Article(id=1240689598544802540, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, issueId=1240689590315569990, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1722268800000, receivedDateStr=2024-07-30, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773733051191, onlineDateStr=2026-03-17, pubDate=1739980800000, pubDateStr=2025-02-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773733051191, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-17, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773733051191, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773733051191, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1240689590315569990, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, year='2025', volume='45', issue='2', pageStart='593', pageEnd='1184', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773733049228, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773733150042, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1240690013239825123, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, issueId=1240689590315569990, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1240690013239825124, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, issueId=1240689590315569990, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=593, endPage=605, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1240689599715013426, articleId=1240689598544802540, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, language=EN, title=Number concentration, particle size distribution and emission factors of submicron aerosols during domestic coal burning, columnId=1234106386020365051, journalTitle=China Environmental Science, columnName=Air Pollution Control, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The particle number concentration and size distribution of combustion emissions from seven types of honeycomb briquettes and eleven types of lump coal were investigated using a Scanning Mobility Particle Sizer (SMPS) in a laboratory-simulated combustion setup with a dilution channel sampling system. Emission factors for the number concentration of various particle size segments were calculated, yielding essential data for the construction of a number concentration inventory and the enhancement of effect simulations. The results indicated the following: A significant quantity of submicron particles was emitted during the combustion processes of both coal types. The number concentrations exhibited a decreasing trend with increasing particle size, notably in the nucleation and Aitken modes. However, this decreasing trend was less pronounced in the lower particle size section of the accumulation mode (100nm ≤ Dp ≤ 200nm), while the number concentration of larger particles (200nm ≤ Dp) gradually increased with increasing particle size. The total number concentration emission factors from the combustion of honeycomb briquettes and lump coal were determined to be 9.9×1014±5.3×1014 particles/kg and 1.4×1015±7.9×1014 particles/kg, respectively. For lump coal, the emission factors across the three modes of combustion emissions were calculated as 1.0×1015±5.9×1014 particles/kg, 2.8×1014±2.5×1014 particles/kg, and 6.4×1013±3.5×1013 particles/kg. Notably, the three-modal mean concentration emission factors for lump coal were 1.3, 1.9, and 1.5times higher than those for honeycomb briquettes. Furthermore, the ICRP computational model was employed to estimate the total respiratory deposition flux (RDF) ranges of 7.6×1012 to 4.7×1013 particles/min for honeycomb briquettes and 5.7×1012 to 3.3×1013 particles/min for lump coal. It was found that over 90% of the RDF was attributed to the nuclear mode particles when compared to Aitken mode particles in the combustion emissions of submicron particles within the respiratory tract. Additionally, the particle RDF size distribution exhibited a decreasing trend across all three regions of the respiratory tract. Overall, this study provided a comprehensive analysis of particle number concentrations, size distributions, emission factors, and inhalation exposures associated with particulate matter from civil coal combustion emissions across different particle size sections. The findings contribute valuable data and essential support for the development of numerical concentration inventories, improvements in effect simulations, and assessments of health risks.

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基于实验室模拟燃烧以及稀释通道采样系统,利用扫描电迁移率粒径谱仪,采集分析了不同地区7种蜂窝煤和11种块煤燃烧排放亚微米颗粒物的数浓度和粒径分布特征,并获得了分粒径段数浓度排放因子和呼吸道沉积通量.结果表明,蜂窝煤和块煤燃烧过程中会排放大量亚微米颗粒物.亚微米颗粒物数浓度在核模态以及爱根核模态内下降趋势明显,在积聚模态低粒径段(100nm≤Dp≤200nm)下降趋势减弱,在积聚模态高粒径段(200nm≤Dp)颗粒物数浓度随粒径增长逐渐上升.蜂窝煤和块煤燃烧排放颗粒物总数浓度排放因子分别为(9.9×1014±5.3×1014)个/kg和(1.4×1015±7.9×1014)个/kg.块煤燃烧排放的三模态平均数浓度排放因子分别为(1.0×1015±5.9×1014)、(2.8×1014±2.5×1014)和(6.4×1013±3.5×1013)个/kg,块煤在3个模态当中的数浓度排放因子分别是蜂窝煤1.3倍、1.9倍以及1.5倍.采用ICRP计算模型得出,蜂窝煤和块煤的总沉积通量(RDF)分别为7.6×1012~4.7×1013个/min和5.7×1012~3.3×1013个/min.燃烧排放的亚微米颗粒物中核模态与爱根核模态颗粒在呼吸道的沉积量占比超过90%.在呼吸系统的3个区域中,颗粒RDF尺寸分布均呈递减分布.本研究对比分析了不同地区民用煤燃烧排放不同粒径段颗粒物数浓度粒径分布、排放因子和吸入暴露,可为数浓度清单构建、效应模拟改进和健康风险评估等提供基础数据和有效支撑.

