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Article(id=1240689596514751470, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, issueId=1240689590315569990, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1720195200000, receivedDateStr=2024-07-06, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773733050707, onlineDateStr=2026-03-17, pubDate=1739980800000, pubDateStr=2025-02-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773733050707, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-17, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773733050707, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773733050707, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1240689590315569990, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, year='2025', volume='45', issue='2', pageStart='593', pageEnd='1184', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773733049228, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773733150042, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1240690013239825123, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, issueId=1240689590315569990, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1240690013239825124, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, issueId=1240689590315569990, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=693, endPage=703, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1240689596753825794, articleId=1240689596514751470, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, language=EN, title=Study on preparation and properties of nano-fiber membrane coated needle felt filter material, columnId=1234106386020365051, journalTitle=China Environmental Science, columnName=Air Pollution Control, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Water-soluble polyvinyl alcohol nanofibers were utilized as the adhesive layer, and a steam atomization method was employed as a substitute for high-temperature treatment to fabricate PET/PPS nanofiber membrane composite filters through a circular roller stretching and pressing technique. The performance of the composite filters was characterized. The results indicated that the adhesion strength of the PET/PPS nanofiber membrane composite filter reached a maximum of 4.521N when the pressure was set at 0.436N/cm2, the PVA spinning amount was 42.857mL/m2, and the processing temperature during the pressurization was maintained at 20℃. The filtration efficiency for fine particulate matter with a diameter of 0.3µm achieved 98.86%. In dynamic filtration performance tests, after 30 cycles of constant pressure blowing, the time required for a single cycle was recorded as 13.5minutes, with a residual resistance of 265.4Pa, which outperformed existing PTFE-coated filter materials.

, correspAuthors=Jing-xian LIU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Dian-ze GUO, Ying-he GUO, Wei-dong HE, Jing-xian LIU), CN=ArticleExt(id=1240689601141068070, articleId=1240689596514751470, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, language=CN, title=纳米纤维膜覆膜针刺毡滤料制备方法及其性能研究, columnId=1234106388364981004, journalTitle=中国环境科学, columnName=大气污染与控制, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

采用水溶性聚乙烯醇纳米纤维作为胶粘层,利用蒸汽雾化方法代替高温处理,通过圆辊拉伸加压的方式制备了PET/PPS纳米纤维膜复合滤料,并对复合滤料的性能进行了表征.结果表明,压力为0.436N/cm2,PVA纺丝量为42.857mL/m2,加压过程中的温度为20℃时制备的PET/PPS纳米纤维膜复合滤料覆膜牢度最高,达到4.521N.PET/PPS纳米纤维膜复合滤料对粒径为0.3µm微细颗粒物的过滤效率达到98.86%.在动态过滤性能中,复合滤料在进行30个定压喷吹周期后,单个周期完成时间为13.5min,残余阻力为265.4Pa,优于现有PTFE覆膜滤料.

, correspAuthors=柳静献, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*责任作者，教授，
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郭殿泽(2001-)，男，辽宁朝阳人，东北大学硕士研究生，主要从事颗粒物控制技术、纳米纤维过滤材料方面的研究. .

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郭殿泽(2001-)，男，辽宁朝阳人，东北大学硕士研究生，主要从事颗粒物控制技术、纳米纤维过滤材料方面的研究. .

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郭殿泽(2001-)，男，辽宁朝阳人，东北大学硕士研究生，主要从事颗粒物控制技术、纳米纤维过滤材料方面的研究. .

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纳米纤维膜覆膜针刺毡滤料制备方法及其性能研究
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郭殿泽 1 , 郭颖赫 2 , 赫伟东 1 , 柳静献 1, *
中国环境科学 | 大气污染与控制 2025,45(2): 693-703
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中国环境科学 | 大气污染与控制 2025, 45(2): 693-703
纳米纤维膜覆膜针刺毡滤料制备方法及其性能研究
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郭殿泽1 , 郭颖赫2, 赫伟东1, 柳静献1, *
作者信息
  • 1.东北大学资源与土木工程学院，滤料检测中心，辽宁 沈阳 110819
  • 2.沈阳理工大学环境与化学工程学院，辽宁 沈阳 110159

    • 郭殿泽(2001-)，男，辽宁朝阳人，东北大学硕士研究生，主要从事颗粒物控制技术、纳米纤维过滤材料方面的研究. .

