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In the paper, the NRC and PRC columnar denitration catalysts were prepared using aluminum sol binders (nano-alumina and pseudo-boehmite) through the extrusion molding method. Their denitration performance was studied. It was shown that, compared to the original tailings, the denitration activity of the columnar catalysts was significantly improved. Compared to PRC, the denitration efficiency of NRC was found to be higher, reaching 67%. With the increase in the addition of the two binders, the mechanical strength was found to be improved to a certain extent. A more uniform surface distribution was observed in PRC, which allowed the catalyst to have a larger specific surface area and more surface acid sites. It was shown by H2-TPR experiments that the area of the reduction peaks of PRC was decreased, the number of reduction peaks was reduced, and the redox ability was weakened, which was identified as the reason for its relatively smaller improvement in denitration performance. Both the E-R mechanism and L-H mechanism were observed on the surfaces of rare earth tailings and NRC, and the E-R mechanism of NRC was found to play a stronger role.

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采用铝制溶胶粘结剂(纳米氧化铝与拟薄水铝石),通过挤条成型法分别制备了NRC和PRC两种柱状脱硝催化剂.并对其进行了脱硝性能研究.结果表明,相比于原尾矿,柱状催化剂脱硝活性明显提升,与PRC相比,NRC脱硝效率更高,达到67%.随着两种粘结剂添加量的增加,机械强度均有一定程度提高.PRC有着更均匀的表面分布,使催化剂拥有更大的比表面积和更多的表面酸位点;H2-TPR实验表明PRC还原峰的面积变小,还原峰的数量减少,氧化还原能力变弱,这是导致其脱硝性能提升较小的原因;稀土尾矿和NRC表面都存在E-R机理和L-H机理,NRC的E-R机理的作用更强.

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郄俊懋(1988-),男,内蒙古土默特左旗人,讲师,博士,主要从事稀土尾矿脱硝催化剂制备和环保铁矿烧结烟气污染物综合治理研究.发表论文10余篇. .

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郄俊懋(1988-),男,内蒙古土默特左旗人,讲师,博士,主要从事稀土尾矿脱硝催化剂制备和环保铁矿烧结烟气污染物综合治理研究.发表论文10余篇. .

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郄俊懋(1988-),男,内蒙古土默特左旗人,讲师,博士,主要从事稀土尾矿脱硝催化剂制备和环保铁矿烧结烟气污染物综合治理研究.发表论文10余篇. .

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Molecular Catalysis2007266(1/2):166-172., articleTitle=Poisoning effect of sulphate on the selective catalytic reduction of NOx by C3H6over Ag-Pd/Al2O3, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1240689621839966424, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689599060701961, awardId=2022QN05015, language=CN, fundingSource=内蒙古自然科学基金资助项目(2022QN05015), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1240689621957406949, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689599060701961, awardId=0406082206, language=CN, fundingSource=高校基本科研业务费项目(0406082206), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1240689622108401909, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689599060701961, awardId=0303052204, language=CN, fundingSource=内蒙古科技大学创新基金资助项目(0303052204), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1240689605880639821, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689599060701961, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1240689605889028430, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689599060701961, companyId=1240689605880639821, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=College of Energy and Environment, Inner Mongolia University of Science and Technology, Baotou 014010, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1240689605893222735, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689599060701961, companyId=1240689605880639821, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=内蒙古科技大学能源与环境学院,内蒙古 包头 014010)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1240689614739010305, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689599060701961, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Extrusion molding of columnar catalyst, figureFileSmall=3IDW9gYj4l1zmLVkO0krew==, figureFileBig=vI7KylQQVWE+O3r7pFRT5g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240689616215405331, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689599060701961, language=CN, label=图1, caption=柱状催化剂的挤出成型, figureFileSmall=3IDW9gYj4l1zmLVkO0krew==, figureFileBig=vI7KylQQVWE+O3r7pFRT5g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240689616521589565, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689599060701961, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Schematic diagram of catalyst denitrification activity test equipment, figureFileSmall=bQ0fOKQ6VT3JGxAVo9UPyQ==, figureFileBig=rzez+lm0d3mkRlS7HNcKAg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240689616727110492, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689599060701961, language=CN, label=图2, caption=催化剂脱硝活性测试实验装置示意

1-混气箱 2-减压阀 3-N2气瓶 4-NH3气瓶 5-NO气瓶 6-O2气瓶 7-石英棉 8-电热偶 9-催化剂 10-炉壁 11-过滤器 12-烟气分析仪 13-计算机采集系统

