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The present study was aimed to quantitatively estimate the odor emission of municipal solid waste landfills in the loess area of Northwest China and investigate the technical feasibility of using loess soil as covering material for odor pollution control. For this purpose, the study was conducted in field and chose four types of landfill surface sources representing different periods and different coverage states in this region. The surface odor release rates were determined as follows: 5915µg/(m2·h) for newly formed landfill surface without cover, 122µg/(m2·h) for newly formed landfill surface with loess cover 757µg/(m2·h) for loess-covered surface after 5months, and 14057µg/(m2·h) for re-exposed landfill surface. The results indicated that the loess cover reduced odor emissions by more than 94% at two periods and effectively controlled various odor compounds. The analysis on the loess microbial community structure after 5 months of coverage showed that Actinobacteria had the highest relative abundance, potentially participated in the degradation of volatile organic compounds, and had a stronger effect on the surface. The experimental results demonstrated the effectiveness of loess cover in controlling odor emissions, proving that the application of loess as a landfill cover layer is feasible in the northwest region.

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为探明西北黄土区生活垃圾填埋场恶臭释放状况和黄土覆盖的控制效果,选择该地区填埋场中4种代表不同时期和不同覆盖状态的释放面源,现场测定表面恶臭释放速率,均值结果为未覆盖新形成垃圾填埋面5915µg/(m2·h)、新形成黄土覆盖面122µg/(m2·h)、覆盖黄土5个月后土表面757µg/(m2·h)、重新暴露垃圾面14057µg/(m2·h).结果表明,黄土覆盖层对恶臭气体削减率在不同时期均超过94%,并对各类恶臭化合物起到了显著的控制效果.覆盖5个月后的黄土微生物群落结构分析表明放线菌门的相对丰度最高,参与到挥发性有机化合物的降解过程,且在表面的作用更强.实验结果与分析证明了黄土覆盖对恶臭释放控制的有效性.因此,因地制宜利用黄土作为西北地区填埋场的覆盖层具有应用可行性.

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*责任作者,教授,
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徐翔宇(1998-),男,安徽蚌埠人,同济大学硕士研究生,主要研究方向为固体废物处理与资源化利用.发表论文5篇. .

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徐翔宇(1998-),男,安徽蚌埠人,同济大学硕士研究生,主要研究方向为固体废物处理与资源化利用.发表论文5篇. .

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Springer Science & Business Media,2012., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1240689626080399364, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689597462663190, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2018, volume=616-617, issue=null, pageStart=269, pageEnd=278, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[40], rfOrder=54, authorNames=Zainun M Y, Simarani K, journalName=Science of the Total Environment, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Zainun M YSimarani K. Metagenomics profiling for assessing microbial diversity in both active and closed landfills [J]. Science of the Total Environment2018616-617:269-278., articleTitle=Metagenomics profiling for assessing microbial diversity in both active and closed landfills, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1240689626264948750, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689597462663190, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=119, issue=null, pageStart=39, pageEnd=62, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[41], rfOrder=55, authorNames=Duan Z, Scheutz C, Kjeldsen P, journalName=Waste Management, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Duan ZScheutz CKjeldsen P. Trace gas emissions from municipal solid waste landfills: A review [J]. Waste Management2021119:39-62., articleTitle=Trace gas emissions from municipal solid waste landfills: A review, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1240689626348834839, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689597462663190, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=767, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[42], rfOrder=56, authorNames=Zhao R, Liu J, Feng J, journalName=Science of the Total Environment, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Zhao RLiu JFeng J,et al. Microbial community composition and metabolic functions in landfill leachate from different landfills of China [J]. Science of the Total Environment2021767:144861., articleTitle=Microbial community composition and metabolic functions in landfill leachate from different landfills of China, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1240689614722224454, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689597462663190, awardId=2018YFC1903700, language=CN, fundingSource=国家重点研发计划项目(2018YFC1903700), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1240689604181938678, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689597462663190, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1240689604186132983, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689597462663190, companyId=1240689604181938678, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.Institute of Waste Treatment and Reclaimation, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1240689604194521592, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689597462663190, companyId=1240689604181938678, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.同济大学环境科学与工程学院,固体废物处理与资源化研究所,上海 200092)]), AuthorCompany(id=1240689604286796293, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689597462663190, xref=2., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1240689604295184902, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689597462663190, companyId=1240689604286796293, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1240689604299379207, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689597462663190, companyId=1240689604286796293, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.上海污染控制与生态安全研究院,上海 200092)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1240689609387070386, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689597462663190, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Overview of the reservoir area, figureFileSmall=z83k8ssaOKbJcFWkg/wcJw==, figureFileBig=mbJsc7QqIn/588Jgp9184Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240689609475150781, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689597462663190, language=CN, label=图1, caption=研究库区俯瞰, figureFileSmall=z83k8ssaOKbJcFWkg/wcJw==, figureFileBig=mbJsc7QqIn/588Jgp9184Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240689609701643230, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689597462663190, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Diagram of static box, figureFileSmall=+Xbv+9soXNGIO+jtsbT3ug==, figureFileBig=Z+/kU02ED4Zr3BFYP04i1Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240689609827472367, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689597462663190, language=CN, label=图2, caption=静态箱示意, figureFileSmall=+Xbv+9soXNGIO+jtsbT3ug==, figureFileBig=Z+/kU02ED4Zr3BFYP04i1Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240689610062353404, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689597462663190, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Substance concentration SOER of BLS, figureFileSmall=KqaGqE2hDCsGyVaYwVMHLQ==, figureFileBig=R2Y2aCo97LIiih0GznugTQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240689610183987202, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689597462663190, language=CN, label=图3, caption=未覆盖新形成垃圾填埋面BLS物质恶臭释放速率

