化臭氧氧化大大提高了污染物的矿化程度.实验表明,在单一臭氧化过程中,溶液中的ROS贡献很大,而对于催化臭氧化过程,涉及吸附和表面反应的途径的贡献较大.这意味着,表面吸附的ROS要实现对目标污染物的氧化,受到有机物向催化剂表面质量传输的限制.
除了表面吸附的活性氧中间物质,1O2也是典型的非自由基ROS,氧化电位0.81V,可通过O3,ad与环境分子之间的反应或O3在活性位点上解离产物(如O2·-)的演变而形成(式(14)~(16))[83].1O2具有较强的亲电性质,可通过亲电加成和电子提取降解不饱和有机物,而难以降解脂肪酸,具有较高的氧化选择性[88].目前有研究发现,非自由基氧化路径与目标污染物的理化性质相关.例如,Wang等[89]制备钴封装的磁性N掺杂碳纳米管(Co-N@CNTs)催化O3降解有机污染物,发现OA主要被Oad降解.相反不饱和的酚类物质主要被O31O2降解.Ren等[38]在碳骨架上锚定单原子Fe,也观察到类似现象,发现OA吸附在催化剂表面,主要被Oad降解,而pHBA主要被O31O2去除.这些研究表明通过调整催化剂的表面特性和结构,可以优化非自由基氧化路径,以针对特定类型的污染物提供更有效的降解策略.
由此可见,非自由基路径相较于自由基路径具有更高的选择性,能够更精确地针对特定的化学键或功能团,从而减少副反应.此外由于反应主要在催化剂表面进行,可以通过调控催化剂的表面性质(如电子性质、酸碱性、功能化处理)来精细调控反应的过程,这对于复杂化学反应的精确催化至关重要.然而,由于非自由基路径常与自由基路径共存,如何实现其定向调控仍是当前面临的主要挑战.
本文讨论的碳基材料催化臭氧氧化技术应用领域主要集中于煤气化、焦化、印染等工业废水二级出水的深度处理[90].上述工业废水中通常含有高浓度、难降解、毒害有机物,如染料、酚类化合物、农药和多环芳烃等,传统生化处理后水质往往难以直接达标,通过催化臭氧氧化可实现COD的深度去除.由于实际水质条件复杂,常通过将碳基材料与过渡金属复合构建新的电子传递路径来增强催化活性,弥补碳材料的氧化脆性,同时降低金属离子的浸出[91-92].Wei等[93]开发了C-Al2O3骨架复合Cu、Co的核-多壳结构催化剂(CuCo/NiCAF),显著提高了⋅OH的产生效率(76%)和有机物的吸附能力(86%),并在煤气化尾水处理中实现了67%的COD去除率.碳基材料通过增加反应位点,促进O3分解和⋅OH生成,显著提高污染物矿化效率.Asgari等[94]开发的MgO/CNT/GO复合催化剂,结合了GO的电荷传输能力和CNT的介孔结构,在催化臭氧氧化中使水中碳平均氧化态提升6倍,大大增强了污染物的矿化效果.
表2所示,金属-碳复合已成为提升碳基材料催化臭氧氧化技术在实际废水处理效果的有效手段.复合型碳基催化剂在COD去除率方面比直接臭氧氧化提高10%~60%(图6),且大部分出水COD稳定在50mg/L以下(表2),符合《中国城市污水处理厂污染物排放标准》(GB 18918- 2002,COD<50mg/L)中的一级A标准.由此可见,碳基材料尤其是复合型碳基催化剂催化臭氧氧化技术在尾水和工业废水净化中表现出显著潜力.通过进一步优化复合催化剂的结构,厘清催化臭氧活性的构效关系与污染物降解电子转移机制,提升其在复杂水质条件下处理效果,是未来研究的重点.
对于O3本身而言,溶液的pH值会影响其分解以及与污染物的反应过程.酸性条件一般不利于O3与污染物的直接反应,这是因为在酸性介质中,H+会与O3反应形成O2和H2O(式(17)),导致其无效分解.而在碱性介质中,O3易自分解生成HO2⋅/O2•—(式(18)-(19)),从而进一步转化为⋅OH(式(20))[4].然而,当pH>11.9时,⋅OH会发生去质子化,形成共轭碱基(O•—)(式(21)),氧化能力大幅下降.