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*责任作者,副教授,
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覃旭菁(1999-),男,湖南湘西人,中国地质大学(武汉)硕士研究生,主要从事民用煤排放气溶胶数浓度粒径分布及排放因子的研究. .

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覃旭菁(1999-),男,湖南湘西人,中国地质大学(武汉)硕士研究生,主要从事民用煤排放气溶胶数浓度粒径分布及排放因子的研究. .

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覃旭菁(1999-),男,湖南湘西人,中国地质大学(武汉)硕士研究生,主要从事民用煤排放气溶胶数浓度粒径分布及排放因子的研究. .

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Honeycomb briquette quality analysis (%)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
地区CdafHdafNdafSdafMadAadVadFCad
四川成都(蜂窝煤)38.91.60.40.40.753.19.836.5
山东济南(蜂窝煤)48.01.70.61.01.741.710.945.7
河北邯郸(蜂窝煤)58.01.40.60.81.735.57.755.2
河南济源(蜂窝煤)50.62.10.70.51.437.710.150.8
湖北武汉(蜂窝煤)48.62.00.70.91.441.311.246.2
湖南长沙(蜂窝煤)55.71.20.50.82.336.76.854.3
福建福州(蜂窝煤)47.32.00.60.61.842.29.546.6
云南昆明(块煤)78.65.40.81.15.030.56.158.4
宁夏银川(块煤)78.86.01.00.510.422.65.461.7
山东济南(块煤)89.34.91.60.91.020.87.171.7
山西大同(块煤)91.83.31.00.72.85.89.781.7
新疆昌吉(块煤)81.85.91.00.79.124.41.664.9
江苏无锡(块煤)80.73.71.00.83.57.08.980.6
甘肃天水(块煤)80.06.20.90.58.224.82.364.7
贵州遵义(块煤)90.94.31.20.92.75.911.380.0
重庆(块煤)1.21.31.21.31.221.016.361.4
陕西西安(块煤)85.45.40.80.58.925.74.960.5
黑龙江哈尔滨(块煤)80.95.61.20.55.124.510.859.6
), ArticleFig(id=1240689618555826197, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689598544802540, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

蜂窝煤和块煤煤质分析(%)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
地区CdafHdafNdafSdafMadAadVadFCad
四川成都(蜂窝煤)38.91.60.40.40.753.19.836.5
山东济南(蜂窝煤)48.01.70.61.01.741.710.945.7
河北邯郸(蜂窝煤)58.01.40.60.81.735.57.755.2
河南济源(蜂窝煤)50.62.10.70.51.437.710.150.8
湖北武汉(蜂窝煤)48.62.00.70.91.441.311.246.2
湖南长沙(蜂窝煤)55.71.20.50.82.336.76.854.3
福建福州(蜂窝煤)47.32.00.60.61.842.29.546.6
云南昆明(块煤)78.65.40.81.15.030.56.158.4
宁夏银川(块煤)78.86.01.00.510.422.65.461.7
山东济南(块煤)89.34.91.60.91.020.87.171.7
山西大同(块煤)91.83.31.00.72.85.89.781.7
新疆昌吉(块煤)81.85.91.00.79.124.41.664.9
江苏无锡(块煤)80.73.71.00.83.57.08.980.6
甘肃天水(块煤)80.06.20.90.58.224.82.364.7
贵州遵义(块煤)90.94.31.20.92.75.911.380.0
重庆(块煤)1.21.31.21.31.221.016.361.4
陕西西安(块煤)85.45.40.80.58.925.74.960.5
黑龙江哈尔滨(块煤)80.95.61.20.55.124.510.859.6
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民用煤燃烧排放亚微米颗粒物数浓度粒径分布和排放因子
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覃旭菁 1 , 孔少飞 1, 2 , 吴剑 1, 2, * , 郑淑睿 1 , 严沁 1 , 祁士华 2, 3
中国环境科学 | 大气污染与控制 2025,45(2): 593-605
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中国环境科学 | 大气污染与控制 2025, 45(2): 593-605
民用煤燃烧排放亚微米颗粒物数浓度粒径分布和排放因子
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覃旭菁1 , 孔少飞1, 2, 吴剑1, 2, * , 郑淑睿1, 严沁1, 祁士华2, 3
作者信息
  • 1.中国地质大学环境学院,湖北 武汉 430078
  • 2.湖北省大气复合污染研究中心,湖北 武汉 430078
  • 3.中国地质大学,生物地质与环境地质国家重点实验室,湖北 武汉 430074
  • 覃旭菁(1999-),男,湖南湘西人,中国地质大学(武汉)硕士研究生,主要从事民用煤排放气溶胶数浓度粒径分布及排放因子的研究. .

