Article(id=1240689596997104342, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, issueId=1240689590315569990, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1720368000000, receivedDateStr=2024-07-08, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773733050821, onlineDateStr=2026-03-17, pubDate=1739980800000, pubDateStr=2025-02-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773733050821, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-17, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773733050821, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773733050821, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1240689590315569990, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, year='2025', volume='45', issue='2', pageStart='593', pageEnd='1184', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773733049228, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773733150042, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1240690013239825123, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, issueId=1240689590315569990, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1240690013239825124, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, issueId=1240689590315569990, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=736, endPage=747, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1240689599777927992, articleId=1240689596997104342, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, language=EN, title=Pollution characteristics and risk assessment of antibiotics in sludge from pharmaceutical wastewater treatment plants: the influence of production load, columnId=1234106386360103680, journalTitle=China Environmental Science, columnName=Water Pollution Control, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Sludge from pharmaceutical wastewater treatment plants serves as a major reservoir for antibiotics. This study aimed to investigate the residual characteristics of antibiotics in sludge from different stages of wastewater treatment under varying production loads, and to assess the potential ecological risks of physicochemical and biochemical dewatered sludge using the Risk Entropy(RQ) method. The results indicated that 11 types of antibiotics were detected in the sludge under both high and low production loads, with total detected concentrations of 401.72µg/kg and 55.02µg/kg, respectively, showing significant differences in concentrations among different antibiotics. The production load had a notable impact on the wastewater treatment process. Principal component analysis(PCA) delineated robust disparities in antibiotic concentrations and water quality parameters among various treatment stages, with these differences being more pronounced under high production loads than under low production loads. Furthermore, redundancy analysis (RDA) underscored the substantial influence of distinct wastewater quality parameters on the removal efficacy of antibiotics. Residual levels of antibiotics from pharmaceutical processes remained relatively high in both physicochemical and biochemical dewatered sludge, with elevated concentrations of 9.39µg/g in low production load physicochemical sludge and 12.91µg/g in high production load biochemically dewatered sludge. Erythromycin, roxithromycin, and sulfamethoxazole in sludge-amended soil posed a high risk (RQ>10) to aquatic organisms in the receiving environment, with sulfadimethoxine exhibiting the most pronounced environmental risk (RQ>295.04). Macrolides and sulfonamide were identified as the primary risk factors in pharmaceutical plants, and it is recommended that these be prioritized for pollution control. The ecological risk posed by mixed antibiotics was significantly higher than that of individual antibiotics. Therefore, careful consideration of the final disposal of both physicochemical and biochemical sludge is crucial.

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制药污水处理厂污泥是抗生素的主要储存库.研究考察了高、低生产负荷影响下不同污水处理工艺段污泥中抗生素的残留特征,并利用风险熵值(RQ)法评估了物化和生化污泥潜在的生态风险.结果表明,高、低生产负荷下污泥中检测出的11种抗生素种类相似,总检出浓度分别为401.72µg/g和55.02µg/g,不同抗生素浓度差异显著.生产负荷对废水处理工艺有一定的冲击力.主成分分析(PCA)结果显示高生产负荷下,不同工艺段的抗生素和水质参数之间的差异比低生产负荷下的差异更显著.冗余分析(RDA)结果显示不同的废水水质参数对抗生素的去除存在较大影响.制药过程中产生的抗生素在物化和生化脱水污泥中残留量依旧较高.低生产负荷物化和高生产负荷生化脱水污泥中抗生素残留量仍分别高达9.39µg/g和12.91µg/g.污泥改良土中红霉素、罗红霉素和磺胺氯哒嗪对接收环境的水生生物构成高风险(RQ>10).其中,磺胺二甲氧嘧啶的环境风险最高(RQ>295.04).制药厂大环内酯类和磺胺类抗生素是主要的风险因子,建议标记为优先控制污染物.混合抗生素的生态风险远高于单一抗生素.因此,不管是物化污泥还是生化污泥,都需要谨慎考虑污泥的最终出路.

, correspAuthors=张倩, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*责任作者,教授,
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彭薪屹(1999-),女,重庆人,桂林电子科技大学硕士研究生,主要从事新型污染物的环境行为研究. .

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彭薪屹(1999-),女,重庆人,桂林电子科技大学硕士研究生,主要从事新型污染物的环境行为研究. .

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彭薪屹(1999-),女,重庆人,桂林电子科技大学硕士研究生,主要从事新型污染物的环境行为研究. .