对于催化臭氧化体系而言,溶液pH值会影响催化剂与污染物表面的荷电、ROS的产生以及自由基和非自由基反应路径的转变,从而影响催化性能.Faria等[6]研究了不同pH值条件下AC存催化O3对两种羧酸(OA和氧肟酸)的氧化反应,发现溶液pH=3下的条件下,自由基清除剂不影响体系反应,表明氧化主要通过AC表面的非自由基反应发生,这是由于pH=3时,AC表面带正电荷(pHPZC=8.5>pH),且其pHpzc大于OA的pKa(pKa1=1.23;pKa2=4.19),因此催化剂/污染物之间带相反的电荷,有利于二者的静电吸引作用,从而促进表面反应.而在pH=7时,由于O3自身在中性/碱性条件下容易发生分解产生⋅OH(式(18)-(19)),体系涉及的催化机理包括有机溶质和羟基自由基之间的表面反应和本体反应.因此,通过调节溶液pH值来影响有机化合物的吸附能力,也是实现非自由基路径和自由基路径反应途径定向调控的一种可行方法.
无机阴离子(Cl,SO42-,CO32-与PO43-)对·OH为代表的自由基具有明显的淬灭作用,从而降低对有机污染物降解效率.Cl可与⋅OH反应,生成ClOH•—(式(22)),其在酸性条件下会与H+反应形成Cl,导致大量⋅OH的无效损耗(式(23)).然而,式(21)的逆反应速率常数大于正反应速率常数,因此在中性或者碱性条件下,Cl对⋅OH的清除作用不显著[102].Lu等[103]探讨了盐度(NaCl为代表)对非均相催化臭氧氧化体系的影响,当pH值为4时,在50g/L盐浓度下催化O3分解时的最大⋅OH浓度仅为无盐时的0.2%,体系中的草酸盐降解被显著抑制;然而,当pH增加到10时,体系中仍存在74.1%的⋅OH,对草酸盐降解的抑制程度相对较小.此外,Cl对催化臭氧化过程的影响与其浓度也密切相关.Wang等[18]认为低浓度的Cl(0.2g/L)会阻碍OA催化降解反应,因为Cl会淬灭产生的⋅OH(式(23))以及与O3反应形成氧化电位较低的二次氯自由基,但当进一步增加Cl的浓度(>5g/L),OA的去除效率会进一步增加,这是因为高浓度的Cl有利于转化为活性氯物质(Cl2和HClO),可以与⋅OH耦合加速OA的降解反应.而高浓度下的SO42-(5g/L)对OA的催化臭氧氧化效果可以忽略不计.另有研究表明盐浓度(Cl与SO42-)对非均相催化臭氧氧化过程存在双重影响:盐度的增加导致O3溶解度降低并消耗O3和⋅OH,从而严重抑制降解反应;而更高盐度可显著降低O3气泡尺寸,加强气液界面传质和内部液体混合,提高降解效率[103].
CO32-对⋅OH有明显的淬灭作用,其与⋅OH的反应速率高于与HCO3-.升高溶液pH值会使HCO3-去质子化为CO32-,导致自由基清除效果增强(式(24)~(25))[104].而非自由基降解过程对无机阴离子有一定的抵制能力.Wang等[105]在氮掺杂生物炭/过氧化物硫酸盐体系中,提出了以电子转移为主的非自由基途径,在催化过程中几乎没有任何自由基产生.研究发现在Cl、HCO3-、NO3和PO43-的存在下对体系的影响可以忽略不计,有效避免了自由基和阴离子之间的副反应.无机阴离子自由基高级氧化过程难以避免的重要抑制因素,发展具有阴离子抵制作用或能够利用阴离子促进污染物降解的高级氧化体系是目前面临的关键问题之一.