通讯作者:

*责任作者，教授，
Study on preparation and properties of nano-fiber membrane coated needle felt filter material
Dian-ze GUO1 , Ying-he GUO2, Wei-dong HE1, Jing-xian LIU1, *
Affiliations
  • 1.Filter Testing Center, College of Resources and Civil Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China
  • 2.School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shenyang Polytechnic University, Shenyang 110159, China
出版时间: 2025-02-20
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摘要
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采用水溶性聚乙烯醇纳米纤维作为胶粘层,利用蒸汽雾化方法代替高温处理,通过圆辊拉伸加压的方式制备了PET/PPS纳米纤维膜复合滤料,并对复合滤料的性能进行了表征.结果表明,压力为0.436N/cm2,PVA纺丝量为42.857mL/m2,加压过程中的温度为20℃时制备的PET/PPS纳米纤维膜复合滤料覆膜牢度最高,达到4.521N.PET/PPS纳米纤维膜复合滤料对粒径为0.3µm微细颗粒物的过滤效率达到98.86%.在动态过滤性能中,复合滤料在进行30个定压喷吹周期后,单个周期完成时间为13.5min,残余阻力为265.4Pa,优于现有PTFE覆膜滤料.

针刺毡滤料  /  静电纺丝  /  聚乙烯醇  /  覆膜牢度  /  过滤效率

Water-soluble polyvinyl alcohol nanofibers were utilized as the adhesive layer, and a steam atomization method was employed as a substitute for high-temperature treatment to fabricate PET/PPS nanofiber membrane composite filters through a circular roller stretching and pressing technique. The performance of the composite filters was characterized. The results indicated that the adhesion strength of the PET/PPS nanofiber membrane composite filter reached a maximum of 4.521N when the pressure was set at 0.436N/cm2, the PVA spinning amount was 42.857mL/m2, and the processing temperature during the pressurization was maintained at 20℃. The filtration efficiency for fine particulate matter with a diameter of 0.3µm achieved 98.86%. In dynamic filtration performance tests, after 30 cycles of constant pressure blowing, the time required for a single cycle was recorded as 13.5minutes, with a residual resistance of 265.4Pa, which outperformed existing PTFE-coated filter materials.

needle felt filter material  /  electrospinning  /  polyvinyl alcohol  /  coating fastness  /  filtration efficiency
郭殿泽, 郭颖赫, 赫伟东, 柳静献. 纳米纤维膜覆膜针刺毡滤料制备方法及其性能研究. 中国环境科学, 2025 , 45 (2) : 693 -703 .
Dian-ze GUO, Ying-he GUO, Wei-dong HE, Jing-xian LIU. Study on preparation and properties of nano-fiber membrane coated needle felt filter material[J]. China Environmental Science, 2025 , 45 (2) : 693 -703 .
正文
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以PM2.5为代表的细颗粒物是当前工业烟尘排放的主要空气污染物，降低烟尘排放量对于大气污染的治理至关重要[1-3].以聚合物过滤材料为核心的袋式除尘技术是目前主流的工业除尘技术[4].针刺毡滤料是袋式除尘领域中主要的滤料类型，其中PTFE覆膜针刺毡滤料具有过滤效率高、使用寿命长的优点，得到了广泛应用，但其阻力增长快，表面的PTFE膜易破损，使用成本较高[5-6].
