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This study focused on the plant-microbe combined remediation system involving Bacillus megaterium and Celosia argentea L., to explore the impact of Bacillus megaterium on the succession of the rhizosphere microbial community and its role in the remediation of cadmium-contaminated soil. High-throughput sequencing analysis was conducted to examine the structural changes in the rhizosphere microbiota of Celosia argentea at different time points (7th, 21st, and 50th days). The results indicated that in the treatment group, inoculated with B. megaterium, the number of OTUs, diversity indices (Shannon, Simpson), and richness indices (Chao1, Ace) of the microbial community were all higher than those in the control group by the 50th day; the Acidobacteriota, Chloroflexi, Proteobacteria, and Bacteroidetes were the core groups within the microbial community; B. megaterium was able to dominate the rhizosphere microbial community in the early stages but its relative abundance gradually declined from 12.01% to 1.17% over the 50days; Functional prediction of the soil microbial community showed that B. megaterium mainly promoted the C and N cycle within the microbial community, potentially exerting a positive influence on the functionality and stability of the microbial community; B. megaterium significantly increased the cadmium content in the leaves of C. argentea and the bioavailable cadmium content in the rhizosphere soil by 40.3% and 17.6%, respectively. This study provides a theoretical foundation and empirical data support for optimizing plant-microbe combined remediation techniques and understanding the succession patterns of microbial communities in plant-microbe combined remediation systems.

, correspAuthors=Guo YU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Cai-xing LAI, Hua LIN, Ze-hui LIU, Zi-han DONG, Jie LIU, Guo YU), CN=ArticleExt(id=1240689603313717632, articleId=1240689597928230937, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, language=CN, title=巨大芽孢杆菌-青葙组合对镉污染土壤微生物群落演替的驱动作用, columnId=1240689596959346705, journalTitle=中国环境科学, columnName=环境微生物, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

以巨大芽孢杆菌(Bacillus megaterium)和青葙(Celosia argentea L.)的植物-微生物联合修复体系为研究对象,探究了巨大芽孢杆菌对青葙根际微生物群落演替的影响及其在镉污染土壤修复中的作用.通过高通量测序分析了青葙根际微生物在不同时间节点(第7,21,50d)的群落结构变化.结果表明,添加巨大芽孢杆菌的处理组在第50d时,微生物群落的OTUs数量、多样性指数(Shannon、Simpson)和丰富度指数(Chao1、Ace)均高于对照组;酸杆菌门、绿弯菌门、变形菌门和拟杆菌门是微生物群落中的核心菌群;巨大芽孢杆菌能在初期占据根际微生物群落中的主导地位,但其相对丰度在50d内由12.01%逐渐下降至1.17%;土壤微生物群落功能预测显示巨大芽孢杆菌主要促进了土壤中微生物群落的碳循环和氮循环,对微生物群落的功能和稳定性产生了积极的影响;巨大芽孢杆菌能显著增加青葙叶片中的镉含量和根际土壤中的有效态镉含量,增幅分别为40.3%和17.6%.本研究为优化植物-微生物联合修复技术,了解植物-微生物联合修复体系的根际微生物群落演替规律提供了理论基础和实验数据支持.

, correspAuthors=俞果, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*责任作者,副教授,
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赖才星(1997-),男,广西荔浦人,桂林理工大学博士研究生,从事土壤重金属污染治理方面研究. .

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赖才星(1997-),男,广西荔浦人,桂林理工大学博士研究生,从事土壤重金属污染治理方面研究. .

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language=CN, label=图5, caption=基于FAPROTAX的土壤微生物群落功能预测, figureFileSmall=ieMk1JDGgAnNQqWnRJ7IEA==, figureFileBig=sDGEZ0jUWxbjWzGHE/LSfw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240689612398579809, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689597928230937, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Effects of different treatments on Cd content in various parts of C. argentea.(a) and effects of different treatments on bioavailable Cd content in rhizospheric soil (b), figureFileSmall=9mXpTVrAe+y4O0y4kd5CEA==, figureFileBig=62sKrFZ/1EzVZiQK5lkC0A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240689612570546296, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689597928230937, language=CN, label=图6, caption=(a)不同处理对青葙各部位Cd含量的影响;(b)不同处理对根际土壤有效态Cd含量的影响

不同小写字母表示不同处理下同一部位间差异显著(P<0.05)

, figureFileSmall=9mXpTVrAe+y4O0y4kd5CEA==, figureFileBig=62sKrFZ/1EzVZiQK5lkC0A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240689612864147593, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689597928230937, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