, figureFileSmall=bQ0fOKQ6VT3JGxAVo9UPyQ==, figureFileBig=rzez+lm0d3mkRlS7HNcKAg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240689616882299762, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689599060701961, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Denitrification activity of catalyst, figureFileSmall=7UqOqhIc8z25Fp2CUiQOiA==, figureFileBig=3iz8LYVhoYOaVF1EA57Aww==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240689616999740293, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689599060701961, language=CN, label=图3, caption=催化剂的脱硝活性, figureFileSmall=7UqOqhIc8z25Fp2CUiQOiA==, figureFileBig=3iz8LYVhoYOaVF1EA57Aww==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240689617129763735, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689599060701961, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=XRD patterns of catalysts, figureFileSmall=qMiqlKffkCUKXvFjSr6TBw==, figureFileBig=V+zH+eYd/d+X+8JLX1NP3A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240689617276564390, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689599060701961, language=CN, label=图4, caption=催化剂的XRD图, figureFileSmall=qMiqlKffkCUKXvFjSr6TBw==, figureFileBig=V+zH+eYd/d+X+8JLX1NP3A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240689617440142271, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689599060701961, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=BET analysis of catalysts, figureFileSmall=Hsk9MMFdfDCzaaNIp3c7sg==, figureFileBig=0tx4rLEZL7lhzONCl8UgLw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240689617658246099, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689599060701961, language=CN, label=图5, caption=催化剂BET分析, figureFileSmall=Hsk9MMFdfDCzaaNIp3c7sg==, figureFileBig=0tx4rLEZL7lhzONCl8UgLw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240689617813435355, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689599060701961, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=SEM diagram of the catalyst, figureFileSmall=MFWRtHBJHJCBZ3xWGsylEQ==, figureFileBig=Ay3xIK9OFJran2tIeJdKmA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240689617947653095, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689599060701961, language=CN, label=图6, caption=催化剂的SEM图

(a)-HV=20kV SP=13 WD=13.6×2.0K 10[µm] SEI (b)-HV=20kV SP=13 WD=13.9×2.0K 10[µm] SEI (c)-HV=20kV SP=13 WD=14.1×2.0K 10[µm] SEI (d)-HV=20kV SP=13 WD=14.0×2.0K 10[µm] SEI (e)-HV=20kV SP=13 WD=13.9×2.0K 10[µm]SEI (f)-HV=20kV SP=13 WD=13.7×2.0K 10[µm] SEI(g)-HV=20kV SP=13 WD=14.1×2.0K 10[µm] SEI

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Contents of main elements in rare earth tailings

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组分含量(%)组分含量(%)
Fe2O330.60Al2O31.23
CaO23.28La2O31.12
SiO215.26Nb2O50.91
CeO23.25K2O0.63
P2O52.65TiO20.55
Na2O2.36ZnO0.12
SO32.23ZrO20.09
BaO1.98SrO0.073
MnO1.30PbO0.061
), ArticleFig(id=1240689621634445503, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689599060701961, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

稀土尾矿主要元素含量

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组分含量(%)组分含量(%)
Fe2O330.60Al2O31.23
CaO23.28La2O31.12
SiO215.26Nb2O50.91
CeO23.25K2O0.63
P2O52.65TiO20.55
Na2O2.36ZnO0.12
SO32.23ZrO20.09
BaO1.98SrO0.073
MnO1.30PbO0.061
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柱状稀土尾矿催化剂脱硝性能研究
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郄俊懋 * , 赵泽峰 , 许同 , 崔梦壳 , 侯丽敏
中国环境科学 | 大气污染与控制 2025,45(2): 682-692
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中国环境科学 | 大气污染与控制 2025, 45(2): 682-692
柱状稀土尾矿催化剂脱硝性能研究
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郄俊懋* , 赵泽峰, 许同, 崔梦壳, 侯丽敏
作者信息
  • 内蒙古科技大学能源与环境学院,内蒙古 包头 014010
  • 郄俊懋(1988-),男,内蒙古土默特左旗人,讲师,博士,主要从事稀土尾矿脱硝催化剂制备和环保铁矿烧结烟气污染物综合治理研究.发表论文10余篇. .

通讯作者:

*责任作者,讲师,
Study on denitration performance of columnar rare earth tailings catalyst
Jun-mao QIE* , Ze-feng ZHAO, Tong XU, Meng-ke CUI, Li-min HOU
Affiliations
  • College of Energy and Environment, Inner Mongolia University of Science and Technology, Baotou 014010, China
出版时间: 2025-02-20
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采用铝制溶胶粘结剂(纳米氧化铝与拟薄水铝石),通过挤条成型法分别制备了NRC和PRC两种柱状脱硝催化剂.并对其进行了脱硝性能研究.结果表明,相比于原尾矿,柱状催化剂脱硝活性明显提升,与PRC相比,NRC脱硝效率更高,达到67%.随着两种粘结剂添加量的增加,机械强度均有一定程度提高.PRC有着更均匀的表面分布,使催化剂拥有更大的比表面积和更多的表面酸位点;H2-TPR实验表明PRC还原峰的面积变小,还原峰的数量减少,氧化还原能力变弱,这是导致其脱硝性能提升较小的原因;稀土尾矿和NRC表面都存在E-R机理和L-H机理,NRC的E-R机理的作用更强.