纳米纤维膜具有纤维直径小、比表面积大、过滤效率高等优点，过滤后的灰尘易从膜表面剥离，能够有效提高过滤材料的使用寿命，纳米纤维膜性能的提升也成为当前过滤材料研究的热点之一[7-9].Veleirinho等[10]、Li等[11]、赫伟东等[12]发现纺丝液浓度、溶剂种类、单位面积纺丝量以及材料改性会极大地影响纳米纤维膜的过滤性能.Valencia-Osorio等[13]通过平衡纳米纤维膜的过滤效率和压降，使其性能达到最佳状态，优于现有的HEPA过滤器.
在制备纳米纤维膜复合滤料的过程中，通常采用热压技术将热熔胶熔化，以实现纳米纤维膜与过滤材料的紧密结合[14-15].滤料在热熔覆贴的制造工艺过程中，由于温度过高，胶黏剂易渗出碳化，影响滤料的过滤性能[16].另一方面，高温也容易对纳米纤维膜造成损伤，降低覆膜牢度[17].Storck等[18]、Na等[19]发现高温会导致纳米纤维膜的断裂伸长率减小，纤维直径增大；Wortmann等[20]、Wang等[21]观察到高温热压处理过程中纤维发生熔融和粘合，并且容易造成膜的破裂；刘倩等[22]发现热熔黏合复合会导致纳米纤维膜严重堵塞.因此急需研发在不破坏纳米纤维/纳米纤维膜结构的前提下增强纳米纤维膜与基底材料覆膜牢度的覆膜方法.
本文将PPS针刺毡滤料作为基材，利用静电纺丝的方法依次将聚乙烯醇（PVA）纳米纤维膜和涤纶（PET）纳米纤维膜均匀纺制在基材上.通过对PVA纳米纤维膜进行蒸汽雾化处理使其溶解，形成一层均匀的胶黏层，制备出PET纳米纤维膜/PPS针刺毡复合滤料（以下简称PET/PPS复合滤料）.此外，研究了不同压力、PVA胶量、处理温度对复合滤料的覆膜牢度、压降、过滤效率的影响.最终确定了复合滤料最佳制备参数，并对最佳参数下制备的滤料进行覆膜牢度分析和过滤性能测试.该研究为覆膜针刺毡滤料的制备提供了一种新的方法，增强覆膜滤料覆膜牢度的同时，有效保护滤料表面纳米纤维膜的结构，推进了纳米纤维膜覆膜针刺毡滤料的研究进展.
1　材料、设备与方法
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1.1　材料
基材选用PPS针刺毡，其厚度为1.88mm，克重为596.35g/m2.涤纶树脂颗粒，上海远纺公司生产.聚乙烯醇2488（PVA2488）与三氟乙酸（TFA）购于上海麦克林公司；N，N-二甲基甲酰胺（DMF）购于天津大茂公司；二氯甲烷（DCM）购于天津富宇公司.动态过滤测试中采用PTFE覆膜滤料进行对比实验，其厚度为1.92mm，克重为682.07g/m2.
1.2　实验设备及纳米纤维膜制备
实验设备为上海东翔纳米技术有限公司生产的DXES-1型静电纺丝机.
溶液配制：将去离子水和PVA2488以质量比9：1混合，60℃搅拌1h后，静置1h，配置成10WT%的聚乙烯醇溶液，向聚乙烯醇溶液中加入DMF，使DMF含量达到20wt%[23]，常温下搅拌1h后，静置1h，配置成聚乙烯醇纺丝液待用.定量的涤纶置于质量比为4：1的TFA/DCM溶剂中，常温搅拌5h后，静置1h，配置成10wt%的涤纶纺丝液待用.
纳米纤维膜制备：将尺寸为20cm×70cm的PPS针刺毡卷绕并固定于接收滚筒上作为接收基材，将PVA纳米纤维膜纺制在PPS针刺毡上，纺丝电压为18kV，接收距离为10cm，实验装置喷丝头直径为0.6mm，溶液推进速度为1mL/h，环境温度为20℃，环境湿度为20%，纺丝时间分别为0h、2h、4h、6h、8h、10h.纺丝达到相应时间后，将已经纺制完PVA纳米纤维膜的PPS针刺毡作为接收基材，继续进行PET纺丝.进行PET纳米纤维膜纺丝时，除接收距离为15cm，纺丝时间为3h，其他条件和PVA纳米纤维膜纺丝条件一致.静电纺丝过程如图1（a）所示.