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Measures for phosphorus removal in urban wastewater treatment plants [J]. China Resource Comprehensive Utilization201836(4):382., articleTitle=Measures for phosphorus removal in urban wastewater treatment plants, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1240689631491060457, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689596997104342, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=9, issue=4, pageStart=2162, pageEnd=2171, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[49], rfOrder=51, authorNames=Zeng F, Jin W, Zhao Q, journalName=RSC Advances, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Zeng FJin WZhao Q. Temperature effect on extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) and phosphorus accumulating organisms (PAOs) for phosphorus release of anaerobic sludge [J]. RSC Advances20199(4):2162-2171., articleTitle=Temperature effect on extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) and phosphorus accumulating organisms (PAOs) for phosphorus release of anaerobic sludge, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1240689631570752239, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689596997104342, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2013, volume=29, issue=19, pageStart=77, pageEnd=80, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[50], rfOrder=52, authorNames=Wang J, Gao K, Li K, journalName=China Water & Wastewater, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Wang JGao KLi K,et al. Inhibitory effect of tetracycline on activated sludge system and its removal efficiency [J]. China Water & Wastewater201329(19):77-80., articleTitle=Inhibitory effect of tetracycline on activated sludge system and its removal efficiency, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1240689631688192757, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689596997104342, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=17, issue=21, pageStart=7706, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[51], rfOrder=53, authorNames=Hanna N, Purohit M, Diwan V, journalName=International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Hanna NPurohit MDiwan V,et al. Monitoring of water quality,antibiotic residues,and antibiotic-resistant escherichia coli in the Kshipra River in India over a 3-year period [J]. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health202017(21):7706., articleTitle=Monitoring of water quality,antibiotic residues,and antibiotic-resistant escherichia coli in the Kshipra River in India over a 3-year period, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1240689631797244665, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689596997104342, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=26, issue=1, pageStart=544, pageEnd=558, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[52], rfOrder=54, authorNames=Aydin S, Aydin M E, Ulvi A, journalName=Environmental Science and Pollution Research, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Aydin SAydin M EUlvi A,et al. Antibiotics in hospital effluents: occurrence,contribution to urban wastewater,removal in a wastewater treatment plant,and environmental risk assessment [J]. Environmental Science and Pollution Research201926(1):544-558., articleTitle=Antibiotics in hospital effluents: occurrence,contribution to urban wastewater,removal in a wastewater treatment plant,and environmental risk assessment, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1240689622313922829, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689596997104342, awardId=U21A20179, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金联合基金资助重点项目(U21A20179), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1240689604274221184, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689596997104342, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1240689604282609793, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689596997104342, companyId=1240689604274221184, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.School of Life and Environmental Science, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin 541004, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1240689604295192708, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689596997104342, companyId=1240689604274221184, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.桂林电子科技大学生命与环境科学学院,广西 桂林 541004)]), AuthorCompany(id=1240689604458770582, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689596997104342, xref=2., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1240689604492325020, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689596997104342, companyId=1240689604458770582, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541006, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1240689604509102240, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689596997104342, companyId=1240689604458770582, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.桂林理工大学环境科学与工程学院,广西 桂林 541006)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1240689617461113797, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689596997104342, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Schematic diagram of the pharmaceutical wastewater treatment process, figureFileSmall=SVAhOjTGgEmKlTLx9XyUQA==, figureFileBig=pW70CO3EPxOstH6JUx2UAw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240689617641468883, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689596997104342, language=CN, label=图1, caption=制药厂废水处理工艺流程, figureFileSmall=SVAhOjTGgEmKlTLx9XyUQA==, figureFileBig=pW70CO3EPxOstH6JUx2UAw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240689617947653098, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689596997104342, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Distribution of antibiotics in sludge across different process stages under (a) low production load and (b) high production load, figureFileSmall=piCPAcW7QWicC0MkklB+wA==, figureFileBig=ha3f8YHeHmrGXX/wCpoyyg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240689618094453756, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689596997104342, language=CN, label=图2, caption=低和高生产负荷下各工艺段污泥中抗生素分布情况, figureFileSmall=piCPAcW7QWicC0MkklB+wA==, figureFileBig=ha3f8YHeHmrGXX/wCpoyyg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240689618237059076, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689596997104342, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Variations in chemical oxygen demand, total nitrogen, ammonia nitrogen and total phosphorus concentrations across different stages of the wastewater treatment process, figureFileSmall=eNJO4THbePkWWgN0zYVXOA==, figureFileBig=Zu8PNwLgJObKS0JwRWuuzQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240689618375471114, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689596997104342, language=CN, label=图3, caption=各污水处理工艺段污水COD、总氮、氨氮和总磷浓度变化, figureFileSmall=eNJO4THbePkWWgN0zYVXOA==, figureFileBig=Zu8PNwLgJObKS0JwRWuuzQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240689618551631894, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689596997104342, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Principal component analysis of water quality and antibiotics across different wastewater treatment stages, figureFileSmall=IGy62xnjr2h6MXQSr6Z7rA==, figureFileBig=aJVod4r0whn4kwN7086/DQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240689618719404066, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689596997104342, language=CN, label=图4, caption=不同工艺段污水水质和抗生素之间的主成分分析, figureFileSmall=IGy62xnjr2h6MXQSr6Z7rA==, figureFileBig=aJVod4r0whn4kwN7086/DQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240689618815873066, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689596997104342, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Redundancy analysis of sludge antibiotics and water quality parameters in sludge under low production load and high production loads, figureFileSmall=wwLvMEqCgFEkBwCoVfy6HA==, figureFileBig=mJGZP345C2tiPP2d4L6RDQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240689618912342069, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689596997104342, language=CN, label=图5, caption=低和高生产负荷影响下污泥抗生素和水质参数的冗余分析, figureFileSmall=wwLvMEqCgFEkBwCoVfy6HA==, figureFileBig=mJGZP345C2tiPP2d4L6RDQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240689619067531338, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689596997104342, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Ecological risk entropy of antibiotics detected in physicochemical/biochemical dewatered sludge under high and low production loads conditions for algae, fleas, and fish, figureFileSmall=sE/NyGSNlLFI/HWVm5u36g==, figureFileBig=7u0dF0CDK4qs+rMJzd28Nw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240689620657172571, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689596997104342, language=CN, label=图6, caption=高、低生产负荷下物化/生化段脱水污泥中检测到的抗生素对藻类、蚤类和鱼类的生态风险熵, figureFileSmall=sE/NyGSNlLFI/HWVm5u36g==, figureFileBig=7u0dF0CDK4qs+rMJzd28Nw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240689620824944745, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689596997104342, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Gradient elution conditions(%)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
时间(min)0.1%甲酸-甲酸铵(A相)乙腈(B相)
0955
0.1~1090~4010~60
10~124060
12.1~229010
), ArticleFig(id=1240689621001105529, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689596997104342, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

梯度洗脱条件(%)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
时间(min)0.1%甲酸-甲酸铵(A相)乙腈(B相)
0955
0.1~1090~4010~60
10~124060
12.1~229010
), ArticleFig(id=1240689621147906184, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689596997104342, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Soil-water partition coefficients (Kdsoil) of the target antibiotics

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
抗生素Kdsoil(L/kg)参考文献
红霉素164.80[24]
罗红霉素239.40[25]
磺胺氯哒嗪1.87~10.59(7.40 ± 3.29)[26]
磺胺二甲氧嘧啶1.59~1.81(1.70 ± 0.10)[27]
氧氟沙星309.00[24]
诺氟沙星41.00~2500.00(1243.00 ± 1164.34)[28]
环丙沙星726.80~1277873.90(124530.93 ±326486.57)[29]
四环素450.30~15278.00(5234.13 ± 4349.48)[30]
土霉素16.76~2191.00(690.58 ± 454.14)[31]
), ArticleFig(id=1240689621366010020, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689596997104342, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

目标抗生素的土壤-水分配系数(Kdsoil)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
抗生素Kdsoil(L/kg)参考文献
红霉素164.80[24]
罗红霉素239.40[25]
磺胺氯哒嗪1.87~10.59(7.40 ± 3.29)[26]
磺胺二甲氧嘧啶1.59~1.81(1.70 ± 0.10)[27]
氧氟沙星309.00[24]
诺氟沙星41.00~2500.00(1243.00 ± 1164.34)[28]
环丙沙星726.80~1277873.90(124530.93 ±326486.57)[29]
四环素450.30~15278.00(5234.13 ± 4349.48)[30]
土霉素16.76~2191.00(690.58 ± 454.14)[31]
), ArticleFig(id=1240689621508616371, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689596997104342, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Toxicological data and PNECwater values of the target antibiotics