通讯作者:

*责任作者,副教授,
Number concentration, particle size distribution and emission factors of submicron aerosols during domestic coal burning
Xu-jing QIN1 , Shao-fei KONG1, 2, Jian WU1, 2, * , Shu-rui ZHENG1, Qin YAN1, Shi-hua QI2, 3
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430078, China
  • 2.Research Centre for Complex Air Pollution of Hubei Province, Wuhan 430078, China
  • 3.State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
出版时间: 2025-02-20
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基于实验室模拟燃烧以及稀释通道采样系统,利用扫描电迁移率粒径谱仪,采集分析了不同地区7种蜂窝煤和11种块煤燃烧排放亚微米颗粒物的数浓度和粒径分布特征,并获得了分粒径段数浓度排放因子和呼吸道沉积通量.结果表明,蜂窝煤和块煤燃烧过程中会排放大量亚微米颗粒物.亚微米颗粒物数浓度在核模态以及爱根核模态内下降趋势明显,在积聚模态低粒径段(100nm≤Dp≤200nm)下降趋势减弱,在积聚模态高粒径段(200nm≤Dp)颗粒物数浓度随粒径增长逐渐上升.蜂窝煤和块煤燃烧排放颗粒物总数浓度排放因子分别为(9.9×1014±5.3×1014)个/kg和(1.4×1015±7.9×1014)个/kg.块煤燃烧排放的三模态平均数浓度排放因子分别为(1.0×1015±5.9×1014)、(2.8×1014±2.5×1014)和(6.4×1013±3.5×1013)个/kg,块煤在3个模态当中的数浓度排放因子分别是蜂窝煤1.3倍、1.9倍以及1.5倍.采用ICRP计算模型得出,蜂窝煤和块煤的总沉积通量(RDF)分别为7.6×1012~4.7×1013个/min和5.7×1012~3.3×1013个/min.燃烧排放的亚微米颗粒物中核模态与爱根核模态颗粒在呼吸道的沉积量占比超过90%.在呼吸系统的3个区域中,颗粒RDF尺寸分布均呈递减分布.本研究对比分析了不同地区民用煤燃烧排放不同粒径段颗粒物数浓度粒径分布、排放因子和吸入暴露,可为数浓度清单构建、效应模拟改进和健康风险评估等提供基础数据和有效支撑.

民用煤燃烧  /  颗粒物数浓度  /  粒径分布  /  排放因子  /  吸入暴露

The particle number concentration and size distribution of combustion emissions from seven types of honeycomb briquettes and eleven types of lump coal were investigated using a Scanning Mobility Particle Sizer (SMPS) in a laboratory-simulated combustion setup with a dilution channel sampling system. Emission factors for the number concentration of various particle size segments were calculated, yielding essential data for the construction of a number concentration inventory and the enhancement of effect simulations. The results indicated the following: A significant quantity of submicron particles was emitted during the combustion processes of both coal types. The number concentrations exhibited a decreasing trend with increasing particle size, notably in the nucleation and Aitken modes. However, this decreasing trend was less pronounced in the lower particle size section of the accumulation mode (100nm ≤ Dp ≤ 200nm), while the number concentration of larger particles (200nm ≤ Dp) gradually increased with increasing particle size. The total number concentration emission factors from the combustion of honeycomb briquettes and lump coal were determined to be 9.9×1014±5.3×1014 particles/kg and 1.4×1015±7.9×1014 particles/kg, respectively. For lump coal, the emission factors across the three modes of combustion emissions were calculated as 1.0×1015±5.9×1014 particles/kg, 2.8×1014±2.5×1014 particles/kg, and 6.4×1013±3.5×1013 particles/kg. Notably, the three-modal mean concentration emission factors for lump coal were 1.3, 1.9, and 1.5times higher than those for honeycomb briquettes. Furthermore, the ICRP computational model was employed to estimate the total respiratory deposition flux (RDF) ranges of 7.6×1012 to 4.7×1013 particles/min for honeycomb briquettes and 5.7×1012 to 3.3×1013 particles/min for lump coal. It was found that over 90% of the RDF was attributed to the nuclear mode particles when compared to Aitken mode particles in the combustion emissions of submicron particles within the respiratory tract. Additionally, the particle RDF size distribution exhibited a decreasing trend across all three regions of the respiratory tract. Overall, this study provided a comprehensive analysis of particle number concentrations, size distributions, emission factors, and inhalation exposures associated with particulate matter from civil coal combustion emissions across different particle size sections. The findings contribute valuable data and essential support for the development of numerical concentration inventories, improvements in effect simulations, and assessments of health risks.

