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The effects of PM2.5 and its constituents (SO42-, NO3-, NH4+, OM, BC) on fasting blood glucose and lipid levels in the short-term were examined in the “Jinchang Cohort”. The daily average concentrations of PM2.5 and its constituents from 2010to 2015 in Jinchang City were sourced from China's Near Real-Time Air Pollutants dataset. Individual exposure was determined by matching the study subjects' residential addresses with pollution data. Generalized estimating equations were used to analyze the short-term effects of PM2.5 and its constituents on glucose and lipid indicators. Generalized additive mixed models were used to create exposure-response curves and perform stratified analyses. The findings showed that PM2.5 and its constituents had delayed effects on blood glucose and lipid levels. Specifically, higher concentrations of PM2.5, SO42-, NO3-, NH4+, and OM correlated with increased levels of FPG, TC, HDL-C, and LDL-C, while TG showed a decrease. PM2.5 and SO42- exhibited more pronounced effects on fasting blood glucose levels in males, whereas PM2.5 and its five components had more significant impacts on lipid levels in females, individuals aged 60 years or older, those who are overweight or obese, individuals in prediabetic stages, and those with hypertension. Therefore, short-term exposure to PM2.5 and its components correlates with abnormal blood glucose and lipid levels in the population. Thus, various high-risk groups should adopt self-protection measures accordingly.

, correspAuthors=Min-zhen WANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Chen SANG, Ying-qian HE, Jia JIA, Hao CHEN, Min-zhen WANG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1240689603112391022, articleId=1240689596326007779, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, language=CN, title=PM2.5及其组分短期暴露对空腹血糖和血脂的影响, columnId=1234106394006311784, journalTitle=中国环境科学, columnName=环境毒理与健康, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为探究PM2.5及其组分(SO42-、NO3-、NH4+、OM和BC)短期暴露对人群空腹血糖和血脂的影响,以“金昌队列”为研究平台,从中国大气成分近实时追踪数据集获取金昌市2011∼2015年PM2.5及组分日均浓度数据.通过将研究对象家庭住址经纬度信息与污染物数据匹配,以评估个体污染物暴露水平.采用广义估计方程分析PM2.5及其组分短期暴露对糖脂指标的影响.运用广义相加混合模型绘制暴露-反应关系曲线,并进行分层分析.结果显示,PM2.5及其组分(SO42-、NO3-、NH4+、OM和BC)对人群血糖和血脂水平的影响存在一定的滞后效应,随着PM2.5、SO42-、NO3-、NH4+、OM浓度的升高,FPG、TC、HDL-C和LDL-C呈上升趋势,TG呈下降趋势.PM2.5和SO42-对男性人群的空腹血糖水平影响更显著;PM2.5及其五种组分对女性、年龄≥60岁、超重或肥胖、处于糖尿病前期及患高血压人群的血脂水平影响更显著.因此,PM2.5及其组分的短期暴露与人群血糖和血脂水平异常相关,不同高风险人群需加强自我防护措施.

, correspAuthors=王敏珍, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*责任作者,副教授,
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桑晨(2001-),女,新疆喀什人,兰州大学硕士研究生,主要从事于环境流行病学研究. .

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*P≤0.05 **P≤0.01 ***P≤0.001

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* 组间差异具有统计学意义, P<0.05

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General characteristics of the baseline population

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变量N%
24285
性别1395057.44
1033542.56
年龄(岁)(mean±SD)49.32±8.60
≤601972081.20
≥60456518.80
BMI(kg/m2)(mean±SD)24.22±6.09
<18.57403.04
18.5~23.91222650.34
≥241131946.62
家庭人均月收入(元)<20001233150.78
2000-49991152347.45
≥50004311.77
文化水平初中及以下1109745.69
高中/中专704028.99
本科及以上614825.32
职业干部324613.37
技术人员7993.29
后勤4505.97
工人1879077.37
糖尿病家族史337413.89
2091186.11
高血压768431.64
1660168.36
糖尿病分期正常1761572.53
糖尿病前期493220.31
糖尿病17387.16
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基线人群的一般特征