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
抗生素AFEC50(mg/L)PNECwater(µg/L)
藻类蚤类鱼类藻类蚤类鱼类
红霉素1002.200.753.36227.4733.60
罗红霉素1001.650.602.3016.506.0123
磺胺氯哒嗪10015.400.087.891540.8478.90
磺胺二甲氧嘧啶100320.1224.403201.20244
氧氟沙星10067511424606750114024600
诺氟沙星10070311626507030116026500
环丙沙星10045581.31550455081315500
四环素10047459.92490474059924900
土霉素100527044745500527004470455000
), ArticleFig(id=1240689621655417027, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689596997104342, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

目标抗生素的毒理学数据和PNECwater

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
抗生素AFEC50(mg/L)PNECwater(µg/L)
藻类蚤类鱼类藻类蚤类鱼类
红霉素1002.200.753.36227.4733.60
罗红霉素1001.650.602.3016.506.0123
磺胺氯哒嗪10015.400.087.891540.8478.90
磺胺二甲氧嘧啶100320.1224.403201.20244
氧氟沙星10067511424606750114024600
诺氟沙星10070311626507030116026500
环丙沙星10045581.31550455081315500
四环素10047459.92490474059924900
土霉素100527044745500527004470455000
), ArticleFig(id=1240689621798023380, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689596997104342, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Antibiotics concentration (µg/g) in physical and biochemical sludge under high and low production load conditions

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
抗生素低生产负荷高生产负荷
物化生化物化生化
大环内酯类红霉素8.20×10-31.30×10-24.50×10-2-
罗红霉素1.20×10-12.70×10-14.90×10-18.10×10-1
洁霉素---1.40×10-2
阿奇霉素3.30×10-4-5.60×10-31.20×10-2
磺胺类磺胺氯哒嗪1.40×10-2-2.90×10-2-
磺胺二甲氧嘧啶--2.40×10-16.60×10-1
磺胺间甲氧嘧啶--1.30×10-37.90×10-3
甲氧苄啶4.30×10-35.50×10-4--
喹诺酮类氧氟沙星1.30×10-14.80×10-31.50×10-27.10×10-2
诺氟沙星7.10×10-21.10×10-2-6.50×10-3
环丙沙星5.314.50×10-12.80×10-11.21
恩诺沙星6.40×10-3--2.70×10-3
沙拉沙星3.50×10-33.80×10-4--
洛美沙星1.00×10-3---
甲磺酸培氟沙星1.30×10-16.20×10-3--
四环素类四环素1.299.40×10-22.455.15
土霉素2.302.90×10-14.374.97
合计9.391.147.9312.91
), ArticleFig(id=1240689621911269600, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689596997104342, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

高、低生产负荷条件下物化和生化污泥中抗生素浓度(µg/g)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
抗生素低生产负荷高生产负荷
物化生化物化生化
大环内酯类红霉素8.20×10-31.30×10-24.50×10-2-
罗红霉素1.20×10-12.70×10-14.90×10-18.10×10-1
洁霉素---1.40×10-2
阿奇霉素3.30×10-4-5.60×10-31.20×10-2
磺胺类磺胺氯哒嗪1.40×10-2-2.90×10-2-
磺胺二甲氧嘧啶--2.40×10-16.60×10-1
磺胺间甲氧嘧啶--1.30×10-37.90×10-3
甲氧苄啶4.30×10-35.50×10-4--
喹诺酮类氧氟沙星1.30×10-14.80×10-31.50×10-27.10×10-2
诺氟沙星7.10×10-21.10×10-2-6.50×10-3
环丙沙星5.314.50×10-12.80×10-11.21
恩诺沙星6.40×10-3--2.70×10-3
沙拉沙星3.50×10-33.80×10-4--
洛美沙星1.00×10-3---
甲磺酸培氟沙星1.30×10-16.20×10-3--
四环素类四环素1.299.40×10-22.455.15
土霉素2.302.90×10-14.374.97
合计9.391.147.9312.91
), ArticleFig(id=1240689622028710126, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689596997104342, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Combined risk of target antibiotics in physicochemical and biochemical sludge under high and low production load conditions

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
工艺段水生生物低生产负荷RQsum高生产负荷RQsum
物化段藻类27.72~58.51393.62~461.11
蚤类1136.94~6186.8679031.72~91530.72
鱼类27.00~81.08469.42~587.59
生化段藻类49.17~49.53908.68~1015.38
蚤类135.51~139.03205611.23~234009.42
鱼类35.11~35.171108.90~1248.59
), ArticleFig(id=1240689622171316479, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689596997104342, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

高、低生产负荷下物化段和生化段污泥中目标抗生素的混合风险

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
工艺段水生生物低生产负荷RQsum高生产负荷RQsum
物化段藻类27.72~58.51393.62~461.11
蚤类1136.94~6186.8679031.72~91530.72
鱼类27.00~81.08469.42~587.59
生化段藻类49.17~49.53908.68~1015.38
蚤类135.51~139.03205611.23~234009.42
鱼类35.11~35.171108.90~1248.59
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制药污水处理厂污泥中抗生素的污染特征及风险评估:生产负荷的影响
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彭薪屹 1 , 李玉花 1 , 杨晓 1 , 汝旋 1 , 陈瑞红 1 , 秦永丽 1 , 黄馨慧 1 , 许丹宁 1 , 舒小华 2 , 张倩 1, *
中国环境科学 | 水污染与控制 2025,45(2): 736-747
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中国环境科学 | 水污染与控制 2025, 45(2): 736-747
制药污水处理厂污泥中抗生素的污染特征及风险评估:生产负荷的影响
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彭薪屹1 , 李玉花1, 杨晓1, 汝旋1, 陈瑞红1, 秦永丽1, 黄馨慧1, 许丹宁1, 舒小华2, 张倩1, *
作者信息
  • 1.桂林电子科技大学生命与环境科学学院,广西 桂林 541004
  • 2.桂林理工大学环境科学与工程学院,广西 桂林 541006
  • 彭薪屹(1999-),女,重庆人,桂林电子科技大学硕士研究生,主要从事新型污染物的环境行为研究. .