residential coal burning  /  aerosol number concentration  /  size distribution  /  emission factor  /  inhalation exposure
覃旭菁, 孔少飞, 吴剑, 郑淑睿, 严沁, 祁士华. 民用煤燃烧排放亚微米颗粒物数浓度粒径分布和排放因子. 中国环境科学, 2025 , 45 (2) : 593 -605 .
Xu-jing QIN, Shao-fei KONG, Jian WU, Shu-rui ZHENG, Qin YAN, Shi-hua QI. Number concentration, particle size distribution and emission factors of submicron aerosols during domestic coal burning[J]. China Environmental Science, 2025 , 45 (2) : 593 -605 .
空气动力学直径(Dp)小于1µm的颗粒物称为亚微米颗粒物.前人利用颗粒物表面积浓度对划分理论修改,用颗粒数浓度(PNC)划分亚微米颗粒物为三种模态[1],分别是核模态(Dp≤20nm)、爱根核模态(20nm<Dp≤100nm)和积聚模态(100nm<Dp≤1000nm).核模态颗粒主要由燃烧产生的硫酸气溶胶和大气环境中含有的硫酸气溶胶非均相成核过程[2-3]、矿物的蒸发和冷凝过程[4]以及气溶胶收缩动力学过程中形成[5],大气成核事件通常伴随着高数量浓度的核模态颗粒[3,6].爱根核模态颗粒主要由高温过程或化学反应产生的蒸汽凝结以及核模态颗粒通过凝聚生长形成[3].80%以上的硫酸盐颗粒属于积聚模态,来源于工业燃烧以及海洋喷溅等过程[6]以及爱根核模态颗粒凝聚生长[3],通过大气环流其可以被远距离运输影响其他地区的气溶胶粒子浓度[6].
不同模态粒径段的亚微米颗粒物会对人体健康和大气环境等造成严重影响.积聚模态颗粒数浓度每增加四分位数范围,呼吸系统住院率增加1.55%[7],中风急诊室就诊次数增加5.03%[8].核模态颗粒与爱根核模态颗粒能直接进入血液中,提高人体致癌风险[9-11].核模态与爱根核模态数浓度每四分位数增长变化,心血管疾病超额危险度为0.1~0.3[12],急性心肌梗塞发病风险增加3.29%[13].亚微米颗粒物对大气环境也具有重要影响.核模态与部分爱根核模态(Dp≤60nm),显著影响云微物理和辐射特性[14],维持云形成[15-16].积聚模态颗粒对可见光波段会产生米散射效应,导致大气消光系数剧增,并降低大气能见度[17],积聚模态高粒径段(200nm≤Dp≤500nm)颗粒物贡献了大气总消光系数28.3%[18].积聚模态颗粒还会通过碰并过程促进细雨的形成[19].亚微米颗粒物随着暖气团入侵至北极地区,期间高数浓度的积聚模态颗粒是导致北极气候变暖的重要原因[15].
根据国家统计局[20]和英国石油公司[21]的统计数据得出,中国煤炭消耗量位居世界第一,2021年中国煤炭消费总量达29亿t,占全球消耗量50%.其中,民用煤通常由于燃烧温度与燃烧效率低、没有合理控制排放设施,导致其燃烧过程中排放的亚微米颗粒物明显高于工业活动排放[22],产生广泛影响和严重危害.目前,相关研究分析了民用煤燃烧亚微米颗粒数浓度、峰值粒径以及数浓度排放因子,指出民用煤燃烧排放颗粒数总数浓度粒径分布形式为单峰分布[23-28].民用煤燃烧排放亚微米颗粒物的数浓度排放因子范围为1013~2×1017个/kg[25,29-30].但对于不同模态下的数浓度以及数浓度排放因子研究较少[29,31].同时,前人研究未考虑不同地区的燃料类型等差异,研究结果缺乏代表性,且仅利用单一粒径分布以及数浓度排放因子数据结果会导致排放清单和模式模拟结果等的不确定性增大.此外,不同模态下民用煤燃烧数浓度数据的缺乏也制约了其对人类活动影响的研究.前人研究表明民用煤燃烧排放不同模态颗粒的数浓度数据的缺乏影响数浓度对消光系数的研究[32].前人在模拟研究气溶胶-云相互作用时,使用的输入数据来自于AeroCom排放数据库[33-34].该数据库假设粒子质量和数量之间线性关系,忽略不同源排放颗粒数的粒径分布差异以及减排技术对其的影响[26,29,35-38],民用煤燃烧直接排放的不同模态颗粒物数浓度数据的缺乏,导致模拟结果存在不确定性.