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量N%
24285
性别1395057.44
1033542.56
年龄(岁)(mean±SD)49.32±8.60
≤601972081.20
≥60456518.80
BMI(kg/m2)(mean±SD)24.22±6.09
<18.57403.04
18.5~23.91222650.34
≥241131946.62
家庭人均月收入(元)<20001233150.78
2000-49991152347.45
≥50004311.77
文化水平初中及以下1109745.69
高中/中专704028.99
本科及以上614825.32
职业干部324613.37
技术人员7993.29
后勤4505.97
工人1879077.37
糖尿病家族史337413.89
2091186.11
高血压768431.64
1660168.36
糖尿病分期正常1761572.53
糖尿病前期493220.31
糖尿病17387.16
), ArticleFig(id=1240689611819765794, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689596326007779, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

The glucose and lipid levels of the baseline population

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指标
FPG (mg/dL)98.39±27.54
TC (mg/dL)185.00±34.89
TG (mg/dL)171.13±27.43
HDL-C (mg/dL)53.06±14.50
LDL-C (mg/dL)113.72±34.10
), ArticleFig(id=1240689611937206316, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689596326007779, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

基线人群的糖脂水平情况

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标
FPG (mg/dL)98.39±27.54
TC (mg/dL)185.00±34.89
TG (mg/dL)171.13±27.43
HDL-C (mg/dL)53.06±14.50
LDL-C (mg/dL)113.72±34.10
), ArticleFig(id=1240689612075618358, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689596326007779, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Distribution characteristics of PM2.5 and its constituents in Jinchang City from 2011∼2015(μg/m3)

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变量 SDMin.P25P50P75Max.IQR
PM2.535.579.3416.0028.2934.7141.8680.5713.57
SO42-4.211.670.723.034.105.1711.852.14
NO3-4.633.020.522.203.636.5316.154.33
NH4+3.371.760.511.963.074.3710.662.41
OM6.802.821.224.706.528.6817.843.98
BC1.430.560.281.041.361.744.890.70
), ArticleFig(id=1240689612188864584, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689596326007779, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

2011∼2015年金昌市PM2.5及其组分分布特征(μg/m3)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量 SDMin.P25P50P75Max.IQR
PM2.535.579.3416.0028.2934.7141.8680.5713.57
SO42-4.211.670.723.034.105.1711.852.14
NO3-4.633.020.522.203.636.5316.154.33
NH4+3.371.760.511.963.074.3710.662.41
OM6.802.821.224.706.528.6817.843.98
BC1.430.560.281.041.361.744.890.70
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PM2.5及其组分短期暴露对空腹血糖和血脂的影响
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桑晨 1 , 贺颖倩 2 , 贾佳 1 , 陈浩 1 , 王敏珍 1, *
中国环境科学 | 环境毒理与健康 2025,45(2): 1118-1126
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中国环境科学 | 环境毒理与健康 2025, 45(2): 1118-1126
PM2.5及其组分短期暴露对空腹血糖和血脂的影响
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桑晨1 , 贺颖倩2, 贾佳1, 陈浩1, 王敏珍1, *
作者信息
  • 1.兰州大学公共卫生学院,流行病与卫生统计学研究所,甘肃 兰州 730000
  • 2.重庆市渝中区疾病预防控制中心,重庆 400000
  • 桑晨(2001-),女,新疆喀什人,兰州大学硕士研究生,主要从事于环境流行病学研究. .

通讯作者:

*责任作者,副教授,
Effects of short-term exposure to PM2.5 and its constituents on fasting plasms glucose and blood lipids
Chen SANG1 , Ying-qian HE2, Jia JIA1, Hao CHEN1, Min-zhen WANG1, *
Affiliations
  • 1.Institute of Epidemiology and Statistics, School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
  • 2.Yuzhong District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chongqing 400000, China
出版时间: 2025-02-20
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为探究PM2.5及其组分(SO42-、NO3-、NH4+、OM和BC)短期暴露对人群空腹血糖和血脂的影响,以“金昌队列”为研究平台,从中国大气成分近实时追踪数据集获取金昌市2011∼2015年PM2.5及组分日均浓度数据.通过将研究对象家庭住址经纬度信息与污染物数据匹配,以评估个体污染物暴露水平.采用广义估计方程分析PM2.5及其组分短期暴露对糖脂指标的影响.运用广义相加混合模型绘制暴露-反应关系曲线,并进行分层分析.结果显示,PM2.5及其组分(SO42-、NO3-、NH4+、OM和BC)对人群血糖和血脂水平的影响存在一定的滞后效应,随着PM2.5、SO42-、NO3-、NH4+、OM浓度的升高,FPG、TC、HDL-C和LDL-C呈上升趋势,TG呈下降趋势.PM2.5和SO42-对男性人群的空腹血糖水平影响更显著;PM2.5及其五种组分对女性、年龄≥60岁、超重或肥胖、处于糖尿病前期及患高血压人群的血脂水平影响更显著.因此,PM2.5及其组分的短期暴露与人群血糖和血脂水平异常相关,不同高风险人群需加强自我防护措施.

PM2.5及组分  /  2型糖尿病  /  空腹血糖  /  血脂  /  队列研究

The effects of PM2.5 and its constituents (SO42-, NO3-, NH4+, OM, BC) on fasting blood glucose and lipid levels in the short-term were examined in the “Jinchang Cohort”. The daily average concentrations of PM2.5 and its constituents from 2010to 2015 in Jinchang City were sourced from China's Near Real-Time Air Pollutants dataset. Individual exposure was determined by matching the study subjects' residential addresses with pollution data. Generalized estimating equations were used to analyze the short-term effects of PM2.5 and its constituents on glucose and lipid indicators. Generalized additive mixed models were used to create exposure-response curves and perform stratified analyses. The findings showed that PM2.5 and its constituents had delayed effects on blood glucose and lipid levels. Specifically, higher concentrations of PM2.5, SO42-, NO3-, NH4+, and OM correlated with increased levels of FPG, TC, HDL-C, and LDL-C, while TG showed a decrease. PM2.5 and SO42- exhibited more pronounced effects on fasting blood glucose levels in males, whereas PM2.5 and its five components had more significant impacts on lipid levels in females, individuals aged 60 years or older, those who are overweight or obese, individuals in prediabetic stages, and those with hypertension. Therefore, short-term exposure to PM2.5 and its components correlates with abnormal blood glucose and lipid levels in the population. Thus, various high-risk groups should adopt self-protection measures accordingly.