稀土尾矿  /  铝制粘结剂  /  柱状催化剂  /  NH3-SCR

In the paper, the NRC and PRC columnar denitration catalysts were prepared using aluminum sol binders (nano-alumina and pseudo-boehmite) through the extrusion molding method. Their denitration performance was studied. It was shown that, compared to the original tailings, the denitration activity of the columnar catalysts was significantly improved. Compared to PRC, the denitration efficiency of NRC was found to be higher, reaching 67%. With the increase in the addition of the two binders, the mechanical strength was found to be improved to a certain extent. A more uniform surface distribution was observed in PRC, which allowed the catalyst to have a larger specific surface area and more surface acid sites. It was shown by H2-TPR experiments that the area of the reduction peaks of PRC was decreased, the number of reduction peaks was reduced, and the redox ability was weakened, which was identified as the reason for its relatively smaller improvement in denitration performance. Both the E-R mechanism and L-H mechanism were observed on the surfaces of rare earth tailings and NRC, and the E-R mechanism of NRC was found to play a stronger role.

rare earth tailings  /  aluminum binder  /  columnar catalyst  /  NH3-SCR
郄俊懋, 赵泽峰, 许同, 崔梦壳, 侯丽敏. 柱状稀土尾矿催化剂脱硝性能研究. 中国环境科学, 2025 , 45 (2) : 682 -692 .
Jun-mao QIE, Ze-feng ZHAO, Tong XU, Meng-ke CUI, Li-min HOU. Study on denitration performance of columnar rare earth tailings catalyst[J]. China Environmental Science, 2025 , 45 (2) : 682 -692 .
目前,NOx已成为我国主要控制污染物之一[1].开发新型NOx排放技术,推广节能技术,以改善城市大气环境质量对我国环境有着重要意义.现阶段,在商业应用中去除NOx的主要催化剂包括分子筛催化剂、贵金属催化剂和金属氧化物催化剂[2-4].其中,分子筛催化剂由于反应温度较高而且抗硫性差,限制了工业上的应用[5].贵金属催化剂的反应需要较低温度而且生产成本高,不利于工业的持续使用.研究最为广泛的是金属氧化物催化剂,它的活性组分主要是Ce[6-9]、Fe[10-12]Mn[13-14].金属氧化物催化剂又分为单金属氧化物催化剂和多金属复合氧化物催化剂.近些年来,常见的催化剂载体为TiO2,活性组分为V2O5.为了抑制SO2的干扰,通常添加WO3、MoO3等组分[15],这些添加剂能够有效提高催化剂的抗硫性能.然而,这些催化剂的活性温度较高,可能导致NH3过度氧化,生成N2O.
