Article(id=1240689597181644818, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, issueId=1240689590315569990, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1721059200000, receivedDateStr=2024-07-16, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773733050865, onlineDateStr=2026-03-17, pubDate=1739980800000, pubDateStr=2025-02-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773733050865, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-17, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773733050865, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773733050865, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1240689590315569990, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, year='2025', volume='45', issue='2', pageStart='593', pageEnd='1184', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773733049228, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773733150042, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1240690013239825123, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, issueId=1240689590315569990, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1240690013239825124, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, issueId=1240689590315569990, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1110, endPage=1117, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1240689598964224083, articleId=1240689597181644818, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, language=EN, title=Thiabendazole-induced cardiac toxicity in early developmental stages of zebrafish, columnId=1234106388687934088, journalTitle=China Environmental Science, columnName=Environmental Toxicology and Environmental Health, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The development of the heart in zebrafish embryos was examined after exposure to different concentrations of thiabendazole (TBZ) solution (0.06, 0.6, and 6mg/L). The levels of catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), reactive oxygen species (ROS), and the expression of genes related to cardiac development were assessed. The results indicated that exposure to the high concentration of TBZ (6mg/L) caused severe cardiotoxicity, including pericardial edema and a reduced heart rate in zebrafish embryos. This concentration also induced significant oxidative stress in the heart, leading to a large number of apoptotic cells and marked changes in the expression of cardiac development-related genes (gate4, nppa, sox9b, vmhc), as well as apoptosis-related genes (bcl2, bax, puma, p53). These findings suggested that TBZ induced cardiotoxicity by disrupting the normal expression of genes involved in cardiac development, generating oxidative stress, and triggering apoptosis.

, correspAuthors=Bin-jie WANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Sheng GUAN, Bin HU, Zhe-ning ZHU, Bin-jie WANG, Ji-ye WANG, Ruo-nan ZHENG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1240689600868438282, articleId=1240689597181644818, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, language=CN, title=噻菌灵诱导斑马鱼早期发育阶段的心脏毒性研究, columnId=1234106394006311784, journalTitle=中国环境科学, columnName=环境毒理与健康, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

以斑马鱼胚胎为研究对象,研究在不同浓度噻菌灵(TBZ)溶液(0.06、0.6和6mg/L)暴露下心脏的发育情况;检测其体内过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性、活性氧(ROS)水平以及心脏发育相关基因的转录水平.结果表明,高浓度的TBZ(6mg/L)暴露诱导斑马鱼胚胎产生严重的心脏毒性,出现心包水肿和心率下降等现象,同时在心脏部位诱发了较强的氧化应激反应,造成大量细胞凋亡,且心脏发育相关基因gate4nppasox9bvmhc和细胞凋亡相关基因bcl2,bax,pumap53表达量显著下降.结果表明,TBZ可能通过破坏心脏发育相关基因的正常表达,产生氧化应激反应并诱导细胞凋亡,引发心脏毒性.

, correspAuthors=王斌杰, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*通讯作者,副教授,
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管盛(2003-),男,浙江温州人,浙江警察学院本科生,从事环境毒理学方向研究. .

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Science of the Total Environment2020719:135097., articleTitle=AHR-mediated ROS production contributes to the cardiac developmental toxicity of PM2.5 in zebrafish embryos, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1240689609093469068, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689597181644818, awardId=LGF20C090001, language=CN, fundingSource=浙江省基础公益研究计划项目(LGF20C090001), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1240689601162039590, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689597181644818, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1240689601174622505, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689597181644818, companyId=1240689601162039590, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Key Laboratory of Drug Prevention and Control Technology Research in Zhejiang Province, Department of Criminal Science and Technology, Zhejiang Police College, Hangzhou 310053, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1240689601187205420, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689597181644818, companyId=1240689601162039590, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=浙江警察学院刑事科学技术系,浙江省毒品防控技术研究重点实验室,浙江 杭州 310053)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1240689607684182775, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689597181644818, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Effects of TBZ exposure on zebrafish embryonic development, figureFileSmall=NTnWhqG+O0HchF/5nkmllA==, figureFileBig=m8sa9u707IwW0Lik4JezMA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240689607801623301, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689597181644818, language=CN, label=图1, caption=TBZ暴露对斑马鱼胚胎发育的影响