选取前十一大组分制图,其他组分均<50µg/(m2·h)

, figureFileSmall=KqaGqE2hDCsGyVaYwVMHLQ==, figureFileBig=R2Y2aCo97LIiih0GznugTQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240689611693936661, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689597462663190, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Substance concentration SOER of NLS, figureFileSmall=b1cZ3hGxtMg0qmDGjEoLmA==, figureFileBig=KC9B0Q7qVCkIncUeL8VyWQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240689611815571488, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689597462663190, language=CN, label=图4, caption=新形成黄土覆盖面NLS物质单位面积恶臭释放速率

选取前十一大组分制图,其他组分均<1µg/(m2·h)

, figureFileSmall=b1cZ3hGxtMg0qmDGjEoLmA==, figureFileBig=KC9B0Q7qVCkIncUeL8VyWQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240689611945594927, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689597462663190, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Substance concentration SOER of ALS, figureFileSmall=tvQmCop0vx4IvNkJ9IXPEA==, figureFileBig=3XtiJRtm3192KYRnfZ8r1A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240689612071424053, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689597462663190, language=CN, label=图5, caption=ALS物质单位面积恶臭释放速率

选取前十一大组分制图,其他组分均<10µg/(m2·h)

, figureFileSmall=tvQmCop0vx4IvNkJ9IXPEA==, figureFileBig=3XtiJRtm3192KYRnfZ8r1A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240689612184670278, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689597462663190, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Substance concentration SOER of ELS, figureFileSmall=zgp1tVECNFsmMIv14Vqibg==, figureFileBig=/1Yimun6PZL8vQuZ4Zau5A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240689612293722196, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689597462663190, language=CN, label=图6, caption=重新暴露垃圾面ELS物质单位面积恶臭释放速率

选取前十一大组分制图,其他组分均<100µg/(m2·h)

, figureFileSmall=zgp1tVECNFsmMIv14Vqibg==, figureFileBig=/1Yimun6PZL8vQuZ4Zau5A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240689612448911466, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689597462663190, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Composition and release rate of odor gases at different landfill times. (a).BLS odor gas composition, (b).ELS odor gas composition, (c).BLS-ELS odor compound release rate, figureFileSmall=DrK+XHX1T+xvVBD2QNDNJw==, figureFileBig=ej4gIomaIxYv2H7BN6GpSA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240689612570546295, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689597462663190, language=CN, label=图7, caption=不同填埋时间的恶臭气体组成和释放速率

(a)BLS恶臭气体组成, (b)ELS恶臭气体组成, (c)BLS-ELS恶臭化合物释放速率

, figureFileSmall=DrK+XHX1T+xvVBD2QNDNJw==, figureFileBig=ej4gIomaIxYv2H7BN6GpSA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240689612834787463, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689597462663190, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=Composition of odor under different covering conditions, figureFileSmall=km+pt072ZhxJDJY7Ik0Bxw==, figureFileBig=fGL1/bLfdzFXpB55kKFwBA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240689612952227990, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689597462663190, language=CN, label=图8, caption=不同覆盖状态下的恶臭气体组成, figureFileSmall=km+pt072ZhxJDJY7Ik0Bxw==, figureFileBig=fGL1/bLfdzFXpB55kKFwBA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240689613061279906, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689597462663190, language=EN, label=Fig.9, caption=Impact of loess cover on the release of odor substances, figureFileSmall=1YwTMTjb+Ja0dNksg45m+Q==, figureFileBig=BHf6JqB/A94nN5Nnmv1Qyw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240689613191303339, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689597462663190, language=CN, label=图9, caption=黄土覆盖对五大类恶臭物质释放的影响, figureFileSmall=1YwTMTjb+Ja0dNksg45m+Q==, figureFileBig=BHf6JqB/A94nN5Nnmv1Qyw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240689613354881207, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689597462663190, language=EN, label=Fig.10, caption=Relative abundance of microbial communities in loess after 5months of loess covering, figureFileSmall=w1jHNc5QH6Jr7HcqdE1gog==, figureFileBig=4P//OkeHkIL90hRaUDEf8Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240689613493293249, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689597462663190, language=CN, label=图10, caption=覆盖黄土5个月后黄土中微生物群落的相对丰度, figureFileSmall=w1jHNc5QH6Jr7HcqdE1gog==, figureFileBig=4P//OkeHkIL90hRaUDEf8Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240689613661065427, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689597462663190, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