The composition of the modified Hoagland’s solution

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
成分单位数值
Ca(NO3)2mmol/L5.00
KNO3mmol/L5.00
K2HPO4mmol/L0.20
KClmmol/L0.15
MgSO4·7H2Ommol/L1.00
H3BO3µmol/L20.00
MnCl2·4H2Oµmol/L9.00
ZnSO4·7H2Oµmol/L2.00
CuSO4·5H2Oµmol/L1.00
Na2MoO4µmol/L0.40
C10H12FeN2NaO8µmol/L20.00
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改良霍格兰溶液的成分

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
成分单位数值
Ca(NO3)2mmol/L5.00
KNO3mmol/L5.00
K2HPO4mmol/L0.20
KClmmol/L0.15
MgSO4·7H2Ommol/L1.00
H3BO3µmol/L20.00
MnCl2·4H2Oµmol/L9.00
ZnSO4·7H2Oµmol/L2.00
CuSO4·5H2Oµmol/L1.00
Na2MoO4µmol/L0.40
C10H12FeN2NaO8µmol/L20.00
), ArticleFig(id=1240689613174526120, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689597928230937, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Physicochemical properties of tested soil

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参数单位数值
pH值6.06±0.19
有效磷mg/kg9.22±1.25
速效钾mg/kg145.26±12.61
铵态氮mg/kg16.02±1.77
有机质%1.77±0.26
阳离子交换量cmol/kg9.86±0.42
总Cdmg/kg4.90±0.73
有效态Cdmg/kg2.11±0.07
), ArticleFig(id=1240689613363269815, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689597928230937, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

供试土壤理化性质

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数单位数值
pH值6.06±0.19
有效磷mg/kg9.22±1.25
速效钾mg/kg145.26±12.61
铵态氮mg/kg16.02±1.77
有机质%1.77±0.26
阳离子交换量cmol/kg9.86±0.42
总Cdmg/kg4.90±0.73
有效态Cdmg/kg2.11±0.07
), ArticleFig(id=1240689613510070469, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689597928230937, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Indices of microbial diversity and richness in rhizosphere soil at different stages

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组别OTUs多样性指数丰富度指数覆盖率
ShannonSimpsonChao1Ace
Control_D725988.59770.99232402.81342467.77700.9917
Control_D2123248.43340.98992340.53682417.59620.9907
Control_D5024038.46900.98542302.85872375.00860.9897
Inoculated_D724047.90140.97042330.56452400.99710.9902
Inoculated_D2122808.66510.99102154.23512220.72910.9844
Inoculated_D5027908.48860.98772502.21942568.75580.9906
), ArticleFig(id=1240689613673648344, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689597928230937, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

不同时期根际土壤微生物多样性和丰富度指数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组别OTUs多样性指数丰富度指数覆盖率
ShannonSimpsonChao1Ace
Control_D725988.59770.99232402.81342467.77700.9917
Control_D2123248.43340.98992340.53682417.59620.9907
Control_D5024038.46900.98542302.85872375.00860.9897
Inoculated_D724047.90140.97042330.56452400.99710.9902
Inoculated_D2122808.66510.99102154.23512220.72910.9844
Inoculated_D5027908.48860.98772502.21942568.75580.9906
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巨大芽孢杆菌-青葙组合对镉污染土壤微生物群落演替的驱动作用
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赖才星 1 , 林华 1, 2, 3 , 刘泽蕙 1 , 董梓涵 1 , 刘杰 1 , 俞果 1, 4, *
中国环境科学 | 环境微生物 2025,45(2): 1036-1044
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中国环境科学 | 环境微生物 2025, 45(2): 1036-1044
巨大芽孢杆菌-青葙组合对镉污染土壤微生物群落演替的驱动作用
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赖才星1 , 林华1, 2, 3, 刘泽蕙1, 董梓涵1, 刘杰1, 俞果1, 4, *
作者信息
  • 1.桂林理工大学,广西环境污染控制理论与技术重点实验室,广西 桂林 541006
  • 2.桂林理工大学,岩溶地区水污染控制与用水安全保障协同创新中心,广西 桂林 541006
  • 3.桂林理工大学,广西生态环保现代产业学院,广西 桂林 541006
  • 4.清华大学环境学院,北京 100084
  • 赖才星(1997-),男,广西荔浦人,桂林理工大学博士研究生,从事土壤重金属污染治理方面研究. .

