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In order to explore the characteristics and influencing factors of nitrogen export at the watershed scale during storm events, this study carried out water quality and quantity monitoring of six typical storm events in the Fengyu River Watershed in the upper subbasin of Erhai Lake in Basin 2022 and 2023. The changes of nitrogen export during rainfall-runoff process and the influence mechanism of rainfall intensity, duration, flow and other factors on nitrogen load were investigated. The results indicated that it was more likely to cause larger rainfall runoff when the antecedent soil moisture was highter in the early stage of rainfall event. A large fluctuation of nitrogen concentration was observed when the rainfall intensity reached heavy rain (level 3), indicating that the loss of nitrogen is affected by the rainfall intensity. The analysis of different stages of rainfall events showed that nitrogen was mainly lost in the late stage of the event, accounting for about 62.25%~78.77% of nitrogen load during the whole event, but the amount of nitrogen loss per unit time was large in the early stage of rainfall. For heavy and extreme events, the proportion of nitrogen loss in the middle period was more than 50% of nitrogen load during the whole event, and the nitrogen loss per unit time was the largest in the middle period of the event. Redundancy analysis of rainfall-runoff process and nitrogen loss factors showed that nitrogen concentration change and load export were mainly positively correlated with Antecedent Precipitation Index (API), followed by average rainfall intensity (RI), maximum 30-minute rainfall (I30) and peak flow (FP). Among them, ammonia nitrogen (NH4+-N) and nitrate nitrogen (NO3--N) were significantly correlated with total discharge (FA), duration of rainfall (RT), and total rainfall (RA). However, dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) has a greater correlation with API and a weaker or negative correlation with other factors.

, correspAuthors=Xin-zhong DU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Xin-ru LIU, Xin-zhong DU, Xiao-rong LIU, Qiu-liang LEI, Hong-bin LIU), CN=ArticleExt(id=1240689603707990090, articleId=1240689596720280267, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, language=CN, title=典型降雨事件下流域氮素输出特征与影响因素研究, columnId=1234106388268503686, journalTitle=中国环境科学, columnName=环境生态, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为探究降雨事件下流域尺度氮素的输出特征及影响因素,在2022年和2023年洱海上游凤羽河流域开展了6场典型降雨事件水质水量监测,分析氮素随降雨-产流的变化及输出特征,明确雨强、历时、流量等因素对氮素负荷的影响机制.研究结果表明,降雨前期土壤条件较湿润的情况下,更容易造成较大的降雨产流,并且会在降雨等级达到大雨(3级)时引起氮素浓度的较大波动,说明氮素的流失会受降雨等级的影响.降雨事件的不同阶段的分析表明,中雨及以下降雨事件中,氮素主要在降雨后期流失,约占整场降雨的62.25%~78.77%,但降雨前期单位时间氮素流失量大;在大雨及以上降雨事件中,氮素中期流失占比达一半以上,且单位时间氮素流失降雨中期最大.降雨-产流过程因子与氮素流失的冗余分析表明,氮素浓度变化与负荷流失主要与前期降雨量指数(API)呈显著正相关关系,其次受平均雨强(RI)、最大30min降雨(I30)和峰值流量(FP)等因素的影响.其中氨氮(NH4+-N)和硝酸盐氮(NO3--N)则与总流量(FA)、降雨历时(RT)、总降雨量(RA)的相关性比较大;而溶解态有机氮(DON)与API相关性较大,与其它因素相关性较弱或表现为负相关.

, correspAuthors=杜新忠, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*责任作者,研究员,
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刘新茹(1998-),女,河北沧州人,中国农业科学院硕士研究生,主要从事流域尺度农业面源污染研究.发表论文1篇. .

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刘新茹(1998-),女,河北沧州人,中国农业科学院硕士研究生,主要从事流域尺度农业面源污染研究.发表论文1篇. .

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刘新茹(1998-),女,河北沧州人,中国农业科学院硕士研究生,主要从事流域尺度农业面源污染研究.发表论文1篇. .