List of detectable gas-phase compounds

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
化合物种类数量化合物名称
羰基类9甲醛、乙醛、丙酮、异丁醛、丁醛、2-丁酮、异戊醛、乙酸乙酯、3-戊酮
醇类8甲醇、乙醇、异丙醇、1-丙醇、2-丁醇、异丁醇、2-戊醇、3-戊醇
苯系物5苯、甲苯、对二甲苯、间二甲苯、邻二甲苯
萜烯类4α-蒎烯、3-蒈烯、柠檬烯、p-伞花烃
硫系物12硫化氢、羰基硫、甲硫醇、乙硫醇、甲硫醚、二硫化碳、丙硫醇、噻吩、二乙基硫醚、二甲基二硫醚、二乙基二硫醚、二甲基三硫醚
), ArticleFig(id=1240689613765923041, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689597462663190, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

检测出气相化合物列表

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
化合物种类数量化合物名称
羰基类9甲醛、乙醛、丙酮、异丁醛、丁醛、2-丁酮、异戊醛、乙酸乙酯、3-戊酮
醇类8甲醇、乙醇、异丙醇、1-丙醇、2-丁醇、异丁醇、2-戊醇、3-戊醇
苯系物5苯、甲苯、对二甲苯、间二甲苯、邻二甲苯
萜烯类4α-蒎烯、3-蒈烯、柠檬烯、p-伞花烃
硫系物12硫化氢、羰基硫、甲硫醇、乙硫醇、甲硫醚、二硫化碳、丙硫醇、噻吩、二乙基硫醚、二甲基二硫醚、二乙基二硫醚、二甲基三硫醚
), ArticleFig(id=1240689613870780653, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689597462663190, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Growth rate of odor release(ELS compared to BLS)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
物质类别增长率(%)物质类别增长率(%)
醇类72.68萜烯类337.38
羰基类-11.42苯系物91.67
硫系物267.97总速率137.65
), ArticleFig(id=1240689613984026870, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689597462663190, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

ELS对比BLS恶臭释放增长率

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
物质类别增长率(%)物质类别增长率(%)
醇类72.68萜烯类337.38
羰基类-11.42苯系物91.67
硫系物267.97总速率137.65
), ArticleFig(id=1240689614114050308, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689597462663190, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Reduction rate of odor release(NLS compared to BLS)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
物质类别削减率(%)物质类别削减率(%)
醇类98.98萜烯类97.19
羰基类98.57苯系物93.88
硫系物96.04总速率97.94
), ArticleFig(id=1240689614265045271, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689597462663190, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

NLS对比BLS恶臭释放削减率

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
物质类别削减率(%)物质类别削减率(%)
醇类98.98萜烯类97.19
羰基类98.57苯系物93.88
硫系物96.04总速率97.94
), ArticleFig(id=1240689614420234535, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689597462663190, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Reduction rate of odor release(ALS compared with ELS)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
物质类别削减率(%)物质类别削减率(%)
醇类97.48萜烯类93.92
羰基类95.10苯系物68.22
硫系物93.62总速率94.62
), ArticleFig(id=1240689614579618100, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689597462663190, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

ALS对比ELS恶臭释放削减率

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
物质类别削减率(%)物质类别削减率(%)
醇类97.48萜烯类93.92
羰基类95.10苯系物68.22
硫系物93.62总速率94.62
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黄土覆盖对西北地区填埋场恶臭释放的影响——现场监测与分析
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徐翔宇 1 , 邵立明 1, 2 , 王玉婧 1, 2 , 吕凡 1, 2 , 章骅 1, 2 , 何品晶 1, 2, *
中国环境科学 | 固体废物 2025,45(2): 882-891
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中国环境科学 | 固体废物 2025, 45(2): 882-891
黄土覆盖对西北地区填埋场恶臭释放的影响——现场监测与分析
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徐翔宇1 , 邵立明1, 2, 王玉婧1, 2, 吕凡1, 2, 章骅1, 2, 何品晶1, 2, *
作者信息
  • 1.同济大学环境科学与工程学院,固体废物处理与资源化研究所,上海 200092
  • 2.上海污染控制与生态安全研究院,上海 200092
  • 徐翔宇(1998-),男,安徽蚌埠人,同济大学硕士研究生,主要研究方向为固体废物处理与资源化利用.发表论文5篇. .