通讯作者:

*责任作者,教授,
Pollution characteristics and risk assessment of antibiotics in sludge from pharmaceutical wastewater treatment plants: the influence of production load
Xin-yi PENG1 , Yu-hua LI1, Xiao YANG1, Xuan RU1, Rui-hong CHEN1, Yong-li QIN1, Xin-hui HUANG1, Dan-ning XU1, Xiao-hua SHU2, Qian ZHANG1, *
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Life and Environmental Science, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin 541004, China
  • 2.College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541006, China
出版时间: 2025-02-20
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制药污水处理厂污泥是抗生素的主要储存库.研究考察了高、低生产负荷影响下不同污水处理工艺段污泥中抗生素的残留特征,并利用风险熵值(RQ)法评估了物化和生化污泥潜在的生态风险.结果表明,高、低生产负荷下污泥中检测出的11种抗生素种类相似,总检出浓度分别为401.72µg/g和55.02µg/g,不同抗生素浓度差异显著.生产负荷对废水处理工艺有一定的冲击力.主成分分析(PCA)结果显示高生产负荷下,不同工艺段的抗生素和水质参数之间的差异比低生产负荷下的差异更显著.冗余分析(RDA)结果显示不同的废水水质参数对抗生素的去除存在较大影响.制药过程中产生的抗生素在物化和生化脱水污泥中残留量依旧较高.低生产负荷物化和高生产负荷生化脱水污泥中抗生素残留量仍分别高达9.39µg/g和12.91µg/g.污泥改良土中红霉素、罗红霉素和磺胺氯哒嗪对接收环境的水生生物构成高风险(RQ>10).其中,磺胺二甲氧嘧啶的环境风险最高(RQ>295.04).制药厂大环内酯类和磺胺类抗生素是主要的风险因子,建议标记为优先控制污染物.混合抗生素的生态风险远高于单一抗生素.因此,不管是物化污泥还是生化污泥,都需要谨慎考虑污泥的最终出路.

制药厂  /  污泥  /  生产负荷  /  工艺  /  抗生素  /  生态风险

Sludge from pharmaceutical wastewater treatment plants serves as a major reservoir for antibiotics. This study aimed to investigate the residual characteristics of antibiotics in sludge from different stages of wastewater treatment under varying production loads, and to assess the potential ecological risks of physicochemical and biochemical dewatered sludge using the Risk Entropy(RQ) method. The results indicated that 11 types of antibiotics were detected in the sludge under both high and low production loads, with total detected concentrations of 401.72µg/kg and 55.02µg/kg, respectively, showing significant differences in concentrations among different antibiotics. The production load had a notable impact on the wastewater treatment process. Principal component analysis(PCA) delineated robust disparities in antibiotic concentrations and water quality parameters among various treatment stages, with these differences being more pronounced under high production loads than under low production loads. Furthermore, redundancy analysis (RDA) underscored the substantial influence of distinct wastewater quality parameters on the removal efficacy of antibiotics. Residual levels of antibiotics from pharmaceutical processes remained relatively high in both physicochemical and biochemical dewatered sludge, with elevated concentrations of 9.39µg/g in low production load physicochemical sludge and 12.91µg/g in high production load biochemically dewatered sludge. Erythromycin, roxithromycin, and sulfamethoxazole in sludge-amended soil posed a high risk (RQ>10) to aquatic organisms in the receiving environment, with sulfadimethoxine exhibiting the most pronounced environmental risk (RQ>295.04). Macrolides and sulfonamide were identified as the primary risk factors in pharmaceutical plants, and it is recommended that these be prioritized for pollution control. The ecological risk posed by mixed antibiotics was significantly higher than that of individual antibiotics. Therefore, careful consideration of the final disposal of both physicochemical and biochemical sludge is crucial.