PM2.5 and its constituents  /  Type 2Diabetes Mellitus  /  Fasting plasma glucose  /  Blood lipids  /  Cohort study
桑晨, 贺颖倩, 贾佳, 陈浩, 王敏珍. PM2.5及其组分短期暴露对空腹血糖和血脂的影响. 中国环境科学, 2025 , 45 (2) : 1118 -1126 .
Chen SANG, Ying-qian HE, Jia JIA, Hao CHEN, Min-zhen WANG. Effects of short-term exposure to PM2.5 and its constituents on fasting plasms glucose and blood lipids[J]. China Environmental Science, 2025 , 45 (2) : 1118 -1126 .
甘肃省金昌市位于中国西北地区,紧邻腾格里沙漠,其地势与气候特点,易形成沙尘天气[1],加之对其丰富矿产资源的开采、加工和生产过程中产生的大量粉尘,对空气造成严重污染,空气污染作为影响健康的主要环境风险因素不断威胁人民群众的身体健康,也成为我国重要的公共卫生问题[2].大气细颗粒物(PM2.5)是我国最主要的空气污染物之一,也是我国首要大气污染物[3],其空气动力学直径≤2.5µm,具有较大的比表面积,表面容易附着多种毒性成分,例如硫酸盐(SO42-)、硝酸盐(NO3-)、铵盐(NH4+)、黑碳(BC)、有机碳化合物(OM)等,约占总质量的70%∼80%[4].
糖尿病的发病机制复杂,除传统因素外(肥胖、遗传等),多项流行病学与实验室研究结果表明空气污染是糖尿病发生发展的又一类潜在危险因素[5-7].有研究表明PM2.5或更小的颗粒污染物暴露与糖尿病患病率、发病率和死亡率增加有关[5,8].此外,丹麦的一项队列研究不仅发现PM2.5每增加10µg/m3,糖尿病发病率风险比(HR)为1.39(95%CI:1.04,1.86),还发现相较于其他环境污染物(NO2和PM10),PM2.5与糖尿病发病风险的关联更为密切[9].糖尿病作为一种典型的慢性代谢性疾病,血糖和血脂水平异常与糖尿病发病密切相关[10].因此从这两个方面探讨PM2.5及其组分短期暴露对糖尿病影响的作用机制具有一定的生物学意义.我国有研究发现PM2.5及其组分(SO42-、NO3-、NH4+、OM、BC)暴露均与空腹血糖水平升高有关[11];而SCOPA队列研究仅发现PM2.5、NO3-、BC和OM短期暴露能使FPG水平升高[4];以色列的一项横断面研究发现,PM2.5中期暴露导致TC、TG和LDL-C升高,HDL-C降低[12];中国的一项多中心研究发现PM2.5及其组分((SO42-、NO3-、NH4+和OM)暴露均与TC和TG水平升高有相关性,BC仅与TG有关联,对TC的影响无统计学意义[13].
目前PM2.5化学组分对空腹血糖和血脂的潜在影响尚未得到充分证明,其研究相对有限,且多集中在我国中部地区.因此,在我国西部地区开展更深入、更大规模的流行病学研究显得尤为重要.因此本研究将依托于“金昌队列”平台,开展PM2.5及其组分对人群血糖和血脂的影响研究,评估PM2.5及其组分与空腹血糖和血脂之间的关联,筛选PM2.5及其组分致糖尿病的高风险人群,为控制空气污染和预防糖尿病提供数据支持.
本研究选择金昌队列[14]2011~2015年期间纳入的个体作为研究对象.该队列于2011年6月成立,2013年12月完成基线调查,以后每两年进行一次随访,于2015年12月完成第一期随访.本研究以基线和完成第一期随访人群为研究对象,纳入流程如图1所示,剔除家庭住址信息不完整及糖脂代谢指标缺失者[15],最终纳入45988人次,其中包含部分研究对象的两次信息.本研究由兰州大学公共卫生学院伦理委员会批准(伦理批准代码:2017-01).
由经过统一培训的调查员获得研究对象的知情同意后,使用自行设计的结构化调查问卷,以面对面的“一对一”访谈形式对研究对象进行调查.主要信息包括一般人口社会学特征(年龄、性别、职业、文化程度、家庭收入等)和生活行为方式(吸烟、饮酒、体育锻炼等),既往疾病史(心脑血管疾病史、癌症史和内分泌代谢性疾病史)及疾病家族史等.