通讯作者:

*责任作者,教授,
The influence of loess cover on odor release from landfills in the northwest region of China——On site monitoring and analysis.
Xiang-yu XU1 , Li-ming SHAO1, 2, Yu-jing WANG1, 2, Fan LYU1, 2, Hua ZHANG1, 2, Pin-jing HE1, 2, *
Affiliations
  • 1.Institute of Waste Treatment and Reclaimation, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
  • 2.Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China
出版时间: 2025-02-20
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为探明西北黄土区生活垃圾填埋场恶臭释放状况和黄土覆盖的控制效果,选择该地区填埋场中4种代表不同时期和不同覆盖状态的释放面源,现场测定表面恶臭释放速率,均值结果为未覆盖新形成垃圾填埋面5915µg/(m2·h)、新形成黄土覆盖面122µg/(m2·h)、覆盖黄土5个月后土表面757µg/(m2·h)、重新暴露垃圾面14057µg/(m2·h).结果表明,黄土覆盖层对恶臭气体削减率在不同时期均超过94%,并对各类恶臭化合物起到了显著的控制效果.覆盖5个月后的黄土微生物群落结构分析表明放线菌门的相对丰度最高,参与到挥发性有机化合物的降解过程,且在表面的作用更强.实验结果与分析证明了黄土覆盖对恶臭释放控制的有效性.因此,因地制宜利用黄土作为西北地区填埋场的覆盖层具有应用可行性.

黄土层覆盖  /  填埋气体  /  表面恶臭释放速率

The present study was aimed to quantitatively estimate the odor emission of municipal solid waste landfills in the loess area of Northwest China and investigate the technical feasibility of using loess soil as covering material for odor pollution control. For this purpose, the study was conducted in field and chose four types of landfill surface sources representing different periods and different coverage states in this region. The surface odor release rates were determined as follows: 5915µg/(m2·h) for newly formed landfill surface without cover, 122µg/(m2·h) for newly formed landfill surface with loess cover 757µg/(m2·h) for loess-covered surface after 5months, and 14057µg/(m2·h) for re-exposed landfill surface. The results indicated that the loess cover reduced odor emissions by more than 94% at two periods and effectively controlled various odor compounds. The analysis on the loess microbial community structure after 5 months of coverage showed that Actinobacteria had the highest relative abundance, potentially participated in the degradation of volatile organic compounds, and had a stronger effect on the surface. The experimental results demonstrated the effectiveness of loess cover in controlling odor emissions, proving that the application of loess as a landfill cover layer is feasible in the northwest region.