研究表明,由于天然矿物中富含多种过渡金属氧化物,经过适当处理更容易实现金属间的协同作用,而且制备出来的催化剂过程简易,成本较低.Zhang等[16]研究发现,钙钛矿型NH3-SCR脱硝催化剂中,ABO3结构的A位引入多价态Ce后,大幅提高了催化剂中氧化态氧(Oα)的含量,同时Mn的多价态相互转化加速了氧化还原反应过程.这种协同作用显著增强了CeMnO3催化剂的脱硝性能.查贤斌等[17]通过不同铁矿石锻烧制备催化剂,研究其在低温SCR脱硝中的性能.结果表明,赤铁矿(α-Fe2O3)在240~300℃温度范围内脱硝效率超过90%;锰铁矿催化剂以Mn2O3和Fe2O3为活性成分,在低温条件下表现出优异性能,特别是450℃锻烧制备的催化剂在90~270℃范围内脱硝效率均超过99%,且具有较强的抗SO2中毒能力.锰铁矿催化剂展现了作为低温SCR脱硝材料的广泛应用潜力.王涛[3]以天然锰矿负载TiO2、CeO2、α-Fe2O3等制备的低温SCR催化剂展现出优异性能.其中,天然锰矿在150~300℃范围内NO转化率超过85%,但抗水抗硫能力较弱;复合催化剂通过引入不同活性组分提升性能,如CeO2负载催化剂在250℃时NO转化率达95.7%,添加γ-Fe2O3助剂后,催化剂在150~250℃温度下转化率超90%,并具有良好的抗中毒和再生能力.
白云鄂博稀土尾矿作为稀土矿采选和冶炼之后副产品,具有很大的储量.尾矿中有价成分粒径较细,而且与脉石矿物之间的嵌布特性复杂[18].其中含有的稀土、赤铁矿和含锰矿物协同作用都为催化脱硝起着至关重要的作用.虽然铁成分抗硫性差限制了其在高硫环境中的应用,但尾矿中的稀土元素如铈、镧等具有良好的催化活性.可以通过对稀土尾矿进行化学改性或物理处理来增强其作为脱硝催化剂的抗硫性和催化效率.特别是在低硫或特定温度条件下具备应用前景.稀土尾矿作为脱硝催化剂能够实现废物资源化利用,降低催化剂生产成本,并减少尾矿堆积对环境的影响,同时降低生产催化剂的原材料成本,具有较高的经济和环保价值.近年来本课题组以白云鄂博稀土尾矿为原料制备催化剂以及对此改性进行了大量研究.黄雅楠[18]以稀土尾矿为原料,采用酸碱改性处理显著提升其脱硝性能.酸处理目的是去除含Ca物质,碱处理目的是分解氟碳铈矿,处理后尾矿中Fe2O3和CeO2含量大幅增加,同时晶格氧含量提升,还原温度降低,还原峰增多,表明更多成分具备氧化还原能力,显著优化了尾矿的脱硝性能.王建[19]对稀土尾矿及其磁选产物的矿物组成与脱硝性能进行了研究.结果表明,强磁选后稀土尾矿主要矿物未变,但磁选尾矿中赤铁矿和磁铁矿含量降低,含铁硅酸盐和氟碳铈矿含量增加.在500~900℃范围内,磁选尾矿的脱硝性能优于原尾矿和磁选精矿,尤其在500℃时脱硝效率达82.2%,显著高于其他样品.焦坤灵等[20]通过溶胶-凝胶法制备的Mn/Zr改性稀土尾矿NH3-SCR催化剂表现出优异的脱硝性能.其中,6%Mn1%Zr/稀土尾矿催化剂在200℃时脱硝效率高达96%.改性后,催化剂表面氧空位、B酸性位点及吸附物种数量增加,还原峰面积显著增大,氧化还原性能提升是活性增强的关键因素.侯丽敏等[21]采用水热法制备Ni改性稀土尾矿催化剂,Ni改性显著提升了催化剂性能.6%Ni/稀土尾矿催化剂在300℃时NOx转化率达到85%,在250~300℃范围内N2选择性超过76%.改性生成了高分散的NiFe2O4,提高了比表面积(75.12m2/g)和酸性位点数量,增强了NH3吸附能力.Ni离子通过促进Fe2+向Fe3+转化提高了氧化能力,有利于表面吸附物种的活化及脱硝反应的进行.
目前,实验室主要是以制备粉末状的催化剂为主,但是此类催化剂在脱硝性能测试时难以固定,当气流通过催化剂表面时会导致分布不均匀、各处温度不均匀、床层压降大,难以在工程上直接应用.将粉末状制备成有形状的固体催化剂可以提高催化剂利用率,而且在工业方面具有一定的利用价值.
本研究以铝制溶胶为粘结剂(纳米氧化铝与拟薄水铝石),采用挤条成型法制备柱状稀土尾矿脱硝催化剂(NRC与PRC),并对其脱硝性能展开研究.通过分析催化剂的物相成分、比表面积、表面形貌、机械强度及氧化还原性能等,阐明柱状稀土尾矿催化剂脱硝效率提升的原因以及催化剂表面反应机理.以期为工业脱硝催化剂的优化与应用提供参考.
表1可知,白云鄂博稀土尾矿中的Fe2O3、CaO、SiO2、CeO2含量较高,其中,铁氧化物和稀土氧化物在催化脱硝性能上起到了至关重要的作用.除此以外,稀土尾矿中还含有大量有价矿物,实现稀土尾矿中有价组分的综合利用具有巨大的经济价值和社会效益.