基于此,本研究通过自主搭建的室内模拟燃烧装置和稀释通道采样系统,对不同地区的蜂窝煤和块煤开展燃烧排放测试,揭示了块煤和蜂窝煤燃烧排放的不同模态下亚微米颗粒物的粒径分布和数浓度变化特征,获得了不同粒径段的亚微米颗粒物数浓度排放因子,并识别了分粒径段亚微米颗粒物的呼吸系统沉积通量.本文研究颗粒的核模态粒径范畴实际为(5.59nm≤Dp≤20nm),而积聚模态粒径范畴实际为(100nm≤Dp≤400.81nm).研究结果可为改进气溶胶-云相互作用模拟以及建立数浓度排放清单提供基础数据,并为人类活动影响研究和人体健康风险评估等提供支撑.
本研究共采用18种民用煤,包括7种蜂窝煤和11种块煤,分别购置于全国各省地区,用于代表不同省份民用煤的排放特性,蜂窝煤和块煤的来源信息如表1所示.蜂窝煤普遍为10~12孔结构,直径9.5cm,高8cm.块煤用锤子敲碎至炉具中的大小.燃烧使用的炉灶为武汉市场购买的居民常用炉灶,炉具外径30cm,内径12cm,高43cm.
将购买的煤样进行煤质分析,分析结果如表1所示.将购买的煤样进行研磨过筛,煤样的过筛细度为120目.使用德国Elementar公司生产的元素分析仪(Elemental Analyzer Vario EL III)开展元素分析,测定样品中C、H、N、S的元素含量.测试过程中使用的煤样质量为0.02mg~1g,仪器对C、H、N、S的元素测量精度<0.1%abs.
使用精度为10-6g的分析天平称取一定质量的煤样(1±0.1) g,将该煤样放入105~110℃的干燥箱中干燥1.5~2h,再次称量,通过质量损失计算水分质量分数.用分析天平称取一定质量煤样(1±0.1)g平摊在灰皿中,放入马弗炉内,炉内温度<100℃.关上炉门并保留15mm的间隙.将炉缓慢加热至500℃,保持0.5h,随后加热至(815±10)℃保持1h直到质量恒定,残留物质量分数作为样品灰分含量.用分析天平称取一定质量煤样(1±0.1)g,放入陶瓷坩埚中,在(900±10)℃,隔绝空气加热7min,用缺少的质量占比煤样质量减去煤样水分含量占比得到挥发分含量占比.最后,样本总质量分数减去以上成分分数作为固定碳含量.
采用稀释通道采样系统采集烟气,模拟烟气进入大气后的稀释、冷却和凝结等过程[39].采样系统流程图见前人研究[40]以及图1.将民用煤炉放置在烟尘罩下,从最高高度开始缓慢向下调整烟尘罩高度,每次调节高度时都进行预实验,直到烟气不会从烟尘罩口逸出时,该高度为一个合理高度,以适应本次实验炉灶.外接的气泵抽出烟气管道内多余废气,并保持烟道内气体流速恒定.稀释通道采样探头放置在测量口内部,使探头方向平行于烟气流向.空气通过空压机,流经干燥净化器得到冷却的干结空气,将该干结空气与烟道里空气在稀释通道采样器中混合稀释,稀释后的烟气导入停留仓40~60s,再通过采样仪器分析,实验烟气流速259.6L/min.
在燃烧实验的全过程中,蜂窝煤与块煤的每组燃烧实验均严格控制,从而保证每组燃烧实验保证一致.燃烧实验前,先将木炭点燃,等木炭充分燃烧无明显烟气产生时,将其放置炉灶底部,而后将称好的民用煤放置在木炭上方.当进行块煤燃烧实验时,将块煤敲碎至合适大小放入炉灶中.当进行蜂窝煤燃烧实验时,先引燃最底部的一块蜂窝煤,然后将剩下的2块蜂窝煤放置其上,将3块煤孔对齐重叠摆放.每组实验蜂窝煤与块煤的点火方式和使用方式都严格与居民使用习惯保持一致.放入煤样时,采样系统开始运行,通过观察煤样燃烧状态,并用烟气分析仪上的CO与CO2数值分析燃烧效率,由燃烧效率85%(刚开始燃烧状态)到燃烧效率为100%(完全燃烧状态),即判定煤样燃烧充分,停止运行.每一次实验,记录燃烧前后的煤样质量,获取燃烧质量.稀释倍数为30倍.
