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Using carboxymethyl chitosan (CMCS) and carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) as stabilizers, two sulfidated nano zero-valent iron (S-nZVI) composite materials were synthesized in one-step. The apparent morphology, functional group composition, and surface chemical properties of the materials were characterized using SEM-EDS, FTIR, and XPS. Static adsorption experiments were conducted to analyze the removal performance and mechanisms of Cr(VI) and trichloroethylene (TCE) by the two S-nZVI materials. Furthermore, the resistance of the optimal material to interference from groundwater pH and coexisting anions was evaluated. The results showed that CMCS and CMC surfaces contained various functional groups that could form covalent bonds with S-nZVI, improving the dispersion of the sulfidated nano zerovalent iron particles. The adsorption kinetics of Cr(VI) and the degradation kinetics of TCE by the two S-nZVI composite materials were described by pseudo-second-order kinetic models and pseudo-first-order kinetic models, respectively. The isothermal adsorption process of Cr(Ⅵ) removal by the two S-nZVI composite materials was capable of being simulated by the Langmuir model. Moreover, the S-nZVI composite material stabilized with CMCS (CMCS-S-nZVI) presented the highest maximum adsorption capacity for Cr(Ⅵ), whic h was recorded as 79.46mg/g. The removal efficiency of Cr(VI) and TCE by CMCS-S-nZVI was not significantly affected by pH in the range of 6~9 or by the presence of NO3- and SO42-. During engineering applications, the possible negative effects of Cl- should be paid special attention to. These findings provide theoretical guidance for the effective implementation of permeable reactive barrier (PRB) technology to remediate groundwater contaminated by chlorinated hydrocarbons and heavy metals.

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以羧甲基壳聚糖(CMCS)、羧甲基纤维素(CMC)为稳定剂,采用一步法合成了两种硫化纳米零价铁(S-nZVI)复合材料,通过SEM-EDS、FTIR、XPS对其表观形貌、官能团组成和表面化学性质进行了表征;通过静态吸附试验分析了两种S-nZVI对Cr(Ⅵ)和三氯乙烯(TCE)的去除性能和去除机制;同时考查了最优材料对地下水pH值和共存阴离子的抗干扰能力.结果表明:CMCS、CMC表面含有多种官能团可与S-nZVI之间形成共价键,提高S-nZVI颗粒的分散性.两种S-nZVI复合材料对Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附动力学及对TCE的降解动力学过程分别可通过准二级动力学模型和拟一级动力学模型进行拟合;Langmuir模型可以较好地模拟两种S-nZVI复合材料去除Cr(Ⅵ)的等温吸附过程,其中以CMCS作为稳定剂的S-nZVI复合材料(CMCS-S-nZVI)对Cr(Ⅵ)的最大吸附量最高,为79.46mg/g;pH值在6~9范围及NO3-、SO42-的离子浓度对CMCS-S-nZVI去除Cr(Ⅵ)、TCE效能无显著影响.在进行工程应用时,应特别注意Cl-可能产生的负面影响.本研究研究结果,可为高效开展可渗透反应格栅(PRB)技术修复地下水氯代烃和重金属复合污染提供理论支持.

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*责任作者,教授,
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王戌婵(2000-),女,山西长治人,哈尔滨工业大学硕士研究生,主要从事土壤与地下水污染修复研究.发表论文4篇. .

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王戌婵(2000-),女,山西长治人,哈尔滨工业大学硕士研究生,主要从事土壤与地下水污染修复研究.发表论文4篇. .

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王戌婵(2000-),女,山西长治人,哈尔滨工业大学硕士研究生,主要从事土壤与地下水污染修复研究.发表论文4篇. .

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Environmental Science & Technology201448(5):2862-2869., articleTitle=Characterization of nZVI mobility in a field scale test, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1240689623517680550, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689598817423426, awardId=2019YFC1803802, language=CN, fundingSource=国家重点研发计划项目(2019YFC1803802), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1240689609244464029, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689598817423426, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1240689609286407076, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689598817423426, companyId=1240689609244464029, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resources and Environment, School of Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1240689609290601381, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689598817423426, companyId=1240689609244464029, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=哈尔滨工业大学环境学院,城市水资源与水环境国家重点实验室,黑龙江 哈尔滨 150090)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1240689616823570837, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689598817423426, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=SEM image of each material, figureFileSmall=OZjCYKwox1KiKiHGMVieAQ==, figureFileBig=RNIm/ZOZYguVWP5a5qp1sg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240689616924234145, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689598817423426, language=CN, label=图1, caption=各材料的SEM图

(a) nZVI;(b) S-nZVI;(c) CMCS-S-nZVI;(d) CMC-S-nZVI;(e)~(k) CMCS-S-nZVI的EDS元素分布及能谱图

, figureFileSmall=OZjCYKwox1KiKiHGMVieAQ==, figureFileBig=RNIm/ZOZYguVWP5a5qp1sg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240689617154920896, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689598817423426, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=FTIR spectra of each material, figureFileSmall=dK/7skqTtJgSeycZYYdiwg==, figureFileBig=FAT8/2S84uPCx3J4BiMtrA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240689617280750033, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689598817423426, language=CN, label=图2, caption=各材料的FTIR谱图, figureFileSmall=dK/7skqTtJgSeycZYYdiwg==, figureFileBig=FAT8/2S84uPCx3J4BiMtrA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240689617381413340, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689598817423426, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=XPS spectra of different S-nZVI composite materials, figureFileSmall=LoK2EQlp60Zp7MkxZ2f+cQ==, figureFileBig=KwoyG7CIIO1WSiZj0JU09w==, tableContent=null), 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PFO, PSO, and IPD simulation of Cr(VI) pollutant adsorption by S-nZVI composite material