第一步,泥料的制备:首先对白云鄂博稀土尾矿进行长达1h球磨,球磨后过200目的筛子.将过筛后的尾矿粉末分别与纳米氧化铝(4%,8%,16%)和拟薄水铝石(4%,8%,16%)两种粘结剂进行混合搅拌,然后将搅拌至泥团状的催化剂再次放入球磨机混料90min,将其密封静置24h;第二步,挤出成型:将静止后的泥料放置成型机中挤出柱状催化剂并切割至所需长度(3,6,9cm).第三步,催化剂干燥焙烧:将切割好的催化剂放入干燥箱中90℃干燥2h,取出后放入马弗炉中500℃焙烧90mim,如图1所示,得到最终的柱状稀土尾矿催化剂.其中,以纳米氧化铝为粘结剂制备的柱状稀土尾矿脱硝催化剂定义为NRC,以拟薄水铝石为粘结剂制备的柱状稀土尾矿脱硝催化剂定义为PRC.
图2可知,实验系统主要由配气系统、反应系统和在线气体测量系统三部分组成.实验仪器包括立式炉、混气箱、GASMET-DX4000型号的傅里叶红外光谱烟气分析仪及计算机采集系统.该系统用于在线测量烟气成分,使用O2(纯O2,99.5%)、N2(平衡气,99.99%)和NO(标准气10%NO)模拟管道烟气,NH3(标准气10%NH3)作为还原剂.各组分的气体控制通过转子流量计控制流量,混合气体由500×10-6NO和NH3、3%(体积分数)O2与N2配平组成,空速为8000h-1.每次实验称取样品0.5g置于反应器加热段,然后将反应器从室温加热至实验反应温度,升温速率为10℃/min.采用傅里叶红外光谱烟气分析仪和计算机采集数据系统对NH3和NO的变化进行在线测量.最后利用NOx的转化率公式进行计算:
式中:NOxin为未添加催化剂时测试系统入口的NOx的浓度;NOxout为添加催化剂时测试系统出口的NOx的浓度;N2Oout为测试系统出口的N2O浓度;NH3in为测试系统入口的NH3的浓度;NH3out为测试系统出口的NH3浓度.
采用美国赛默飞世尔科技公司的ARL9900型X射线荧光光谱分析仪对白云鄂博尾矿主要元素含量进行分析;采用德国布鲁克公司型号为D8ADVANCE的X射线衍射仪分析物相成分;用精微高博科学技术有限公司JWBK200C比表面积与孔隙度分析仪分析催化剂的比表面积、孔径和孔容大小;采用Zeiss Ultra Plus场发射扫描电子显微镜对催化剂微观形貌进行测试;采用北京彼奥德公司型号为PCA-1200的化学吸附仪对催化剂的NH3吸附特性和氧化还原能力进行分析;采用钢研纳克检测技术有限公司生产的型号为GNT200的万能试验机对催化剂的横向抗压强度和径向抗压强度进行测试;采用德国布鲁克公司生产的型号为VERTEX70的红外光谱仪分析催化剂的吸附能力以及催化剂表面的反应路径和机理.
图3(a)可知,尾矿的脱硝效率只有13.01%,NRC比原尾矿的脱硝效率高很多,随着纳米氧化铝胶体添加量的增大,脱硝效率也随之提高,当纳米氧化铝胶体添加量为16%时,脱硝效率高达67.3%.
在PRC中,当拟薄水铝石添加量为8%和16%时比原尾矿的脱硝效率要高,但低于相同配比的NRC.当拟薄水铝石添加量为4%,脱硝效率有所下降.整体来看,制备的柱状催化剂比原尾矿的脱硝效率均要高.由图3(a)中的趋势线可见,NOx转化率整体上是从高于300℃开始下降.这是由于温度高于300℃时,NH3更容易与氧气反应生成副产物.这些副产物包括NO、NO2和N2O.使得NH3的有效利用减少,NOx的转化效率下降.图3(b)可知,在温度区间内,N2选择性逐渐下降,在400℃时最高才到18.8%.可以看出制备出来柱状催化剂和原尾矿的N2选择性的效果不是很理想.
图4可以看出,16%-NRC和16%-PRC都未出现γ-Al2O3的衍射峰,说明焙烧后生成的γ-Al2O3在催化剂的表面分布均匀,更加有利于NH3的吸附,且16%-NRC和16%-PRC的SiO2和Fe2O3衍射峰强度基本未发生改变.CaF2衍射峰仅有微弱降低几乎未能在衍射图中清晰显示,这是由于粘结剂的主要成分是γ-Al2O3,CaF2的衍射峰降低是被γ-Al2O3颗粒所覆盖.总的来说,柱状催化剂对原尾矿本身的物相结构影响不大.
图5(a,b)可知,NRC和PRC与尾矿相比,比表面积和孔体积都有提升,而且随着粘结剂添加量的增加,柱状催化剂的比表面积和孔体积都不断增加;在粘结剂添加量相同的情况下,不同粘结剂的比表面积和孔体积有一定的差别,NRC的比表面积和孔体积大于PRC,由于纳米氧化铝颗粒比拟薄水铝石颗粒要更细,所以具有更好化学活性和更大的比表面积,更有利于提高脱硝效率.由图5(c)可知,随着添加量的增加,孔径逐渐减小,这也说明添加了粘结剂之后,粘结剂的主要成分γ-Al2O3会附着在孔内部,孔径会变小,为气态反应提供了更多的活性位点,这也是柱状催化剂脱硝效率高于尾矿的原因之一.