由金川公司职工医院专业人员完成研究对象的体格检查(身高、体重、血压)与生化指标检测(血糖、脂蛋白).使用深圳双佳电子有限公司生产的电脑人体秤(型号:SK-X80/TCS-160D-W/H)测量身高和体重,测量结果精确到小数点后一位;采用韩国AMPall公司生产的电子血压计(型号:BP705)测量血压,记录连续两次测量结果的平均值.在体检当天采集研究对象空腹静脉血样本,并使用Hitachi日立公司全自动生化分析仪(型号:7600-020)对FPG、TC、TG、LDL-C、HDL-C指标进行检测.
通过中国大气成分近实时追踪数据集(Tracking Air Pollution in China,简称TAP)[16]官网,下载甘肃省金昌市2011∼2015年间PM2.5及其组分地面监测日均浓度数据,PM2.5组分数据主要包括碳质组分(OM、BC)以及水溶性离子(SO42-、NO3-和NH4+[17].以研究对象的健康体检时间作为匹配变量,匹配体检时间前7d PM2.5及其组分的平均值.
研究对象家庭住址的经纬度信息使用百度地图(https://map.baidu.com)获取,通过匹配来自TAP数据集的日均PM2.5及其组分数据来获得研究对象高精度的PM2.5及其组分暴露情况.研究短期(7d内)PM2.5及其组分的单滞后(lag0-7d)和累积滞后(lag01-07)暴露效应,lag0-7为前0∼7d的污染物浓度,lag01-07为前0∼7d污染物浓度的滑动平均值.
(1)糖尿病:根据《中国2型糖尿病防治指南(2020年版)》[18]提供的诊断标准,2型糖尿病定义为FPG≥126mg/dL,和(或)自述临床诊断为2型糖尿病(患者需提供二级以上医院诊断证明),和(或)自述正在使用抗糖尿病药物.糖尿病前期定义为110mg/dL≤FPG<126mg/dL.
(2)高血压:根据《中国高血压防治指南(2018年修订版)》[19]提供的诊断标准,高血压定义为收缩压(SBP)≥140mmHg和(或)舒张压(DBP)≥90mmHg,和(或)自述临床诊断为高血压(患者需提供二级以上医院诊断证明),和(或)自述正在使用降压药物.
(3)血脂异常:根据《中国成人血脂异常防治指南(2016年修订版)》[20]提供的诊断标准,TC≥240mg/dL,TG≥200mg/dL,LDL-C≥160mg/dL,HDL-C<40mg/dL,自述临床诊断为血脂异常(患者需提供二级以上医院诊断证明),自述正在使用降脂药物.符合以上任何一项即定义为血脂异常.
对研究对象的基线信息进行描述性统计分析.计量和计数资料分别采用均数±标准差和例数和构成比n(%)描述,污染物数据以中位数和四分位数间距(IQR)表示.采用Spearman等级相关性检验评估PM2.5及其五种组分间的关联.采用广义估计方程(Generalized estimating equation model,GEE)[21]纵向分析PM2.5及其组分短期暴露对糖脂指标的影响.模型中将研究对象的测量次序和唯一的队列编号作为随机效应项,再纳入年龄和性别、婚姻状况、文化程度、家庭人均月收入、职业、吸烟及饮酒状况、职业暴露状况、体育锻炼、高血压、BMI、蔬菜水果摄入情况、糖尿病家族史、血脂异常家族史、降脂(糖)药使用情况和PM2.5及其组分单日滞后(lag0-lag7d)和累积滞后(lag01-lag07d)浓度.鉴于污染物间相关性较高,仅纳入单个污染物构建单污染物模型.
根据赤池信息准则(Akaikes information criterion,AIC)[22],选择暴露-反应关系曲线的最优节点,基于污染物对糖脂指标效应最大的滞后天数,在调整混杂因素后,运用广义相加混合模型(Generalized additive mixed model,GAMM),绘制PM2.5及其组分与血糖和血脂指标间的暴露-反应关系曲线[23].最后,按照性别、年龄、BMI,糖尿病分期、是否患高血压进行分层分析.
表1所示,本研究共纳入基线人群24285人,其中男性13950名(57.44%)、女性10335名(42.56%),平均年龄为49.32±8.60岁,平均BMI为(24.22±6.09)kg/m2.职业为工人的人数占比最高(77.37%),主要工种有电工、钳工、皮带工、破碎工等;患高血压人群7684人(31.6%).表2中,FPG、TC、TG、LDL-C和HDL-C水平在该人群中的平均值分别为98.39,185.00,171.13,53.06,113.72mg/dL.