(a)TBZ梯度浓度暴露对斑马鱼120hpf-LC50测定;(b)~(f) TBZ暴露对96hpf斑马鱼胚胎存活率、体长和心包面积的影响;(c)~(d) TBZ暴露对72hpf斑马鱼胚胎孵化率和心率的影响;(g) TBZ暴露对96hpf斑马鱼心脏发育的影响

, figureFileSmall=NTnWhqG+O0HchF/5nkmllA==, figureFileBig=m8sa9u707IwW0Lik4JezMA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240689608057475874, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689597181644818, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Effect of TBZ on mRNA expression of zebrafish heart development related genes, figureFileSmall=nXfrOS5hXhljXrm93fZ5Hw==, figureFileBig=JliS1R07aRmo7LqbQgWmBg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240689608242025265, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689597181644818, language=CN, label=图2, caption=TBZ对斑马鱼心脏发育相关基因mRNA表达量的影响

(a)~(d) TBZ 96hpf暴露下斑马鱼胚胎gata,sox9b,nppa,vmhc基因的RNA相对表达量

, figureFileSmall=nXfrOS5hXhljXrm93fZ5Hw==, figureFileBig=JliS1R07aRmo7LqbQgWmBg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240689608397214525, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689597181644818, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Effects of TBZ exposure on oxidative homeostasis in zebrafish embryos, figureFileSmall=mZ8fZAiQzxnJMlVUybprzA==, figureFileBig=Ko+HRlJp+OaIDEKT6cgnyQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240689608506266442, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689597181644818, language=CN, label=图3, caption=TBZ暴露对斑马鱼胚胎氧化平衡的影响

(a)~(d) TBZ 96hpf暴露下斑马鱼胚胎的ROS染色情况;(e) TBZ暴露对斑马鱼胚胎96hpf心脏部位总荧光强度的影响;(f)~(g) TBZ暴露对96hpf斑马鱼胚胎SOD和CAT活性的影响

, figureFileSmall=mZ8fZAiQzxnJMlVUybprzA==, figureFileBig=Ko+HRlJp+OaIDEKT6cgnyQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240689608606929753, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689597181644818, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Acridine orange staining of the heart and effect on mRNA expression of apoptosis-related genes after thiram exposure, figureFileSmall=KA/t0bN1VmtMyHqZWOeecQ==, figureFileBig=0u22RTobBkSetvhjebQ6eg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240689608720175973, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689597181644818, language=CN, label=图4, caption=TBZ暴露后心脏吖啶橙染色和对凋亡相关基因mRNA表达量的影响

(a)~(d) TBZ96hpf暴露下斑马鱼胚胎的AO染色情况;(e)~(h) TBZ暴露对96hpf斑马鱼胚胎细胞凋亡调控基因(bcl2,bax,puma,p53) mRNA表达量的影响

, figureFileSmall=KA/t0bN1VmtMyHqZWOeecQ==, figureFileBig=0u22RTobBkSetvhjebQ6eg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240689608841810799, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689597181644818, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Primers for real-time quantitative PCR

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
基因名称引物序列(5’-3’)
β-actinF:AGGTCATCACCATCGGCAAT
R:GATGTCCACGTCGCACTTCA
gata4F:GCCGGGATACCGCAACTTAT
R:AGTACGGAGCTGTCGAAGTG
nppaF:GGATTTGACACACAGAGAAATCGCC
R:TTGCAGCTAACCTTTTTTAGAGTTGC
sox9aF:TGACGAGTTGTTCTCCAGAG
R:AGGCCACACGTCTATAACCC
vmhcF:TGATATCGAGCGCAAACTAGCCG
R:CTGGATCTCCATCTCATTCAGGTCG
bcl2F:TGGCGTCCCAGGTAGATAATATTGC
R:CGCAGAGGCTGTCACTTCTGAGC
baxF:GCGATACGGGCAGTGGCAATG
R:GCGTTTATGGCTGGGGTCACAC
pumaF:TGGAAAGCAGAGTGGACGAA
R:GATGGCAGGGCTGGATGA
p53F:TGCTTGAAGAACAGCCTCAGCCAT
R:TATTCAGGTCCGGTGAATAAGTGCA
), ArticleFig(id=1240689608934085501, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689597181644818, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