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Journal of Cleaner Production2021293:126136., articleTitle=The effects of surface pollution on urban river water quality under rainfall events in Wuqing district,Tianjin,China, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1240689616815190887, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689596720280267, awardId=2022YFC3204001, language=CN, fundingSource=国家重点研发计划(2022YFC3204001), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1240689616924242810, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689596720280267, awardId=42107076; U20A20114, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金项目(42107076; U20A20114), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1240689604165169267, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689596720280267, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1240689604186140790, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689596720280267, companyId=1240689604165169267, 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tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689596720280267, language=CN, label=图4, caption=各氮素浓度(a)和流失负荷(b)与降雨-产流特征的冗余分析

API:前期降雨量指数;RI:平均雨强;I30最大30分钟降雨;FP:流量峰值;RA:降雨总量;RT:降雨历时;FA:总流量

, figureFileSmall=U0Mj1tbhQzDq1oJJdPDfHw==, figureFileBig=qA9yGlW7a8adlpB1B/Bi3w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240689614256665276, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689596720280267, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Standard Classification of Rainfall Grades

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
降雨分类降雨等级12h降雨量(mm)24h降雨量(mm)
小雨10.1~4.90.1~9.9
中雨25.0~14.910~24.9
大雨315.0~29.925.0~49.9
暴雨430.0~69.950.0~99.9
大暴雨570.0~139.9100.0~249.9
特大暴雨6≥140≥250.0
), ArticleFig(id=1240689614365717199, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689596720280267, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

降雨等级标准分类

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
降雨分类降雨等级12h降雨量(mm)24h降雨量(mm)
小雨10.1~4.90.1~9.9
中雨25.0~14.910~24.9
大雨315.0~29.925.0~49.9
暴雨430.0~69.950.0~99.9
大暴雨570.0~139.9100.0~249.9
特大暴雨6≥140≥250.0
), ArticleFig(id=1240689614504129252, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689596720280267, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Characteristics of rainfall-runoff for typical rainfall events

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
降雨事件事件a事件b事件c事件d事件e事件f
降雨等级122334
降雨日期2022-09-15~2022-09-202022-09-20~2022-09-222022-09-08~2022-09-152023-08-21~2023-09-122023-09-12~2023-09-202022-08-04~2022-08-14
降雨历时(h)11548173540198258
API (i=15)20.538.2817.0713.9121.2737.45
I30 (mm/h)2.84.812.431.6826.8
平均雨强(mm/h)0.010.200.200.380.240.44
总降雨量(mm)2.209.6034.80204.6046.480.80
峰值流量(m3/s)5.655.199.8725.7317.3532.63
), ArticleFig(id=1240689614608986866, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689596720280267, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

典型降雨事件降雨-产流特征

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
降雨事件事件a事件b事件c事件d事件e事件f
降雨等级122334
降雨日期2022-09-15~2022-09-202022-09-20~2022-09-222022-09-08~2022-09-152023-08-21~2023-09-122023-09-12~2023-09-202022-08-04~2022-08-14
降雨历时(h)11548173540198258
API (i=15)20.538.2817.0713.9121.2737.45
I30 (mm/h)2.84.812.431.6826.8
平均雨强(mm/h)0.010.200.200.380.240.44
总降雨量(mm)2.209.6034.80204.6046.480.80
峰值流量(m3/s)5.655.199.8725.7317.3532.63
), ArticleFig(id=1240689616135713545, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689596720280267, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Proportion of nitrogen loss load during different stages of rainfall

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
降雨事件时间占比(%)TN(%)单位时间氮素流失比例DTN(%)DON(%)DON / DTN(%)
a降雨初期0.430.952.210.9592.330.88
降雨中期18.7020.281.0820.1191.8118.62
降雨后期80.8778.770.9778.9486.1467.85
b降雨初期1.042.952.842.0784.462.49
降雨中期13.5424.351.8017.3689.4921.79
降雨后期85.4272.700.8580.57
c降雨初期19.8316.460.8316.2986.1714.19
降雨中期25.2921.290.8422.6989.5719.07
降雨后期54.8962.251.1361.0288.1254.85
d降雨初期2.040.470.230.4850.430.24
降雨中期35.0953.831.5353.8846.9525.27
降雨后期62.8745.700.7345.6348.7322.27
e降雨初期3.650.790.220.7836.870.29
降雨中期20.3136.111.7836.7550.7718.33
降雨后期76.0463.100.8362.4741.6226.26
f降雨初期3.681.520.411.4381.561.24
降雨中期28.6850.391.7651.1268.3334.43
降雨后期67.6448.090.7147.4586.3241.51
), ArticleFig(id=1240689616316068639, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689596720280267, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