1.3　PET纳米纤维膜与PPS针刺毡滤料复合
使用蒸汽对纳米纤维膜进行处理，蒸汽渗透进PET纳米纤维膜，由于PVA的亲水特性，PET纳米纤维膜和PPS针刺毡之间的PVA纳米纤维膜溶解，形成一层均匀的胶粘层，将PET纳米纤维膜牢固黏结在涤纶针刺毡滤料上，制备成3层结构的纳米纤维膜复合针刺毡.蒸汽雾化处理过程如图1（b）所示.
为保证PET纳米纤维膜和PPS针刺毡紧密黏合，在蒸汽雾化处理后对PET纳米纤维膜表面施加一定压力.如图1（c）、图1（d）所示，将蒸汽雾化处理后的复合滤料两端用夹具夹紧，将圆柱型滚筒置于复合滤料上方，覆膜面朝下，分别在20℃、40℃、60℃和80℃的温度（以下简称处理温度）下对滚筒持续施加向下的拉力，直到滤料上的水分完全蒸发，PVA胶成型为止.样品尺寸为5.8cm×5.8cm，圆柱滚筒外径为1.4cm，滚筒与滤料接触面积为6.96cm2.通过圆柱滚筒自重和对滚筒向下持续的拉力来对滤料持续施加压力，以该压力与接触面积之比作为压力参数.
为了研究压力、PVA量、处理温度对PET/PPS复合滤料覆膜牢度和过滤性能的影响，采用控制变量法获得单因素对样品参数的影响规律，通过比较制备的不同PET/PPS复合滤料的覆膜牢度和过滤性能，确定最佳参数.
1.4　复合滤料性能表征
制备的PET/PPS复合滤料采用Ultra Plus型场发射分析扫描电镜表征纤维形貌.覆膜牢度测试方法采用标准T/CAEPI 21-2019《袋式除尘用滤料技术要求》中的方法对PET/PPS复合滤料进行测试.本文为直观显示滤料覆膜牢度的变化，取实验过程中双面胶与滤料分离时的强力数值（N）为覆膜牢度，方便比较不同条件下样品的覆膜牢度.
过滤效率测试：使用TSI9306型粒子计数器，测量滤料上、下游直径为0.3µm、0.5µm、1µm、3µm、5µm、10µm的颗粒物数量，测试粉尘为大气尘，测试风速为1m/min，采样流量为2.84L/min；实验测试中，把仪器分别接在被测滤料的上游和下游，每次测量30s，循环5次，并将得到的5组计数效率的平均值计为滤料的过滤效率，同时测量上下游特定粒径粉尘的浓度和上下游的压降.实验装置如图2所示.
过滤效率的计算公式如下所示：
式中：η为过滤效率；Cd为下游粉尘浓度；Cu为上游粉尘浓度[24].
为了综合表征滤料的过滤性能，用品质因子（Q）来评价滤料优劣.
式中：QF为品质因子；η为过滤效率；ΔP为压降[25].
1.5　动态过滤性能测试
动态过滤性能测试采用由东北大学滤料检测中心研发的符合“GB /T 6719—2009袋式除尘器技术要求”以及ISO 11057—2011的测试装置进行[22].实验装置如图3所示.该装置模拟工业中袋式除尘器的运行状态，对滤料在过滤过程中粉尘捕集情况和阻力增长情况进行分析.通过控制喷吹压力、粉尘浓度等实验条件，研究滤料定压喷吹周期内的阻力变化、周期时间变化和残余阻力，对滤料进行动态过滤性能测试.
