Article(id=1240689597341037271, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, issueId=1240689590315569990, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1719158400000, receivedDateStr=2024-06-24, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773733050904, onlineDateStr=2026-03-17, pubDate=1739980800000, pubDateStr=2025-02-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773733050904, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-17, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773733050904, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773733050904, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1240689590315569990, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, year='2025', volume='45', issue='2', pageStart='593', pageEnd='1184', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773733049228, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773733150042, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1240690013239825123, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, issueId=1240689590315569990, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1240690013239825124, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, issueId=1240689590315569990, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=718, endPage=726, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1240689600201552742, articleId=1240689597341037271, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, language=EN, title=Mechanisms and differences of N2O emission characteristics in typical wastewater treatment processes, columnId=1234106386360103680, journalTitle=China Environmental Science, columnName=Water Pollution Control, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

This study mainly compared the emission characteristics of N2O in two typical wastewater treatment processes, SBR and AAO, and analyzed the mechanisms that cause the differences.. The results indicated that according to the total nitrogen removal efficiency of the SBR process, the N2O emission factor (EF) was 2.36%, which is 1.92 times higher than that of the AAO process. The aerobic phase was identified as the primary stage for N2O production in both processes, accounting for over 90% of the total N2O generated. Compared to the continuously AAO process, the sequencing SBR process exhibited a longer duration of low DO conditions. A sudden increase in NH4+-N concentration o and a high accumulation of NO2--N ccurred at the onset of the aerobic phase. Analysis of the microbial community structure and enzyme activity revealed that SBR process had a higher ratio of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) to nitrite-oxidizing bacteria (NOB) and a higher nitrite reductase (NOR) activity, which were 1.7 and 1.4 times those of the AAO process, respectively. This further facilitated the production of more N2O through the AOB-mediated nitrification-denitrification pathway during the aerobic phase, which is the intrinsic mechanism for the high N2O emission factor of the SBR process.

, correspAuthors=Lu QI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Hui-ling CHEN, Lu QI, Jia-bo CHEN, Zhi-heng XIA, Qian-gang LI, Zi-ding AO, Zhao JIANG, Tong-tong ZHANG, Hong-chen WANG, Guo-hua LIU), CN=ArticleExt(id=1240689607910683041, articleId=1240689597341037271, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, language=CN, title=典型污水处理工艺中N2O排放特征差异及机制, columnId=1234106386565624579, journalTitle=中国环境科学, columnName=水污染与控制, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

主要对比了SBR和AAO这两类典型污水处理工艺中N2O的排放特征,并分析引起差异的机制.结果表明,按照SBR的总氮去除量计算的N2O排放因子为2.36%,比AAO高1.92倍.其中好氧段为两种工艺中N2O产生的主要阶段,占总产生量的90%以上.间歇运行的SBR工艺相较于连续运行的AAO工艺,低DO时间占比更久,在好氧运行开始时会发生NH4+-N浓度的突增,且存在NO2--N的高浓度积累.微生物菌群结构及酶活性分析显示了SBR工艺的硝化细菌AOB/NOB比值及NOR活性分别为AAO工艺的1.7倍和1.4倍,进一步促进好氧阶段AOB介导的硝化反硝化途径产生更多的N2O,这是SBR具有高N2O排放因子的本质原因.

, correspAuthors=齐鲁, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*责任作者,副教授,
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陈慧玲(1999- ),女,安徽安庆人,中国人民大学硕士研究生,主要研究污水处理工艺中N2O的产生机理与排放规律.发表论文2篇. .

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陈慧玲(1999- ),女,安徽安庆人,中国人民大学硕士研究生,主要研究污水处理工艺中N2O的产生机理与排放规律.发表论文2篇. .

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陈慧玲(1999- ),女,安徽安庆人,中国人民大学硕士研究生,主要研究污水处理工艺中N2O的产生机理与排放规律.发表论文2篇. .