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*责任作者,副教授,
The driving effect of Bacillus megaterium-Celosia argentea L. combination on the succession of microbial communities in cadmium-contaminated soil
Cai-xing LAI1 , Hua LIN1, 2, 3, Ze-hui LIU1, Zi-han DONG1, Jie LIU1, Guo YU1, 4, *
Affiliations
  • 1.Guangxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control Theory and Technology, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541006, China
  • 2.Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Water Pollution Control and water safety in Karst Area, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541006, China
  • 3.Guangxi Modern Industry College of Ecology and Environmental Protection, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541006, China
  • 4.Center for Water and Ecology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
出版时间: 2025-02-20
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以巨大芽孢杆菌(Bacillus megaterium)和青葙(Celosia argentea L.)的植物-微生物联合修复体系为研究对象,探究了巨大芽孢杆菌对青葙根际微生物群落演替的影响及其在镉污染土壤修复中的作用.通过高通量测序分析了青葙根际微生物在不同时间节点(第7,21,50d)的群落结构变化.结果表明,添加巨大芽孢杆菌的处理组在第50d时,微生物群落的OTUs数量、多样性指数(Shannon、Simpson)和丰富度指数(Chao1、Ace)均高于对照组;酸杆菌门、绿弯菌门、变形菌门和拟杆菌门是微生物群落中的核心菌群;巨大芽孢杆菌能在初期占据根际微生物群落中的主导地位,但其相对丰度在50d内由12.01%逐渐下降至1.17%;土壤微生物群落功能预测显示巨大芽孢杆菌主要促进了土壤中微生物群落的碳循环和氮循环,对微生物群落的功能和稳定性产生了积极的影响;巨大芽孢杆菌能显著增加青葙叶片中的镉含量和根际土壤中的有效态镉含量,增幅分别为40.3%和17.6%.本研究为优化植物-微生物联合修复技术,了解植物-微生物联合修复体系的根际微生物群落演替规律提供了理论基础和实验数据支持.

植物修复  /  巨大芽孢杆菌  /  青葙  /  镉污染  /  群落演替

This study focused on the plant-microbe combined remediation system involving Bacillus megaterium and Celosia argentea L., to explore the impact of Bacillus megaterium on the succession of the rhizosphere microbial community and its role in the remediation of cadmium-contaminated soil. High-throughput sequencing analysis was conducted to examine the structural changes in the rhizosphere microbiota of Celosia argentea at different time points (7th, 21st, and 50th days). The results indicated that in the treatment group, inoculated with B. megaterium, the number of OTUs, diversity indices (Shannon, Simpson), and richness indices (Chao1, Ace) of the microbial community were all higher than those in the control group by the 50th day; the Acidobacteriota, Chloroflexi, Proteobacteria, and Bacteroidetes were the core groups within the microbial community; B. megaterium was able to dominate the rhizosphere microbial community in the early stages but its relative abundance gradually declined from 12.01% to 1.17% over the 50days; Functional prediction of the soil microbial community showed that B. megaterium mainly promoted the C and N cycle within the microbial community, potentially exerting a positive influence on the functionality and stability of the microbial community; B. megaterium significantly increased the cadmium content in the leaves of C. argentea and the bioavailable cadmium content in the rhizosphere soil by 40.3% and 17.6%, respectively. This study provides a theoretical foundation and empirical data support for optimizing plant-microbe combined remediation techniques and understanding the succession patterns of microbial communities in plant-microbe combined remediation systems.