溶解性有机物(DOM)广泛分布于地下水、地表水和废水中,通常与目标有机污染物竞争ROS,导致降解效率降低.Yuan等[106]通过简单的混合和煅烧方法制备了一系列功能有机金属氧化锌(ZnO)掺杂的g-C3N4.在ZnO/g-C3N4/O3体系中,腐殖酸(HA)浓度从1.0mg/L增加到10.0mg/L时,表观降解动力学系数kobs从1.84min-1下降到0.57min-1,这是由于HA上的富电子位点,会与O3作用从而大量消耗溶解O3,造成O3的无效分解.此外,由于⋅OH具有非选择性,对于催化臭氧化中以⋅OH主导氧化途径,部分⋅OH会作用于NOM,降低⋅OH对目标污染物的利用率.也有研究表明[19],DOM可以作为O3分解为⋅OH的自由基链式反应的引发剂和促进剂,在O@g-C3N4/O3体系中,HA和O3富电子部分之间的反应增加了⋅OH的产量,反而加速了ATZ的降解.由于DOM分子组成复杂,且在氧化过程中存在大量中间物质,对臭氧氧化过程中自由基和非自由基反应过程的影响机制尚未完全明确,未来研究需借助傅里叶变换-离子回旋共振质谱等仪器对DOM及中间产物进行分子层面的解析,进一步明确其对氧化过程的影响机制与影响程度,从而在高级氧化中尽量降低DOM的影响或利用其产生ROS降解有机物.
本文全面综述了非均相催化臭氧氧化中常用的碳基材料的类型、特点及其结构与表面性质的功能化调控方向,讨论了碳基材料催化O3降解典型有机物的构效关系以及污染物降解过程中的自由基和非自由基氧化反应机理;分析了碳基材料实际水处理效能及在实际水处理过程中水质因素(pH值、无机阴离子和DOM)对催化臭氧氧化的影响.尽管碳基材料催化臭氧高级氧化领域已取得较大研究进展,仍存在部分瓶颈问题尚未得到有效解决.
在催化剂性能优化方面,碳基材料催化臭氧存在本征催化活性不高、三相界面传质效率、ROS自由基利用率低的问题.构建金属-碳复合材料是提高碳基催化活性与金属基稳定性的有效策略,也是目前研究的热点.碳基材料具有丰富的孔隙结构与较大的比表面积,可为金属的掺杂、锚定、负载提供充足的位点;而金属的引入则可以实现金属-碳表面电子结构调控,从而利用两者的相互作用,促进催化剂与污染物和O3之间的电子传递,增强臭氧催化活性以及催化剂的稳定性.其次,合理调控碳基材料孔结构,开发具有高石墨化和大表面积的三维分级多孔结构,以增强三相界面传质效率.微孔可为材料提供较大的比表面积以及吸附和催化活性位点.中孔、大孔作为污染物和O3的传输通道,保证传质效率.多孔结构内的限域空间还可缩短自由基扩散距离,提高其与污染物的碰撞效率,从而提高降解反应动力学.此外,利用具有气体扩散功能的疏水膜等作为载体,构建气-液-固三相接触界面,也是克服O3溶解度低,强化传质的手段之一.
在作用机制研究方面,目前ROS鉴定技术的不准确性和单一性导致O3在催化剂表面吸附以及产ROS过程存在许多争论.因此开发更加精准的ROS识别与鉴定技术对进一步证实非均相催化臭氧氧化体系的分解转化机理是必要的.具体可以采取的措施有:(1)采用原位表征技术.原位电子顺磁共振和原位荧光显微分析等原位技术以更直观地研究ROS的演化;此外,同位素取代的原位、低温或时间分辨表征技术的发展将有助于进一步揭示催化剂表面、O3和环境分子的相互作用,并区分产生的ROS的类型.(2)理论计算需与实验相结合.将实验结果与DFT计算结果相结合,可以揭示和实现对非均相催化臭氧氧化机理关键步骤的深入洞察和对催化剂表面强化性质的理解.
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(52070095)
  • 江苏省自然科学基金(BK20231407)
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2025年第45卷第2期
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  • 接收时间:2024-07-09
  • 首发时间:2026-03-17
  • 出版时间:2025-02-20
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  • 收稿日期:2024-07-09
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国家自然科学基金资助项目(52070095)
江苏省自然科学基金(BK20231407)
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    南京大学环境学院,江苏 南京 210023

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
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Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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