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departmentName=null, remark=中国人民大学化学与生命资源学院,低碳水环境技术研究中心,北京 100872)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1240689621584113850, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689597341037271, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Experimental setup of (a) AAO process and (b) SBR process, figureFileSmall=Cx+S0SYccSk65tTsTHyE4w==, figureFileBig=BeqApri3cPiVDe9+0GZ0jQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240689621718331594, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689597341037271, language=CN, label=图1, caption=(a)AAO工艺与(b)SBR工艺的实验装置, figureFileSmall=Cx+S0SYccSk65tTsTHyE4w==, figureFileBig=BeqApri3cPiVDe9+0GZ0jQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240689621974184168, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689597341037271, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Gaseous N2O emission rate and dissolved N2O concentration in AAO process (a) and SBR process (b), figureFileSmall=hp8siMBaLdl9SIagPyWv+A==, figureFileBig=QeYOEtekEenZog62c2xveA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240689622100013299, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689597341037271, language=CN, label=图2, caption=AAO工艺(a)与SBR工艺(b)沿程的气态N2O排放速率及溶解态N2O浓度, figureFileSmall=hp8siMBaLdl9SIagPyWv+A==, figureFileBig=QeYOEtekEenZog62c2xveA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240689622196482305, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689597341037271, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=DO concentration changes in AAO and SBR processes, figureFileSmall=9axHw8SRXi7r3GU5BfpnWg==, figureFileBig=8906bbsYlM6m9k5+krikuA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240689622313922831, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689597341037271, language=CN, label=图3, caption=AAO与SBR工艺沿程的DO浓度变化, figureFileSmall=9axHw8SRXi7r3GU5BfpnWg==, figureFileBig=8906bbsYlM6m9k5+krikuA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240689622414586139, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689597341037271, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Changes in ammonia nitrogen concentration during the cycle in SBR process, figureFileSmall=PpNKVjj33WzYaOs6RxMagw==, figureFileBig=DH94+cequcj9Np8JlshTrw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240689622536220968, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689597341037271, language=CN, label=图4, caption=SBR工艺沿程NH4+-N浓度在循环周期中的变化, figureFileSmall=PpNKVjj33WzYaOs6RxMagw==, figureFileBig=DH94+cequcj9Np8JlshTrw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240689622691410228, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689597341037271, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Nitrite concentration accumulation in AAO and SBR processes, figureFileSmall=le/tJPKu3O06TKrdB3fGPg==, figureFileBig=wzgdAq7Ys7+wEsX+xD4xbQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240689622829822271, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689597341037271, language=CN, label=图5, caption=AAO与SBR工艺的NO2--N浓度积累, figureFileSmall=le/tJPKu3O06TKrdB3fGPg==, figureFileBig=wzgdAq7Ys7+wEsX+xD4xbQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240689623010177356, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689597341037271, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Relative abundances of the main functional bacteria at the generic level in two processes, figureFileSmall=3eYPVHsnVpAzOknW4YbWQA==, figureFileBig=HAuwasBID6KCR+5PO2BNjw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240689623156978006, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689597341037271, language=CN, label=图6, caption=两种工艺属水平下关键细菌的相对丰度, figureFileSmall=3eYPVHsnVpAzOknW4YbWQA==, figureFileBig=HAuwasBID6KCR+5PO2BNjw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240689623341527395, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689597341037271, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Activities of nitrogen metabolizing enzymes in different reaction stages of the two processes, figureFileSmall=JlbXXZhpScO3hBL1NUj6Ig==, figureFileBig=PmXIWr8MIgyCUFlRVJ9tzw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240689623488328047, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689597341037271, language=CN, label=图7, caption=两种工艺不同反应阶段氮代谢酶活性, figureFileSmall=JlbXXZhpScO3hBL1NUj6Ig==, figureFileBig=PmXIWr8MIgyCUFlRVJ9tzw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240689623639323004, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689597341037271, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Comparison of N2O production and emission factors for AAO and SBR processes

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标AAOSBR
厌氧段缺氧段好氧段缺氧段好氧段沉淀段
气态排放量(mg/d)0.049±0.0030.008±0.00089.846±0.7070.227±0.0148.871±0.0570.417±0.016
溶解态产生量(mg/d)1.071±0.0350.122±0.0211.668±0.1410.061±0.0070.000±0.0020.124±0.014
总产生量(mg/d)1.120±0.0380.113±0.02291.513±0.5660.287±0.0078.871±0.0590.541±0.002
升水N2O产生量(mgN2O/L)0.009±0.000-0.001±0.0000.715±0.0040.040±0.0011.232±0.0080.075±0.000
N2O排放因子(mgN2O/mgTNremoval)(1.230±0.008)%(2.360±0.013)%
), ArticleFig(id=1240689625132495238, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689597341037271, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