loess cover  /  landfill gas  /  surface odor emission rate
徐翔宇, 邵立明, 王玉婧, 吕凡, 章骅, 何品晶. 黄土覆盖对西北地区填埋场恶臭释放的影响——现场监测与分析. 中国环境科学, 2025 , 45 (2) : 882 -891 .
Xiang-yu XU, Li-ming SHAO, Yu-jing WANG, Fan LYU, Hua ZHANG, Pin-jing HE. The influence of loess cover on odor release from landfills in the northwest region of China——On site monitoring and analysis.[J]. China Environmental Science, 2025 , 45 (2) : 882 -891 .
黄土高原是我国西北地区独特的自然生态区域,以其特殊的地质和气候条件而闻名.西北黄土区指吕梁山以西、陇中以北的黄土高原地区.该地区一月份平均气温低于-1℃,降雨和蒸发量之比小于0.3,具有典型的寒旱黄土区的气候地质特征[1].
西北黄土区多山沟,风蚀、水蚀作用在该地区表现得尤为严重,因此边坡普遍陡峭,建设时因需要修坡而剩余大量的黄土.此外西北地区降水和腾发作用同步,提高了黄土作为覆盖层的防渗性能[2].这些黄土因其低渗透性和良好的吸附性能,被广泛用作填埋场覆盖材料.与我国中东部地区普遍采用的合成膜覆盖材料不同,西北黄土区的填埋场覆盖多依赖当地丰富的黄土资源,这种覆盖材料的选择充分体现了区域特性.
与中东部地区的填埋场相比,黄土区的填埋场在运行方式和技术选择上存在显著差异.首先,中东部地区因人口密度高、垃圾处理规模大,多采用垃圾焚烧或高标准卫生填埋技术,填埋场常配备渗滤液全量收集处理系统和防渗膜覆盖层[3-4].而西北黄土区因人口密度较低、垃圾产生量较小,垃圾处理依然以卫生填埋为主[5-6].其填埋场渗滤液产生量相对较小,集中处理能力受限,部分填埋场采用渗滤液就地浇灌黄土覆盖层的方法,以利用其蒸发减量作用.其次,中东部填埋场所在地区降雨量较大、地表湿润、垃圾含水率高,填埋过程中的厌氧分解速率相对较高.相比之下,西北黄土区降水稀少、垃圾含水率低,填埋过程中的厌氧分解速率较低[7].
恶臭是生活垃圾填埋场主要的衍生污染之一,包括含硫类化合物、萜烯类化合物、芳香类化合物、胺类化合物、醇酯类等,可占填埋气体产生量的2%(V/V)左右[8-9].控制填埋场恶臭污染的主要手段可分为三类:物理法、生物法和物理化学法[10].其中,覆盖是控制填埋场恶臭污染的主要手段,高密度聚乙烯等膜覆盖材料是应用广泛的覆盖材料,但运行成本较高.而土质覆盖可以通过微生物作用实现填埋场碳减排,被认为是一种高效益、低成本的技术[11].
黄土凭借低渗透性,能够有效控制填埋气的释放,因此,黄土广泛应用于西北地区城市生活垃圾填埋场的每日覆土和终场覆土中[12-14].焦卫国等[15]通过开展黄土与碎石作为覆层的现场试验,指出在西北半湿润气候区采用黄土/碎石覆盖层具有较好的防渗效果;He等[16]发现经填埋场渗滤液改良后的黄土对于去除填埋场的甲烷具有一定效果.然而,尽管已有一些研究揭示了黄土覆盖材料的部分特性,但其往往是实验室模拟小试规模[11,13,17],对于黄土覆盖在大规模现场应用中的填埋气体,特别是恶臭气体释放控制及微生物作用缺乏现场应用效果研究.
为了填补这一研究空白,本研究选择甘肃省兰州新区的某填埋场作为研究对象,采用静态箱采样方法,测定了不同填埋阶段垃圾堆体暴露和黄土覆盖时的表面恶臭物质释放速率,分析了黄土覆盖层对填埋场恶臭的影响规律.本研究通过结合现场实地调研和静态箱试验,针对黄土覆盖层在实际应用中的效果进行了深入分析,填补了现有文献中黄土在恶臭气体释放控制及微生物作用方面的应用空白.这一研究为黄土作为填埋场覆盖材料的进一步优化和应用提供了理论依据和实践参考.
根据国家气象科学数据中心数据,中国西北黄土地区的年降雨量约200~250mm,年蒸发量约1900mm.本研究选择位于中国甘肃省兰州新区的垃圾填埋场,兰州新区多年平均降雨量218.7mm、平均蒸发量1880mm[18],最热月平均气温28.3℃,最冷月平均气温-15℃[1],属于典型的温带半干旱大陆性气候.这些气候和地理条件与其他中国西北黄土地区的垃圾填埋场具有较高的相似性,填埋气体释放和衍生污染的特征在此类气候条件和地理背景下具有普遍性.因此,选择该填埋场作为研究对象,能够反映西北地区垃圾填埋场的气体释放与衍生污染特征.
选择其填埋场中一块独立区域作为研究场地,旨在探究西北地区填埋场的恶臭释放与衍生污染特征.在本文中将此块场地称为填埋库区,简称为库区.如图1所示,库区沿沟谷自然走向自东北向西南延伸,占地面积约2300m2,长约90m,宽约27m,计划填埋高度4m(含0.5m厚度的覆盖层),总有效容积共5093m3.
为了揭示填埋龄、黄土层覆盖等条件对填埋场表面恶臭释放速率的影响,本研究的气相采样方案如下:
(1)未覆盖新形成垃圾填埋面(BLS):填埋深度已经达到设计深度,但尚未进行黄土覆盖的作业面,表层垃圾填入时间2~15d;(2)新形成黄土覆盖面(NLS):刚完成黄土层覆盖的土表面,下覆垃圾填入时间15~45d的作业面;(3)覆盖黄土5个月后土表面(ALS):选择已完成黄土层覆盖约5个月的土表面,下覆垃圾填入时间大于6个月;(4)重新暴露垃圾面(ELS):在覆盖约5个月的黄土覆盖面上取局部去除黄土,暴露出垃圾表层,即作为重新暴露垃圾面.此处垃圾填入时间与ALS相同.