本研究使用德国Grimm公司生产的SMPS+E扫描电迁移率粒径谱仪(Scanning Mobility Particle Sizer,SMPS).该仪器采用差分粒子电迁移器(Differential Mobility Analyser,DMA)对颗粒物进行分类,利用FCE法拉第静电沉降器(Electrostatic Precipitator,ESP)对其进行计数,采样过程中,为了保证仪器能稳定运行,最终不断调试鞘气比,使仪器正常运行,最终SMPS+E的粒径扫描范围为5.59~400.81nm,分为100个扫描通道,鞘气比为3,时间分辨率为273s,该仪器的采样流量为1L/min.此处粒径谱仪根据仪器所测电迁移率与颗粒迁移率粒径的关系,测出颗粒电迁移率粒径,而非空气动力学粒径.为了简化数浓度粒径分布分析以及数浓度排放因子分析,本文不考虑颗粒密度、形状因子和滑移修正因子等因素,假设电迁移率粒径为空气动力学粒径.
民用煤燃烧排放气溶胶数浓度排放因子计算如式(1)所示.其中,EF表示民用煤燃烧排放气溶胶数浓度排放因子,个/kg;v代表烟气流速,mL/min;t代表采样时间,min;c代表采样时仪器所测气溶胶数浓度,个/cm;n代表稀释倍数;m为一次实验过程消耗的煤的质量,单位为kg.
采用ICRP模型[41],计算出亚微米颗粒物在呼吸系统的沉积通量.该模型使用基于实验数据和理论的经验方程,通过沉降、惯性和扩散来表征呼吸系统3个主要区域的沉积:上呼吸道区(HA)、气管支气管区(TB)和肺泡区(AL).该模型可以预测的粒径段为1nm~100µm,误差范围为±0.03.
HA、TB和AL沉积效率和颗粒可吸入分数计算公式分别如式(2)~(4)所示,Dp为平均直径(µm).DFHA、DFTB和DFAL分别表示上呼吸道区域沉积效率、气管支气管区域沉积效率和肺泡区域沉积效率.IF为颗粒可吸入分数,计算方式如式(5)所示.
呼吸沉积通量计算如式(6)所示[42-43].RDF表示呼吸沉积通量,单位为个/min.DFi表示第i个粒径段的沉积分数;Ci表示第i个粒径段的颗粒物数浓度,单位为个/m3.此次研究中,VT表示每一次呼吸体积,取1.25×10-3m3f表示呼吸频率;取20次/min.
每组蜂窝煤与块煤颗粒的采样时间均是从点火开始采样,直到煤完全燃烧熄灭为止结束采样,每组数据均为整体燃烧阶段采样,未对燃烧阶段进行细分.蜂窝煤和块煤燃烧排放的亚微米颗粒物数浓度具有相同的粒径分布特征,峰值粒径主要集中在核模态粒径范围内.燃烧产生的碳氢化合物、无机盐以及挥发性气体会发生冷凝成核现象,可能产生大量的核模态颗粒[23],这导致核模态粒径段数浓度很高并产生峰值.随着粒径的增长,颗粒物数浓度在核模态以及爱根核模态粒径段内明显下降(下降2个量级),在积聚模态低粒径段内(100nm≤Dp≤200nm)颗粒物数浓度下降趋势减弱(下降1~2个量级),并在积聚模态高粒径段内(200nm≤Dp)缓慢上升.爱根核模态颗粒物很不稳定,容易被大颗粒物表面吸附成为低粒径积聚模态颗粒,导致爱根核模态颗粒数浓度低于核模态颗粒,颗粒物数浓度随粒径的增长逐渐下降,低粒径段积聚模态颗粒数浓度则得到补充,导致其下降减弱.此外,低粒径段积聚模态颗粒更容易吸附捕获小颗粒使自身粒径增大至积聚模态高粒径段范围内,造成积聚模态高粒径段内的颗粒物数浓度增大[29,45],颗粒物数浓度随粒径增长缓慢上升.
不同地区煤样燃烧排放的亚微米颗粒物数浓度在各个粒径段内存在差异,这主要与其含水率、含碳量和固定碳含量有关.湖南长沙蜂窝煤样本的含水量大(2.3%),燃烧效率低[46],湖南长沙蜂窝煤挥发分小(6.8%),而挥发分中的有机化合物是导致燃烧下游形成的有机气溶胶原因[23],虽然该煤样固定碳含量高(54.3%),但可能前两个因素对颗粒数浓度排放的综合影响要高于固定碳含量的影响,导致其各个模态的数浓度值比其他煤样低1个量级.山西大同块煤样本的固定碳含量(81.7%)与碳含量(91.8%)高,大量碳骨架气化和燃烧增加了燃烧速率,导致其排放了更多的核模态与爱根核模态颗粒[46].此外,在积聚模态粒径段内,颗粒物数浓度还与煤样燃烧排放的核模态颗粒数以及爱根核模态颗粒数高低有关.河南济源蜂窝煤的核模态和爱根核模态颗粒物数浓度比其他煤样高.高浓度的两种模态颗粒更容易碰撞聚并形成积聚模态颗粒[47],其排放的积聚模态颗粒数浓度是其他蜂窝煤样本的4.5倍.