用于实时定量聚合酶反应的引物

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
基因名称引物序列(5’-3’)
β-actinF:AGGTCATCACCATCGGCAAT
R:GATGTCCACGTCGCACTTCA
gata4F:GCCGGGATACCGCAACTTAT
R:AGTACGGAGCTGTCGAAGTG
nppaF:GGATTTGACACACAGAGAAATCGCC
R:TTGCAGCTAACCTTTTTTAGAGTTGC
sox9aF:TGACGAGTTGTTCTCCAGAG
R:AGGCCACACGTCTATAACCC
vmhcF:TGATATCGAGCGCAAACTAGCCG
R:CTGGATCTCCATCTCATTCAGGTCG
bcl2F:TGGCGTCCCAGGTAGATAATATTGC
R:CGCAGAGGCTGTCACTTCTGAGC
baxF:GCGATACGGGCAGTGGCAATG
R:GCGTTTATGGCTGGGGTCACAC
pumaF:TGGAAAGCAGAGTGGACGAA
R:GATGGCAGGGCTGGATGA
p53F:TGCTTGAAGAACAGCCTCAGCCAT
R:TATTCAGGTCCGGTGAATAAGTGCA
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噻菌灵诱导斑马鱼早期发育阶段的心脏毒性研究
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管盛 , 胡彬 , 朱浙宁 , 王斌杰 * , 王继业 , 郑若楠
中国环境科学 | 环境毒理与健康 2025,45(2): 1110-1117
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中国环境科学 | 环境毒理与健康 2025, 45(2): 1110-1117
噻菌灵诱导斑马鱼早期发育阶段的心脏毒性研究
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管盛 , 胡彬, 朱浙宁, 王斌杰* , 王继业, 郑若楠
作者信息
  • 浙江警察学院刑事科学技术系,浙江省毒品防控技术研究重点实验室,浙江 杭州 310053
  • 管盛(2003-),男,浙江温州人,浙江警察学院本科生,从事环境毒理学方向研究. .

通讯作者:

*通讯作者,副教授,
Thiabendazole-induced cardiac toxicity in early developmental stages of zebrafish
Sheng GUAN , Bin HU, Zhe-ning ZHU, Bin-jie WANG* , Ji-ye WANG, Ruo-nan ZHENG
Affiliations
  • Key Laboratory of Drug Prevention and Control Technology Research in Zhejiang Province, Department of Criminal Science and Technology, Zhejiang Police College, Hangzhou 310053, China
出版时间: 2025-02-20
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以斑马鱼胚胎为研究对象,研究在不同浓度噻菌灵(TBZ)溶液(0.06、0.6和6mg/L)暴露下心脏的发育情况;检测其体内过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性、活性氧(ROS)水平以及心脏发育相关基因的转录水平.结果表明,高浓度的TBZ(6mg/L)暴露诱导斑马鱼胚胎产生严重的心脏毒性,出现心包水肿和心率下降等现象,同时在心脏部位诱发了较强的氧化应激反应,造成大量细胞凋亡,且心脏发育相关基因gate4nppasox9bvmhc和细胞凋亡相关基因bcl2,bax,pumap53表达量显著下降.结果表明,TBZ可能通过破坏心脏发育相关基因的正常表达,产生氧化应激反应并诱导细胞凋亡,引发心脏毒性.