每组面源样品的采样布点按照网格法的原则,选取采样区域对角线上,每5~10m一个点位,进行两平行采样.本研究在2021年12月至2022年1月(冬季)采集了(1)(2)两组样品,在2022年6月(夏季)采集了(3)(4)两组样品.
在采样过程中,采用静态箱法测定表面恶臭释放速率,静态箱采用长方体形设计,聚氯乙烯材质制成,顶部为采样口和测温口(图2).采样时将静态箱底座覆盖于待测面源的上方,于底座的水封槽内加入清水保持采样时的气密性.采用Tedlar气体收集袋[19]和采样袋抽气泵从顶部取样口收集气体.测定开始时收集一次气体并密封装置,时间记作T0.间隔约30min后记录时间T1,于取样口再收集一次气体.
为了揭示黄土表面恶臭释放与黄土层中微生物群落结构分布的规律,对覆盖黄土5个月后的黄土土壤进行取样,在0cm和10cm深度分别取样.取样时精确称取0.5g的土壤,并充分混合以减少样品异质性,进行三平行采样.
采集到的气体样品采用“预浓缩-气相色谱法”测定化合物浓度.收集到的气体样品经预浓缩仪(Markes International,英国)富集后被注入气相色谱仪(GC-450,Varian,美国)进行分析.羰基类、醇类、苯系物、萜烯类采用氢火焰离子化检测器(flame ionization detector,FID),硫系物的检测器为脉冲火焰光度检测器(pulsed flame photometric detector,PFPD).检测出化合物类型见表1.
通过分析静态箱内气体浓度随时间的变化,可以计算得到采样面源单位面积的恶臭释放速率(Surface Odor Emission Rate,SOER):
式中:SOER为单位面积的恶臭释放速率,mg/(m2·h);Δt为静态箱覆盖的时间,h;c1为箱体覆盖Δt时间后,测试得到的物质浓度,mg/L;c0为箱体覆盖初始状态,测试得到的同种物质浓度,mg/L;VS为静态箱的容积,L;ST为静态箱覆盖面积,m2.
采集到的土壤样品使用PowerSoil™ DNA提取试剂盒(Mo-Bio Laboratories Inc.,美国)[20]在超净工作台(ACB-4A1,ESCO,新加坡)中提取土壤样本的DNA,以确保DNA的纯净度并防止污染.随后,在Illumina(Illumina Miseq PE300)平台上进行16S高通量测序.利用通用引物515F(5'-GTGCCAG CMGCCGCGGTAA)和806R(5'-GGACTACVSGGGTATCTAAT)对微生物16S rRNA基因的V4可变区进行聚合酶链反应扩增,所选引物能够同时覆盖细菌和古细菌的基因信息,从而实现对黄土样本中所有原核生物的相对丰度分析[21].将Miseq运行中产生的读数经过精确匹配的多重解编,以消除序列间的重叠.采用DADA2算法将分离的原始扩增子序列进行去噪处理[22],生成扩增子序列变体(Amplicon sequence variants,ASVs),这些变体代表了样本中微生物群落的具体组成.选择QIIME 2软件[23]进行微生物群落的分类学鉴定和组成分析.这一过程涉及使用基于Sklearn的分类器和SILVA数据库(版本132)[24]对ASVs进行序列表征和分类学注释,从而为黄土微生物群落的结构和功能提供详细的数据支持.
未覆盖新形成垃圾填埋面(BLS)检出总物质SOER达41.97~31198.24µg/(m2·h),平均为5914.78µg/(m2·h).恶臭化合物释放速率由大到小依次为:醇类2261.76µg/(m2·h)、羰基类1390.57µg/(m2·h)、硫系物1092.86µg/(m2·h)、萜烯类1080.99µg/(m2·h)、苯系物88.59µg/(m2·h).表面释放的主要组分中,醇类占比38.24%,根据主要组分含量图3,主要由丁醇构成;羰基类占比23.51%,主要由异丁醛、乙醛、乙酸乙酯、2-丁酮构成.这一结果与多数研究者的发现相一致,Allen等[25]在英国填埋场的实验发现,以生活垃圾为主的初期填埋场中,醇类和酮类的含量占比较高;Du等[26]测定了中国东部沿海某典型卫生填埋场垃圾暴露面的恶臭释放速率,同样发现醇类化合物的占比最高(48.8%),醛类(15.2%)和酮类(9.7%)的占比也相对较高.含氧类化合物的主要来源是垃圾中易降解有机物的分解和垃圾中部分有机组分的挥发[27].此外,硫系物占比18.48%,主要由硫化氢、二甲基二硫醚、甲硫醇、二甲基三硫醚、甲硫醚构成;萜烯类占比18.28%,主要由柠檬烯构成;苯系物含量最低,仅占1.50%.
新形成黄土覆盖面(NLS)检出总物质SOER达4.58~517.13µg/(m2·h),总平均为122.04±154.04µg/(m2·h).恶臭化合物的释放速率由大到小依次为:硫系物43.24µg/(m2·h)、萜烯类30.40µg/(m2·h)、醇类23.15µg/(m2·h)、羰基类19.83µg/(m2·h)、苯系物5.42µg/(m2·h).表面释放的主要组分中,硫系物占比35.43%,表面释放的主要组分中(图4a),主要由二甲基三硫醚构成;萜烯类占比24.91%,主要由柠檬烯、p-伞花烃构成;醇类占比18.96%,主要由2-丁醇、乙醇构成;羰基类占比16.25%,主要由丙酮、3-戊酮、2-丁酮、乙醛构成;苯系物仅占比4.44%,主要由对二甲苯、甲苯构成.NLS-8采样点处在黄土覆盖层的建设阶段,黄土覆盖高度仅为1.0m,释放了大量二甲基三硫醚.