动态过滤性能测试采用的粉尘为氧化铝（Al2O3）粉尘，中位径为6.2µm，过滤面积为153.94cm2，入口粉尘质量浓度为5g/m3.为对工业现场苛刻的条件进行模拟，过滤风速设置为3.24m/min.阻力达到1000Pa喷吹清灰为一个周期，定压清灰周期为30次.
阻力增长平均速率的计算公式如下所示：
式中：Pb为定压喷吹设定的压力值（1000Pa）；P0为每个周期开始测试时滤料的残余阻力；T为周期时间.
2　结果与讨论
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2.1　复合滤料最佳制备参数
2.1.1　最佳复合压力的选取
选定样品中PVA量为8mL，雾化器处理时间为2min，处理温度为20℃，在压力分别为0，0.155，0.296，0.436，0.577，0.718，0.859N/cm2下制备样品.探究样品在不同压力下的覆膜牢度和过滤性能，选取合适的压力.
由图4（a）可以看出，随着压力从0N/cm2升高到0.718N/cm2，复合滤料的覆膜牢度不断升高.压力为0N/cm2时，PVA胶未能和PPS针刺毡和PET纳米纤维膜紧密贴合，覆膜牢度较低.压力从0N/cm2升高到0.155N/cm2时，覆膜牢度提升幅度最大.压力从0.155N/cm2升高到0.718N/cm2过程中，覆膜牢度继续提高，但增幅逐渐减小.压力达到0.718N/cm2时，覆膜牢度达到最大，为4.553N，继续升高压力到0.859N/cm2，覆膜牢度出现小幅下降.这是因为当压力升高到一定值后，PVA胶与PPS针刺毡和PET纳米纤维膜的粘合达到饱和状态，继续加压可能会导致PVA胶溢出.
由图4（b）可以看出，压力从0N/cm2升高到0.296N/cm2时，复合滤料对每种粒径粒子的过滤效率大幅提升，其中对0.3µm粒子的过滤效率从88.77%升高到92.86%.压力从0.296N/cm2升高到0.859N/cm2时，复合滤料对不同粒径粒子的过滤效率基本不变.
图4（c）为不同压力下26.4cm2的复合滤料在1m/min风速下的压降.压力从0N/cm2升高到0.577N/cm2时，压降从62Pa升高到85Pa.当压力升高到0.577N/cm2以上后，压降逐渐稳定，不再升高.
随着压力的增加，PVA胶水填充PPS针刺毡和PET纳米纤维膜之间孔隙，微粒越来越难通过滤料，复合滤料过滤效率和压降升高.压力升高到一定值后，PPS针刺毡和PET纳米纤维膜之间能够被PVA胶填充的孔隙达到饱和，继续升高压力，过滤效率和压降也不再有显著提升.
根据图4（b）、图4（c）中不同压力下复合滤料的过滤效率和压降，按照公式计算对不同粒径颗粒物的QF值，绘制曲线如图4（d）所示.对于粒径为2.5µm、5µm、10µm的颗粒，不同压力下复合滤料的过滤效率均达到100%，无法进行计算.当压力为0.296N/cm2，对粒径为0.3µm、0.5µm和1µm颗粒的QF均达到最大值，分别为0.04、0.054和0.087.
0.296N/cm2压力下，复合滤料对不同粒径颗粒物均达到最高的QF，但其覆膜牢度仅为3.688N，与0.436N/cm2压力下的4.265N相差较大.由图中可以看出，0.436N/cm2压力下对于粒径为0.3、0.5、1µm颗粒物的QF都仅次于0.296N/cm2压力的QF.
综合以上因素，优先考虑提升滤料的覆膜牢度，选取0.436N/cm2作为下一步进行实验的压力参数.
2.1.2　最佳PVA量的选取
确定压力为0.436N/cm2，处理温度为20℃，在PVA量分别为0mL、2mL、4mL、6mL、8mL、10mL的条件下制备样品，探究样品在不同PVA量下的覆膜牢度和过滤性能，选取合适的PVA量.