pharmaceutical plant  /  sludge  /  production load  /  process  /  antibiotics  /  ecological risk
彭薪屹, 李玉花, 杨晓, 汝旋, 陈瑞红, 秦永丽, 黄馨慧, 许丹宁, 舒小华, 张倩. 制药污水处理厂污泥中抗生素的污染特征及风险评估:生产负荷的影响. 中国环境科学, 2025 , 45 (2) : 736 -747 .
Xin-yi PENG, Yu-hua LI, Xiao YANG, Xuan RU, Rui-hong CHEN, Yong-li QIN, Xin-hui HUANG, Dan-ning XU, Xiao-hua SHU, Qian ZHANG. Pollution characteristics and risk assessment of antibiotics in sludge from pharmaceutical wastewater treatment plants: the influence of production load[J]. China Environmental Science, 2025 , 45 (2) : 736 -747 .
抗生素耐药性细菌(ARB)和抗性基因(ARGs)的出现及传播与抗生素的滥用密切相关,越来越多的人关注它们对环境的潜在影响[1-3].尽管污水处理厂是防止废水中的抗生素直接进入环境的最后一道屏障,但处理后的市政污水中抗生素浓度水平仍可达到ng/L.而制药厂废水经处理后抗生素残留浓度可达到mg/L级别,远高于市政污水[4-5].因此,关注制药厂等高排放点源的抗生素污染特征,对于提高废水处理过程中抗生素去除效果至关重要[6].
抗生素的去除受到多种因素的影响.制药污水因其成分复杂和抗生素残留浓度高等特点,常采用“厌氧+好氧”生物处理工艺[7].然而传统处理工艺对抗生素的去除能力有限,且不同工艺间效果差异显著[8].有关研究表明,金霉素在UASB工艺中的去除率为90%,但在A/O工艺中的去除率为80%,而土霉素在两种工艺中的去除率均为70%[9].此外,抗生素的浓度和类型也会显著影响废水处理工艺对污染物的去除效果.高浓度抗生素容易对微生物产生毒性作用,从而降低化学需氧量(COD)和氮磷的去除效果,且很难达到去除抗生素的目的[10].Lopez等[11]也发现特定抗生素对硝化作用的影响很显著.可见,制药污水厂污水处理工艺、抗生素种类与浓度对抗生素残留特征有直接影响.不仅如此,制药废水处理厂污水水质有典型的企业生产周期效应.而抗生素的种类和浓度与企业生产周期密切相关,存在明显的负荷差异.然而,目前还缺少不同负荷影响下的制药废水处理过程中抗生素的残留特征信息.
污泥是抗生素的主要储存库[12].污水处理过程中,污泥中的抗生素含量差异很大,其浓度在µg/kg~mg/kg的范围内,且污泥中的残留抗生素比废水中的抗生素稳定性更高[13].在制药厂生产废水处理过程中形成的污泥,按照其来源可分为两大类:物化污泥和生化污泥.物化污泥主要来源于废水的物理和化学处理单元,是由沉淀和化学絮凝等过程去除废水中的悬浮固体和部分溶解性污染物而产生的[14].生化污泥则来源于废水的生物处理单元,包括活性污泥和生物膜等.这些污泥富含微生物和有机物,是生物降解过程中的副产物[15].目前,污泥的主要处置途径有焚烧、填埋、堆肥和土地应用.土地应用和堆肥是最主要的污泥处理途径.据报道,欧盟15国直接用于土地应用和堆肥处理的污泥占污泥总产量的53%[16].当污泥作为肥料或土壤改良剂施用到土壤时,其中残留的抗生素不仅可以影响酶活性,还会对土壤中的微生物群落结构和代谢功能产生影响.更重要的是,残留抗生素诱导的ARGs可能通过水平基因转移(HGT)和食物链积累引发健康威胁[17-18].然而,目前污水处理工艺中污泥的无害化处理与处置情况并不理想.因此,与污水相比,制药厂废水处理系统污泥中ARGs的分布和归趋问题更应该被关注.
综上,制药废水水质与企业生产周期密切相关.废水处理系统中污泥的抗生素残留及其环境风险可能会受生产负荷影响.然而目前关于制药废水的研究主要关注废水处理中各工艺段出水的常规水质指标(如COD、TN、NH3-N和TP),对不同工艺段污泥中的抗生素分布特征的分析还不充分.而且,目前尚未开展不同生产负荷影响下制药废水各处理单元污泥中抗生素的分布迁移研究.为了解决以上问题,本文考察了制药厂高、低生产负荷影响下不同处理工艺段污泥中抗生素的残留特征,初步解析了污泥中残留抗生素的影响因素,并利用风险熵值(RQ)法评估了污水处理工艺生化段和物化段脱水污泥潜在的生态风险.研究结果可以揭示制药污水处理工艺污泥中抗生素的残留特征及污泥处理处置可能引起的生态风险,以期为制药污水处理工艺的提升和污泥处理方法的改进提供科学依据.
实验样品来自于广西某制药污水处理厂.该制药厂主要从事抗疟药、抗生素、常见病新药原料的生产.污水处理厂主要处理生产过程中产生的高浓母液、清洗水、锅炉废水、冷却水排污和车间冲洗废水等.污水处理厂总设计规模为1500m3/d,处理工艺主要由物化预处理和生物法处理构成,见图1.污水处理所采用的主体工艺为“厌氧颗粒污泥内循环床反应器(PEIC)+二级AO”.其中厌氧单元(PEIC)有效容积为5741m3,一级A/O池有效容积为5400m3,二级A/O池有效容积为1516m3,两级A/O池合计为6916m3,系统总水力停留时间HRT为4.6d.
采样点根据制药厂废水处理的实际工艺流程进行布置,采样时间分别为2022年12月(高生产负荷)和2023年7月(低生产负荷).相应的污水日处理量分别为1500和1000m3/d.实验共设了10个采样点位,如图1所示,标黑色星号处为污泥采样点,标灰色星号处为各处理单元污水采样点.污泥采样点分别是初沉池(PC)→厌氧颗粒污泥内循环床反应器(PEIC)→一级A池(ⅠA)→一级O池(ⅠO)→二级A池(ⅡA)→二级O池(ⅡO)→二沉池→物化和生化污泥储存池(一式3份).采样点所选的位置覆盖了所有废水处理流程中污泥存在的区域,初沉池和二沉池的采样点设置在排泥口,其它构筑物的取样点设置在反应池内.污水采样点分别是初沉池(PC)→厌氧颗粒污泥内循环床反应器(PEIC)→一级A池(ⅠA)→一级O池(ⅠO)→二级A池(ⅡA)→二级O池(ⅡO)→二沉池→出水(一式3份).采集的污水(2L)储存于样品瓶中并加入硫酸调节pH值至3.0左右,置于4℃保存,尽快测定污水的基本水质指标(总氮、总磷、氨氮、COD和pH值).采集的污泥(1kg)用锡箔纸将样品瓶包裹后放置于-50℃进行冷冻干燥,将干燥的污泥研磨并过60目筛后置于-20℃冰箱保存,用于后续抗生素的测定.