综上,峰窝煤和块煤整体粒径分布特征没有明显区别,但不同产地有所差异.粒径分布作为气候模型的重要输入参数[48],如果只考虑单一民用煤粒径分布特征作为输入参数,而忽略不同地区民用煤粒径分布特征差异,气候模型预测结果会出现误差.因此需要继续开展不同地区煤样测试,获取更精确的煤样数浓度的粒径分布特征.
块煤和蜂窝煤在整个燃烧阶段(即从点火开始到煤完全燃烧熄灭,未对燃烧阶段进行细分)的平均总数浓度排放因子和三模态平均数浓度排放因子如图3所示.块煤燃烧的平均总数浓度排放因子为(1.4×1015±7.9×1014)个/kg,是蜂窝煤的平均总数浓度排放因子的1.4倍,块煤燃烧排放的核模态、爱根核模态和积聚模态平均数浓度排放因子分别为(1.0×1015±5.9×1014),(2.8×1014±2.5×1014)和(6.4×1013±3.5×1013)个/kg,分别是蜂窝煤排放的1.3倍、1.9倍以及1.5倍.本研究蜂窝煤与块煤的平均总数浓度排放因子与前人研究结果相似[25,29-30,49],但本研究蜂窝煤与块煤核模态平均总数浓度排放因子是爱根核模态的3.8倍和5.3倍,而前人研究中爱根核模排放因子是核模态的18.1倍[32],这可能是由于其研究没有使用停留仓,没有模拟大气老化过程,导致燃烧排放的硫酸盐气溶胶等无机颗粒无法及时引发非均相成核过程[2,50]而直接被仪器分析收集.除此之外,也可能与不同实验条件有关,这些因素共同使得其研究得出的爱根核模态颗粒数浓度排放因子高于核模态颗粒数浓度排放因子.
不同地区蜂窝煤和块煤在整个燃烧阶段的总数浓度排放因子和三模态数浓度排放因子均具有明显差异(图4).从总数浓度上看,陕西西安块煤的总数浓度排放因子最高,为(2.6×1015±3.5×1014)个/kg,是黑龙江哈尔滨块煤排放因子的6.2倍.河南济源蜂窝煤总数浓度排放因子最高,为(2.1×1015±1.5×1015)个/kg,是山东济南蜂窝煤排放因子的5.3倍.这可能与其挥发分和灰分的含量有关.黑龙江哈尔滨块煤的挥发分是陕西西安块煤的挥发分的2.2倍,山东济南蜂窝煤的灰分是河南济源蜂窝煤灰分的1.1倍.大量挥发分与灰分成分促进了颗粒的生长,使得粒子间碰撞聚合效率增大,导致总数浓度减少[23,28].从三模态数浓度上看,河南济源、湖北武汉和湖南长沙等地的蜂窝煤排放因子最高,是山东济南蜂窝煤排放因子的2.7~5.5倍.陕西西安、贵州遵义和新疆昌吉块煤核模态和积聚模态的排放因子最高,是黑龙江哈尔滨块煤排放因子的1.2~6.6倍.江苏无锡块煤爱根核模态的排放因子最高,是黑龙江哈尔滨块煤排放因子的15.1倍,这可能是由于这些煤样排放出高数量的核模态颗粒以及爱根核模态颗粒,积聚模态主要由这两个模态碰撞聚并形成[47],进而导致高数量的积聚模态颗粒的排放,因此这些煤样在3个模态当中数浓度排放因子均最高.然而,由于不同地区的排放差异本质上除了与不同地区民用煤煤质成分差异有关,还与民用煤的孔隙率、排放组分以及燃烧状态有关,由于本研究实验条件的限制,我们缺乏对孔隙率、排放组分以及燃烧状态等因素的相关数据的测量,因此对孔隙率、排放组分以及燃烧状态等因素对于颗粒生成特性的影响并没有进行深入讨论.未来将使用更多的仪器设备,考虑这些因素对它的影响以及对不同燃烧阶段的数浓度排放特征进行更细致地研究.
综上,块煤总数浓度和三模态数浓度排放因子均高于蜂窝煤.不同模态下,各个地区蜂窝煤和块煤数浓度排放因子差异显著,这与蜂窝煤和块煤的制作工艺及煤质成分有关.在构建数浓度排放清单时,如果忽略了不同地区蜂窝煤与块煤的数浓度排放因子差异,会导致数浓度排放清单不确定性较大.本文的研究结果有助于完善中国民用煤燃烧数浓度排放因子数据库,并提高数浓度排放清单的准确性.