图6可知,原尾矿表面相比于NRC和PRC更加光滑,这是由于柱状催化剂表面附着了γ-Al2O3颗粒,随着两种不同粘结剂添加量的增加,γ-Al2O3颗粒也在表面附着的更多,使得柱状催化剂表面看起来更加粗糙,由于纳米氧化铝是纳米级别的颗粒,相比于拟薄水铝石在催化剂表面分布的更加均匀,吸附NH3的能力更强,NRC具有丰富的空隙结构也促进了NH3-SCR反应.这也就是NRC脱硝效率高的原因.
为了揭示催化剂的高温稳定性、氧化还原循环能力以及整体性能,对催化剂在300℃~800℃温度范围内进行了性能分析,这样可以确保在复杂工况下保持其性能稳定并预防高温失效.由图7(a)可知,4%-NRC、8%-NRC、16%-NRC各自有2个还原峰,分别位于649和714℃、616和755℃、585和727℃,714,755,727℃的还原峰为FeO向Fe单质转化的还原峰,649℃,616℃,585℃的还原峰为Fe3O4向FeO转化的还原峰[22];原尾矿也有2个还原峰,分别位于497和632℃,497℃还原峰归属于Fe2O3向Fe3O4转化的还原峰,632℃的还原峰为Fe3O4向FeO转化的还原峰,与尾矿相比还原峰均向高温移动,可以看出随着粘结剂添加量的增加,还原峰的面积先增加再减少.由图7(b)可知,4%-PRC、8%-PRC、16%-PRC各自只有1个还原峰,分别位于701,652,678℃,其中701℃的还原峰为FeO向Fe单质转化的还原峰,678和652℃的还原峰为Fe3O4向FeO转化的还原峰,与尾矿相比还原峰均向高温移动.由图7(a),(b)可知,NRC和PRC与尾矿相比还原峰均向高温移动,这是由于制备柱状催化剂过程中稀土元素与铁氧化物之间的相互作用且成型过程增加了还原活化能,使得铁氧化物还原过程变得更加困难,需要更高温度才能完成还原反应.由图7(c)可知,相比于NRC,PRC的还原峰数量和还原峰的面积减少,意味着催化剂还原性降低、活性位点减少,这也导致了PRC的脱硝效率不如NRC.
为了探究NRC、PRC表面吸附NH3能力的影响,对不同催化剂进行NH3-TPD表征分析.由图8(a)可知,尾矿分别在117和413℃有两个脱附峰;4%-NRC、8%-NRC各自有2个脱附峰,分别在170和351℃、190和333℃,而16%-NRC只有1脱个附峰,在215℃.由图8(b)可知,4%-PRC、8%-PRC、16%-PRC各自有2个脱附峰分别在181和410℃、152和429℃、240和403℃;NRC和PRC对NH3的吸附能力和吸附量有一定差距.整体来看,NRC的峰值和脱附峰面积相比于PRC较大,这也说明NRC对NH3的吸附能力和吸附量较大,更有利于催化剂脱硝反应.且与尾矿相比,NRC和PRC的吸附能力和吸附量都有较大提升,这也是NRC和PRC脱硝效率整体大于尾矿脱硝效率的原因.
图9可知,随着纳米氧化铝粘结剂用量的增加,横向强度从0.12MPa增加到0.35MPa.纵向强度从0.29MPa增加到1.23MPa.这是因为纳米氧化铝是纳米级颗粒.经过干燥焙烧后粘结性强.胶溶性能好.机械强度也随之变大;随着拟薄水铝石粘结剂用量从0~8%时横向强度从0.12MPa增加到0.43MPa.纵向强度从0.29MPa增加到1.22MPa.当粘结剂的用量为16%,柱状催化剂的机械强度有一定程度的下降,因为拟薄水铝石粘结剂的胶溶性能好,过量添加会导致颗粒聚集严重,在干燥焙烧时会导致柱状催化剂的胚体大量失水.粘结性能也会下降,最终导致机械强度降低.
由10(a)可知,当NH3通入5min时,尾矿表面在1270,1502,1548,1719cm-1处出现了微弱的特征峰,其中1270和1719cm-1处的吸收峰归属于Lewis酸性位上吸附的NH3物种[23-24],1548cm-1处的吸收峰归属于Brønsted酸性位上吸附的NH4+物种[25],随着NH3通入时间的增加,Lewis酸性位上特征峰强度有着大幅度的提升,1502cm-1处的吸收峰偏移至1548cm-1处,归属于Brønsted酸性位上吸附的NH4+物种脱氢后的中间产物酰胺物种(-NH2[26],当NH3通入时间为30min时在1220cm-1出现了新的特征峰,归属于Lewis酸位上的NH3物种[27],表明尾矿表面NH3吸附在Lewis酸性位上的速度比较慢.