噻菌灵  /  斑马鱼  /  心脏毒性  /  氧化应激  /  细胞凋亡

The development of the heart in zebrafish embryos was examined after exposure to different concentrations of thiabendazole (TBZ) solution (0.06, 0.6, and 6mg/L). The levels of catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), reactive oxygen species (ROS), and the expression of genes related to cardiac development were assessed. The results indicated that exposure to the high concentration of TBZ (6mg/L) caused severe cardiotoxicity, including pericardial edema and a reduced heart rate in zebrafish embryos. This concentration also induced significant oxidative stress in the heart, leading to a large number of apoptotic cells and marked changes in the expression of cardiac development-related genes (gate4, nppa, sox9b, vmhc), as well as apoptosis-related genes (bcl2, bax, puma, p53). These findings suggested that TBZ induced cardiotoxicity by disrupting the normal expression of genes involved in cardiac development, generating oxidative stress, and triggering apoptosis.

Thiabendazole  /  zebrafish  /  cardiotoxicity  /  oxidative stress  /  apoptosis
管盛, 胡彬, 朱浙宁, 王斌杰, 王继业, 郑若楠. 噻菌灵诱导斑马鱼早期发育阶段的心脏毒性研究. 中国环境科学, 2025 , 45 (2) : 1110 -1117 .
Sheng GUAN, Bin HU, Zhe-ning ZHU, Bin-jie WANG, Ji-ye WANG, Ruo-nan ZHENG. Thiabendazole-induced cardiac toxicity in early developmental stages of zebrafish[J]. China Environmental Science, 2025 , 45 (2) : 1110 -1117 .
杀菌剂被广泛用于抑制农业生产中真菌、细菌和寄生虫的生长,能够降低疾病对多种粮食作物的减产风险[1].然而,杀菌剂不可避免地在水环境中残留,可能通过食物链在水生生物体内蓄积,对水生生物的生长繁殖造成干扰[2].噻菌灵(TBZ)是一种高效的苯并咪唑类杀真菌剂,可以通过与β-微管蛋白结合从而抑制真菌有丝分裂,因此常用于水果加工以延长保质期,防止水果腐烂[3-4].在黄瓜、蜂蜜、蜂蜡等多种农产品中均已检测到TBZ残留[5-6].