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
动力学方程参数CMCS-S-nZVICMC-S-nZVI
PFOqe,exp(mg/g)8.97009.1300
qe,cal(mg/g)1.09781.8732
k1(min-1)0.05030.0635
R20.53530.6847
PSOqe,cal(mg/g)8.98149.1903
k2[g/(mg•min)]0.03820.0760
R20.99990.9999
IPDKd1[(mg•min-0.5)/g]3.79872.7997
C10.74260.7750
R20.86040.54701
kd2[(mg•min-0.5)/g]0.02760.0343
C28.68448.7978
R20.57130.5471
), ArticleFig(id=1240689622666236776, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689598817423426, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

S-nZVI复合材料对Cr(Ⅵ)污染物吸附的PFO、PSO、IPD模拟

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
动力学方程参数CMCS-S-nZVICMC-S-nZVI
PFOqe,exp(mg/g)8.97009.1300
qe,cal(mg/g)1.09781.8732
k1(min-1)0.05030.0635
R20.53530.6847
PSOqe,cal(mg/g)8.98149.1903
k2[g/(mg•min)]0.03820.0760
R20.99990.9999
IPDKd1[(mg•min-0.5)/g]3.79872.7997
C10.74260.7750
R20.86040.54701
kd2[(mg•min-0.5)/g]0.02760.0343
C28.68448.7978
R20.57130.5471
), ArticleFig(id=1240689622813037431, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689598817423426, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Fitting parameters of isothermal equations for adsorption of Cr(VI) by S-nZVI composites

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
填料种类LangmuirFreundlich
qm(mg/g)KL(L/mg)R21/nKFR2
CMCS-S-nZVI79.46270.36780.96960.218139.01590.5925
CMC-S-nZVI51.81591.78890.98200.143829.83490.2344
), ArticleFig(id=1240689622980809603, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689598817423426, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

S-nZVI复合材料对Cr(Ⅵ)吸附等温方程拟合参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
填料种类LangmuirFreundlich
qm(mg/g)KL(L/mg)R21/nKFR2
CMCS-S-nZVI79.46270.36780.96960.218139.01590.5925
CMC-S-nZVI51.81591.78890.98200.143829.83490.2344
), ArticleFig(id=1240689623127610248, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689598817423426, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Fitting parameters of TCE degradation kinetics by S-nZVI composite materials

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
填料种类零级动力学拟一级动力学拟二级动力学
Kobs(h)R2Kobs(h)R2Kobs(h)R2
CMCS-S-nZVI0.12240.77720.49010.99150.51640.9871
CMC-S-nZVI0.50240.90750.33320.9930.49050.9563
), ArticleFig(id=1240689623328936852, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689598817423426, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

S-nZVI复合材料对TCE降解动力学拟合参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
填料种类零级动力学拟一级动力学拟二级动力学
Kobs(h)R2Kobs(h)R2Kobs(h)R2
CMCS-S-nZVI0.12240.77720.49010.99150.51640.9871
CMC-S-nZVI0.50240.90750.33320.9930.49050.9563
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S-nZVI复合材料修复Cr(Ⅵ)和TCE复合污染地下水的效能
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王戌婵 , 王一鹏 , 李莉莉 , 袁路子 , 赵庆良 * , 王广智 , 薛瑞媛
中国环境科学 | 水污染与控制 2025,45(2): 841-853
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中国环境科学 | 水污染与控制 2025, 45(2): 841-853
S-nZVI复合材料修复Cr(Ⅵ)和TCE复合污染地下水的效能
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王戌婵 , 王一鹏, 李莉莉, 袁路子, 赵庆良* , 王广智, 薛瑞媛
作者信息
  • 哈尔滨工业大学环境学院,城市水资源与水环境国家重点实验室,黑龙江 哈尔滨 150090
  • 王戌婵(2000-),女,山西长治人,哈尔滨工业大学硕士研究生,主要从事土壤与地下水污染修复研究.发表论文4篇. .

通讯作者:

*责任作者,教授,
Performance of S-nZVI composite material for remediation of Cr(VI) and TCE co-contaminated groundwater
Xu-chan WANG , Yi-peng WANG, Li-li LI, Lu-zi YUAN, Qing-liang ZHAO* , Guang-zhi WANG, Rui-yuan XUE
Affiliations
  • State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resources and Environment, School of Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
出版时间: 2025-02-20
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以羧甲基壳聚糖(CMCS)、羧甲基纤维素(CMC)为稳定剂,采用一步法合成了两种硫化纳米零价铁(S-nZVI)复合材料,通过SEM-EDS、FTIR、XPS对其表观形貌、官能团组成和表面化学性质进行了表征;通过静态吸附试验分析了两种S-nZVI对Cr(Ⅵ)和三氯乙烯(TCE)的去除性能和去除机制;同时考查了最优材料对地下水pH值和共存阴离子的抗干扰能力.结果表明:CMCS、CMC表面含有多种官能团可与S-nZVI之间形成共价键,提高S-nZVI颗粒的分散性.两种S-nZVI复合材料对Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附动力学及对TCE的降解动力学过程分别可通过准二级动力学模型和拟一级动力学模型进行拟合;Langmuir模型可以较好地模拟两种S-nZVI复合材料去除Cr(Ⅵ)的等温吸附过程,其中以CMCS作为稳定剂的S-nZVI复合材料(CMCS-S-nZVI)对Cr(Ⅵ)的最大吸附量最高,为79.46mg/g;pH值在6~9范围及NO3-、SO42-的离子浓度对CMCS-S-nZVI去除Cr(Ⅵ)、TCE效能无显著影响.在进行工程应用时,应特别注意Cl-可能产生的负面影响.本研究研究结果,可为高效开展可渗透反应格栅(PRB)技术修复地下水氯代烃和重金属复合污染提供理论支持.