AAO与SBR工艺的N2O产生量及排放因子的对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标AAOSBR
厌氧段缺氧段好氧段缺氧段好氧段沉淀段
气态排放量(mg/d)0.049±0.0030.008±0.00089.846±0.7070.227±0.0148.871±0.0570.417±0.016
溶解态产生量(mg/d)1.071±0.0350.122±0.0211.668±0.1410.061±0.0070.000±0.0020.124±0.014
总产生量(mg/d)1.120±0.0380.113±0.02291.513±0.5660.287±0.0078.871±0.0590.541±0.002
升水N2O产生量(mgN2O/L)0.009±0.000-0.001±0.0000.715±0.0040.040±0.0011.232±0.0080.075±0.000
N2O排放因子(mgN2O/mgTNremoval)(1.230±0.008)%(2.360±0.013)%
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典型污水处理工艺中N2O排放特征差异及机制
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陈慧玲 , 齐鲁 * , 陈加波 , 夏智恒 , 李乾岗 , 敖梓鼎 , 姜昭 , 张彤彤 , 王洪臣 , 刘国华
中国环境科学 | 水污染与控制 2025,45(2): 718-726
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中国环境科学 | 水污染与控制 2025, 45(2): 718-726
典型污水处理工艺中N2O排放特征差异及机制
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陈慧玲 , 齐鲁* , 陈加波, 夏智恒, 李乾岗, 敖梓鼎, 姜昭, 张彤彤, 王洪臣, 刘国华
作者信息
  • 中国人民大学化学与生命资源学院,低碳水环境技术研究中心,北京 100872
  • 陈慧玲(1999- ),女,安徽安庆人,中国人民大学硕士研究生,主要研究污水处理工艺中N2O的产生机理与排放规律.发表论文2篇. .

通讯作者:

*责任作者,副教授,
Mechanisms and differences of N2O emission characteristics in typical wastewater treatment processes
Hui-ling CHEN , Lu QI* , Jia-bo CHEN, Zhi-heng XIA, Qian-gang LI, Zi-ding AO, Zhao JIANG, Tong-tong ZHANG, Hong-chen WANG, Guo-hua LIU
Affiliations
  • Research Center for Low Carbon Technology of Water Environment, School of chemistry and life resource, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, China
出版时间: 2025-02-20
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主要对比了SBR和AAO这两类典型污水处理工艺中N2O的排放特征,并分析引起差异的机制.结果表明,按照SBR的总氮去除量计算的N2O排放因子为2.36%,比AAO高1.92倍.其中好氧段为两种工艺中N2O产生的主要阶段,占总产生量的90%以上.间歇运行的SBR工艺相较于连续运行的AAO工艺,低DO时间占比更久,在好氧运行开始时会发生NH4+-N浓度的突增,且存在NO2--N的高浓度积累.微生物菌群结构及酶活性分析显示了SBR工艺的硝化细菌AOB/NOB比值及NOR活性分别为AAO工艺的1.7倍和1.4倍,进一步促进好氧阶段AOB介导的硝化反硝化途径产生更多的N2O,这是SBR具有高N2O排放因子的本质原因.

污水处理  /  N2O  /  AAO  /  SBR  /  排放特征  /  机制

This study mainly compared the emission characteristics of N2O in two typical wastewater treatment processes, SBR and AAO, and analyzed the mechanisms that cause the differences.. The results indicated that according to the total nitrogen removal efficiency of the SBR process, the N2O emission factor (EF) was 2.36%, which is 1.92 times higher than that of the AAO process. The aerobic phase was identified as the primary stage for N2O production in both processes, accounting for over 90% of the total N2O generated. Compared to the continuously AAO process, the sequencing SBR process exhibited a longer duration of low DO conditions. A sudden increase in NH4+-N concentration o and a high accumulation of NO2--N ccurred at the onset of the aerobic phase. Analysis of the microbial community structure and enzyme activity revealed that SBR process had a higher ratio of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) to nitrite-oxidizing bacteria (NOB) and a higher nitrite reductase (NOR) activity, which were 1.7 and 1.4 times those of the AAO process, respectively. This further facilitated the production of more N2O through the AOB-mediated nitrification-denitrification pathway during the aerobic phase, which is the intrinsic mechanism for the high N2O emission factor of the SBR process.