phytoremediation  /  Bacillus megaterium  /  Celosia argentea  /  cadmium contamination  /  community succession
赖才星, 林华, 刘泽蕙, 董梓涵, 刘杰, 俞果. 巨大芽孢杆菌-青葙组合对镉污染土壤微生物群落演替的驱动作用. 中国环境科学, 2025 , 45 (2) : 1036 -1044 .
Cai-xing LAI, Hua LIN, Ze-hui LIU, Zi-han DONG, Jie LIU, Guo YU. The driving effect of Bacillus megaterium-Celosia argentea L. combination on the succession of microbial communities in cadmium-contaminated soil[J]. China Environmental Science, 2025 , 45 (2) : 1036 -1044 .
镉(Cd)是一种具有显著生态和健康风险的环境污染物[1-2].土壤中过量的镉能够抑制植物生长,导致农作物大量减产[3].此外,镉可通过食物链累积,对人类健康构成一定威胁[4-5].因此,土壤镉污染是亟待解决的环境问题之一.
植物修复技术被广泛认为是修复镉等重金属污染土壤最具潜力的方法之一[6].但因存在植物生长缓慢、生物量较低、人工种植困难等缺陷,限制了植物修复技术在实际工程中的应用[7].青葙(Celosia argentea L.)是本课题组在国内发现和报道的镉超富集植物,具有分布广泛、生长迅速、适应能力强、易于人工繁殖和一年多次收割等诸多优点,在土壤镉污染的植物修复领域表现出极高的应用前景[8-9].前期研究表明,在未开展强化措施的情况下,单次收获周期青葙对土壤镉的去除率不到10%,导致修复所需时间较长[10].因此,有必要通过强化措施提高青葙的镉修复效率,缩短植物修复周期.课题组前期研究发现[11-12],施加巨大芽孢杆菌(Bacillus megaterium)使青葙根部和地上部分生物量分别增加42%和59%,地上部镉含量增加107%,显著提高了植物修复效率.
在植物-微生物联合修复体系中,外源微生物、土著微生物和重金属在植物根际微域环境的交互作用是一个复杂的动态过程.外源微生物被施加到植物根际后,将与土著微生物进行竞争进而引起根际微生物群落的演替,外源微生物能否在竞争中存活下来并占据优势地位是植物-微生物修复技术成功的关键[13].Jeong等[14]研究发现,外源阿氏芽孢杆菌至少需要8周才能在印度芥菜的根际微生物群落中完全占据主导地位.因此,本文在课题组前期发现巨大芽孢杆菌能显著提高青葙修复镉污染土壤效率的基础上,通过16S高通量测序技术,从时间维度上探究了青葙根际巨大芽孢杆菌丰度的动态变化及根际微生物的群落演替规律,分析巨大芽孢杆菌对青葙根际微生态的调控作用和功能,为优化植物-微生物联合修复技术、提升青葙在土壤镉污染修复中的效率提供理论基础和实验数据支持.
采用超富集植物青葙作为供试植物,青葙种子取自桂林市阳朔县兴坪镇思的村铅锌矿尾砂库.选取颗粒饱满的种子,用10%的H2O2溶液浸泡消毒后,用超纯水冲洗并在育苗盘中播种,将育苗盘置于桂林理工大学重金属污染植物修复试验基地的温室大棚中培养.温室的温度恒定在20~35℃,日平均光照时间为14h,光照强度为300µmol photons/(m2/s),相对湿度维持在70%~75%.种子萌发后,每天固定时间浇水,一周后每周用50%的改良霍格兰溶液浇灌一次(表1).待青葙幼苗长出4~6片嫩叶且植株高度为5~6cm时,选取生长状况一致的幼苗进行移栽,以备后续实验使用[15].
供试土壤采自桂林市阳朔县兴坪镇思的村一处受镉污染的农田.采集0~20cm深度的农田表层土壤,将土壤自然风干后过10目筛,去除土样中的石块、大块土和植物残渣等杂质.随后将土壤进一步磨碎并通过2mm筛网,过筛后的土壤用于后续分析和实验.将HNO3和HCl以3:1的体积比混合配制王水,用于土壤消解,随后采用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱仪(ICP-OES,PerkinElmer Avio 500Max)测定土壤总Cd含量;采用DTPA(二乙烯三胺五乙酸)浸提法测定土壤有效态Cd含量.土壤理化性质的测定方法主要参照鲍士旦主编的《土壤农化分析》.供试土壤的基本理化性质见表2,数值以平均值±标准差的形式展示(n=3).