硫化纳米零价铁  /  地下水  /  六价铬  /  三氯乙烯  /  可渗透反应格栅

Using carboxymethyl chitosan (CMCS) and carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) as stabilizers, two sulfidated nano zero-valent iron (S-nZVI) composite materials were synthesized in one-step. The apparent morphology, functional group composition, and surface chemical properties of the materials were characterized using SEM-EDS, FTIR, and XPS. Static adsorption experiments were conducted to analyze the removal performance and mechanisms of Cr(VI) and trichloroethylene (TCE) by the two S-nZVI materials. Furthermore, the resistance of the optimal material to interference from groundwater pH and coexisting anions was evaluated. The results showed that CMCS and CMC surfaces contained various functional groups that could form covalent bonds with S-nZVI, improving the dispersion of the sulfidated nano zerovalent iron particles. The adsorption kinetics of Cr(VI) and the degradation kinetics of TCE by the two S-nZVI composite materials were described by pseudo-second-order kinetic models and pseudo-first-order kinetic models, respectively. The isothermal adsorption process of Cr(Ⅵ) removal by the two S-nZVI composite materials was capable of being simulated by the Langmuir model. Moreover, the S-nZVI composite material stabilized with CMCS (CMCS-S-nZVI) presented the highest maximum adsorption capacity for Cr(Ⅵ), whic h was recorded as 79.46mg/g. The removal efficiency of Cr(VI) and TCE by CMCS-S-nZVI was not significantly affected by pH in the range of 6~9 or by the presence of NO3- and SO42-. During engineering applications, the possible negative effects of Cl- should be paid special attention to. These findings provide theoretical guidance for the effective implementation of permeable reactive barrier (PRB) technology to remediate groundwater contaminated by chlorinated hydrocarbons and heavy metals.