wastewater treatment  /  N2O  /  AAO  /  SBR  /  emission characteristics  /  mechanisms
陈慧玲, 齐鲁, 陈加波, 夏智恒, 李乾岗, 敖梓鼎, 姜昭, 张彤彤, 王洪臣, 刘国华. 典型污水处理工艺中N2O排放特征差异及机制. 中国环境科学, 2025 , 45 (2) : 718 -726 .
Hui-ling CHEN, Lu QI, Jia-bo CHEN, Zhi-heng XIA, Qian-gang LI, Zi-ding AO, Zhao JIANG, Tong-tong ZHANG, Hong-chen WANG, Guo-hua LIU. Mechanisms and differences of N2O emission characteristics in typical wastewater treatment processes[J]. China Environmental Science, 2025 , 45 (2) : 718 -726 .
污水处理厂是温室气体人为排放的重要来源之一,占城市总温室气体排放量的2.8%[1].污水处理厂直接排放的温室气体包括CO2、CH4和N2O,有研究指出N2O排放最高可占污水处理厂总碳足迹的83%[2].N2O是京都议定书中规定的继CO2和CH4之后的第三大强温室气体,在大气运动中表现出化学性质稳定、存留周期长等特征.最新研究表明,N2O增温潜势约为CO2的265倍,其浓度每升高一倍,将导致全球升温0.3℃[3].研究者表明,污水处理部门排放的N2O占全球N2O人为排放的3%~5%[4].污水生物处理单元可有效去除有机物和营养物,但同时也是污水处理厂N2O排放的主要环节[5].N2O是在微生物发生硝化和反硝化共同作用下产生的,包括羟胺氧化途径、硝化反硝化途径和异养反硝化途径三条主要途径[6-7].此外,N2O的排放受进水水质、运行条件及总氮去除效率的影响.相关研究还发现[8],N2O的排放因子与总氮去除率呈反比.
政府间气候变化专门委员会IPCC最新提出的排放因子为1.6%,不过污水处理厂中的N2O排放因子受不同工艺类型影响差异较大[9].文献数据显示,污水处理工艺中序批式活性污泥法(SBR)的N2O排放因子数值分布范围较宽,介于2%至14.6%;传统活性污泥法(CAS)排放因子最低,平均为0.27%;氧化沟(OD)和厌氧/缺氧/好氧(AAO)工艺的排放因子相近,范围在0.3%∼3.6%;A/O工艺的N2O排放因子为1.9%[10-13].这表明,SBR工艺作为一种广泛使用的污水处理工艺,相较于其他工艺具有更高的N2O排放因子.
迄今为止,一些研究者通过优化操作参数[14]、改进曝气方式[15]及工艺改进[16]来减少SBR中的N2O排放,然而关于SBR工艺相较于其他污水处理厂的典型工艺N2O排放高的内在机制很少有研究.Pijuan等[17]猜测是循环期间NH4+-N和NO2--N浓度的突然变化更加明显及好氧阶段之后的缺氧沉降和滗水操作过程中引发了间歇式反应器的N2O形成.Sun等[18]猜测造成污水处理厂的AAO与SBR的N2O排放差异较大的原因是两种工艺的操作方式(进料和曝气)的不同.Rodríguez-Caballero等[19]从缺氧到好氧阶段转化的瞬间激发了N2O的产生.综上所述,目前关于传统SBR工艺较高N2O排放因子的机理研究较少,而且多基于中观层面的氮素变化讨论,缺少实验探究和生物学指标的验证.
AAO与SBR是同样具有脱氮除磷功能的两种典型处理工艺,不仅脱氮原理相似,N2O产生机制相同,而且运行的稳定性与灵活度高,故AAO是研究SBR中N2O排放特征差异机制的理想对照.本研究将SBR与AAO进行比较,控制两种工艺进出水质相同,脱氮效率基本相同,模拟污水处理厂运行参数设计实验,探究常规工况下两种工艺稳定运行时的N2O排放特征差异,监测反应过程中DO浓度与亚硝酸盐(NO2--N)浓度的变化,检测微生物菌群结构及关键酶活性变化,以更好地揭示SBR高N2O排放因子的内在机理,以期为污水处理中N2O减排策略的提出提供一定科学依据.