实验选取了五大类(大环内酯类、磺胺类、喹诺酮类、四环素类、氯霉素类)34种抗生素作为检测目标.抗生素标准物纯度均大于98%(德国Dr.Ehrenstorfer GmbH公司),林可霉素-D3、磺胺甲基嘧啶-D4、环丙沙星-D8和氯霉素-D5内标物纯度大于98%(艾吉析科技(上海)有限公司),乙腈、甲醇为色谱纯(美国Sigma公司),甲酸、甲酸铵、乙二胺四乙酸二钠(Na2EDTA)为优级纯,盐酸、硫酸等其他试剂和药品均为分析纯.
准确称取5g干燥污泥样品,放入50mL离心管中,加入适量抗生素内标(林可霉素-D3,磺胺甲基嘧啶-D4,环丙沙星-D8,氯霉素-D5),然后再加入20mL乙腈和0.1mol/L EDTA-Mcllvaine缓冲溶液(V/V=1:1,pH=4),涡旋混合2min后超声提取15min,6000r/min离心5min,收集上清液,重复提取3次后合并提取液.随后向提取液中加入0.4g Na2EDTA,加入超纯水并定容至250mL.使用HCl溶液(1+1)调节水样pH值至3.0,通过Oasis HLB(200mg/6cc)固相萃取小柱(小柱依次加入10mL甲醇,10mL纯水和10mL pH值为4.0的纯水进行活化),以4mL/min流速上样,然后用10mL超纯水淋洗HLB柱去除杂质,接着在氮气保护下将小柱的填料干燥30min,再使用6mL甲醇缓慢洗脱目标物3次,洗脱液以氮气吹至近干后,加入1mL 0.1%甲酸-甲酸铵水溶液/乙腈复溶,经0.22µm聚四氟乙烯过滤器过滤定容至1mL,待测.
采用Agilent 6410B超高效液相色谱三重四极杆质谱仪对污泥中抗生素浓度进行测量,仪器配备有Waters Xterra C18分离柱(100mm×2.1mm,3.5µm)和ESI电离源.流动相由0.1%(V/V)的甲酸-甲酸铵(A相)、乙腈(B相)组成,使用前进行超声排气,流速为0.25mL/min,进样量为5µL.采用梯度洗脱程序淋洗(表1).离子源温度设置为350℃,气体流速为8mL/min,雾化器压力25psi,毛细管电压设置为4000V.
采用Origin 2022、CANOCO 5.0和Microsoft Excel对数据进行分析和可视化处理.对高、低生产负荷条件下各工艺段抗生素浓度进行主成分分析(PCA),对废水参数和抗生素的相关性进行冗余分析(RDA),P<0.05认为具有统计学意义.
制药厂生产过程中产生的含高浓度抗生素的污泥,一旦施用到土壤中,其中的抗生素可能会通过地表径流、渗透、扩散迁移和再吸附等自然过程分布转移到土壤中[19],进而在土壤乃至地下水环境中发生扩散和积累,从而污染水体.这一过程可能导致抗生素与水生植物、底栖生物和鱼类等水生生物发生相互作用,引发毒性效应.已有研究表明,地下水中抗生素的分布和潜在风险可能与污泥填埋后抗生素的迁移有关[20].由于地下水和地表水之间的联系,土壤中抗生素的累计可能导致水生生物直接暴露于这些污染物[21].因此,评估制药污水处理厂污泥对土壤的潜在风险显得尤为重要.参考欧洲技术指导文件(TGD)和以前研究推荐的风险熵数(RQ)方法对污泥残留的抗生素进行风险评估,即测量环境浓度(MEC)或预测环境浓度(PEC)与预测无效应浓度(PNEC)之间的比值.这是评估陆地环境中相关化学药物生态风险的最常见方法,尤其是在土壤介质中[22].本研究使用受纳土壤中目标抗生素的预测环境浓度(PEC)[µg/(kg⋅dm)]与预测无效应浓度(PNEC)(µg/kg)来计算含有抗生素的污泥修正土壤中的RQsoil(式1).
接收土壤中目标抗生素预测的环境浓度(PECsoil)计算公式如下[23]
式中:MECsludge为干污泥中抗生素浓度,µg/(kg⋅dm);APPLsludge为干污泥对土壤的施用率(每年0.5kg/m2);DEPTHsoil为农业土壤混合深度,0.2m;RHOsoil为农业土壤容重,1700kg/m3.PECsoil值是通过考虑最坏的可能情况进行估算.因此,使用干污泥中的抗生素浓度为污泥中检测到的最高浓度.
由于土壤毒性数据有限,缺乏土壤中陆生生物(蚯蚓、植物和土壤微生物)的生态毒性数据,很少有研究直接使用土壤中的PNEC值来评估风险.大多数研究通常只能借助水生生物毒性数据,依照欧盟委员会的方法来评估土壤环境的潜在风险.土壤中生物蓄积性、生物利用度和毒性与土壤孔隙水浓度密切相关,而固水分配系数(Kd)在此过程中是描述抗生素在土壤和水之间分配的重要参数.所以根据欧盟委员会建议的均衡分配方法,通过式(3),利用PNECwater值估算目标抗生素的固相PNEC,再进一步计算土壤中的RQ值.
式中:Kdsoil代表目标抗生素的土壤-水分配系数,L/kg,从文献获取各目标抗生素的Kdsoil值(表2).
式中:EC50为目标抗生素的半致死(有效)浓度,mg/L;NOEC为最低无效应浓度,mg/L;AF为标准评估因子,该因子考虑了物种间敏感性差异的变化、物种内变异性和现场影响外推的实验室数据.根据欧洲技术指导文件(TGD),急性和慢性的AF数据分别取1000和100.由于药物的急性生态毒性相对有限,慢性试验显示出比急性试验更高的毒性,所以慢性毒性数据是风险评估中的首选数据[32].EC50通过ECOSAR数据库(ECOSAR 2.2)查找获取,每种抗生素对应的水生生物毒性敏感数据见表3.基于慢性毒性风险考虑,PNECwater根据文献中报告的3种不同营养级的水生生物(藻类、蚤类和鱼类)的最低急性或慢性毒性数据确定[33].
通常认为,在混合物中,各组分间毒性可能单独发挥作用,也可能表现出协同或拮抗效应[34].但依据漏斗假说[35],混合物中众多化学物质更可能表现为独立的基线作用机制,风险评估宜采用浓度加和的方法作为假设基础[36-37].因此,通过将污泥中所有目标抗生素的RQ值相加来计算污泥中目标抗生素的混合风险RQsum[38],见式5.
根据RQ值大小确定风险等级.其风险等级共分为四类,分别为:无风险(RQ<0.01)、低风险(0.01≤RQ<0.1)、中风险(0.1≤RQ<1)和高风险(RQ≥1.0)[39].