sulfidated nano zero-valent iron  /  groundwater  /  Cr(Ⅵ)  /  trichloroethylene  /  permeable reactive barrier
王戌婵, 王一鹏, 李莉莉, 袁路子, 赵庆良, 王广智, 薛瑞媛. S-nZVI复合材料修复Cr(Ⅵ)和TCE复合污染地下水的效能. 中国环境科学, 2025 , 45 (2) : 841 -853 .
Xu-chan WANG, Yi-peng WANG, Li-li LI, Lu-zi YUAN, Qing-liang ZHAO, Guang-zhi WANG, Rui-yuan XUE. Performance of S-nZVI composite material for remediation of Cr(VI) and TCE co-contaminated groundwater[J]. China Environmental Science, 2025 , 45 (2) : 841 -853 .
随着工业进程的发展,工厂、炼油厂、矿山等工业活动不断向环境中释放重金属和持久性有机污染物,使得二者复合污染的现象普遍存在[1].Cr(Ⅵ)和TCE常共存于地下水中[2],其污染潜力大、污染范围广[3],亟需寻找修复Cr(Ⅵ)和TCE复合污染地下水的有效方法.
可渗透反应墙(PRB)技术简便高效,对Cr(Ⅵ)和TCE污染地下水修复成效初显,其介质选择是关键.纳米零价铁(nZVI)有还原吸附性能[4],却因易氧化失活、团聚、分散迁移性差及低氯代有机物脱氯能力有限[5],应用受限.对此,国内外积极研究nZVI材料
改性用于PRB修复.国外研究中,载体负载改性备受关注,如以活性炭[6]、生物炭[7]负载nZVI,借助载体特性优化稳定性与分散性;在表面性质改性方面,利用硫化物[8]等调控,强化电子转移;还制备nZVI复合材料,如与其他金属[9]或金属氧化物[10]复合实现协同作用.国内在新型载体研发上,采用生物炭[11]、凹凸棒土[12]等本土材料,增强nZVI可行性与稳定性;在改性技术优化时,通过精准调控改性剂用量与反应条件[13],以及探索等离子体[14]、微波[15]辅助等新型改性法,提升反应活性.
在上述研究背景下,本研究聚焦于进一步提升nZVI材料去除Cr(Ⅵ)和TCE复合污染的性能.采用S-nZVI固定于聚合物的方式,增强胶体稳定性与骨料尺寸控制能力.高分子聚合物的可电离基团能与S-nZVI形成共价键[16],阴离子聚合高分子电解质羧甲基纤维素(CMC)常用于含氯有机物[17]和重金属[18]去除研究,其羧基离子与nZVI形成单或双分子层,低浓度时对悬浮液分散性作用有限且有团聚现象[19].羧甲基壳聚糖(CMCS)含羧基与氨基,可与S-nZVI成共价键提升分散性,其稳定S-nZVI效果尚无研究.CMC和CMCS环境友好且可生物降解.因此,本研究在改性方法上,同步硫化与聚合物改性制备S-nZVI复合材料,以期显著提升对氯代有机物降解及Cr(Ⅵ)去除能力,克服传统纳米零价铁脱氯与重金属去除缺陷.材料优选研究中,用CMC和CMCS改性S-nZVI并对比,探究对Cr(Ⅵ)和TCE去除效果及影响因素,为选材提供依据并填补CMCS稳定S-nZVI研究空白.
本文通过对nZVI同时进行硫化改性和聚合物改性制得S-nZVI复合材料,结合材料表征和动力学热力学分析阐述其对Cr(Ⅵ)和TCE的去除机制,探究并优选最佳复合材料以实现对Cr(Ⅵ)和TCE复合污染地下水的最佳去除效能,考察材料投加量、pH和共存干扰离子对优选复合材料去除污染物的影响,并对反应机理进行探讨.研究结果可为开展高效PRB技术修复地下水氯代烃和重金属复合污染提供理论支持.
分析级CMCS、CMC、TCE、重铬酸钾、硫酸亚铁、连二亚硫酸钠、硼氢化钠、硫酸钠、盐酸、氢氧化钠、氯化钠、硝酸钠购自上海阿拉丁生化科技股份有限公司.所有化学品均未进一步纯化.所有实验使用去离子水,并用氮气吹脱处理45min以上,以模拟实际地下水溶解氧含量.
基于一步法合成S-nZVI复合材料.将750mL含有CMC、CMCS(0.3wt%)和FeSO4·7H2O(3.71g/L)的混合溶液在厌氧环境(N2>99.99%)搅拌30min.随后将100mL含有Na2O4S2(0.435g/L)、0.1%NaOH和NaBH4(19g/L)的混合溶液以1滴/秒的速率滴加至反应体系,并在500r/min下搅拌1h.抽滤得到的固体用去离子水和乙醇反复洗涤3次,冷冻干燥24h,得到理论S/Fe物质的量比为0.05和理论Fe/载体基质质量比为0.25的S-nZVI复合材料,分别记为CMCS-S-nZVI和CMC-S-nZVI.
分别取0.1g S-nZVI、CMCS-S-nZVI、CMC-S-nZVI加入100mL 2mg/L Cr(Ⅵ)、10mg/L Cr(Ⅵ)、5mg/L TCE单一污染物溶液,以及0.1g CMCS-S-nZVI、CMC-S-nZVI加入100mL 2mg/L Cr(Ⅵ)与5mg/L TCE混合溶液中测试其吸附性能.所有反应体系均在25℃的恒温震荡箱中以180r/min的转速均匀震荡,在反应过程中取上清液测定Cr(Ⅵ)、TCE浓度.
分别取0.1g CMCS-S-nZVI、CMC-S-nZVI加入含有100mL 10mg/L Cr(Ⅵ)溶液中,在25℃的恒温震荡箱中以180r/min分别震荡2h,在反应过程中取上清液,测定Cr(Ⅵ)浓度.采用拟一级动力学(PFO)、二级动力学(PSO)和颗粒内扩散(IPD)模型对S-nZVI复合材料的吸附动力学数据进行拟合,如式(1)~(3).