降雨不同阶段氮素流失负荷占比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
降雨事件时间占比(%)TN(%)单位时间氮素流失比例DTN(%)DON(%)DON / DTN(%)
a降雨初期0.430.952.210.9592.330.88
降雨中期18.7020.281.0820.1191.8118.62
降雨后期80.8778.770.9778.9486.1467.85
b降雨初期1.042.952.842.0784.462.49
降雨中期13.5424.351.8017.3689.4921.79
降雨后期85.4272.700.8580.57
c降雨初期19.8316.460.8316.2986.1714.19
降雨中期25.2921.290.8422.6989.5719.07
降雨后期54.8962.251.1361.0288.1254.85
d降雨初期2.040.470.230.4850.430.24
降雨中期35.0953.831.5353.8846.9525.27
降雨后期62.8745.700.7345.6348.7322.27
e降雨初期3.650.790.220.7836.870.29
降雨中期20.3136.111.7836.7550.7718.33
降雨后期76.0463.100.8362.4741.6226.26
f降雨初期3.681.520.411.4381.561.24
降雨中期28.6850.391.7651.1268.3334.43
降雨后期67.6448.090.7147.4586.3241.51
), ArticleFig(id=1240689616475452213, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689596720280267, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

The explanatory power of rainfall-runoff characteristics on nitrogen concentration and loss load

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标氮素浓度流失负荷
解释度(%)占比(%)FP解释度(%)占比(%)FP
RA12.222.67.00.003.412.81.60.19
RT6.111.44.40.011.76.40.80.40
RI1.32.30.90.446.925.63.00.05
API18.434.19.20.006.122.62.80.06
I3010.118.86.70.005.420.22.60.07
FA2.95.42.10.090.62.40.30.82
FP2.85.22.10.102.710.11.30.24
), ArticleFig(id=1240689616643224399, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689596720280267, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

降雨-产流特征对氮素浓度和流失负荷的影响

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标氮素浓度流失负荷
解释度(%)占比(%)FP解释度(%)占比(%)FP
RA12.222.67.00.003.412.81.60.19
RT6.111.44.40.011.76.40.80.40
RI1.32.30.90.446.925.63.00.05
API18.434.19.20.006.122.62.80.06
I3010.118.86.70.005.420.22.60.07
FA2.95.42.10.090.62.40.30.82
FP2.85.22.10.102.710.11.30.24
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典型降雨事件下流域氮素输出特征与影响因素研究
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刘新茹 1 , 杜新忠 1, * , 刘晓荣 2 , 雷秋良 1 , 刘宏斌 1
中国环境科学 | 环境生态 2025,45(2): 1027-1035
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中国环境科学 | 环境生态 2025, 45(2): 1027-1035
典型降雨事件下流域氮素输出特征与影响因素研究
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刘新茹1 , 杜新忠1, * , 刘晓荣2, 雷秋良1, 刘宏斌1
作者信息
  • 1.中国农业科学院农业资源与农业区划研究所,农业农村部面源污染控制重点实验室/北京昌平土壤质量国家野外科学观测研究站/北方干旱半干旱耕地高效利用全国重点实验室,北京 100081
  • 2.北京林业大学水土保持学院,北京 100083
  • 刘新茹(1998-),女,河北沧州人,中国农业科学院硕士研究生,主要从事流域尺度农业面源污染研究.发表论文1篇. .

通讯作者:

*责任作者,研究员,
Study on the characteristics and influencing factors of nitrogen output in watershed under typical rainfall events
Xin-ru LIU1 , Xin-zhong DU1, * , Xiao-rong LIU2, Qiu-liang LEI1, Hong-bin LIU1
Affiliations
  • 1.State Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization of Arid and Semi-arid Arable Land in Northern China/Changping Soil Quality National Observation and Research Station / Key Laboratory of Non-point Source Pollution Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081
  • 2.College of Soil and Water Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083
出版时间: 2025-02-20
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为探究降雨事件下流域尺度氮素的输出特征及影响因素,在2022年和2023年洱海上游凤羽河流域开展了6场典型降雨事件水质水量监测,分析氮素随降雨-产流的变化及输出特征,明确雨强、历时、流量等因素对氮素负荷的影响机制.研究结果表明,降雨前期土壤条件较湿润的情况下,更容易造成较大的降雨产流,并且会在降雨等级达到大雨(3级)时引起氮素浓度的较大波动,说明氮素的流失会受降雨等级的影响.降雨事件的不同阶段的分析表明,中雨及以下降雨事件中,氮素主要在降雨后期流失,约占整场降雨的62.25%~78.77%,但降雨前期单位时间氮素流失量大;在大雨及以上降雨事件中,氮素中期流失占比达一半以上,且单位时间氮素流失降雨中期最大.降雨-产流过程因子与氮素流失的冗余分析表明,氮素浓度变化与负荷流失主要与前期降雨量指数(API)呈显著正相关关系,其次受平均雨强(RI)、最大30min降雨(I30)和峰值流量(FP)等因素的影响.其中氨氮(NH4+-N)和硝酸盐氮(NO3--N)则与总流量(FA)、降雨历时(RT)、总降雨量(RA)的相关性比较大;而溶解态有机氮(DON)与API相关性较大,与其它因素相关性较弱或表现为负相关.

氮素  /  降雨事件  /  流域尺度

In order to explore the characteristics and influencing factors of nitrogen export at the watershed scale during storm events, this study carried out water quality and quantity monitoring of six typical storm events in the Fengyu River Watershed in the upper subbasin of Erhai Lake in Basin 2022 and 2023. The changes of nitrogen export during rainfall-runoff process and the influence mechanism of rainfall intensity, duration, flow and other factors on nitrogen load were investigated. The results indicated that it was more likely to cause larger rainfall runoff when the antecedent soil moisture was highter in the early stage of rainfall event. A large fluctuation of nitrogen concentration was observed when the rainfall intensity reached heavy rain (level 3), indicating that the loss of nitrogen is affected by the rainfall intensity. The analysis of different stages of rainfall events showed that nitrogen was mainly lost in the late stage of the event, accounting for about 62.25%~78.77% of nitrogen load during the whole event, but the amount of nitrogen loss per unit time was large in the early stage of rainfall. For heavy and extreme events, the proportion of nitrogen loss in the middle period was more than 50% of nitrogen load during the whole event, and the nitrogen loss per unit time was the largest in the middle period of the event. Redundancy analysis of rainfall-runoff process and nitrogen loss factors showed that nitrogen concentration change and load export were mainly positively correlated with Antecedent Precipitation Index (API), followed by average rainfall intensity (RI), maximum 30-minute rainfall (I30) and peak flow (FP). Among them, ammonia nitrogen (NH4+-N) and nitrate nitrogen (NO3--N) were significantly correlated with total discharge (FA), duration of rainfall (RT), and total rainfall (RA). However, dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) has a greater correlation with API and a weaker or negative correlation with other factors.