实验所用的巨大芽孢杆菌菌株购于中国普通微生物菌种保藏管理中心.将菌株接种于LB(Luria-Bertani)液体培养基后,在设定为37℃温度、180r/min转速的恒温摇床中进行增殖培养,持续36h后获得巨大芽孢杆菌菌悬液.随后,将菌悬液在高速离心机中以10000r/min的转速离心10min,去除上层培养液,并用无菌水对菌体进行冲洗.重复上述离心、清洗步骤3次后,加入适量无菌水,将菌悬液浓度调整至109cfu/kg,以备后续实验使用[12].
本实验采取盆栽实验,在桂林理工大学重金属污染植物修复试验基地的温室大棚中进行(2023年6月至7月中旬).实验设置了2个处理组,分别为添加了巨大芽孢杆菌菌悬液的处理组和添加了等量无菌水的对照组,每组实验设置了12个平行样本.将青葙幼苗移栽入含有1kg污染土的盆栽中,2d后向处理组的青葙根部缓慢浇灌50mL浓度为109cfu/kg的巨大芽孢杆菌菌悬液,而对照组的青葙则浇灌50mL的无菌水.采样时间参考了Jeong等[14]、Li等[16]的方法,并结合青葙的生长周期[17]略作改动:在加菌后的第7d、第21d、第50d,分别随机选取处理组和对照组中的4盆青葙,采集根际土样(采集后不再继续种植)进行微生物多样性扩增子测序(16S rDNA).此外,在第50d时收获植物,测量其各部位Cd含量以及根际土壤有效态Cd含量.生长期间,使土壤含水量保持在田间持水量的70%~75%左右.
每次采集根际土样时,小心地将青葙从盆栽中取出,去除根部大块土壤,黏附在根系表面1~3mm范围内的松散土壤即视作根际土[18].使用无菌离心管收集约0.5g根际土,在液氮中进行30min速冻处理.随后放置于干冰中,寄至广州基迪奥生物科技有限公司进行微生物多样性扩增子测序.从根际土样本中提取基因组DNA后,用带有barcode的特异引物341F和806R扩增16S rDNA的V3~V4区[19].将纯化后的扩增产物(即扩增子)连接测序接头,构建测序文库,用Illumina MiSeq PE300进行高通量测序.测序获取大量的原始数据(Raw Reads)之后,经过一系列的数据处理,得到的数据为有效序列(Effective Tags).基于有效序列进行操作分类单元(OTUs)丰度统计,获得OTUs的丰度和OTUs代表序列.基于OTUs序列、丰度数据,利用基迪奥Omicsmart云平台(https://www.omicsmart.com)开展物种注释、物种组成分析、指示物种分析、α多样性分析、β多样性分析和群落功能预测.
在第50d收获植物时,将青葙分为根、茎、叶三部分进行处理.用超纯水冲洗根系,随后浸没在20mmol/L EDTA-Na2溶液中超声清洗5min,再用超纯水冲洗,以去除吸附在根系表面的重金属.茎和叶则先用超纯水冲洗表面尘土,再用去离子水冲洗干净.洗净的植物样品在105℃下杀青30min,75℃下烘干至恒重(48h).将完全烘干后的根、茎和叶分别粉碎,准确称取粉碎的植物样品(0.200g)用HNO3-H2O2法消解处理.样品中的Cd含量使用ICP-OES测定.根际土壤有效态Cd含量的测定方法同1.1.2所述.实验过程所使用的化学试剂均为分析纯级别,并依据国家一级标准物质(GBW 07602(GSV-2))和平行空白样进行植物和土壤样本的消解、质量控制工作[12,15].样本的回收率介于95%~105%,测定偏差控制在±10%以内,表明质量控制结果合格.
使用Microsoft Excel 2019进行统计计算,使用SPSS 27中的单因素方差(ANOVA)和最小显著差数法(LSD)进行差异显著分析(P<0.05).图表由Origin 2021绘制.
在对土壤样品进行高通量测序后,获得的细菌OTUs平均个数在2324~2790之间.基于细菌OTUs的覆盖率(Good’s coverage)均高于0.98,稀释曲线随序列数增加而趋于平缓,这充分证明了测序结果的准确性和可靠性,能够真实反映土壤样品的实际情况.对照组的OTUs平均数量在第7d时为2598个,随后在第21d时下降至2324个,最后在第50d时略有回升至2403个.与之相比,处理组在第7d时OTUs平均数量与对照组相近,到第50d时OTUs平均数量为2790个,是对照组的1.16倍.通过Shannon、Simpson、Chao1和Ace指数来评价青葙根际土壤中微生物群落的多样性和丰富度.由表3可知,Shannon多样性指数在对照组中略有浮动,但保持相对稳定;而在处理组中,第21d时观察到Shannon指数达到最高值,随后在第50d时略有下降,但仍高于对照组.对照组的Simpson指数在50d内逐渐下降,但降幅低于1%(第50d对比第7d),表明微生物群落的均匀度随时间略有降低.而处理组的Simpson指数先升后降,反应出微生物群落均匀度的先增后稳,这可能说明了巨大芽孢杆菌对提升青葙根际微生物群落多样性和稳定性的潜在正面效应[20].