表3所示,2011∼2015年PM2.5的平均水平为35.57μg/m3,略高于我国现行《环境空气质量标准》(GB3095-2012)中PM2.5年均二级浓度限值(35µg/m3).研究期间SO42-、NO3-、NH4+、OM和BC的平均值分别为4.21,4.63,3.37,6.80,1.43μg/m3.如图3,各组分与PM2.5之间均存在正相关关系,且均具有统计学意义;在PM2.5与各组分间,NO3-与NH4+的相关性最强(r=0.95),与BC的相关性最弱(r=0.34);除BC外,PM2.5与其他组分的相关性均大于0.50,存在中等强度相关.
图4所示,PM2.5、NH4+和BC短期暴露对人群FPG水平的滞后效应分别在lag05、lag4和lag07天最为显著(P<0.05),PM2.5和NH4+浓度每增加一个IQR,FPG分别上升0.44(95%CI:0.14,0.74)mg/dL和0.30(95%CI:0.03,0.57)mg/dL,BC浓度每增加一个IQR,FPG下降0.75(95%CI:-1.16,-0.33)mg/dL;PM2.5及其五种组分对人群TC、HDL-C和LDL-C水平的滞后效应均在lag07d最为显著,其中NO3-对人群TC、HDL-C和LDL-C水平的影响最大,NO3-每增加一个IQR,TC、HDL-C和LDL-C分别上升3.51(95%CI:3.05,3.97)mg/dL、1.09(95%CI:0.90,1.28)mg/dL、6.72(95%CI:6.28,7.17)mg/dL;PM2.5、SO42-和NH4+对TG水平的滞后效应分别在lag07、lag4、lag3天最为显著,PM2.5、SO42-和NH4+浓度每增加一个IQR,TG水平分别降低0.60(95%CI:-0.89,-0.30)mg/dL、0.36(95%CI:-0.59,-0.14)mg/dL和0.32(95%CI:-0.58,-0.06)mg/dL.
图5所示,随着PM2.5、SO42-、NO3-、NH4+和OM浓度的升高,FPG、TC、HDL-C和LDL-C水平呈上升趋势,TG呈下降趋势,其中NO3-和NH4+-FPG、OM-TC、SO42-和NH4+-TG的暴露反应曲线均呈线性,而OM-FPG的暴露反应曲线呈接近于“0”的直线.此外,随着BC浓度的升高,TC、HDL-C和LDL-C均呈上升趋势,FPG和TG呈下降趋势,且BC-FPG、TG和HDL-C的暴露反应曲线呈线性.
图6所示,PM2.5和SO42-短期暴露对男性人群FPG水平升高有影响,且PM2.5对男性人群FPG水平升高的影响更显著,BC暴露可降低女性、超重或肥胖人群FPG水平,其组间差异具有统计学意义. PM2.5、NO3-、NH4+和OM暴露对年龄<60岁、患高血压人群TC水平升高有影响,其组间差异具有统计学意义,其中NO3-对该特征人群TC水平的影响最显著;PM2.5、NO3-和NH4+对女性、年龄≥60岁人群TG水平降低有影响,相较于血糖正常人群,SO42-、NH4+和BC对糖尿病前期人群的TG水平影响更显著,其中SO42-对糖尿病前期人群的TG水平影响最显著;PM2.5、SO42-、NO3-、NH4+和OM对女性、年龄≥60岁和患高血压人群HDL-C水平升高有影响,相较于血糖正常人群,PM2.5、SO42-和BC对糖尿病前期人群的HDL-C水平影响更显著,其中PM2.5对糖尿病前期人群的HDL-C水平影响最显著;PM2.5及其五种组分对女性、年龄≥60岁、超重或肥胖、糖尿病前期和患高血压人群LDL-C水平升高有影响,其中NO3-对该特征人群LDL-C水平升高影响最显著.
本研究基于金昌队列平台,采用纵向研究揭示了PM2.5及其组分短期暴露可引起人群空腹血糖和血脂水平紊乱,其中PM2.5、SO42-、NO3-、NH4+与FPG水平呈正相关、PM2.5及其五种组分与TC、HDL-C和LDL-C水平呈正相关,与TG水平呈负相关;男性人群FPG水平易受到PM2.5和SO42-的影响,女性、年龄≥60岁、超重肥胖、处于糖尿病前期及患高血压人群血脂水平易受到PM2.5及其组分的影响.