nitrogen  /  storm events  /  watershed scale
刘新茹, 杜新忠, 刘晓荣, 雷秋良, 刘宏斌. 典型降雨事件下流域氮素输出特征与影响因素研究. 中国环境科学, 2025 , 45 (2) : 1027 -1035 .
Xin-ru LIU, Xin-zhong DU, Xiao-rong LIU, Qiu-liang LEI, Hong-bin LIU. Study on the characteristics and influencing factors of nitrogen output in watershed under typical rainfall events[J]. China Environmental Science, 2025 , 45 (2) : 1027 -1035 .
农业面源污染是氮、磷等污染物在降雨径流、灌溉排水等自然与人为活动因素驱动下,进入河流、湖泊等受纳水体,并引起水体污染的过程.有研究表明降雨是氮素迁移转化发生的直接影响因素,降雨特征因子的变化对氮素流失有显著的影响[1].在美国加利福尼亚州Cosumnes River水系的研究表明,该地区的氮素输出主要发生在汛期[2];在日本Aburahi-S流域的5次降雨事件中总氮的年均输出强度为9.95kg/hm2,其中73%的输出发生在降雨事件中[3];三峡库区古夫河小流域出口总氮、硝酸盐氮和氨氮的年排放负荷分别为1432,1126,55t/a,汛期各组分占其年的排放负荷发别达59.6%,59.1%和54.5%[4],且汛期耕地及建设用地对总氮、硝酸盐氮输出的影响显著于非汛期[5].
降雨事件影响氮素输出的过程中,雨强和雨量是重要的影响因子.雨强上,由于降雨对土壤氮素流失的产流过程和淋洗作用,可造成表层土壤氮素的流失[6],且不同降雨强度下沉积物的冲刷效果存在显著差异[7],对不同土壤层的破坏力不同[8].土壤中氮素可以溶解于水体中流失,也可以结合于土壤颗粒表面随水体运动流失[9],水土流失集中在年内的几场暴雨[10],小流域降雨径流事件具有明显的峰值特征[11],小雨时氮素以溶解态为主,暴雨时颗粒态氮素比例增加[12].雨强对颗粒物及污染物流失量的影响比坡度更显著[13],强度较大的降雨会击碎较大的土壤颗粒,增强对土壤与河道的侵蚀作用,期间氮素流失较为严重,损失率高达50%[14],其浓度随降雨强度升高而显著升高[15].
不同雨量显著影响水质[16],且影响水分及污染物的分布特征[17].雨量上,在暴雨、中雨和小雨的研究中,降雨初期污染物浓度均呈上升趋势,随后逐渐平缓,后期呈现下降趋势[18-20],氮素流失程度与降雨量呈极显著线性相关[21],氮和硝酸盐氮的浓度峰和负荷输移速率峰均接近或滞后于流量峰[22].污染物初始浓度较高,随降雨历时呈波动性减少,具有明显的初期冲刷效应[23-24].在秦岭北麓俞家河研究发现大雨时流域总氮输出为228.10g/d,相对小雨增加的百分比为35.93%[25],然而,不同形态氮素浓度对雨强、雨量、历时等因素的响应关系仍需要更全面的探究.
凤羽河流域作为洱海流域典型的农业子流域,流域内河流众多,水资源十分丰富,是洱海和大理市的主要水源地之一,对洱海入湖水量和水环境具有重要调控的作用.近年来,随着洱海旅游业的迅猛发展与湖区经济的快速崛起,凤羽河流域也面临着水生生态系统退化的风险[26],进一步加大了洱海水体污染防治难度.因此,为响应洱海流域“生态之治”、防控面源污染,缓解洱海上游凤羽河流域水土资源过度开发导致的水环境恶化问题,开展不同量级典型降雨事件下流域氮素流失特征与影响因素研究,深入分析主导降雨事件中氮素流失过程,揭示降雨过程中降雨特征对氮素负荷的影响程度,本研究以洱海上游凤羽河流域为例,在2022年和2023年选取6场典型降雨事件,进行不同时期降雨的多种氮素形态解析,分析氮素随降雨-产流的变化及输出特征,明确雨强、历时、流量、下垫面等因素对氮素负荷的影响.