式中:qe(mg/g)为平衡去除量;qt(mg/g)为t时刻吸附容量;k1(min-1)、k2(g/(mg·min))和kdi(mg/(g·min0.5))为拟一级、拟二级、颗粒内扩散吸附速率常数;t(min)表示吸附时间;Ci表示截距.
分别取0.1g CMCS-S-nZVI、CMC-S-nZVI分别加入100mL 10,50,75,100,150mg/L的Cr(Ⅵ)溶液中,在25℃的恒温震荡箱中以180r/min分别震荡2h,测定上清液Cr(Ⅵ)的平衡浓度.分别采用Langmuir模型、Freundlich模型拟合复合材料的吸附等温线,确定其对目标污染物的最大平衡吸附容量,如式(4)~(5).
Langmuir模型:
Freundlich模型:
式中:qe(mg/g)为目标污染物的平衡吸附量;qmax(mg/g)为最大吸附量;Ce(mg/L)为目标污染物溶液平衡浓度;KL(L/mg)为Langmuir常数;Kf(mg(1–1/n)L1/n/g)和n均为Freundlich吸附常数.
分别取0.1g CMCS-S-nZVI、CMC-S-nZVI加入含有100mL 5mg/L TCE溶液中,在25℃的恒温震荡箱中以180r/min分别震荡24h,在反应过程中取上清液,测定TCE浓度.采用零级动力学、拟一级动力学和拟二级动力学模型对S-nZVI复合材料的降解动力学数据进行拟合,如式(6)~(8).
式中:C0(mg/L)为溶液的初始浓度;Ct(mg/L)为反应时间为t时溶液的浓度;t为反应时间;Kobs为反应的表观速率常数.
分别取0.1g CMCS-S-nZVI、CMC-S-nZVI分别加入100mL 1,2,10,20,40mg/L的TCE溶液中,在25℃的恒温震荡箱中以180r/min分别震荡24h,测定上清液TCE的平衡浓度.
分别取0.02g、0.04g、0.06g、0.08g CMCS-S-nZVI加入100mL 2mg/L Cr(Ⅵ)与5mg/L TCE混合溶液中测试其吸附性能.所有反应体系均在25℃的恒温震荡箱中以180r/min的转速均匀震荡,在反应过程中取上清液测定Cr(Ⅵ)、TCE浓度.
依据《地下水质量标准》(GB/T 14848-2017)中规定的Ⅳ类地下水pH值(5.5≤pH<6.5和8.5≤pH<9.0),使用10% NaOH和1mol/L HCl溶液将Cr(Ⅵ)和TCE复合污染溶液的pH值分别调至6、7、8和9,通过静态吸附实验探究体系pH值对CMCS-S-nZVI去除Cr(Ⅵ)和TCE效能的影响.
通过查阅文献[20]及参考《地下水质量标准》(GB/T 14848-2017),选取3种地下水中常规阴离子NO3、SO42−和Cl,探究其对CMCS-S-nZVI对Cr(Ⅵ)和TCE去除效果的影响,阴离子浓度设定为50mg/L.
Cr(Ⅵ)浓度采用二苯基碳酰二肼分光光度法(GB/T 23943-2009)测定;TCE浓度采用自动顶空进样配备ECD检测器的气相色谱(安捷伦7890A)检测;pH值采用pH计(PHS-3C)测定;采用扫描电镜(SEM)对材料形貌进行表征;采用能量色散X射线(EDS)对材料元素种类与含量进行分析;使用X射线光电子能谱(XPS)分析材料表面上化学电子的变化;采用傅里叶红外光谱(FTIR)确定材料表面的官能团;采用X射线衍射(XRD)测定材料的晶体结构及稳定性.
采用SPSS软件进行方差分析(ANOVA)确定不同组之间的均值是否存在显著差异.
为了探究材料的表观形貌及元素种类与含量,利用SEM-EDS对nZVI、S-nZVI、CMCS-S-nZVI和CMC-S-nZVI四种材料的表观形貌及CMCS-S-nZVI的元素组成进行分析,如图1所示.从SEM图可以看出,nZVI呈圆球状颗粒,具有明显的团聚现象,将其直接硫化后,粒径变大,呈不规则球状颗粒,分散性能较差.CMC-S-nZVI和CMCS-S-nZVI表面硫化层覆盖均匀,颗粒分散.其中CMC、CMCS作为稳定剂能通过自身架构特点以及官能团堆纳米零价铁的吸附作用减弱纳米颗粒间的吸引力,从而有效提高了nZVI的分散性.CMCS-S-nZVI材料的Fe、C、O、S和N的重量比例分别为82.57%、9.99%、5.70%、1.70%和0.03%,五种主要元素均匀地分布在该材料,表明CMCS能与S-nZVI之间形成相互作用力使其分散均匀.CMCS上的氨基、羧基、羟基等官能团能与硫化纳米零价铁形成共价键,解决了S-nZVI因团聚使活性降低的问题,同时防止其在空气中氧化.
为确定吸附在材料表面的配合物的特定分子结构和振动状态,分析CMCS和CMC两稳定剂的不同官能团和S-nZVI之间的相互作用,将纳米零价铁改性前后的FTIR进行对比研究,结果如图2所示.CMCS-S-nZVI、CMC-S-nZVI和CS-S-nZVI出现了与S-nZVI相似的吸收峰,包括Fe-O键的吸收峰(605cm-1)、Fe-S伸缩振动峰(520cm-1)、B-O键的伸缩振动峰(1380cm-1)和SO42−、SO32−及S2O32−的吸收峰(1160cm-1).与S-nZVI不同的是,经聚合物改性的两种复合材料分别出现了CMCS和CMC的典型特征峰,例如CMCS、CMC结构中的COO—的对称(1418cm-1)、非对称振动吸收峰(1593cm-1)以及C—O—C的非对称伸缩振动吸收峰(1053cm-1).值得一提的是,COO—对称和非对称震动吸收波数(v(asym))的差值Δv为150~175cm-1之间,表明CMCS和CMC通过双齿螯合与铁纳米粒子紧密结合[21],有效地控制了颗粒的尺寸,阻碍了铁纳米颗粒的聚集[22].除此之外,CMCS-S-nZVI中O—H、N—H伸缩振动峰同时出峰(3200cm-1),对应于CMCS表面存在的羟基(—OH)和氨基(—NH2),合成过程中—OH和—NH2能够促进CMCS与Fe2+的结合.综上表明CMCS、CMC等聚合物表面均带有可电离基团,其中CMCS表面含羧基、氨基、羟基等基团,可与S-nZVI之间形成共价键,通过改变颗粒表面性质来抑制颗粒间的相互作用,降低S-nZVI的团聚,从而提高其稳定性.