实验以一组小试AAO与SBR装置为研究对象(如图1所示).AAO工艺装置厌氧池:缺氧池:好氧池=1:3:4,有效工作容积为50L,顶部空间容积为15.58L,水力停留时间(HRT)为9h.SBR工艺装置工作容积为6L,顶部空间为2L,每天运行6个周期,循环时间4h,排水比为16.7%,HRT为20h.控制两组装置的MLSS均为3500mg/L,污泥龄设定为20d、好氧末端DO为1.4mg/L、温度为20℃.另外,为了在TN去除率相似的结果下比较N2O排放特征,反复调试了AAO工艺的回流比与SBR工艺的反硝化时长,最终确定AAO工艺的硝化液回流比为200%、污泥回流比为100%,SBR工艺运行包括5个阶段:进水25min,缺氧搅拌85min,好氧80min,沉淀40min,出水10min.
本实验的活性污泥接种自北京高碑店污水处理厂.实验用水取自人民大学校内的实际生活污水.其水质情况如下,CODcr为173.0∼282.9mg/L,NH4+-N为52.5∼102.5mg/L,TN为54.7∼105.8mg/L,TP为1.8∼2.6mg/L,pH值为7.4∼8.5.
本研究测试的水质指标为COD、NH4+-N、NO2--N、NO3--N、TN等,均按照《水和废水监测分析方法(第4版)》中的标准方法进行分析[20].其中,COD采用快速消解法测定NH4+-N采用纳氏试剂光度法测定;NO2--N采用N-(1-蔡基)-乙二胺光度法测定;NO3--N采用紫外分光光度法测定;TN采用过硫酸钾氧化紫外分光光度法测定;MLSS采用国标规定的重量法测定.使用DO检测仪,氧化还原电位(ORP)仪和pH计分别在线测量DO、ORP和pH值.本研究所有水质指标的测定,均设3个平行样进行测试,取平均值作图与规律分析.
收集的气态N2O采用配有ECD检测器的SP-3420A型气相色谱仪,测定气袋中N2O的浓度.所用色谱柱为Porapak Q柱,所用载气为氮气,进样口温度50℃、柱温50℃、检测器温度300℃.每次进样量为1mL,每个气样均测定3次取平均值.不同区段的气态N2O的采集有所不同.厌氧段、缺氧段及沉淀段采用静态箱法,好氧段直接利用便携式采气泵从顶部密封空间收集气体.AAO与SBR的气体样本在进水至出水的典型周期内每20min收集一次.不同区段的溶解态N2O分别于气体釆集开始和结束时,分别取污泥混合液30mL.采用顶空法进行测定.将30mL反应器上清液与30mL密封于气密性注射器中,加入2mL 2mol/L的H2SO4以防止微生物反应.剧烈摇动5min后,将注射器至于室温下静置1h,然后测量注射器上部的气体浓度.
根据式(1)∼(9)计算运行周期内N2O的排放速率、排放量和排放因子,参考Bae等[21]、任廷刚[22]、刘国华等[23]的研究方法并稍有调整.
式中:Cdis为溶解性N2O浓度,mg/L;Cgas为平衡后气体中N2O的浓度,mg/L;β为Ostwald的N2O溶解度系数(0.538L;30℃);c′为气态N2O释放浓度,×10-6,体积分数;c为气态N2O释放浓度,mg/L;1000:mg转化为μg的系数;T为温度,K;R为气体常数,8.314L·kPa/(K·mol);P为大气压,101.325kPa;M为N2O摩尔质量,44g/mol;∆t:采样间隔时间,min;为单位时间内的气体流量,L/min;ωgas,A为厌氧池或缺氧池气态N2O释放速率,mg/(gMLSS⋅min);ωgas,O为好氧池气态N2O释放速率,mg/(gMLSS⋅min);V2为厌氧或缺氧反应器上部空间体积,L;V1为反应器中混合液体积,L;ωgas,n为第n个采样点气态N2O释放速率,mg/(gMLSS⋅min);Cgas,n为第n个采样点气态N2O释放浓度,mg/LMgas,A为厌氧池或缺氧池气态N2O产生量,mg;Mgas,O为好氧池气态N2O产生量,mg;Mdis:溶解态N2O产生量,mg;MN2O为N2O总产生量,mg;MTN为进水TN负荷,mg TN/d;EFN2O为N2O排放因子,mgN2O/(mgTN/ d).
在稳定运行条件下,收集不同区段的污泥样本以4000转/分钟的速度离心4分钟,分离上清液后将生物量样本转移至-20℃冷冻保存.选择细菌的16S rRNA基因V3-V4区间作为PCR扩增的通用引物,将DNA样品送往检测单位进行Illumina Miseq高通量测序.测序结果通过KEGG进行比对分析.并选择OTU的代表性序列,进行物种分类分析,在各物种分类水平上进行物种注释,统计各样本的群落组成并进行丰度分析.
粗酶提取:取150mL菌液,分3次于冷冻离心机离心(10000r/min,4℃,5min),弃除上清液后加入50mL PBS缓冲液,重悬,洗涤,重复3次.然后加入15mL PBS缓冲液,冰浴超声破碎(20kHz,4min,超2s停2s).最后于冷冻离心机离心(12000r/min,4℃,10min),上清液即为粗酶提取液.蛋白质含量测定:本研究测定蛋白质含量采用快速Lowry法蛋白含量测定试剂盒.试剂A为碱性铜溶液,相当于双缩脲试剂,作用是与蛋白质中的肽键反应而显色;试剂B为磷钨酸和磷钼酸混合液,其在碱性条件下易被酚类化合物还原生成钼蓝和钨蓝混合物而呈蓝色反应,该颜色在750nm波长处有最大吸收,吸光值与蛋白质含量成正比.