多项研究证明,TBZ在长期暴露或与其他农药联合使用中对啮齿动物和人体的毒性作用,包括肝脏毒性[7]和致畸性[8]和儿童过敏反应[9].TBZ类似的苯并咪唑化合物可以诱导啮齿动物产生自闭症谱系障碍(ASD)行为,引发运动发育、探索行为和学习行为的改变[8].此外,苯并咪唑化合物还能够诱导人支气管上皮细胞和神经细胞的氧化应激,导致细胞凋亡[10].相比其他苯并咪唑杀菌剂,TBZ由于分子结构中的噻唑基团具有较大的空间位阻,抑制其与生物转化酶的结合,降低了TBZ沉积物在环境中的降解速度,因而TBZ具有更高的环境残留风险,能够在土壤中的残留达22周[11-14].据报道,由于柑桔生产等集约化农业生产,在地中海河流中的噻菌灵的浓度达到34.5µg/L[15].在西班牙Castell'o的城市污水中也检测到平均60µg/L的TBZ残留[16].此外,在其他环境水样,如地表水、地下水和沉积物中也检测到浓度从5.0到30.4ng/L的TBZ[17-19].
斑马鱼(Zebrafish)与人类有75%的遗传相似性,同时具有胚胎透明、产卵量高、实验周期短、伦理性要求低等优势,被广泛用于环境污染物的风险评估[20].现有研究表明,苯并咪唑类化合物暴露在斑马鱼早期发育过程中能够引发骨骼毒性[21]、肾脏毒性[22],心脏毒性[21],视觉毒性[23]和运动行为损伤[24].但对于TBZ对斑马鱼早期生命阶段的心脏毒性机制仍没有相关报道.
本文将斑马鱼胚胎暴露在包括环境相关浓度在内的3种不同浓度TBZ溶液中,以评估环境相关浓度的TBZ对斑马鱼早期发育阶段的潜在心脏毒性,并通过氧化应激、细胞凋亡和相关基因表达证明毒性机制.研究结果旨在更深入地了解TBZ杀菌剂对斑马鱼早期生命阶段的心脏毒性机制,为TBZ在环境中的残留危险性提供新的证据.
TBZ(CAS:148-79-8,纯度>98%)购自北京北方伟业计量技术研究院.二甲基亚砜(DMSO)购自上海阿拉丁生化科技股份有限公司,用于配制TBZ母液.为确保实验的准确性,将母液储存在4℃环境中,用纯水稀释以控制各组DMSO浓度均为0.01%.吖啶橙(CAS:10127-02-3,纯度>98%)购自索莱宝科技有限公司,CAT、SOD、ROS和总蛋白(BCA)测定试剂盒均购自中国南京建成生物工程研究所.
本研究所使用的野生AB系购自武汉中国斑马鱼资源中心.成年斑马鱼被饲养在28℃的恒温循环水系统中,控制系统pH值在7±0.2,电导率在(500±100) µS/cm,光照周期为14h(光):10h(暗).所有斑马鱼实验经浙江大学实验动物福利与伦理审查委员会批准(伦理批准号:ZJU20210168).
向六孔板每个孔中放置30枚正常发育的受精后4h(hpf,hours pos-fertilization)斑马鱼胚胎,加入8mL浓度分别为0,2,4,8,16,24,32mg/L的TBZ溶液,每个浓度3个重复,每隔24h更换一半的溶液,观察并记录死亡率至120hpf,得到TBZ对斑马鱼120hpf-LC50.根据报道的环境浓度(60µg/L)并参考120hpf-LC50进行梯度设计,每孔分别加入3mL(0.06,0.6和6mg/L)的TBZ溶液作为3个暴露组,对照组则添加0.01% DMSO的胚胎培养液.每个浓度设置3次生物学重复.胚胎培养在温度28℃、光照周期为14h(光):10h(暗)的恒温培养箱,暴露至96hpf.期间每天更新1/2溶液并及时清除无心跳的死亡斑马鱼.
72hpf时,通过体视显微镜(Olympus,SZX2)观察并记录胚胎孵化的情况,每组随机统计10个胚胎的心率.96hpf时,统计胚胎死亡率,同时使用体视显微镜随机拍摄每组10个胚胎,统计心包面积(mm2)和体长(µm).
96hpf时,每组随机挑选10个胚胎进行ROS染色,在37℃黑暗环境中染色30min后清洗,通过体视显微镜在蓝色激发光下拍摄.心脏部位ROS荧光强度用ImageJ软件进行分析,测定各实验组的ROS水平.每组随机挑选30个胚胎制成组织匀浆,根据说明书测定不同浓度组的氧化应激水平,包括测定CAT活性和SOD活性.每组随机挑选10个胚胎,用吖啶橙(AO)染色检测96hpf胚胎的凋亡细胞,吖啶橙可透过细胞膜与细胞核内的双链DNA结合产生荧光,导致凋亡的细胞在蓝色激发光下呈现为黄绿色斑点状荧光