覆盖黄土5个月后土表面(ALS)检出总物质SOER达6.79~3369.25µg/(m2·h),总平均为756.86µg/(m2·h).如图5所示,恶臭化合物的释放速率由大到小依次为:萜烯类256.57µg/(m2·h)、硫系物256.57µg/(m2·h)、醇类98.52µg/(m2·h)、羰基类60.36µg/(m2·h)、苯系物53.96µg/(m2·h).表面释放的主要组分中,萜烯类占比37.98%,主要由α-蒎烯、p-伞花烃、柠檬烯构成;硫系物占比33.90%,主要由二甲基二硫醚、二甲基三硫醚、甲硫醚构成;醇类占比13.02%,主要由乙醇、异丁醇构成;羰基类占比7.98%,主要由丙酮、乙醛、2-丁酮构成;苯系物占比7.13%,主要由甲苯构成.
重新暴露垃圾面(ELS)检出总物质SOER达303.19~74087.69µg/(m2·h),总平均为14056.63µg/(m2·h).恶臭化合物的释放速率由大到小依次为:萜烯类4728.05µg/(m2·h)、硫系物4021.36µg/(m2·h)、醇类3905.58µg/(m2·h)、羰基物1231.84µg/(m2·h)、苯系物169.80µg/(m2·h).表面释放的主要组分中(图6(a)),萜烯类占比33.64%,主要由柠檬烯、α-蒎烯构成;醇类占比27.78%,主要由乙醇、正丙醇、异丁醇构成;硫系物占比28.61%,主要由二甲基三硫醚、二甲基二硫醚、甲硫醇、硫化氢构成;羰基类占比8.76%,主要由2-丁酮、乙酸乙酯、3-戊酮构成;苯系物仅占比1.21%.
在生活垃圾填埋的初始阶段,BLS组尚未进行黄土覆盖,表层垃圾填入时间2~15d,表面恶臭释放速率平均为5914.78µg/(m2·h).当填埋时间达到180~210d时,ELS组的表面恶臭释放速率平均为14056.63µg/(m2·h),相比BLS增长了137.65%,表面释放速率及构成见图7.
随着填埋时间推移,堆体逐渐由兼性厌氧过渡阶段转变为以厌氧阶段为主.厌氧生物作用增强,导致恶臭气体释放强度上升.Sonibare等[28]通过LandGEM模型同样预测出,填埋时间越长,分解产生的气体和恶臭排放量会越大.同为暴露垃圾面,ELS组羰基类物质降低了11.42%、醇类增长了72.68%(表2).在填埋初始阶段,好氧阶段和过渡阶段好氧微生物活动较为旺盛,产生了较多的羰基类物质.随着时间推移,厌氧活动的增强促进了羰基类物质进一步转化为醇类;ELS组硫系物大幅增长267.97%,可能是来自含硫蛋白质和有机硫化物的厌氧分解;ELS组萜烯类显著增加337.38%,可能是由于垃圾中的生物材料(如木质、树叶等)在厌氧条件下分解所致[29].其他研究也表明,萜烯类化合物是大分子有机物降解的典型中间产物[30-31].
此外,两组样品的采样季节不同,表面释放速率也会受到温度的影响.温度通常被认为与复杂有机物的分解有关[32-33],主要通过两种途径影响填埋场内的分解活动:短期影响反应速率和长期影响微生物群落平衡[34-35].
因此,填埋时间对于垃圾释放源强的影响主要来自堆体氧环境和温度的变化.厌氧条件的增强使得羰基类物质的分解加快,大分子物质在微生物作用下转化为各类中间产物,导致醇类、苯系物、硫系物和萜烯类物质释放速率上升.而温度的升高也会增强整体的释放强度.
在生活垃圾填埋的初始阶段,新黄土覆盖面NLS组完成覆盖小于1周,下覆垃圾填入时间15~45d,表面释放速率平均为122.04µg/(m2·h),恶臭气体构成见图8.相比于填埋时间相近的未覆盖新形成垃圾填埋面BLS组(5914.78µg/(m2·h)),释放速率显著降低了97.94%,其中羰基类物质、醇类、苯系物、萜烯类和硫系物的释放均大幅降低,削减率大于93%,控制效果明显,数据见表3.詹良通等[14]同样验证了在我国西北地区采用黄土覆盖层的可行性.
在黄土覆盖5个月后,黄土覆盖面ALS下覆垃圾填入时间为180~210d,其物质表面释放速率平均为756.86µg/(m2·h),恶臭气体构成见图9.相同填埋时间的重新暴露垃圾面ELS的物质表面释放速率平均为14056.63µg/(m2·h),释放速率显著降低了94.62%.羰基类物质、醇类、萜烯类和硫系物的释放速率降低了93%以上,而苯系物降低了68.22%,削减率数据见表4.在黄土覆盖5个月,黄土层覆盖仍能显著降低恶臭气体的释放速率.
除苯系物外,两组黄土面的其他类别恶臭化合物释放削减率均大于93%,可见黄土层覆盖对于填埋单元面源的恶臭释放控制具有显著作用.在填埋初始阶段,黄土层覆盖对于各类恶臭化合物都有着有效的控制效果,但是选择性不显著.这主要是黄土自身的物理阻隔、吸附、中和作用在起到效果.黄土层作为物理屏障有效阻隔垃圾堆体与外部环境的气体交换,减少了气体的扩散和逸出.而氧气的进入也受到一定阻隔,从而也降低了垃圾好氧分解产生恶臭气体的速度.此外,用于填埋层的黄土本身具有碱性(pH值为8.37±0.06),对于某些含氧化合物(挥发性有机酸、具有酸性官能团的醇类等)、硫系物具有中和吸附作用,同样起到了控制恶臭的作用.