由图5（a）可以看出，PVA量从0mL升高到6mL的过程中，复合滤料的覆膜牢度不断升高.当PET纳米纤维膜和PPS针刺毡之间存在PVA胶后，覆膜牢度大幅提升，PVA量为2mL时，覆膜牢度与PVA量为0mL相比增长了68.39%.PVA量为6mL时，覆膜牢度达到最大值，为4.521N，与PVA量为2mL时相比增长了175.54%.这是因为随着PVA量的增大，PET纳米纤维膜和PPS针刺毡之间的粘合强度逐渐升高.PVA量从6mL升高到10mL的过程中，覆膜牢度降低，这是因为当胶量达到一定值后，此时测量的覆膜牢度由PET纳米纤维膜和PPS针刺毡之间的粘合力主导，而不再由PET纳米纤维膜和PPS针刺毡之间的粘合力决定.
由图5（b）可以看出，在PVA量从0mL上升到2mL的过程中，复合滤料对0.3µm、0.5µm、1µm粒径粒子的过滤效率大幅升高.在PVA量从2mL上升到6mL的过程中，复合滤料对0.3µm、0.5µm、1µm粒径粒子的过滤效率不再有显著提升.PVA量从6mL上升到10mL的过程中，复合滤料对0.3µm、0.5µm、1µm粒径粒子的过滤效率下降.在PVA量从0mL上升到10mL的过程中，复合滤料对2.5µm、5µm、10µm粒径粒子的过滤效率不再有显著提升
图5（c）为不同PVA量时26.4cm2的复合滤料在1m/min风速下的压降.可以看出，随着PVA量的增大，压降也逐渐升高.
根据图5（b）、图5（c）所示不同压力下复合滤料的过滤效率和压降，按照公式计算对不同粒径颗粒物的QF值，绘制曲线如图5（d）所示.对于粒径为2.5µm、5µm、10µm的颗粒，不同压力下复合滤料的过滤效率均达到100%，无法进行计算.对于粒径为0.3µm的颗粒，PVA量为6mL时，QF达到最大值；对于粒径为0.5µm的颗粒，PVA量为2mL时，QF达到最大值；对于粒径为1µm的颗粒，PVA量为4mL时，QF达到最大值.
不同粒径微粒的QF最大值对应的PVA量不同.PVA量为6mL时，覆膜牢度达到最大值.综合以上因素，选取6mL作为下一步进行实验的PVA量，确定PVA纺丝量为42.857mL/m2.
2.1.3　最佳处理温度的选取
确定压力为0.436N/cm2，PVA量为6mL，在处理温度分别为20℃、40℃、60℃和80℃的条件下制备样品，保证PVA胶风干成型.探究样品在不同处理温度下的覆膜牢度和过滤性能，选取合适的处理温度.
由图6（a）可以看出，处理温度从20℃升高到40℃的过程中，复合滤料的覆膜牢度下降幅度较小.处理温度从40℃升高到80℃的过程中，复合滤料表面的水分被烘干的速度逐渐变快，PET纳米纤维膜表面的水分被烘干后，在高温干燥的环境中软化，PET纳米纤维膜和基材之间已经处于比较松散的状态，进行覆膜牢度测量后发现PET纳米纤维膜和基材未分离，此时测量的覆膜牢度是PET纳米纤维膜层间的强度，而非PET纳米纤维膜和基材之间的覆膜牢度.
由图6（b）可以看出，处理温度从20℃上到60℃的过程中，复合滤料对0.3µm粒径粒子的过滤效率没有明显变化.处理温度从60℃上升到80℃的过程中，复合滤料对0.3µm粒径粒子的过滤效率大幅下降.处理温度从20℃上升到80℃的过程中，复合滤料对0.5µm、1µm、2.5µm、5µm和10µm粒径粒子的过滤效率没有明显变化.
图6（c）为不同处理温度下26.4cm2的复合滤料在1m/min风速下的压降.可以看出，处理温度从20℃上升到80℃的过程中，复合滤料的压降没有明显变化.