96hpf时,每组随机抽取30个胚胎分别进行3次实验重复,研磨成组织匀浆,利用Trizol试剂(Thermo Fisher,USA)从匀浆中纯化总RNA,每组3个重复.通过超微量紫外分光光度计(Nanodrop 2000)测定总RNA浓度.将总RNA稀释至200ng/L后,使用PrimeScript™ RT试剂盒(with gDNA Eraser)对总RNA反转录为cDNA.选取β-actin作为参照基因,使用SYBR Green Master Mix(Thermo Fisher,USA)在ABI Step One plus RT-PCR系统(Applied Biosystems,CA,USA)上进行实时定量聚合酶链反应(RT-qPCR).所有目标基因的特异性引物均由BLAST设计与合成(表1).通过2-ΔΔCt相对定量法,对心脏发育相关基因(gata4,sox9anppavmhc)以及细胞凋亡调控基因(bcl2baxpumap53)的mRNA表达水平进行了统计学分析.
运用GraphPad Prism 8软件对实验数据进行统计分析并绘制数据图,并借助非线性回归算法拟合剂量-响应曲线,得到TBZ的120hpf-LC50.采用Kolmogorov-Smirnov test进行正态检验.随后采用单因素方差分析法和Dunnett多重比较检验分析各组间的差异显著性.数值以均数±标准差表示.与对照组比较,P值小于0.05认为有统计学差异(*P<0.05,**P<0.01).
斑马鱼胚胎暴露在TBZ溶液至120hpf,其LC50为8.727mg/L,如图1(a)所示.
本实验参考TBZ暴露至120hpf的斑马鱼LC50,根据等比原则设置TBZ处理组浓度分别为0.06,0.6和6mg/L,对斑马鱼胚胎进行96hpf暴露处理.结果显示,TBZ暴露后导致斑马鱼胚胎存活率、孵化率下降,其中0.6mg/L和6mg/L浓度组跟对照组相比,存活率分别降低了18.33%(P<0.05)和34.17%(P<0.01),孵化率分别下降了9.45%(P<0.01)和15.49%(P<0.01),如图1(b)图1(c)所示.同时,0.6mg/L和6mg/L浓度组心率和体长皆显著下降(P<0.01),如图1(d)和1(e)所示.TBZ诱发斑马鱼心脏毒性,0.6和6mg/L浓度组胚胎心包面积显著增加(P<0.05,P<0.01),如图1(f)所示.结果表明,TBZ暴露将导致斑马鱼出现体长缩短、心包水肿等发育畸形,如图1(g)所示.
为了进一步探究TBZ对斑马鱼心脏发育的影响,本研究对4个心脏相关基因的表达进行分析,结果如图2所示.相比于对照组,实验组中gata4sox9b的表达量随浓度升高依赖性降低,如图2(a)图2(b)所示.其中sox9b基因在心脏瓣膜、心内膜细胞及动脉球中表达,对心脏的正常发育至关重要,其表达量在0.6mg/L和6mg/L都显著下调(P<0.01).nppavmhc的表达量随浓度升高先升高后降低,如图2(c)图2(d)所示.其中nppa的表达量在0.6mg/L和6mg/L显著下调(P<0.01和P<0.01).斑马鱼心脏早期发育的标志基因vmhc的表达量在0.6mg/L显著上调(P<0.01),而在6mg/L显著下调(P<0.01).结果表明,TBZ影响胚胎心脏发育过程中的心脏基因表达.
氧化应激指生物体内氧化与抗氧化作用失衡,从而引发组织损伤的现象,是评估农药毒性的重要指标.96hpf时,高浓度组胚胎的心脏区域ROS水平明显增加,呈现出随TBZ剂量递增的趋势,如图3(a)~(e)所示.同时,SOD活性则呈现出与TBZ浓度相反的浓度依赖性降低(P<0.01),如图3(f)所示.CAT活性在0.6与6mg/L的TBZ浓度下,较对照组出现了显著的抑制(P<0.01),如图3(g)所示.上述发现揭示了TBZ暴露可能干扰斑马鱼胚胎体内的氧化还原平衡,诱发心脏部位的氧化损伤.