酶活性测定:采用双抗体夹心法测定酶活性,包括:氨单加氧酶(AMO)、羟胺氧化还原酶(HAO)、亚硝酸盐氧化还原酶(NXR)、硝酸还原酶(NAR)、亚硝酸盐还原酶(NIR)、一氧化氮还原酶(NOR)和一氧化二氮还原酶(NOS).用纯化的抗体包被微孔板,制备固相抗体.将酶加入被包裹单克隆抗体的微孔中,然后与HRP标记的酶抗体结合形成抗体-抗原-酶标记的抗体复合物,加入底物TMB,经彻底清洗后显色TMB通过HRP酶转化为蓝色,通过酸转化为黄色.颜色的深浅与样品中的酶活性呈正相关.用酶标仪在450nm处测定吸光度(OD值),用标准曲线计算酶活浓度(U/L).为了比较不同浓度的酶活性,可以用单位质量蛋白质的酶活性(U/mg protein)来评估.
N2O排放因子是单位总氮去除量的N2O产生量,本试验中经计算得到的AAO与SBR工艺N2O排放因子分别为1.23%与2.36%,SBR工艺的排放因子为AAO工艺的两倍,SBR工艺中单位处理水量的N2O产生量也高于AAO工艺.这一结果与前人[16,24]对污水处理厂的监测结果一致.Nguyen等[24]研究表明,SBR工艺每吨水的N2O产量为4.20g/m3,而AAO工艺的N2O产量仅为0.97g/m3.两组工艺的气态N2O排放量均显著高于溶解态N2O产生量,气态N2O排放量可占总N2O产生量的97%~98%.其次,AAO工艺不同区段中单位处理水量的N2O产生量大小顺序为:好氧段>厌氧段>缺氧段,SBR工艺不同区段中单位处理水量的N2O产生量大小顺序为:好氧段>沉淀段>缺氧段,好氧段在AAO与SBR工艺的N2O产生量中的占比分别可达到98.9%与91.4%.以上数据表明,好氧段是N2O主要产生阶段,也是影响SBR工艺的N2O排放因子高于AAO工艺的主要阶段.
为比较两种工艺硝化反硝化过程瞬时的N2O排放差异,在工艺运行稳定,TN去除率也基本相同条件下,收集了两组工艺从进水到出水运行过程中的N2O,并计算出气态N2O排放速率及溶解态N2O浓度的变化规律,分别如图2a图2b所示.
整体来说,两种工艺的溶解态N2O浓度接近,而且在总产生量中占比较低,瞬时溶解态N2O浓度最高不超过0.30mg/L,但气态N2O排放速率有所不同.AAO与SBR在好氧段N2O产生量最高,大部分来自气态N2O的排放.AAO的平均气态N2O排放速率低于SBR的平均气态N2O排放速率.SBR好氧段沿程的气态N2O排放速率随着硝化反应进行逐渐升高,峰值为1.312μg/(gMLSS⋅min),随后至好氧段结束前,排放速率大幅度下降.AAO好氧段的气态N2O排放速率沿程降低,峰值为0.750μg/(gMLSS⋅min).此外,两种工艺气态N2O排放速率峰值出现的时间不同,SBR工艺在好氧反应末段达到峰值,AAO工艺在好氧池初段峰值最高.一个阶段的总N2O产生量由沿程的N2O排放累积而成,因此,SBR工艺相较于AAO工艺,其好氧段沿程的气态N2O排放速率变化规律不同,以及峰值位点差异可能N2O排放因子更高的原因.前人研究表明,好氧阶段N2O的产生来自于硝化过程的NH2OH氧化途径以及硝化反硝化途径[25].羟胺氧化途径容易在NH2OH积累及DO充足的条件下发生,硝化反硝化途径容易在NO2--N积累及DO浓度较低的条件下发生,而实际情况下羟胺浓度积累很低,不足以发生羟胺氧化途径[26-27].因此,两组工艺的主要途径均为硝化反硝化途径.那么,AAO与SBR工艺的N2O排放速率及峰值位点差异很可能是由于两组工艺的低DO范围及NO2--N积累量所致.
DO作为硝化反应的电子受体以及微生物生长繁殖过程中的关键物质,对于活性污泥工艺中N2O产生起着重要作用[28].早期一些研究者表明[29],不同硝化细菌具有不同的适宜DO环境,低DO浓度会激发硝化阶段N2O的产生.AOB的氧饱和常数为0.2~0.4mg/L,NOB的氧饱和系数为1.2∼1.5mg/L.因此,当DO浓度低于1.1mg/L时AOB可以生存,但NOB的活性将受到抑制,从而可能造成NO2--N浓度积累,可以将(1.1±0.1)mg/L的DO浓度视为N2O排放量转折点.例如,刘秀红等[30]发现DO浓度1.0mg/L时,N2O产生量及转化率最高.从图3中可以看出,AAO与SBR工艺好氧前段的起始浓度及适合硝化细菌生存的临界DO浓度出现位点有所不同.AAO工艺的起始DO浓度为0.85mg/L,而SBR工艺的起始DO浓度约为0,AAO工艺好氧段在反应前1/3段结束后DO浓度就达到1.15mg/L,而SBR工艺在好氧反应第60min即反应全程的3/4处DO浓度才达到1.10mg/L.这与不同工艺的气态N2O排放速率峰值出现位置相同.因此,SBR工艺相较于AAO工艺的低DO浓度范围占比更久,为发生硝化反硝化途径创造更多的机会,是导致SBR工艺N2O排放速率高于AAO工艺的重要原因.