根据图6（b）、图6（c）所示不同处理温度下PET纳米纤维膜/PPS针刺毡复合滤料的过滤效率和压降，按照公式计算对不同粒径颗粒物的QF值，绘制曲线如图6（d）所示.对于粒径为2.5µm、5µm、10µm的颗粒，不同压力下复合滤料的过滤效率均达到100%，无法进行计算.对于粒径为0.3µm的颗粒，处理温度为20℃时，QF达到最大值；对于粒径为0.5µm的颗粒，处理温度为60℃时，QF达到最大值；对于粒径为1µm的颗粒，处理温度为20℃时，QF达到最大值.
处理温度为60℃时，复合滤料对于粒径为0.5µm的颗粒的QF远高于其他温度条件下的QF，但其牢度极低，由于温度的影响，其表面的PET纳米纤维膜极易被破坏.处理温度为20℃时，复合滤料对于粒径为0.3µm、1µm的颗粒的QF值最大，覆膜牢度最高.综合以上因素，选取20℃作为下一步进行实验的处理温度.
综合以上分析，为提升滤料的覆膜牢度和过滤性能，确定压力为0.436N/cm2，PVA纺丝量为42.857mL/m2，处理温度为20℃.
蒸汽雾化处理前后PET纳米纤维膜的微观形貌SEM图像分别如图7（a）、图7（b）所示.可见，PET纳米纤维膜的纤维形貌并未因水雾处理发生变化.
2.2　滤料过滤性能
2.2.1　测试滤料的制备
在压力为0.436N/cm2，PVA纺丝量为42.857mL/m2，处理温度为20℃的条件下，以上文图1中的加压方式制备PET/PPS复合滤料；未覆膜PPS针刺毡滤料，以下称PPS滤料；PTFE覆膜滤料，简称PTFE滤料.对PET/PPS复合滤料、PPS滤料和PTFE滤料进行动态过滤性能测试.
2.2.2　复合滤料的过滤性能
三种滤料的阻力特性、过滤效率和透气性分别如图8（a）、图8（b）、图8（c）所示.
可以看出，PTFE滤料与PET/PPS复合滤料相比，阻力高，过滤效率低，透气性差.PET/PPS复合滤料和PPS滤料相比，阻力和过滤效率高，透气性差，这是因为PET纳米纤维膜和PPS滤料之间的PVA胶填充了PPS基材表面的孔隙.PET纳米纤维膜纤维直径小，比表面积大，孔隙率高，使PET/PPS复合滤料更容易捕获空气中的微粒.
2.2.3　动态过滤性能测试
3种滤料第1个周期阻力变化如图9（a）所示.
由图9（a）可知，PTFE滤料的初始阻力是PET/PPS复合滤料的1.5倍，其从初始阻力达到1000Pa所需要的时间是PET/PPS复合滤料的0.25倍.这是因为PET纳米纤维膜和PTEF膜相比，表面孔隙率更高，透气性更好.PET/PPS复合滤料的初始阻力是PPS滤料的三倍，其周期时间比PPS滤料少2min.这是因为PPS滤料的孔隙及纤维尺寸较大，其内部孔隙容易被粉尘进入，阻力增长较慢；通过静电纺丝制备的纳米纤维膜纤维直径小，比表面积大，其表面容易形成粉尘层，阻力增长较快.
由图9（b）可知，PPS滤料随着过滤周期的增加，喷吹周期时间逐渐减少.这是因为PPS滤料内部孔隙逐渐被粉尘填充，喷吹逐渐不能使这部分粉尘脱离滤料，到达1000Pa所需的时间逐渐减少.PET/PPS复合滤料随着过滤周期的增加，PET纳米纤维膜上的粉尘层厚度不断增加，到达1000Pa所需的时间也逐渐减少，但其从第7个周期后，定压周期逐渐稳定在13.5~15min.从第26周期开始，两种滤料的喷吹周期时间逐渐相近，到达第30周期后，PET/PPS复合滤料的喷吹周期时间首次超过PPS滤料.结合图9（d）可知，到达第18周期后，PPS滤料的喷吹阻力增长平均速率整体超过PET/PPS复合滤料；到达第24周期后，PPS滤料的喷吹阻力增长平均速率逐渐大幅超过PET/PPS复合滤料.这是因为滤料早期处于深层过滤阶段，阻力增长较慢；滤料表面形成一定厚度的粉尘尘饼后，进入表面过滤阶段，阻力增长加快[26].PPS针刺毡滤料早期表面孔隙及纤维尺寸较大，处于深层过滤阶段；PET/PPS复合滤料由于透气性比PPS滤料差，过滤过程接近于表面过滤，清灰效果更好，因此动态过滤后期PPS滤料阻力增长平均速率比PET/PPS复合滤料大.