在高生产负荷和低生产负荷污泥中共检出四大类抗生素,包括四环素类(四环素、土霉素、金霉素)、大环内酯类(红霉素、罗红霉素、阿奇霉素、洁霉素)、喹诺酮类(氧氟沙星、诺氟沙星、环丙沙星、恩诺沙星)和磺胺类(磺胺氯哒嗪、磺胺二甲氧嘧啶、磺胺间甲氧嘧啶),其中高生产负荷下未检出金霉素;低生产负荷中未检出洁霉素.在高生产负荷的污泥中(总检出浓度为401.72µg/g),抗生素浓度明显高于低生产负荷的污泥(总检出浓度为55.02µg/g).Hu等[40]分析了贵州省某污水处理厂污泥样本中18种抗生素,其总检出浓度为1.48µg/g.该制药污水处理厂污泥中的抗生素浓度远高于文献报道的污水处理厂中污泥的抗生素浓度.而且,制药厂生产负荷显著影响了污泥中的抗生素残留.由于金霉素、洁霉素和恩诺沙星在高、低生产负荷中浓度较低(<0.17µg/g)或未检出,所以在考察废水处理不同工艺段污泥中抗生素种类时,不考虑这些抗生素.
不同生产负荷下各工艺段污泥中抗生素浓度分布情况见图2.在高生产负荷污泥中,四环素类抗生素占主导地位,占总检出浓度的81.04%,其次为大环内酯类(12.84%)、喹诺酮类(3.33%)和磺胺类(2.77%).在低生产负荷污泥中四环素类和喹诺酮类抗生素占主导地位,分别占总检出浓度的48.48%和46.75%,其次是大环内酯类,占总检出浓度的2.60%.磺胺类抗生素浓度最低,仅占总检出浓度的2.15%.不同负荷影响下污泥中抗生素类型的差异与当季制药厂生产药物类型密切相关,即外源输入直接影响了污泥中抗生素的浓度和种类[41].而不同工艺段污泥中抗生素的差异性可能与不同工艺对抗生素去除的机制不同有关[42].
在高生产负荷条件下,制药厂生产废水经过各处理单元后,污泥抗生素的总浓度整体呈现先下降后上升的趋势.初沉池污泥中的抗生素浓度最高(155.21µg/g),其中四环素类抗生素在所有处理单元的检出抗生素中浓度最高,达到145.79µg/g(四环素:16.09µg/g、土霉素:12.97µg/g).经过PEIC和IA处理后,IA池中的抗生素浓度显著下降.结果表明,污泥中的抗生素主要通过厌氧工艺去除.由于不同抗生素的分子结构和理化性质不同,其在不同工艺段的去除情况与工艺段自身的去除机制有关.高生产负荷下的抗生素主要以四环素和大环内酯类抗生素为主,它们容易通过吸附的形式被快速转移到污泥中,随后在厌氧条件通过热水解促进四环素类和大环内酯类药物的降解和水解[12,43].然而,随着后续工艺进行,抗生素的浓度出现了略微升高的趋势,在二沉池中达到42.20µg/g.
在低生产负荷下,污泥中抗生素的总检出浓度远低于高生产负荷,其中喹诺酮类和四环素类抗生素占主导地位.初沉池中的抗生素到达PEIC池后,出现了增长趋势,尤其是喹诺酮类的抗生素浓度升高了113%.有研究认为,喹诺酮类抗生素的分子结构中含有带正电荷的氮原子或二甲氨基组.因此在低生产负荷污水处理系统中,喹诺酮类抗生素容易通过带负电荷的污泥的静电引力作用吸附而达到去除效果[37].同时,喹诺酮类抗生素的结构中含有氟原子,对生物降解机制具有抵抗力[44-45],比其他抗生素更难降解.IA池中污泥的抗生素显著下降,后续处理单元污泥中抗生素浓度变化跟高生产负荷的情况相似,检出浓度逐渐增加,但差异不明显.
以上结果表明,不同负荷影响下,制药污水处理工艺各处理单元污泥中抗生素的残留浓度存在显著性差异.不同处理单元对污泥中抗生素的去除效果变化趋势类似.抗生素在废水处理过程中主要通过生物(生物降解)和非生物(吸附和挥发)过程去除[46].本研究污泥中抗生素的去除主要在厌氧段完成.这主要与抗生素的理化性质和工艺特征有关.需要指出的是,不同负荷影响下的污泥中抗生素浓度在好氧段和沉淀池中均出现了小幅升高.研究认为,一些抗生素在好氧段污水中被转化为其他物质后,在厌氧段污水中又重新转化为母体化合物,污水中的抗生素会出现“负去除”的现象[6].这种抗生素生物降解的“负去除”现象及其吸附效应可能是导致抗生素在好氧段和沉淀池中出现小幅回升的原因.
高生产负荷和低生产负荷下各处理单元的水质结果见图3所示.废水经过各处理单元后,出水水质均达到了《污水排入城镇下水道水质标准》(GB/T 31962-2015)的一级B标准(TN≤70mg/L、TP≤8mg/L、NH3-N≤45mg/L、CODcr≤500mg/L、pH=6.5~9.5)[47].
高生产负荷下初沉池污水中的COD远高于低生产负荷下的COD.PEIC池是COD去除的主要工艺,特别是高生产负荷下废水中的COD浓度在经过PEIC池后去除率高达91.53%(图3(a)).高、低生产负荷条件下总氮和氨氮浓度变化规律相似(图3(b)~(c)).但无论是高生产负荷还是低生产负荷下,在PEIC完全厌氧环境中,总氮和氨氮浓度都出现了显著上升的趋势.一些含氮官能团的抗生素等难降解有机物在厌氧条件下水解酸化可能会增加污水中的氨氮含量.在高、低生产负荷下,总氮和氨氮的去除主要依赖于活性污泥法的二级AO工艺去除.废水中总磷的去除规律见图3(d),由于PEIC工艺段主要目的是去除水中的COD,聚磷菌在该工艺段不具备优势.PEIC反应后,COD显著降低,聚磷菌能够与其他常规微生物竞争.在两级AO工艺中,聚磷菌在A池释放磷,在O池过量吸收磷[48-49].因此,经过两级AO生物处理之后,高、低生产负荷下出水中总磷浓度分别为1.26,0.18mg/L,去除率都在90%以上.尽管生产负荷对污水处理构筑物有一定的冲击,但总体仍能够满足《污水排入城镇下水道水质标准》的达标排放要求[47].
对高、低生产负荷下不同工艺段污水水质(总氮、总磷、氨氮、COD和pH值)和污泥中的抗生素进行主坐标分析(PCA)(图4).主坐标1(PCA1)和主坐标2(PCA2)分别占总方差的49.90%和19.40%,共贡献了69.30%的主成分差异.总体来看,高、低生产负荷的样本分别集中在一、四象限和二、三象限,表明高、低生产负荷下不同工艺段污水水质和抗生素存在显著差异,这与前面的分析结果一致.此外,低生产负荷影响下,样本点分布较高负荷影响下的样本点紧凑.这表明在高生产负荷下,不同工艺段的抗生素和水质参数之间的差异比低生产负荷下的更有显著性.可见,生产负荷对污水处理系统不同工艺段的冲击较大.在制药废水处理过程中,考虑负荷的冲击十分必要.
进一步采用冗余分析(RDA)评估制药污水处理过程中环境影响因素(水质参数)对污泥中不同抗生素浓度的影响(图5).在低生产负荷条件下(图5(a)),主轴1和主轴2共解释了94.70%的抗生素差异.在所有的环境影响因素中,pH值和COD为显著性影响因素,显著性分别为P=0.01和P=0.004,二者的贡献度分别为48.40%和34.20%,其次是NH3-N(10.10%)、TN(6.1%).在高生产负荷条件下(图5(b)),主轴1和主轴2共解释了99.12%的抗生素差异.在所有的环境影响因素中,COD为显著影响因素(P=0.04),提供了较高的贡献度(89.20%),其次是TN(8.60%)、NH3-N(1.90%).低生产负荷下的COD与污泥中大部分抗生素浓度都呈现正相关,只与磺胺二甲氧嘧啶和环丙沙星呈现负相关(图5(a)).高生产负荷也有类似规律(图5(b)).结果表明,高、低生产负荷影响下,COD对大多数抗生素的去除起到积极作用.据报道,当四环素浓度由0提高到20mg/L时,COD的去除率由89.20%降低到39.10%[50].可见,抗生素的存在会改变活性污泥的处理能力.但在高生产负荷下COD对抗生素的去除能力依然很强,这可能是因为抗生素对微生物的生长虽然有一定的抑制和破坏作用,但充足的碳源能够保证微生物进行繁殖和对抗生素的冲击.抗生素仍能够通过水解、吸附和生物降解等方式去除.因此,不同的废水水质参数对抗生素的去除有一定的影响(正相关或负相关),这与之前的研究一致[51-52].