在丰富度指数的分析中,对照组的Chao1和Ace指数呈现逐步下降的趋势,这反映出对照组青葙根际微生物群落的物种数量随时间的推移而逐渐降低.处理组的Chao1和Ace指数表现出先下降后上升的变化:在实验前期,这些指数与对照组没有太大差异,但在第21d时降至最低点,这一下降趋势可能与微生物群落在前、中期的结构调整有关[21].在第50d时,处理组的Chao1和Ace指数重新恢复至较高水平,分别比对照组高8.65%和8.15%.这表明经过一段适应周期后,巨大芽孢杆菌提升了青葙根际微生物群落的丰富度和多样性.
主坐标分析(PCoA)作为一种降维技术,被应用于本研究中,以揭示不同处理组根际微生物群落β多样性的空间分布模式(图1).通过对比分析,我们发现对照组与接种巨大芽孢杆菌的处理组在根际微生物群落结构上存在显著差异(P<0.05).在PCoA图中,各样本点的分布情况揭示了样本间的微生物群落组成差异,对照组样本(Control_D7、Control_D7、Control_D50)在图中相对分散,表明在未施加外源微生物的条件下,根际微生物群落保持了一定的固有变异性.而处理组样本(Inoculated_D7、Inoculated_D21、Inoculated_D50)则表现出与对照组不同的群落结构,这说明巨大芽孢杆菌的接种对根际微生物组成产生了一定的影响.值得注意的是,第一主坐标轴(PCo1)解释了样本间总变异的26.43%,这一比例显示了PCo1轴在观察到的群落组成差异中的重要贡献.沿着PCo1轴的分离趋势表明,处理组的微生物群落与对照组相比发生了明显分歧,结合α多样性分析,这可能反映了巨大芽孢杆菌对土壤微生物群落结构的调控作用[22].
在门水平下,土壤样本中相对丰度排名前10分别是酸杆菌门(Acidobacteria)、绿弯菌门(Chloroflexi)、变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、拟杆菌门(Bacteroideta)、厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)、浮霉菌门(Planctomycetes)、放线菌门(Actinobacteria)、髌骨菌门(Patescibacteria)和芽单胞菌门(Gemmatimonadetes).酸杆菌门在所有样本中的相对丰度均最高(18.34%~31.34%),且随着时间的推移,其丰度整体呈现上升趋势,尤其在对照组中的增幅更为明显.绿弯菌门的丰度在对照组中先下降后上升,而处理组中则持续增加;第50d时,对照组和处理组的绿弯菌门的相对丰度分别为19.07%和16.71%.变形菌门的丰度在对照组和处理组中均表现出先上升后下降的趋势,第50d时其相对丰度分别为12.33%和12.65%.
前人研究表明,变形菌门、酸杆菌门、绿弯菌门、拟杆菌门是重金属污染土壤中常见的核心菌群,具有一定的重金属抗性[23-24].酸杆菌门能够降解纤维素等植物衍生多糖,在碳循环中起着重要的作用,是土壤生态系统中最丰富的细菌门之一[25-26].在对照组中,酸杆菌门的相对丰度随时间增加呈上升趋势,而在接种巨大芽孢杆菌的处理组中,其丰度较低.这表明接种可能影响了酸杆菌门对资源的获取,或者巨大芽孢杆菌与酸杆菌门之间可能存在竞争关系.巨大芽孢杆菌所属的厚壁菌门在对照组中的相对丰度随时间大幅降低,而在处理组中维持了较高的相对丰度.在第50d时,厚壁菌门在处理组中的相对丰度为8.02%,显著高于其在对照组中的相对丰度(1.01%)(P<0.05),这说明巨大芽孢杆菌的接种可能促进了厚壁菌门中某些具有Cd耐受性的微生物类群的增长,有利于促进土壤环境中的碳水化合物代谢[27-28].Janssen等[29]研究指出,在健康土壤样品中变形菌门(约39%)占主导地位,其次是酸杆菌门(约20%),结合本研究的结果,表明Cd污染土壤中的微生物群落结构与健康土壤的微生物群落结构存在一定的差异.