为确定两种S-nZVI复合材料表面的元素组成和化学价态,分析了材料的全谱图、C 1s区域、O 1s区域、Fe 2p区域高分辨谱图.结果如图3所示.全图谱显示4种材料均含有C、O、Fe、S等元素,CMCS-S-nZVI中单独含有N元素,主要是由于CMCS中含有氨基基团.两种复合材料的Fe 2p区域均可以观察到位于707eV的峰值伴有不对称拖尾,可归因于金属Fe(0)的存在,FeS2也表现出约707eV的结合能,因此不排除FeS2的存在.材料表面FeS2的存在可有效防止水对于S-nZVI的腐蚀效应,同时产生更多的质子(H⋅)并参与反应,大幅度提高降解效率.Fe(0)和Fe(Ⅱ)能与Cr(Ⅵ)和TCE发生氧化还原反应生成Cr(Ⅲ)和乙炔,在对其复合污染去除过程中起关键作用.CMCS-S-nZVI和CMC-S-nZVI表面不同价态Fe的相对浓度不同,其中CMCS-S-nZVI中Fe(0)和Fe(Ⅱ)含量最高,可达到53.46%.此外,-OH等官能团也能对污染物去除起到一定的作用,CMCS-S-nZVI复合材料表面C-OH含量最高,并达到了55.61%.-OH可作为供电子基团将Cr(Ⅵ)还原为Cr(Ⅲ),还原后的Cr(III)也会被吸附或络合在材料表面,同时-OH也能对TCE进行非生物降解[23].综上,CMCS-S-nZVI材料表面C-OH、Fe(0)和Fe(Ⅱ)含量均最高,表明其表面存在丰富的官能团和还原性物质可与Cr(Ⅵ)和TCE吸附络合或被还原形成氧化物沉淀和无卤代化合物.
S-nZVI及两种复合材料对Cr(Ⅵ)、TCE的去除效能,如图4所示.在2mg/L的Cr(Ⅵ)溶液中,S-nZVI及两种复合材料对Cr(VI)的去除率均在95%以上;在10mg/L Cr(Ⅵ)的溶液中,S-nZVI去除率仅为22.2%,而CMCS-S-nZVI和CMC-S-nZVI仍展现出优越的去除性能,15min内即达到吸附平衡,且对Cr(Ⅵ)的去除率分别高达99.6%和98.9%.另一方面,TCE去除体系的平衡时间在5h左右,远大于Cr(Ⅵ).其中,CMCS-S-nZVI和CMC-S-nZVI对TCE去除率分别为96%和81%,为S-nZVI去除率的1.7倍和1.5倍.因此CMCS和CMC稳定后的两种复合材料对Cr(Ⅵ)、TCE的去除率均有很大程度的提升.
两种S-nZVI复合材料对Cr(Ⅵ)与TCE共存体系的去除效能,如图5所示.随着S-nZVI复合材料的添加,Cr(Ⅵ)的浓度在5min内迅速下降,并在10min后趋于稳定,体系中TCE的存在几乎没有影响两种S-nZVI复合材料对Cr(Ⅵ)的去除效果.根据ANOVA检验,Cr(Ⅵ)单独存在和其与TCE共存时两种材料对Cr(Ⅵ)的去除率影响不显著(P>0.05).另一方面,在Cr(Ⅵ)与TCE共存体系中,TCE浓度随着反应时间的延长而逐渐下降直至趋于平衡,体系内Cr(Ⅵ)的存在对CMC-S-nZVI去除TCE的效果显著下降(P<0.05),分别从89.0%和89.4%下降至84.2%和85.3%,而对CMCS-S-nZVI去除TCE的效果影响不显著(P>0.05).两种S-nZVI与Cr(Ⅵ)在十几分钟内就能完成反应,但是与TCE则需要几个小时才能反应完全,相对于TCE,S-nZVI更容易与Cr(Ⅵ)反应,故Cr(Ⅵ)与TCE同时存在时,S-nZVI复合材料会优先与Cr(Ⅵ)发生反应,从而消耗一部分材料[24].因此TCE的存在对Cr(Ⅵ)浓度变化影响并不大;而对于TCE来说,Cr(Ⅵ)的存在会严重影响其去除率的大小.CMCS-S-nZVI对Cr(VI)和TCE的去除效率最高且不受污染物共存的干扰,如FTIR谱图分析所示,CMCS作为稳定剂,表面含羧基、氨基、羟基等基团,与S-nZVI之间形成共价键,抑制颗粒团聚提高稳定性,可以满足对Cr(VI)和TCE的同步去除.
为了进一步评估两种复合材料对Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附动力学机制,利用PFO、PSO和IPD模型对吸附过程进行拟合,结果如图6表1所示.PFO和PSO结果可以看出两种S-nZVI复合材料对Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附过程均更符合拟二级动力学模型,且相关系数接近于1,得到的平衡吸附量qe,cal与真实吸附量qe,exp的差值小于2%,表明其对Cr(Ⅵ)的去除是多种作用(包括化学吸附、还原、电子转移等)控制下的结果[25].通常来说,nZVI材料通过吸附作用去除污染物的过程符合拟二级动力学模型,而通过还原作用去除污染物的过程符合拟一级动力学模型.因此,动力学模型拟合结果表明吸附是CMCS-S-nZVI去除Cr(Ⅵ)过程中的限速步骤.
IPD模型表明S-nZVI复合材料对Cr(Ⅵ)的去除过程可分为两个重要的扩散阶段,其中斜率较大的第一阶段为颗粒外表面吸附和颗粒内快速扩散过程,可归因于快速的整体扩散或外部表面吸附,而具有更平缓斜率的第二阶段为平衡阶段,可能由于Cr(Ⅵ)浓度的降低和较低的传质速率,颗粒内扩散速率开始减慢[26].此外各拟合曲线均未过原点,这表明化学相互作用和边界层控制对Cr(Ⅵ)的去除产生了较大的影响[27].