制药废水处理过程中各工艺段产生的污泥被划分为物化污泥和生化污泥,分别进入物化污泥储存池和生化污泥储存池,并最终被脱水形成干污泥.实验采集了不同生产负荷下物化段和生化段的脱水污泥,测定了其抗生素的最终残留情况(表4).初沉池和气浮池作为物化污泥的主要来源(图1),其污水中抗生素的去除主要依赖悬浮固体的吸附沉淀作用.而生化污泥来自于生物处理单元.由于活性污泥的作用,生化处理单元污水中抗生素的去除,既可以通过生化段污泥的吸附作用,还得益于活性污泥中微生物的生物降解能力.低生产负荷和高生产负荷脱水污泥中抗生素的总浓度分别达到了10.53和20.84µg/g.其中低生产负荷物化污泥中抗生素种类丰富,总浓度高达9.39µg/g,而生化污泥抗生素总浓度为1.14µg/g.低生产负荷下,生化污泥抗生素浓度显著低于物化污泥,且抗生素类型相对于物化污泥明显减少.表明,低生产负荷阶段,废水的生物处理工艺可能对抗生素的去除效率较高.高生产负荷生化污泥中总抗生素浓度(12.91µg/g)比物化污泥中总抗生素浓度要高(7.93µg/g),也间接表明高生产负荷抗生素对生物处理产生的毒害作用要大.因此,生化段微生物降解抗生素的作用可能被抑制.污水中的抗生素可能主要通过吸附作用转移到了污泥中[6].
不管是物化还是生化污泥,它们最终都可能进入环境而引起一定的生态风险.污泥的土地利用过程中,抗生素相关的风险不仅取决于其本身的化学性质和浓度,还取决于它们对水生生物的毒性.污泥改良土中单个抗生素的生态风险熵值评估结果见图6.高、低生产负荷下,3种生物的中高风险区域中(RQ>1)抗生素分布最多的是蚤类.所以蚤类是污泥改良土中目标抗生素最敏感的水生生物,其次是藻类和鱼类.
高、低生产负荷中,红霉素、罗红霉素、磺胺氯哒嗪的RQ都高于1,这意味着它们对这3种水生生物都呈现出较高生态环境风险,但磺胺二甲氧嘧啶在高生产负荷下的环境风险最高(RQ>295.04).可见,大环内酯类和磺胺类是主要的风险因子.对于藻类和蚤类,高生产负荷下物化和生化污泥改良土中的四环素和土霉素的RQ处于0.1和1之间,属于中高风险.但在低生产负荷下,物化污泥改良土的四环素和土霉素、环丙沙星和诺氟沙星对于蚤类都属于中高风险.事实上,污泥中这几种抗生素浓度本身就较高(表4).因此,这些药物都建议标记为制药厂优先控制的污染物.从图中可见,无论是物化段还是生化段,高生产负荷下污泥中一些目标抗生素的RQ<0.01或0.01<RQ<0.1,包括氧氟沙星、环丙沙星、诺氟沙星(对应藻类和鱼类)及诺氟沙星(对应蚤类),这意味着在高生产负荷下这些抗生素只是引起低风险或无风险.低生产负荷下,生化污泥中存在更多处于低风险和无生态风险的目标抗生素,它们改良的土壤不会对藻类、蚤类和鱼类造成负面影响(RQ<0.1).由此可见,大多数单个抗生素在污泥的改良土中的潜在风险被预测为中等或低风险.
由于环境中生物不可能只接触一种或几种外源性物质.因此,不同负荷影响下,在物化和生化污泥中所有抗生素对水生生物的总风险熵值更能评估其产生的生态风险.结果显示(表5),检测到的目标抗生素的混合环境风险极高(RQ>>1),远远大于单个抗生素的作用.其中高生产负荷下污泥中的抗生素相对于低生产负荷对水生生物的毒性更强,特别是对蚤类.这意味着制药厂污泥不管是物化污泥还是生化污泥,都需要谨慎考虑污泥的最终出路.
3.1 生产负荷对污泥中抗生素浓度有显著影响.高负荷条件下抗生素总检出浓度(401.72µg/g)远高于低负荷(55.02µg/g),且高、低负荷条件下,污泥中主要残留的抗生素类型存在差异.高生产负荷条件下主要为土霉素、四环素和罗红霉素.低生产负荷条件下主要为土霉素、四环素和环丙沙星.
3.2 生产负荷对废水处理单元有一定的冲击影响.其中,高生产负荷对废水的冲击影响更大,但两种负荷条件下制药废水处理工艺总体均能够满足污水达标排放处理要求.
3.3 生产负荷对各废水处理单元污泥中抗生素的残留影响显著.不同生产负荷导致的抗生素浓度差异、抗生素自身理化性质及不同处理单元对抗生素的去除机制综合影响了制药废水污泥中抗生素的空间分布规律.
3.4 物化和生化脱水污泥中抗生素残留量依旧较高.低生产负荷物化和高生产负荷生化脱水污泥中抗生素残留量仍分别高达9.39µg/g和12.91µg/g.物化和生化污泥脱水污泥中残留的抗生素对改良土中的蚤类最敏感.
3.5 大环内酯类和磺胺类抗生素是主要的风险因子,建议标记为制药厂优先控制的污染物.混合抗生素的生态风险远高于单一抗生素,高生产负荷下污泥中的抗生素相对于低生产负荷对水生生物的毒性更强.对于制药厂污泥,不管是物化污泥还是生化污泥,都需要谨慎考虑污泥的最终出路.
  • 国家自然科学基金联合基金资助重点项目(U21A20179)
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2025年第45卷第2期
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  • 接收时间:2024-07-08
  • 首发时间:2026-03-17
  • 出版时间:2025-02-20
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  • 收稿日期:2024-07-08
基金
国家自然科学基金联合基金资助重点项目(U21A20179)
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    1.桂林电子科技大学生命与环境科学学院,广西 桂林 541004
    2.桂林理工大学环境科学与工程学院,广西 桂林 541006

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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