随着填埋时间增长,黄土层对于表面恶臭释放的整体控制作用略有降低.对于含氧化合物、萜烯类和硫系物等易生物降解化合物仍有着有效的控制效果,而对于可生化性差的苯系物的控制效果一般,体现出明显的选择性.除了物理阻隔及中和吸附作用外,微生物作用在这一阶段变得更为重要.
填埋场覆盖层中的微生物群落的组成和代谢途径受各种因素的影响,包括进场垃圾组成、温度、湿度和pH值等[36-37].
覆盖黄土5个月后的平行黄土样品中的微生物种群的相对丰度如图10所示.表层黄土中(0cm深度),相对丰度最高的三个门分别为放线菌门(Actinobacteria)(41.4%)、厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)(35.6%)和绿弯菌门(Chloroflexi)(5.3%);古菌的相对丰度为4.3%,以泉古菌(Crenarchaeota)为主,相对丰度占古菌的95.4%.10cm深度的黄土中,相对丰度最高的三个门分别为放线菌(Actinobacteria)(56.5%)、厚壁菌(Firmicutes)(15.8%)和变形菌(Proteobacteria)(8.0%);古菌的相对丰度为3.1%,以泉古菌(Crenarchaeota)为主,相对丰度占古菌的92.5%.
放线菌门在两种深度中的相对丰度均为最高.放线菌门具有很强的降解复杂有机物的能力,能够分解纤维素、木质素等复杂有机化合物.这些有机物在填埋场环境下易降解产生恶臭气体,如硫系物和醇类化合物等,而放线菌通过其代谢活动有效地减少了这些气体的生成[38-39].相比黄土表面,10cm深度处放线菌门的相对丰度增加,表明放线菌门微生物活动增强,分解效果增强;厚壁菌门在两种深度的黄土中相对丰度仅次于放线菌门,能有效分解蛋白质产生的腐败物质,从而减少恶臭气体的产生,有助于降低恶臭释放并维持填埋单元的整体稳定性[40];绿弯菌门具有降解一系列复杂有机物的能力,其中一些微生物能将有机酸和醇等致臭物质分解成更简单的化合物[41];变形菌门可以参与到氮循环和硫循环之中,其中亚硝化菌可将氨氧化成亚硝酸盐,硫杆菌等物种可将硫化物氧化为硫酸盐[42].
本研究表明,黄土覆盖对填埋场恶臭释放具有显著控制作用,在不同填埋时期和覆盖状态下的恶臭气体控制效果具有差异性.在西北黄土区,黄土作为一种低成本且易获得的覆盖材料,能够有效控制恶臭气体的释放.在黄土覆盖五个月后,恶臭释放速率显著下降(>94%).因此,建议西北地区的填埋场可以加强黄土覆盖层的使用,特别是在填埋新鲜垃圾的区域;并定期对黄土覆盖层的性能进行评估,尤其是在填埋场运行过程中,监测覆盖层的厚度、密封性以及对恶臭气体的控制效果,及时调整覆盖策略.
覆盖五个月后的黄土微生物群落结构分析显示,放线菌门等微生物在降解挥发性有机化合物中发挥了重要作用.这一发现表明,黄土层不仅仅是物理屏障,还是一个有利于微生物降解的环境.因此,在填埋场的管理中,建议进一步加强生物降解技术的应用,在生物覆盖层中促进微生物的生长和恶臭物质的降解.可以通过在黄土覆盖层中改善填埋场微生物环境来增强恶臭气体的降解效果.
3.1 在生活垃圾填埋初始阶段,未覆盖黄土的垃圾表面恶臭平均释放速率为5914.78µg/(m2·h);填埋180~210d后,重新暴露的垃圾表面恶臭释放速率显著上升至14056.63µg/(m2·h).垃圾堆体内有机物持续分解和厌氧生物作用增强,导致恶臭气体产生和释放强度增加.
3.2 在填埋初始阶段,黄土覆盖层有效控制恶臭释放(削减率97.94%),对各类恶臭化合物都起到了显著的控制效果.随着填埋时间延长,恶臭释放速率上升,黄土覆盖层的削减率略有下降(94.62%),控制效果减弱,并表现出一定选择性.
3.3 填埋时长对源强释放的影响主要由堆体氧环境和温度变化影响;填埋初始阶段黄土覆盖主要依靠物理阻隔和吸附中和控制恶臭.填埋180-210d后,微生物作用更为重要,放线菌门相对丰度最高,参与到挥发性有机物降解过程,其代谢作用在黄土深处增强.厚壁菌门、绿弯菌门和变形菌门也起到了降解恶臭化合物的作用.
  • 国家重点研发计划项目(2018YFC1903700)
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2025年第45卷第2期
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  • 接收时间:2024-07-30
  • 首发时间:2026-03-17
  • 出版时间:2025-02-20
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  • 收稿日期:2024-07-30
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国家重点研发计划项目(2018YFC1903700)
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    1.同济大学环境科学与工程学院,固体废物处理与资源化研究所,上海 200092
    2.上海污染控制与生态安全研究院,上海 200092

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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