在属水平下,相对丰度超过1%的常见菌属有鞘氨醇单胞菌属(Sphingomonas)、芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus)、Candidatus Udaeobacter菌属、片状杆菌属(Flavisolibacter)、布氏杆菌属(Bryobacter)和Candidatus Solibacter菌属.在对照组中,鞘氨醇单胞菌属第7d的相对丰度为2.95%,第21d增加至5.26%,第50d略有下降至3.71%.处理组的鞘氨醇单胞菌属在第7d时相对丰度最高(6.18%),随后其丰度有所下降(4.22%),到第50d时含量没有太大变化(4.09%).鞘氨醇单胞菌属在辅助植物修复方面具有多种作用机制,如促进生物吸附、促进主动外排运输和降低重金属毒性等,其较高的相对丰度有助于青葙吸收土壤中的Cd[30].
对照组中的芽孢杆菌属相对丰度没有太大变化,在3个时间点的相对丰度依次为0.52%、0.49%和0.57%.相比之下,在接种了巨大芽孢杆菌的处理组中,芽孢杆菌属的相对丰度经历了显著的动态变化:在第7d时,芽孢杆菌属的相对丰度高达12.01%,成为所有检测菌属中相对丰度最高的类群,这说明巨大芽孢杆菌在初期能在根际微生物群落中占据主导地位.随后,芽孢杆菌属的丰度呈现逐渐下降的趋势,到第21d降至5.08%,至第50d进一步降低至1.17%.这与Li等[16]的研究结果相似,外源添加的Pseudomonas chenduensis在Cd污染土壤中的相对丰度从7.09%(第3d)逐渐下降至1.39%(第7d)和0.58%(第30d),且Pseudomonas chenduensis对土壤原有的生态位(ecological niche)几乎没有干扰.此外,处理组中根际促生菌属Flavisolibacter的相对丰度在第7d和第50d时显著高于对照组(P<0.05).Li等[31]研究表明,Cd胁迫下大花金鸡菊(Coreopsis grandiflora)根际土壤中的Flavisolibacter显著富集,有助于维持植物的生长活力并增加植物修复效率.He等[32]的研究发现,外源菌株E. coli-10527能通过代谢产物的引诱,带动特定功能菌的富集,从而辅助盐地碱蓬(Suaeda salsa)修复Cd污染土壤.因此,巨大芽孢杆菌除了自身的促生作用外,还可能帮助青葙招募了一些特定的土著微生物来协助修复Cd污染土壤.
外源巨大芽孢杆菌在前期可能因适应性强、竞争力高而迅速在根际微生物群落中占据优势地位,促进Cd污染土壤的修复过程.但随着时间的推移,巨大芽孢杆菌相对丰度逐渐下降,表明其不再是优势物种,土壤微生物群落结构重新平衡.这一变化趋势揭示了巨大芽孢杆菌与根际土著微生物之间存在的竞争关系.因此,在利用巨大芽孢杆菌强化青葙进行Cd污染土壤的修复时,有必要考虑巨大芽孢杆菌与土著微生物群落的相互作用规律,以及如何利用这种规律来提高植物修复效率.
使用PICRUSt2软件分析了对照组、处理组的根际土壤微生物在不同时期的功能预测信息.利用KEGG数据库对测序数据进行比对,所有样品共涉及6类生物代谢通路,其相对丰度由高到低依次为:代谢、遗传信息处理、细胞过程、环境信息处理、有机系统和人类疾病.其中,代谢是主要功能,丰度为80.43%~80.73%,其次是遗传信息处理,丰度为12.21%~12.47%.在2个组别中,6类一级功能层预测基因丰度在3次取样时间点之间均无显著差异(P>0.05).
在第7d时,处理组大部分二级功能层的基因丰度高于对照组(红色更深),碳水化合物代谢、膜转运、核苷酸代谢和氨基酸代谢等功能的活跃性表明微生物群落能够有效地利用和交换周围环境中的资源[33].随着时间的推移,处理组的功能基因丰度在中期(第21d)显著降低,且均低于同时期对照组的功能基因丰度.在后期,这些功能基因丰度又逐渐回升,并在后期时略高于对照组.这些变化趋势可能反映了微生物群落对环境变化的响应,以及巨大芽孢杆菌接种对其代谢功能和信号传导途径的长期影响.接种的巨大芽孢杆菌可能在短期内改变了微生物群落的结构和功能,增加功能基因的丰度,但随着时间的推移,微生物群落可能通过调整其代谢途径和信号传导机制来适应这种“干扰”,最终实现了功能的恢复和调整.
图5是基于FAPROTAX的土壤微生物群落功能预测.结果显示,在时间维度上,根际微生物群落的功能表现出显著的动态变化.第50d时,处理组中化能异养、好氧化能异养、硝酸盐还原和好氧氨氧化等微生物群落功能丰度显著高于对照组(P<0.05),而有关硫和硫化物呼吸的微生物群落功能丰度没有显著差异(P>0.05).前人研究表明[34-35],化能异养微生物通过分解土壤中的有机质,促进了营养物质的循环,为青葙提供了必需的碳、氮、磷、硫等营养元素;硝酸盐还原菌可将硝酸盐转化为铵态氮,从而增加了土壤中有效氮的储量;好氧氨氧化菌在有氧条件下将氨氧化为硝酸盐,进一步推动了氮素的有效循环.此外,王萍等[36]研究发现巨大芽孢杆菌显著提高了Cd、Zn污染土壤中蔗糖酶、脲酶和磷酸酶的活性,这些酶的活性增强同样有助于土壤中碳、氮、磷等元素的生物转化过程,进而促进植物生长和土壤养分的有效循环.