S-nZVI复合材料对单一Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附等温线及拟合参数如图7表2所示.与Freundlich模型相比,Langmuir等温吸附模型对复合材料吸附Cr(VI)的拟合效果更好(R2分别为0.9696、0.9820),推测S-nZVI复合材料与Cr(Ⅵ)发生了单层吸附过程[25],其中,CMCS-S-nZVI对Cr(Ⅵ)的最大平衡吸附量最高,达到79.46mg/g.此外,Freundlich等温模型中,1/n小于0.5,说明CMCS-S-nZVI对Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附极易发生.由此可见相比其它两种材料,CMCS-S-nZVI相对Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附能力最强,且极易吸附Cr(Ⅵ).
S-nZVI复合材料对TCE的降解动力学拟合结果如图8(a)~(c)表3所示.拟合结果可以看出两种S-nZVI复合材料对TCE的降解过程均更符合拟一级动力学模型,且相关系数均大于0.98,CMCS-S-nZVI和CMC-S-nZVI对TCE降解的反应速率分别为0.4901h-1和0.3332h-1,其中CMCS-S-nZVI去除TCE的表观反应速率常数更高.
不同初始浓度对TCE的去除率的影响效果如图8(d)所示.在相同TCE初始浓度下,CMCS-S-nZVI对TCE的去除率更高.随着TCE的浓度从1mg/L增加到40mg/L,复合材料与TCE的去除率随溶液中TCE初始浓度的升高而降低.这是因为投加的S-nZVI复合材料是定量的,其提供的反应位点也是一定的,因此对于TCE的降解能力也是一定的.随着反应的进行,会产生一定的铁氧化物沉积在复合材料的表面,阻碍了反应的进行,从而降低了TCE的去除效率[28].
通过探究S-nZVI复合材料对Cr(Ⅵ)的去除效能、吸附动力学及吸附等温线及对TCE的降解动力学及初始浓度对TCE去除率的影响,优选出了CMCS-S-nZVI.然而,在地下水修复技术的实际应用中,尚需要考虑材料投加量及地下水环境要素等因素对污染修复效果的影响[29].为进一步确定CMCS-S-nZVI的最佳投加量及抗干扰能力,考查了材料投加量、pH值及地下水中常见阴离子对CMCS-S-nZVI去除Cr(Ⅵ)、TCE效能的影响.
不同投加量对Cr(Ⅵ)、TCE去除效果的影响如图9所示.添加量为0.2,0.4,0.6,0.8g/L时,CMCS-S-nZVI在60min内对Cr(Ⅵ)的去除率分别为99.7%、99%、98.5%和98.4%,对TCE的去除率分别为99.6%、99.5%、99.1%和93.3%.结果表明,CMCS-S-nZVI的投加量越多,参与去除污染物的活性物质越多,对Cr(Ⅵ)、TCE的去除效果越好.为了不造成材料浪费,0.6g/L的CMCS-S-nZVI对Cr(Ⅵ)和TCE分别达到99%和99.5%,因此0.6g/L是去除Cr(Ⅵ)和TCE的最佳剂量.
不同pH值对Cr(Ⅵ)、TCE去除效果的影响如图10所示.随着pH值的提高,CMCS-S-nZVI对Cr(Ⅵ)去除性能显著降低(p<0.05),pH值为6、7、8、9时去除率分别为95.9%、93.8%、92.2%和91.5%.酸性条件能为Cr(Ⅵ)的还原提供足够多的氢离子[25],从而增强CMCS-S-nZVI对Cr(Ⅵ)的去除.除此之外,的Fe(Ⅱ)、Fe(Ⅲ)、Cr(Ⅲ)水解生成沉淀,易在CMCS-S-nZVI表面形成氢化物钝化层,抑制反应进行[30].CMCS-S-nZVI对TCE的去除效率随pH值的增大而显著升高(P<0.05),反应24h后TCE的去除率分别为92.3%、94.3%、和98.6%这与Dong等[29]所得趋势相同,可能是由于活性表面物质的还原潜力随着pH值的增加而降低.总体来说,当地下水pH值处于6~9的范围内时,CMCS-S-nZVI对于Cr(Ⅵ)和TCE的去除效率均在92%以上,具有较广的应用潜力.
CMCS-S-nZVI在地下水中常见的阴离子NO3、Cl-、SO42−共存体系下对Cr(Ⅵ)去除效果的影响,如图11所示.NO3和SO42−存在时,CMCS-S-nZVI对Cr(Ⅵ)最终去除率影响均不显著(P>0.05),对Cr(Ⅵ)和TCE的去除率均超过99%.NO3属于低亲和配体,可与铁的氧化物或氢氧化物形成外球配合物,但外络合机制较弱,在对Cr(Ⅵ)吸附过程中的竞争影响可以忽略[31].相较于NO3来说,Cr(Ⅵ)与SO42−共存时相互作用更为复杂,SO42−可增加CMCS-S-nZVI表面的反应位点,增强酸性条件下的腐蚀,促进Cr(Ⅵ)的去除[32];此外,SO42−是一种二价阴离子,与Cr2O72−具有很强的竞争能力,导致Cr(Ⅵ)去除效率降低[33].因此当SO42−存在时,在促进和竞争共同作用下,SO42−对Cr(Ⅵ)的去除效率影响不大.然而,Cl-的存在下CMCS-S-nZVI对Cr(Ⅵ)的去除显著降低(跟对照组相比,P<0.05),与Feng等[34]结论相似,Cl-可与Cr(Ⅵ)产生竞争性吸附,从而对Cr(Ⅵ)的去除产生抑制作用.另一方面,Cl-、SO42−、NO3的存在对CMCS-S-nZVI去除TCE的性能影响均不显著(P>0.05),对TCE的去除率均在95%以上.综上所述,NO3、SO42−对Cr(Ⅵ)、TCE两种污染物去除率均无显著影响,但应特别注意Cl-可能产生的负面影响.