有研究表明,当反应器内的NH4+-N浓度突然增加,会激发N2O的产生[15].SBR工艺在连续3个循环周期内NH4+-N浓度的变化如图4所示.众所周知,SBR工艺为间歇式进水,其在进水、缺氧、好氧、沉淀几种工序之间循环切换,其好氧段开始时,氨氧化细菌在刚适应上周期排水后低NH4+-N浓度和不消耗NH4+-N的缺氧段后,会面对突然升高的NH4+-N,从而为了完成氨氧化过程需要更强的AOB活性,进而引起SBR工艺的AOB相对丰度更高,导致在氮代谢过程形成更多的N2O副产物.与此同时,AAO工艺为连续进水,工艺分成厌氧、缺氧、好氧3个工艺段且存在内外回流,好氧段开始时的NH4+-N浓度比较稳定,好氧微生物在不间断曝气的条件下稳定生长.典型工况下,AAO工艺进入好氧段的NH4+-N浓度为10.83mg/L,略低于SBR工艺进入好氧段的NH4+-N浓度14.92mg/L.因此,好氧段开始时NH4+-N突增是SBR相较于AAO工艺好氧段N2O排放更高的原因之一.
NO2--N浓度积累是影响N2O产生的底物来源.如图5所示,AAO与SBR沿程的NO2--N浓度积累情况有所不同.AAO反应器整体上的NO2--N浓度均比较低,最高NO2--N浓度约为0.26mg/L.SBR的沿程NO2--N浓度分别在厌氧段反应20min及好氧段反应60min时出现过两次峰值.NO2--N浓度积累分别为2.55和0.89mg/L.特别是SBR好氧段沿程的NO2--N浓度变化与该工况下对应的气态N2O排放速率变化规律相同,这表明很有可能是由于SBR工艺在较长低DO阶段下,更易发生NO2--N浓度积累,使得硝化反硝化途径产生的N2O增多,从而引起SBR的气态N2O排放速率高于AAO,导致SBR的排放因子高于AAO.
本研究对两种工艺好氧段的微生物菌群结构进行了高通量测序分析,图6显示了优势菌门下与硝化反硝化过程的相关菌属.AOB是好氧阶段将NH4+-N氧化为NO2--N的关键微生物,也是导致N2O产生的主要贡献者[31].研究表明,AOB的基因组中无NOS基因,一旦发生反硝化作用,一定是以N2O为终产物.如图6所示,亚硝基单胞菌(Nitrosomonas)是AOB的一种,追溯来源可发现其来自γ-Proteobacteria.硝化螺旋菌(Nitrospira)是NOB的一种,在NO2--N还原为NO3--N时发挥重要作用,其余均为反硝化菌属.根据上节研究可知,SBR工艺的N2O排放因子高于AAO工艺是因更高的NO2--N积累所致,本研究推测造成这个现象可能有两种原因:(1)SBR产生更多的NO2--N:(2)SBR产生的NO2--N还原为NO3--N的少.在硝化过程中,NO2--N的产生和还原过程需要靠AOB与NOB的共同参与.本试验中,SBR工艺的AOB相对丰度高于AAO工艺,代表着SBR工艺相较于AAO工艺具有产生更多NO2--N及N2O的潜力.然而,SBR工艺的NOB丰度高于AAO工艺,表明SBR工艺相较于AAO工艺有还原更多NO2--N的可能..虽然SBR的NOB相对丰度更高,但由于N2O排放与NO2--N的高峰阶段均位于低DO区域,此时NOB活性较低,发挥作用不大.同时,在此基础上本试验还对NitrosomonasNitrospira的比值(AOB/NOB)进行了分析.如图6所示,SBR工艺与AAO工艺的AOB/NOB分别为0.029与0.017,因此SBR工艺相较于AAO工艺有更高的NO2--N积累.此外,SBR工艺中TerrimonasDenitratisomaThaueraRhodoferax四种反硝化菌属的相对丰度高于AAO工艺,这表明SBR的好氧阶段在合适条件下发生好氧反硝化作用较易产生更多副产物N2O.