凤羽河流域位于洱源县凤羽镇,源于清源洞,是洱海流域的源头流域之一(图1),地理位置处于99°51′31″ E ~ 100°01′46″ E,25°52′48″ N ~ 26°05′52″N,研究区流域面积为219km2,平均海拔2634m,属于亚热带高原季风气候,年平均气温为15.5℃,平均日照时间为2451h,是典型高原山地小流域.流域的汛期在6~9月,这段时间内降雨充沛,尤其容易发生暴雨和大雨,非汛期是10月至次年5月.多年平均降雨量约为726.9mm,但分布不均匀,春季一般占全年的8.4%,夏季占63.4%,秋季约25.5%,冬季约2.7%.地形的不均匀性也导致了降雨量的不均匀分布,一般每升高100m,降雨量增加52.9mm,这种降雨情况容易引发土壤冲刷、滑坡和泥石流等灾害.凤羽河流域的年均蒸发量约为1405.7mm,年均相对湿度可达66%,平均风速为2.3m/s.凤羽河流域水资源丰富,流量常年达1亿m3.
2022年和2023年使用能自动连续监测河流水位的美国Water log H-3553气泡水位计,将其安装在流域出口的下龙门村,同时,通过对河流一次完整的暴雨过程水位监测,结合流速仪法建立水位-流量关系曲线,这种关系曲线的建立是通过记录暴雨期间的水位变化,以及相应的流量数据,从而得出水位与流量之间的定量关系.因此利用气泡水位计监测的河道水位变化,可以准确地推算出流域出口河流的流量,公式如下:
式中:H为水位,m;Q为与H对应的流量,m3/s.
在降雨期间,为了防止关键样品的采集缺漏,采用人工和自动仪器结合的方法进行采样.以降雨开始后水位恢复到雨前状态为一次降雨事件,分时段采样.降雨开始至水位达到最高值过程,水样采集频率为0.5~4h/次,并在最高值处收集一次水样,水位开始下降到回落至雨前高度,水样采集频率为4~8h/次,所有样品收集为500mL/次.这种降雨过程采样方式能够提供对降雨事件期间水质的实时监测,能够捕捉到降雨引起的短期水质变化,为了解降雨对流域水质的瞬时影响提供了关键数据.
水样测定指标为总氮(TN)、氨氮(NH4+-N)、硝酸盐氮(NO3--N)和溶解性总氮(DTN).为了准确测定这些指标,采用了不同的分析方法.其中,NO3--N浓度的测定采用紫外分光光度法,这种方法利用氮酸盐在紫外光区域的吸收特性来测定硝酸盐氮的浓度;NH4+-N浓度的测定采用靛酚蓝比色法,这种方法利用靛酚蓝与铵离子形成的蓝色络合物的可见光吸收特性来测定氨氮的浓度;TN和DTN浓度的测定采用碱性过硫酸钾消解-紫外分光光度法,这种方法首先利用碱性过硫酸钾消解水样中的有机氮,然后利用紫外光区域的吸收特性测定总氮和溶解性总氮的浓度,需要注意的是,在对DTN进行测定之前,必须使用0.45µm的滤膜过滤水样,以去除其中的颗粒物和悬浮物,确保测定的准确性和可靠性.最后通过差减法计算得到溶解态有机氮(DON)和颗粒态氮(PN)浓度,公式如下:
式中:CDONCPN表示通过差减法的得到的溶解态有机氮浓度和颗粒态氮浓度,mg/L;CTNCDTNCNO3CNH4分别表示实验室检测得到的总氮浓度、溶解态总氮浓度、硝酸盐氮浓度和铵态氮浓度,单位mg/L.
冗余分析(RDA)是一种多元回归分析结合主成分分析的排序方法,主要用于生态学和其他领域,通过允许多个解释变量上回归多个响应变量来扩展多元线性回归进行主成分分析.与传统的多元线性回归方法相比,RDA可以独立的保持各个环境变量对于各个因变量之间的贡献率,表达出单个环境变量与响应变量之间的相关程度.
(1)本研究采用在流域出口处安装雨量器的方法监测流域降雨事件过程,然后统一在智慧物联监测系统上下载监测的降雨数据,其中包括小时降雨量(mm)、今日雨量(mm)、昨日雨量(mm)、年降雨量(mm)、风速(m/s),温度(℃)等,各项数据均是每30min更新一次,使用Excel和Access软件进行数据处理与分析;(2)本研究选择凤羽河流域降雨-产流过程中的TN、NO3--N、NH4+-N、DTN、PN、DON浓度和负荷作为响应变量,选择总降雨量(RA,mm)、平均降雨强度(RI,mm/h)、最大30min降雨量(I30,mm)、前期降雨量指数(API)、总流量(FA,m3)、流量峰值(FP,m3/s)、降雨历时(RT,h)作为环境因素变量,数据来源于洱源县气象站点,使用软件Canoco 5.0进行分析与绘图.其中,前期降雨量指数(API)可以表示不同降雨事件前期的土壤含水量水平[27],定义如下:
式中:Pi为降雨事件发生前1,2,3……ii=15)d对应的降雨量(mm);k为常数,一般取值0.85.
根据中国气象网的降雨等级划分标准对记录的降雨事件进行等级评级,其中12h降雨量和24h降雨量综合考虑,具体等级划分标准如下表:
本研究6场典型降雨事件降雨产流特征如表2所示,氮素浓度变化如图2所示.降雨事件a~f分别代表了小雨、中雨、中雨、大雨、大雨和暴雨,且降雨历时差异较大,从48h到540h不等,其中事件a~c为连续性降雨事件,事件d~e为连续性降雨事件,事件c的连续性降雨为事件a提供了较好的事件前土壤条件,因此事件a的API值较高,且峰值流量也较高,为5.65m3/s;而事件a降雨量较低且主要集中在降雨前期,后期几乎未降雨,造成事件b的API值较低,因此即使事件b雨强较大,但峰值流量未能高于事件a.从图中也可以看出,事件a~c降雨几乎未引起氮素浓度的明显波动,且随着降雨的增大,各氮素浓度略有下降趋势.同理,由于事件d的降雨为事件e提供了较好的降雨前土壤条件,事件e的API高达21.27,而事件c和事件e的降雨量相差不大,事件e的平均雨强略高于事件c,但其峰值流量约为事件c的两倍,且其引起的氮素浓度升高也更为明显,结合事件f的降雨-产流过程与氮素的浓度变化图来看,可以发现在降雨前期土壤条件较湿润的情况下,降雨等级达到3级(大雨)才会引起氮素的大量流失.
6场降雨事件分别按照降雨量分成降雨初期(降雨量<5%)、降雨中期(集中降雨量>90%)和降雨后期(降雨量<5%),并将其各阶段的时间占比和氮素流失量做了统计.表3图3展示了6场典型降雨事件下氮素流失负荷大小及在降雨过程中输出主成分的变化.分析图表数据可以看出,事件a、b、c降雨各阶段时间占比和TN、DTN负荷输出占比较为一致,集中降雨时间约占总体的1/4,且都是降雨后期时间较长,氮素流失较多;d、e和f事件中期时间占比分别为35.09%、20.31%和28.68%,氮素流失占比远大于该阶段的时间占比,分别为53.83%、36.11%和50.39%,并且d和f事件降雨中期氮素流失大于降雨后期的氮素流失量.不同于a~c事件的特征,说明在降雨强度较大的降雨事件中,集中降雨阶段为氮素流失的主要时期.而在降雨强度较弱的事件中,则是降雨后期较大的流量输送了更多的氮素负荷,且各降雨阶段都以溶解态氮素流失为主.从六场降雨事件中DON在不同时期的输出占比来看,DON输出主要是在降雨后期.从图中还可以看出d和e事件中DON占比相较其他事件占比较低,除考虑有降雨等级的影响外,还可能是由于降雨事件采样在不同年份,存在施肥方式上的年际差别造成的.
图4表4可知,降雨产流特征对各氮素浓度变化影响不同,API和RA对整体的解释度最高,分别为18.4%和12.2%;RI总解释度最低,仅有1.3%,其中TN、DTN和DON浓度与API呈显著正相关关系,其次受RI、I30和FP的影响,而与总流量(FA)、降雨历时(RT)、总降雨量(RA)呈负相关关系;PN与各降雨-产流特征呈正相关,对其浓度影响较大的是FP、I30和RI.对于各氮素的流失负荷的分析,API和RI对各氮素的解释度较高,分别为6.1%和6.9%;FA解释度最低,为0.6%.各影响因素对氮素流失负荷的关系也呈现出较复杂的关系.但TN、DTN和DON仍然表现出较一致的趋势,三者的流失负荷量皆与API呈正相关,与其他因素皆呈负相关;PN与各因素皆呈负相关;NO3--N的负荷流失受API影响最大,NH4+-N受RI的影响最大.
降雨历时上看,短历时降雨伴随强降雨和快速的地表径流,这种降雨模式通常会迅速产生较大的流量,导致土壤表层的PN被强力冲刷并迅速输送到水体[28].大流量的地表径流加剧了颗粒态氮的流失,在短历时降雨事件中颗粒态氮的输出较为显著.而由于降雨时间较短,流量也通常在较短时间内达到峰值,迅速降低了土壤水分和氮素的有效滞留时间.因此,DTN和DON的释放受限,输出负荷相对较低(Table 3).长历时降雨通常伴随着较弱的降雨强度和较长的降雨持续时间,流量在较长时间内逐渐积累,导致土壤与水体的接触时间增加[29].这种较低但持续的流量有助于土壤中DTN和DON从土壤中缓慢释放,并通过流量持续输送到水体中[30].因此,长历时降雨事件中的溶解态氮输出通常表现为一个持续的过程,尤其在降雨后期,流量逐渐稳定并且输出氮素负荷显著增加(图2).研究发现,长历时降雨的氮素输出主要集中在降雨后期,尤其是DON的占比显著上升,表明长时间的降雨过程能够促进溶解态氮的积累与释放[31].频率低但降雨历时长的较小降雨事件携带了大量的氮素[32],这表明即便降雨频率不高,但其对氮素输送的贡献仍然显著.