图10(b)可知,当NH3通入5min时,16%-NRC表面在1473和1666cm-1出现两个微弱的特征峰,分别归属于Brønsted酸性位上NH4+物种和Lewis酸性位上的NH3物种[28-29],随着NH3通入时间的增加,1666cm-1的吸收峰偏移至1701cm-1,归属于Lewis酸性位上的NH3物种[23],并且还在1299cm-1、1513cm-1处出现了新的特征峰,分别归属于NH4+物种脱氢后的中间产物酰胺物种(-NH2)和Brønsted酸中心吸附的NH4+中N-H键的变形振动,柱状催化剂表面既存在Lewis酸性位也存在Brønsted酸性位,而且主要是以Brønsted酸性位为主要的吸附位点,更有利NH3-SCR反应的进行.
图11(a)可知,当NO+O2通入5min时,尾矿出现了两个特征峰,分别在1525,1257cm-1,其中1525cm-1处的特征峰归属于单齿硝酸盐物种,1257cm-1处的吸收峰归属于桥式硝酸盐物种[30],可以发现1257cm-1处的吸收峰随着时间的增加,特征峰的强度几乎不发生变化,说明硝酸盐物种可以稳定的存在于催化剂的表面,而单齿硝酸盐物种则相反,N2吹扫后特征峰几乎消失;当NO+O2通入10min时在1341cm-1处出现了微弱的新特征峰,归属于单齿硝酸盐物种,随着通入时间的增加,可以稳定的存在于催化剂的表面,说明稀土尾矿表面的单齿硝酸盐和桥式硝酸盐物种共同参与反应;1725cm-1处的吸收峰归属于快速SCR反应的重要中间产物NO2物种.
图11(b)可知,当NO+O2通入5min时,在1663,1537,1383,1240cm-1处出现了特征峰,其中1663cm-1处出现的吸收峰归属于非对称的桥式硝酸盐振动[31],1537,1383,1240cm-1处的吸收峰归属于单齿硝酸盐物种[32-33].随着通入时间的增加,出现了几个新的特征峰,1352cm-1处的吸收峰归属于单齿硝酸盐物种[34],说明NO吸附所产生的主要是单齿硝酸盐物种;1519cm-1处出现的吸收峰是由1537cm-1处偏移产生的,归属于单齿螯合硝酸盐物种;在1701cm-1处的峰归属于NO氧化所形成的弱吸附的NO2物种[35],可以看出这3个峰经过N2吹扫30min后未发生分解,峰的强度基本处于稳定状态.由于催化剂的表面NO所产生的吸附物种较多,所以更有利于催化反应的进行.
图12(a)可知,首先当NH3通入1h后,稀土尾矿表面在1205和1475cm-1处出现了特征峰,1205cm-1处的吸收峰归属于Lewis酸性位上的NH3物种,1475cm-1处的吸收峰归属于Brønsted酸性位上NH4+物种,说明NH3在催化剂表面分别以NH3物种和NH4+物种的形式吸附.当NO+O2通入后,1234和1483处分别归属于Lewis酸性位上的NH3物种和Brønsted酸性位上NH4+物种的吸收峰几乎不受影响,表明NO和O2的引入未立即与表面吸附的NH4+/NH3物种发生显著反应.随着NO+O2通入,在1679和1312cm-1处出现了新的特征峰,其中1679cm-1的吸收峰归属于弱吸附态的NO2物种,1312cm-1处的吸收峰归属于中间产物NH4NO3物种[36],说明表面吸附在Brønsted酸性位点的NH4+物种与表面吸附的NO2发生了反应.进一步说明了催化剂表面存在L-H机理.
图12(b)可知,当NH3吸附1h后,催化剂表面分别在1716,1647,1543,1236cm-1出现了特征峰,其中1543cm-1处的吸收峰属于Brønsted酸性位上NH4+物种,1716,1647,1236cm-1处的吸收峰属于Lewis酸性位上的NH3物种[37],当开始通入NO+O2 2min发现1716,1647,1236cm-1处的吸收峰立即消失,说明与Lewis酸性位进行了反应,说明催化剂表面存在E-R机理.归属于Brønsted酸性位上NH4+物种的吸收峰(1543cm-1)在NO+O2通入5min后消失,由于NO和O2通入催化剂表面时,反应生成NO2,NO2进一步与表面吸附的氧物种或其他NO反应生成硝酸盐物种,这也说明吸附在表面的硝酸盐物种和NH4+物种结合产生了中间体物种.因此,催化剂表面存在L-H机理.随着通入时间增加,在1723,1720,1582,1457,1358,1307,1248cm-1处出现了吸收峰,1720和1723cm-1处的吸收峰归属于弱吸附态的NO2物种,1582cm-1处的吸收峰归属于单齿硝酸盐物种,1457和1358cm-1处的吸收峰归属于单齿亚硝酸盐物种,1307cm-1处的吸收峰归属于桥式硝酸盐物种,1248cm-1处的吸收峰归属于连二次硝酸盐物种.可以发现硝酸盐物种的峰随着通入时间的增加,吸收峰的强度基本稳定,说明硝酸盐物种稳定的存在于催化剂表面.