图7(a)可以看出两种工艺均有酶活性规律:NXR>HAO>AMO,这与测定的AOB、NOB相对丰度规律一致,说明实际污泥系统硝化过程中主途径仍是NH4+-N—NH2OH—NO2--N—NO3--N,且参与这个过程的酶活性逐渐增强,因此N2O只是硝化途径中由于环境因素及NH2OH、NO2--N等积累产生的副产物.Caranto等[32]研究表明,AMO催化活性高于HAO催化活性,NH2OH才能发生短暂积累现象.而HAO>AMO暗示NH4+-N转化为NH2OH之后不易积累而直接转化为NO2--N,进一步佐证了羟胺氧化途径很难发生.而HAO>NIR,说明NH2OH转化速率快于NO2--N转化速率,为发生硝化反硝化途径提供了底物,证实了硝化反硝化途径为两种工艺N2O产生的主导途径.参与硝化反硝化途径的关键酶包括NIR与NOR,由图可以看出AAO与SBR工艺的平均NIR活性分别为0.335与0.384U/mg,AAO与SBR工艺的平均NOR活性分别为1.724与2.362U/mg.两种工艺的NIR活性相似,但SBR工艺的NOR活性明显高于AAO工艺.这与Yang等[33]的研究不同,其发现NIR活性的变化能反映N2O总产生量的变化,并对NO2--N具有高亲和力.值得注意的是,NOR才是直接催化NO产生N2O的酶,因此本实验从酶活性角度看,导致SBR工艺N2O产生量及排放因子高于AAO工艺的直接原因是主导硝化反硝化途径的NOR活性更强.图7(b)显示了SBR工艺好氧阶段沿程的NOR活性高低,可以看出NOR活性同样在反应第60min时活性达到最高,与该工况下对应的气态N2O排放速率及NO2--N浓度变化规律相同.
图7(c)所示,两种工艺均有酶活性规律:NAR>NOR>NOS>NIR,这说明反硝化环节NO3--N、NO转化速度较快,而NO2--N、N2O转化速率较慢.NOR与NOS分别与N2O产生紧密相关,代表反硝化阶段N2O的产生速率与还原速率[34].首先,就缺氧段而言,SBR工艺的NOR活性均明显高于AAO工艺,表示SBR工艺反硝化段会产生更多的N2O.其次,SBR工艺与AAO工艺的缺氧段的NOS活性相似,导致SBR工艺相较于AAO工艺具有较高的N2O生成速率及相似的N2O还原速率,故厌氧段的N2O产生量较高.另外,由图7(c)可知SBR工艺沉淀段的NOS活性最低,令好氧阶段产生的N2O在沉淀阶段无法还原并积累在污泥系统中,在下一周期缺氧初期被搅拌释放出来.另外,缺氧段NOS活性更低可能是因为DO的突然下降刺激了反硝化的产生,而好氧段未消耗完的DO却抑制SBR工艺的NOS活性导致了强烈的不完全反硝化.
综上,AAO与SBR工艺的N2O排放差异归因于DO环境、氮素变化、硝化微生物菌群及酶活性等方面的影响,好氧段的硝化反硝化途径受到强化是SBR工艺的N2O排放相较于AAO工艺更高的内在机理.SBR工艺因低DO时间占比更久、好氧段开始NH4+-N浓度突增,使硝化细菌AOB/NOB比值更高且造成NO2--N高浓度积累.同时,高浓度NO2--N会引起NOR活性增强,通过增强硝化反硝化途径促进了N2O产生和排放.污水处理中的N2O减排可以从以下几个方面努力:(1)优化操作参数,通过提升曝气量控制好氧段DO水平适宜;(2)进一步增加微生物群落丰度,寻找N2O产量少的AOB菌种及具有亚硝酸盐强氧化能力的NOB菌种,抑制NO2--N的积累;(3)工艺选择与改进,尽量选择连续运行工艺,对于间歇运行工艺设计较低的排水比,以降低NH4+-N浓度突增的影响.
3.1 在本研究条件下,SBR与AAO工艺的N2O排放因子分别为2.36%与1.23%.好氧段为两种工艺N2O产生主要阶段,推测SBR工艺好氧段具有更高的N2O排放速率以及峰值出现时间更迟是造成N2O排放差异的重要特征指标.
3.2 分子生物学探究结果表明,好氧段的硝化反硝化途径受到强化是SBR工艺的N2O排放相较于AAO工艺更高的内在机理.SBR工艺好氧段的低DO时间占比更久、阶段开始NH4+-N浓度突增,使得硝化细菌AOB/NOB的比值更高,进一步造成NO2--N高浓度积累及NOR活性增强,导致了AAO与SBR工艺的N2O排放差异.
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  • 接收时间:2024-06-24
  • 首发时间:2026-03-17
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    中国人民大学化学与生命资源学院,低碳水环境技术研究中心,北京 100872

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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