研究发现中小等级降雨事件,因其具备较长的接触时间和较高的土壤浸润率,能有效地将土壤中的氮素溶解并输送到地表水体中,从而导致显著的氮素流失[33].这一现象表明,中小雨事件在氮素循环和水体富营养化过程中扮演了重要角色,不能被忽视.但当降雨等级达到大雨(3级)时会引起大量氮素的流失,这与Meng等[34]和Ramos等[35]的研究结果一致,这证实了暴雨对氮素流失的影响更大.大雨和暴雨通常伴随着强烈的地表径流,不仅会迅速冲刷掉土壤中的氮素,还可能会破坏土壤结构,增加后续降雨中氮素流失的风险.而气候变化和人类活动的增加导致了强降雨事件的频率和强度增加,极端暴雨可能对农业耕作造成重大威胁[36],进而造成更大氮素流失的风险.因此,关注流域尺度氮素流失尤其需要关注强降雨情况下氮素流失的时机与影响因素.
降雨时期上看,在降雨初期,土壤较干燥、降雨量较小,导致降水无法迅速渗透到土壤深层,主要形成表面径流[37].该时期颗粒氮的流失主要是通过土壤表层的冲刷作用来实现,表层土壤中累积的氮素(如施肥后残留物)容易随流量一起被冲刷进入水体,导致浓度较高;水溶性氮未开始或初步发生溶解,导致流失量少[38].在降雨中期,表面径流增加,颗粒氮的流失显著增加,且强降雨事件下会导致土壤表面的水分迅速积聚,进而导致较大量的颗粒氮随径流冲刷至水体;水溶性氮的流失也会显著增加,水量增加导致溶解氮在土壤中的溶解度增加[39].因此,在降雨中期溶解氮的流失达到峰值(图2).在降雨后期,降雨强度减弱,颗粒氮的流失开始逐渐减缓,但由于土壤充分吸水,颗粒氮的流失仍会维持在一定水平,特别是在土壤表层仍存在可溶性或可移动的颗粒物时;溶解氮的流失呈现减少趋势,且在降雨后期土壤中的水溶性氮通过下渗作用易进入地下水系统[40].
在本研究中,强降雨事件引发的氮素输出主要发生在降雨中期,这一发现与现有文献中的相关研究结果一致[41].在大雨和暴雨事件中,由于降雨强度大,降雨持续时间短,地表径流量迅速增加,将土壤中的氮素冲刷进入河流,同时还可能通过深层渗透进入地下水系统,带走地下深层土壤中的氮素,造成降雨中前期的氮素大量流失.相反,在小雨和中雨事件中,降雨强度较小,降雨持续时间相对较长,地表径流较少,土壤中的氮素主要通过溶解性氮素的形式缓慢地进入河流,因此,在时间相对较长的降雨后期,氮素的总流失量更多.这一发现进一步强调了不同降雨条件下氮素输送过程的动态变化,深入探究不同氮素浓度情况下主要输出机制将有助于深入理解氮素在水文系统中的迁移和转化过程.
4.1 不同连续性降雨事件的研究表明,降雨前期土壤条件较湿润的情况下,更容易造成较大的降雨产流,并且会在降雨等级达到3级(大雨)时引起氮素浓度的较大波动.
4.2 六场降雨事件的不同阶段的分析表明,中雨及以下降雨事件中,氮素主要在降雨后期流失,约占整场降雨的62.25%~78.77%,但降雨前期单位时间氮素流失量大;在大雨及以上降雨事件中,氮素流失主要集中在降雨中期,且单位时间氮素流失降雨中期最大.
4.3 降雨-产流过程因子与氮素流失的冗余分析表明,氮素浓度变化主要与API呈显著正相关关系,其次受RI、I30和FP等因素的影响;氮素输出负荷与API表现为正相关,但与其它因素都表现为负相关.
  • 国家重点研发计划(2022YFC3204001)
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(42107076; U20A20114)
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  • 接收时间:2024-07-01
  • 首发时间:2026-03-17
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  • 收稿日期:2024-07-01
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国家重点研发计划(2022YFC3204001)
国家自然科学基金项目(42107076; U20A20114)
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    1.中国农业科学院农业资源与农业区划研究所,农业农村部面源污染控制重点实验室/北京昌平土壤质量国家野外科学观测研究站/北方干旱半干旱耕地高效利用全国重点实验室,北京 100081
    2.北京林业大学水土保持学院,北京 100083

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