图13(a)可知,当NO+O2吸附1h之后,在1202,1294,1551cm-1处出现了吸收峰,分别归属于连二次硝酸盐物种、桥式硝酸盐物种、单齿硝酸盐物种,可以看出归属于连二次硝酸盐物种的吸收峰相比于其他两个峰的强度要大,说明连二次硝酸盐物种为稀土尾矿表面主要的NO吸附物种,当通入NH3 2min后,发现在1202cm-1处归属于连二次硝酸盐物种的吸收峰迅速消失,说明与NH3的吸附物种发生了反应.当通入NH35min后在1294cm-1处归属于桥式硝酸盐物种的吸收峰才消失,在1551cm-1处归属于单齿硝酸盐物种的吸收峰几乎不受通入NH3的影响,说明稀土尾矿表面存在L-H机理.随着NH3的通入,在1619,1256,1473cm-1处出现了吸收峰,分别归属于Lewis酸性位上的NH3物种,属于Brønsted酸性位上NH4+物种,Brønsted酸性位上NH4+物种中N-H键的变形振动.
图13(b)可知,当NO+O2吸附1h之后,在1455,1473,1609cm-1处出现了吸收峰,分别归属于单齿亚硝酸盐物种、单齿硝酸盐物种、桥式硝酸盐物种,当通入NH32min时,发现在1455和1609cm-1处的吸收峰消失,在1376和1667cm-1处出现了微弱的吸附峰,归属于弱吸附态NH3物种和Brønsted酸性位上NH4+物种.当通入NH35min时,1473cm-1处的吸收峰也消失,在1667cm-1处出现了属于Lewis酸性位上NH3物种的峰,随着通入时间的增加属于Lewis酸性位上NH3物种的峰也消失,说明NRC表面主要为硝酸盐物种发生改变参与到反应,说明该催化剂表面存在L-H机理.
3.1 相比于原尾矿,柱状催化剂的脱硝效率显著提升,对于柱状催化剂,NRC的脱硝效率优于PRC.当纳米氧化铝的添加量为16%时,NRC的脱硝效率最高达到67%;而当拟薄水铝石的添加量为16%时,PRC的脱硝效率最高仅为32%.这一结果表明,纳米氧化铝作为粘结剂在提高脱硝活性方面更具优势.
3.2 柱状催化剂的机械强度都有很大提高.其中NRC表现更佳,横向强度从0.12MPa增加到0.35MPa.纵向强度从0.29MPa增加到1.23MPa.相比之下,PRC在粘结剂的用量为16%时,机械强度有所下降.由于纳米氧化铝是纳米级别的颗粒,相比于拟薄水铝石在催化剂表面分布的更加均匀,吸附NH3的能力更强;从H2-TPR可以看出,PRC的还原峰向高温移动,但是与NRC相比还原峰数量有所减少,只存在1个峰,这是其脱硝效率提升较小的原因.
3.3 稀土尾矿表面存在B酸性位点和L酸性位点,但NH3物种的吸附能力不强,NRC与尾矿相比有更多的表面酸性位点,而且NH3物种的稳定性和吸附能力都有所提高.稀土尾矿表面主要以连二次硝酸盐物种为主导,同时伴有少量的桥式硝酸盐物种参与反应.表明稀土尾矿表面的NO还原过程以连二次硝酸盐为主要反应物种;稀土尾矿表面存在较弱的E-R机理和L-H机理;NRC表面参与反应的硝酸盐物种发生改变,为桥式硝酸盐物种和少量的单齿亚硝酸盐物种;表面存在E-R机理和L-H机理,但E-R机理的作用更强,这也是较原尾矿脱硝性能较高的主要原因.
  • 内蒙古自然科学基金资助项目(2022QN05015)
  • 高校基本科研业务费项目(0406082206)
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  • 接收时间:2024-07-24
  • 首发时间:2026-03-17
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内蒙古自然科学基金资助项目(2022QN05015)
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内蒙古科技大学创新基金资助项目(0303052204)
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    内蒙古科技大学能源与环境学院,内蒙古 包头 014010

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
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species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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