为探究TBZ是否会诱发细胞凋亡,用AO对各个浓度组96hpf胚胎进行染色.结果表明,对照组和0.06mg/L浓度组并没有出现明显的细胞凋亡现象,如图4(a)图4(a’)图4(b)和4(b’)所示.0.6mg/L浓度组出现小范围细胞凋亡,如图4(c)图4(c’)所示,而6mg/L浓度组在心脏部分观察到大范围的细胞凋亡,如图4(d)图4(d’)所示.为了更深入探究TBZ暴露下心脏细胞凋亡的机制,分析了4个与凋亡相关的基因表达.相比对照组,TBZ暴露组的bcl2baxpumap53基因表达量在0.6mg/L和6mg/L显著下调(P<0.01),如图4(e)~(h)所示.结果表明,TBZ暴露诱发胚胎心脏部位细胞凋亡.
TBZ是一种苯并咪唑类杀菌剂[24],被广泛应用于油菜菌核病、霜霉病和黑腐病的防治.然而,研究表明TBZ在6小时内可以穿透角质层进入植物组织,因此很容易残留在农作物中[25].同时,TBZ在自然环境中降解速度较慢,导致其在环境中残留和生物积累,引起人们关注其生态环境风险[26-27].TBZ对水生生物有较强的遗传毒性[25]、生殖毒性[26]、肝毒性[7]、肾毒性[27],然而对于其引发的发育毒性尚不清楚.本研究中,斑马鱼胚胎被暴露于TBZ溶液中至96hpf,观察到TBZ抑制了胚胎的存活和孵化,诱导斑马鱼产生了发育毒性、心脏毒性、氧化应激和细胞凋亡,并改变相关基因表达.首次利用斑马鱼模型研究环境浓度TBZ对心脏急性毒性的影响,并证实了这种心脏毒性与氧化损伤、细胞凋亡及心脏基因发育异常之间的关联.
暴露于TBZ的斑马鱼胚胎孵化率和存活率降低,并且出现心率降低、体长缩短和心包水肿等发育、心脏畸形表型.Park等[28]认为TBZ引发了斑马鱼幼体的细胞凋亡、活性氧(ROS)产生和炎症反应,可能通过改变PI3K/Akt和MAPK信号通路的激活水平对正常器官的损害.我们进一步证明了更低的TBZ暴露可能诱导斑马鱼胚胎心脏发育毒性及机制.心脏发育的过程受许多重要基因和转录因子的调控.gata4基因作为心脏发育必不可缺的转录因子,它与心肌细胞的重构再生增殖有关[29-30]sox9b转录调控对心肌细胞的发育是必要的,其突变可导致心室心肌细胞减少,最终导致心力衰竭[31].暴露在0.6和6mg/L的TBZ溶液的斑马鱼胚胎体内gata4sox9b表达量显著下调,说明心肌细胞的重构、再生和增殖过程被破坏,心肌细胞数量减少.胚胎心脏部位出现大量细胞凋亡,这与暴露组胚胎心率下降相关.心室肌球蛋白重链vmhc基因被认为是揭示心室细胞谱系的最早心肌标志物.在斑马鱼胚胎发育过程中,vmhc的表达模式是确保将心肌前体分为心室和心房亚群[32-33].相关研究表明,TBZ可能在低浓度会诱导心肌细胞发生代偿性转录变化,通过vmhc的补充表达来挽救肌丝结构异常的缺陷,但高浓度时,随着心肌细胞结构的完全破坏,vmhc的表达则会下降[34].心房利钠肽nppa基因也是心脏心房和心室工作心肌分化的重要标志[35],在心血管系统中发挥关键的多效性作用,如限制心肌细胞肥大和死亡,减少心脏纤维化并促进血管完整性[36].本实验中,高浓度暴露组的胚胎都有出现心包水肿现象,并且nppa基因表达量显著下调.推测TBZ诱导的nppa表达量下调可能是造成心包水肿的原因之一.
在适当的时间点调节细胞凋亡对发育至关重要,因此我们认为不受控制的细胞凋亡是TBZ引发心脏毒性的主要原因之一.根据这一假设,我们在AO染色实验中发现,0.6和6mg/L TBZ暴露组的斑马鱼胚胎在心脏部位出现了相当程度的凋亡细胞.此外,在对细胞凋亡相关基因相对表达量的测定中发现,TBZ暴露影响了相关凋亡基因bcl2baxpumap53的表达.bcl2基因在线粒体凋亡途径中起关键调节作用.它通过抑制线粒体细胞色素的释放,在应激期间阻止细胞凋亡[37-38].本实验中,bcl2基因表达量在高浓度组显著下调,在一定程度上减弱了凋亡过程中线粒体对于细胞的保护.而bax基因与之相反,当存在凋亡信号时,bax易位到线粒体外膜,并与其他bax蛋白形成同源或异源寡聚体通道,线粒体细胞色素释放到细胞质中,促进细胞凋亡[39].研究发现bax/bcl-2两蛋白之间的比例关系影响细胞凋亡抑制作用的强弱[40].此外,p53基因也是促细胞凋亡的标志基因之一.在p53基因缺乏的情况下可明显减少DNA的损伤凋亡[41].puma作为p53的转录靶点,介导p53的促凋[42].同时有研究表明puma基因通过与促凋亡bcl-2家族蛋白baxbak的直接相互作用来激活线粒体凋亡,从而构成“激活剂”引发细胞凋亡[42].在本研究中,p53puma基因的表达量皆在高浓度组显著下调.猜测可能是高浓度TBZ诱发大量细胞凋亡,机体为保持平衡,通过抑制作为转录靶点的puma基因的表达,使p53基因表达量下调,同时可以达到抑制baxbak的直接相互作用的目的,从而减弱细胞凋亡程度.