由图9（c）可知，PET/PPS复合滤料每个周期的残余阻力介于PTFE滤料和PPS滤料之间，其残余阻力在30周期内增长幅度远小于PTFE滤料.PET/PPS复合滤料每个喷吹周期时间远高于PTFE滤料，阻力增长平均速率远小于PTFE滤料.
综上所述，PET/PPS复合滤料的动态过滤性能远远高于PTEF滤料，其前期喷吹周期时间和PPS滤料相比较短，但其周期时间更稳定，到动态过滤后期，其过滤性能明显优于PPS滤料.
3　结论
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3.1　利用PVA的亲水特性，通过水雾处理使PET纳米纤维膜和PPS针刺毡之间的PVA纳米纤维膜溶解形成胶粘层，并针对这种覆膜方式提出了一种新的加压方法，避免对滤料表面的纳米纤维膜造成损伤.
3.2　确定在压力为0.436N/cm2，PVA纺丝量为42.857mL/m2，处理温度为20℃的条件下制备的PET/PPS复合滤料的覆膜牢度和过滤性能综合最佳，其中覆膜牢度达到4.521N，对0.3µm、0.5µm、1µm、2.5µm、5µm、10µm粒径粒子的过滤效率分别达到98.86%、99.51%、99.96%、100%、100%、100%.
3.3　本文制备的PET/PPS复合滤料和PTFE覆膜针刺毡过滤材料相比阻力低，过滤效率高，喷吹周期时间更长，残余阻力和阻力增长平均速率更小，动态过滤性能更具有优势.
3.4　本文制备的PET/PPS复合滤料和未覆膜PPS滤料相比前期喷吹周期时间较短，但其周期时间更稳定，到动态过滤后期，喷吹周期时间更长，阻力增长平均速率更小，性能超过未覆膜PPS滤料.
基金
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  • 国家十四五重点研发计划(2022YFC2503201)
  • 国家自然科学基金资助(52174215; 52304210)
  • 中国博士后科学基金资助项目(2023M740545)
  • 中央高校基本科研业务专项资金资助项目(N2301022)
  • 辽宁省兴辽人才计划(XLYC2002091)
  • 辽宁省揭榜挂帅科技攻关专项(2021JH1/10400023)
  • 辽宁省自然科学基金项目(2023-BSBA-105)
  • 浙江省重点研发计划(2020C03089)
文献
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  • 接收时间：2024-07-06
  • 首发时间：2026-03-17
  • 出版时间：2025-02-20
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  • 收稿日期：2024-07-06
基金
国家十四五重点研发计划(2022YFC2503201)
国家自然科学基金资助(52174215; 52304210)
中国博士后科学基金资助项目(2023M740545)
中央高校基本科研业务专项资金资助项目(N2301022)
辽宁省兴辽人才计划(XLYC2002091)
辽宁省揭榜挂帅科技攻关专项(2021JH1/10400023)
辽宁省自然科学基金项目(2023-BSBA-105)
浙江省重点研发计划(2020C03089)
作者信息
    1.东北大学资源与土木工程学院，滤料检测中心，辽宁 沈阳 110819
    2.沈阳理工大学环境与化学工程学院，辽宁 沈阳 110159

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family		 属数
Number of
genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)		 属
Genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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