结合PICRUSt2和FAPROTAX的土壤微生物群落功能预测,从长期尺度来看,接种巨大芽孢杆菌主要促进了土壤中碳和氮的有效循环,强化了植物-微生物的互作关系,对土壤生态系统的功能和稳定性产生了积极的影响[37-38],有利于青葙修复镉污染土壤.
在本研究中,处理组青葙根、茎和叶片中Cd的平均含量分别为21.2,39.1,110.6mg/ kg,相比对照组分别增加了5.4%、2.9%和40.3%(图6(a)).巨大芽孢杆菌使得叶片中的Cd含量显著上升(P<0.05);提高了根和茎的Cd含量,但未见显著.对照组和处理组的转运系数(TF)分别为5.81和7.06,这表明青葙对Cd污染具有较强的转运能力,能迅速将Cd污染转移至地上部分,显示出对Cd污染土壤的良好修复效果,这与张冰等[12]的研究结果相一致.
此外,处理组根际土壤有效态Cd含量为2.61mg/kg,相较于对照组提高了17.6%,且具有显著性差异(P<0.01)(图6(b)).邓月强等[39]分析了巨大芽孢杆菌在不同接种量对伴矿景天修复Cd污染农田土壤效率的影响,发现接种浓度为5×109cfu/kg巨大芽孢杆菌后土壤有效态Cd含量较对照增加了15.0%~45.0%.王萍等[36]发现巨大芽孢杆菌均显著提高土壤有效态Cd和Zn含量,其中有效态Cd增加了18.7%~28.1%,与本实验结果相吻合.这一现象可能归因于巨大芽孢杆菌的代谢活动使得青葙根际微环境发生变化,提升了青葙根系分泌物中有机酸的含量[40-41],进而增加了根际土壤中有效态Cd含量.
3.1 α多样性和β多样性分析表明,外源巨大芽孢杆菌提升了根际土壤微生物的多样性和丰富度,且对根际微生物群落结构具有一定的调控作用.
3.2 在门水平下,酸杆菌门、绿弯菌门和变形菌门是根际土壤中的核心菌群.处理组中的厚壁菌门相对丰度显著高于对照组(P<0.05),有利于促进土壤环境中的碳水化合物代谢.
3.3 在属水平下,鞘氨醇单胞菌属和芽孢杆菌属是优势菌群,芽孢杆菌属在前期占据主导地位,随后其相对丰度由12.01%逐渐下降至1.17%.处理组中根际促生菌属Flavisolibacter的相对丰度显著高于对照组(P<0.05),有助于修复Cd污染土壤.
3.4 基于PICRUSt2和FAPROTAX的土壤微生物群落功能预测表明巨大芽孢杆菌对土壤微生物的代谢功能和信号传导途径产生了长期影响,并主要促进了土壤中碳和氮的有效循环.
3.5 接种巨大芽孢杆菌可以显著提升根际土壤中有效态Cd含量和青葙叶片中的总Cd含量(P<0.05),增幅分别为40.3%和17.6%.
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(52200189; 52230006; 52070051; 32271700)
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2025年第45卷第2期
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  • 接收时间:2024-07-15
  • 首发时间:2026-03-17
  • 出版时间:2025-02-20
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  • 收稿日期:2024-07-15
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国家自然科学基金资助项目(52200189; 52230006; 52070051; 32271700)
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    1.桂林理工大学,广西环境污染控制理论与技术重点实验室,广西 桂林 541006
    2.桂林理工大学,岩溶地区水污染控制与用水安全保障协同创新中心,广西 桂林 541006
    3.桂林理工大学,广西生态环保现代产业学院,广西 桂林 541006
    4.清华大学环境学院,北京 100084

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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