氧化应激是导致细胞凋亡的一个重要原因,它可以激活调控细胞凋亡的基因p53和凋亡蛋白酶激活因子1(Apaf-1)之间的相互作用,是评估农药毒性的重要指标.本实验以此来探究TBZ对斑马鱼胚胎心脏毒性和氧化损伤之间的关联机制.实验发现,高浓度TBZ暴露后胚胎心脏部位ROS水平增加,可能诱导DNA损伤,这是常见先天性心脏缺陷的原因之一[43].超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)是对抗氧化损伤的重要手段之一,前者通过将对机体有害的超氧阴离子自由基(O2-)歧化为水和氧气而产生作用,后者是通过不断运转清除对机体有害的过氧化氢(H2O2)和过氧化物,阻止其进一步生成氧化性更强的物质来产生作用[44].在本实验中观察到SOD和CAT皆显著下调且随TBZ浓度升高呈浓度依赖性,并且在高浓度组中下调更为明显,这可能是由于高浓度组ROS水平增加,为维持体内ROS与抗氧化防御系统的平衡,导致SOD和CAT过度消耗造成的,或者是高浓度的TBZ抑制SOD和CAT相关酶的活性,导致SOD和CAT活性降低造成的.综上,TBZ诱导斑马鱼胚胎产生强烈的氧化应激反应,导致抗氧化防御系统失衡,造成胚胎内大量ROS无法及时清除而产生积累,从而引发更为严重的氧化损伤,进而诱导强烈的细胞凋亡,出现心脏畸形表型.
在本研究中,我们证实了TBZ暴露诱导斑马鱼产生严重的心脏毒性,出现心包水肿、心率下降、体长缩短等现象,同时会诱发胚胎心脏部位产生较强的氧化应激反应,造成大量细胞凋亡.我们的数据为TBZ在环境中的残留危险性提供了新的证据.考虑到其在环境和生物体中的富集,今后有必要对环境浓度下TBZ的长期暴露毒性进行研究,以进一步了解这种化合物在生长、繁殖以及跨代遗传方面的毒性,为预防人类和野生动物接触这种环境污染物引起的疾病提供一种潜在的策略.
4.1 TBZ暴露显著降低了斑马鱼胚胎的存活率,孵化率和体长,造成了严重的心率下降和心包水肿,表现出明显的心脏发育毒性.
4.2 TBZ暴露显著影响了斑马鱼胚胎心脏发育以及细胞凋亡相关基因的表达.
4.3 TBZ暴露诱导斑马鱼胚胎在心脏部位产生较强的氧化应激反应,且在心脏部位造成了大量的细胞凋亡,这可能与TBZ暴露导致的心脏毒性相关.
  • 浙江省基础公益研究计划项目(LGF20C090001)
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  • 接收时间:2024-07-16
  • 首发时间:2026-03-17
  • 出版时间:2025-02-20
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  • 收稿日期:2024-07-16
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浙江省基础公益研究计划项目(LGF20C090001)
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    浙江警察学院刑事科学技术系,浙江省毒品防控技术研究重点实验室,浙江 杭州 310053

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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