不同地区蜂窝煤与块煤排放的亚微米颗粒物整个燃烧阶段的总RDF及三模态下的RDF如图5所示.蜂窝煤和块煤的总RDF分别为7.6×1012~4.7×1013和5.7×1012~3.3×1013个/min.其中,RDF最高的蜂窝煤样本是河南济源蜂窝煤(4.7×1013个/min),是河北邯郸蜂窝煤RDF的6.2倍.RDF最高的块煤样本是陕西西安块煤(3.3×1013个/min),是黑龙江哈尔滨块煤的RDF的5.8倍.不同模态下,蜂窝煤与块煤排放的亚微米颗粒物的RDF在核模态粒径段内均达到峰值,平均占比分别为89.8%与88.8%.在爱根核模态和积聚模态粒径段内,所有煤样排放亚微米颗粒物的RDF在呼吸系统三区域中均呈下降趋势.不同模态粒径段内,呼吸系统三区域的RDF占比分数不同,但分布相同.三区域按RDF值从小到大均依次排列为HA、TB和AL.沉积在呼吸系统三区域的亚微米颗粒物均主要来自核模态和爱根核模态颗粒,其中核模态贡献平均达89%.亚微米颗粒物在呼吸系统三区域的RDF随粒径增大而降低,核模态和爱根核模态主要沉积在AL,这与前人的研究相同[42,44,51].但前人研究当中RDF粒径分布形式为单峰分布[43],本研究呼吸道三区域的RDF分布呈递减分布,这可能是以往对吸入气溶胶暴露研究所使用的是质量沉积而非数量沉积有关.人体可以通过吞咽或粘液纤毛运输清除沉积在HA和TB中的颗粒物至体外[52-53],而通向肺泡的颗粒对人体健康危害更大[54].沉积在肺泡中的核模态颗粒与爱根核模态颗粒能引发肺部炎症导致心力衰竭[55],这些颗粒物还可以转至人体循环系统造成心血管疾病引发死亡[56-57],本文的研究结果显示AL中亚微米颗粒物的RDF占比高达47%,表明民用煤燃烧排放的大量亚微米颗粒物会对居民健康造成严重威胁.
综上,不同地区蜂窝煤和块煤排放亚微米颗粒物的RDF具有明显差异.不同模态下,蜂窝煤与块煤在呼吸系统三区域的RDF占比不同,但分布相同.在进行民用煤数浓度吸入暴露研究时,如果忽略不同地区煤样排放亚微米颗粒物的RDF差异,会导致民用煤数浓度吸入暴露研究不确定性增高,影响对家庭人群健康风险评估.此前尚未有报道应用该模型研究民用煤燃烧排放亚微米颗粒物的颗粒数呼吸沉积通量,本文的研究结果可作为控制民用煤微小粒径气溶胶排放的依据,也可为农村燃煤家庭人群的健康风险评估提供有效支撑.
3.1 蜂窝煤与块煤在核模态与爱根核模态内,随粒径的增长,颗粒物数浓度下降趋势明显,但在积聚模态低粒径段内(100nm≤Dp≤200nm)下降趋势衰减,在积聚模态高粒径段内(200nm≤Dp)呈现上升趋势.
3.2 块煤燃烧排放的总粒径以及三个模态平均数浓度排放因子分别为(1.4×1015±7.9×1014),(1.0×1015±5.9×1014),(2.8×1014±2.5×1014)和(6.4×1013±3.5×1013)个/kg,分别是蜂窝煤总粒径以及对应模态的排放因子的1.4倍、1.3倍、1.9倍以及1.5倍.燃烧块煤更易提高成云致雨的可能性,增大大气消光系数,更易损害人体健康.
3.3 简化的ICRP模型表明,蜂窝煤的总RDF范围为7.6×1012~4.7×1013个/min,块煤的总RDF范围为5.7×1012~3.3×1013个/min.两种煤在呼吸系统的3个区域中,颗粒物的RDF尺寸分布均呈递减趋势,沉积的亚微米颗粒物主要是核模态颗粒,贡献达89%.
  • 中国工程科技发展战略湖北研究院战略研究与咨询项目(2023-DFZD-45)
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(42205116; 42077202)
  • 博士后科学基金资助项目(2022M712947)
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2025年第45卷第2期
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  • 接收时间:2024-07-30
  • 首发时间:2026-03-17
  • 出版时间:2025-02-20
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  • 收稿日期:2024-07-30
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中国工程科技发展战略湖北研究院战略研究与咨询项目(2023-DFZD-45)
国家自然科学基金资助项目(42205116; 42077202)
博士后科学基金资助项目(2022M712947)
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    1.中国地质大学环境学院,湖北 武汉 430078
    2.湖北省大气复合污染研究中心,湖北 武汉 430078
    3.中国地质大学,生物地质与环境地质国家重点实验室,湖北 武汉 430074

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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