为探究CMCS-S-nZVI对Cr(Ⅵ)和TCE的去除机理,对材料反应前后进行XPS分析,结果如图12所示.与Cr(Ⅵ)及TCE反应后,CMCS-S-nZVI表面Fe(Ⅲ)比例分别由52.60%上升至58.70%和66.78%,Fe(0)峰消失,说明Fe(0)、Fe(Ⅱ)均参与了Cr(Ⅵ)和TCE的去除.Cr2p分谱显示,与Cr(Ⅵ)反应后的CMCS-S-nZVI表面Cr元素主要以Cr(Ⅲ)的形式存在.
图13(a)显示,当对不同反应时间下溶液中的Cr(Ⅵ)、Cr(Ⅲ)、总Cr及总Fe浓度进行测定时,总Cr和Cr(Ⅵ)的浓度在反应开始的1min出现了大幅度的下降,可能是由于CMCS-S-nZVI对Cr(Ⅵ)的迅速吸附[35];而Cr(Ⅲ)的浓度始终保持在一个较低的水平(<0.03mg/L),说明几乎所有Cr(Ⅵ)还原生成的Cr(Ⅲ)都存在于固相中.溶出的Fe浓度在反应开始的15min上升到0.223mg/L,在随后的1h反应时间内又逐渐下降,其与pH的变化趋势相同,可能随着反应过程中OH浓度的增加形成了氢氧化物沉淀或Cr(Ⅲ)形成了共沉淀[36].为了进一步了解CMCS-S-nZVI在去除Cr(Ⅵ)过程中对水化学条件的扰动情况,同时检测了ORP和pH随反应时间的变化,结果如图13(b)所示.CMCS-S-nZVI与Cr(Ⅵ)反应的初始阶段ORP迅速下降,随后缓慢下降到-35ev,这与Cr(Ⅵ)浓度变化趋势一致.同时,CMCS-S-nZVI与Cr(Ⅵ)反应初始阶段pH值迅速升高后略有下降,最终保持在7.5左右.
TCE的降解和氯离子产生情况如图14所示.随着TCE的去除,Cl-不断增加,表明了TCE脱氯降解.反应体系中TCE总氯为4.028mg/L,如图水平线所示,为TCE完全脱氯后的理论浓度.TCE在与CMCS-S-nZVI反应12h后完全消失(C/C0=0),此时产生溶液中Cl-约为2.4mg/L,占总氯的59.6%.大约35h以后,污染物才完全脱氯.CMCS-S-nZVI的TCE降解过程中,溶液中不含有二氯乙烷等副产物表明TCE的降解过程主要以β-消除反应为主,几乎不发生氢解反应[37].TCE主要在材料表面进行β-消除反应产生乙炔,由于副产氢的存在,乙炔会进一步发生加氢反应生成乙烯和乙烷[38].
为探究CMCS-S-nZVI的稳定性,对S-nZVI及与Cr(Ⅵ)、TCE反应前后的CMCS-S-nZVI进行X-射线粉末衍射分析,如图15所示.S-nZVI和稳定剂改性后的S-nZVI都出现了位置一致的M2(2θ为44.6°,65°)的特征峰,表明合成材料中存在零价铁(α-Fe0).CMCS在19.8°附近存在宽峰,峰距较宽是由于存在—OH、—NH2、O=C—O和C—O基团[39].反应后的CMCS-S-nZVI在36°附近出现小特征峰,可能是与Cr(Ⅵ)和TCE反应过程中形成了Fe2O3.虽然增加了Fe2O3特征峰,但α-Fe0特征峰仍然存在且位置和峰高变化不明显,表明CMCS-S-nZVI材料稳定性较好,在地下水Cr(Ⅵ)和TCE污染去除应用中有较为广泛的适用性.
CMCS可通过减弱S-nZVI之间的物理相互作用并阻止S-nZVI表面高活性位点与周围介质(溶解氧和水)反应,其对Cr(Ⅵ)基本没有还原作用、吸附作用和分离作用.综上,可以得到CMCS-S-nZVI去除地下水中Cr(Ⅵ)和TCE的作用机制如图16所示.
3.1 CMCS和CMC表面均带有可电离基团,可抑制S-nZVI聚集并提高材料的分散性.TCE与Cr(Ⅵ)两种污染物共存时,Cr(Ⅵ)致使CMC-S-nZVI去除TCE的效率显著下降.
3.2 CMCS-S-nZVI去除Cr(Ⅵ)的机理包括吸附、还原与共沉淀等,其中吸附是限速步骤.吸附动力学过程和等温吸附过程分别可用准二级动力学模型以及Langmuir模型拟合,CMCS-S-nZVI比CMC-S-nZVI对Cr(Ⅵ)的最大吸附量高,为79.46mg/g.
3.3 CMCS-S-nZVI对TCE的降解主要以β-消除反应为主,其降解过程符合拟一级动力学模型.CMCS-S-nZVI比CMC-S-nZVI的表观反应速率常数大,且在相同TCE初始浓度下CMCS-S-nZVI对TCE的去除率更高.
3.4 CMCS-S-nZVI去除Cr(Ⅵ)和TCE复合污染的最佳投加量为0.6g/L.pH值为6~9时对CMCS-S-nZVI去除Cr(Ⅵ)、TCE效能无显著影响;NO3-、SO42-对CMCS-S-nZVI去除Cr(Ⅵ)、TCE均无显著影响,但应注意Cl可能产生负面效应.
  • 国家重点研发计划项目(2019YFC1803802)
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  • 接收时间:2024-07-22
  • 首发时间:2026-03-17
  • 出版时间:2025-02-20
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  • 收稿日期:2024-07-22
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国家重点研发计划项目(2019YFC1803802)
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    哈尔滨工业大学环境学院,城市水资源与水环境国家重点实验室,黑龙江 哈尔滨 150090

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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