我国一项基于空气污染亚临床结局(Sub-Clinical Outcome of Polluted Air,SCOPA)的多中心队列研究表明,PM2.5与空腹血糖水平升高相关,PM2.5浓度每增加一个IQR,空腹血糖增加0.35mmol/L(95%CI:0.25,0.46)[24].Zhou等[11]在我国中老年人群中开展的研究发现SO42-、NO3-、NH4+、OM和BC长期暴露能明显升高总人群和非糖尿病人群FPG水平.来自南印度的一项横断面研究发现住宅PM2.5中的BC与较高的血糖水平呈负相关[25],以上研究与本研究结果相似.
现有研究关于PM2.5组分短期暴露对血脂影响的证据有限且关联结果多不一致.我国的一项对成年人开展纵向研究发现,PM2.5浓度越高,TC、LDL-C越高,HDL-C越低[26].美国的一项队列研究表明,PM2.5每增加1mg/m3对应于TC增加1.62%(95%CI:1.13,2.11)、LDL-C增加1.70%(95%CI:1.02,2.37),TG和HDL-C变化无统计学意义[27].He等[28]研究发现BC短期暴露可使其HDL-C升高,SO42-、NO3-、NH4+和OM对HDL-C的影响无统计学意义,未观察到五种组分(SO42-、NO3-、NH4+、OM和BC)与TC、TG和LDL-C间的关联.本研究发现PM2.5暴露与TG水平呈负相关,原因可能是本研究对象在工作和休闲时间的体力活动水平较高,可降低TG水平,这与来自河南农村[29]的一项队列研究结果一致,不同的暴露源和不同的生活方式会使研究对象TG水平与环境空气污染之间的关系更加复杂.美国一项对健康成年人进行的研究结果表明,PM2.5和HDL-C之间存在正向关系,PM2.5每增加50µg/m3,HDL-C就会增加1.943mg/dL(P值:0.012)[30],与本研究结果一致.本研究发现PM2.5暴露与HDL-C成正相关的原因可能是研究对象均是居住在有“中国镍都”之称的甘肃省金昌市,可吸入镍组分含量高的空气污染物.一项动物实验发现,镍暴露与大鼠胆固醇降低有关[31],且来自广州的一项小组研究发现,PM2.5中的镍和HDL-C之间呈正相关[28].PM2.5及其组分与糖脂水平之间的关联强度和影响幅度在各研究中存在差异,可能与研究设计、不同地区及时期PM2.5化学成分的差异,以及研究人群易感性不同等有关[32-33].
目前关于PM2.5及其组分暴露引发糖脂代谢异常的潜在生物学机制仍尚待明确.普遍接受的假设是PM2.5的可溶性成分可以通过气-血屏障进入血液循环并与其他组织和器官相互作用,从而引起自主神经系统失衡、氧化应激、全身性炎症、脂肪组织炎症和胰岛素抵抗,最终导致糖脂代谢异常[34-35].
男性FPG水平易受到PM2.5和SO42-的影响.本研究结果与大多数研究结果一致[8,36-37],例如,一项全国性调查报告称,PM2.5暴露男性患2型糖尿病的患病率和空腹血糖变化的风险高于女性0;我国一项针对农村人口的队列研究发现PM2.5和SO42-暴露更易升高男人人群的FPG水平0;还有研究表明,男性比女性更容易发现PM2.5与空腹血糖水平或死亡率的关联[37].
女性、年龄≥60岁、超重肥胖、处于糖尿病前期及患高血压人群血脂易受到PM2.5及其组分的影响.He等[28]的研究中发现PM2.5成分与血脂的关联性在女性中比男性中更强.北美一项横断面研究发现,在老年人中观察到PM2.5成分对血脂异常的影响更强[38].我国多项队列研究发现,女性、老年人群和超重和肥胖参与者的空气污染物和血脂之间存在更强的关联[13,39-40],以上研究均于本研究结果一致.此外,有研究发现,相较于血糖正常人群,糖尿病前期人群易受到PM2.5的影响且易发生血脂异常[41-44].这可能与PM2.5及其组分对机体产生的氧化应激和全身炎症反应有关[45-47],最终出现脂代谢紊乱,血脂水平升高[48].中国的一项多城市研究发现PM2.5及其组分暴露对患高血压人群血脂水平的影响更显著[49],这与本研究结果一致.通常,高血压伴随着由于代谢能力下降而导致的血脂增加[50],另一项对高血压住院患者的研究报告称,脂质成分[TG、TC、HDL-C、LDL-C]都可能易受到空气污染的影响[51].多数患高血压人群存在脂质异常,加之空气污染,可能会使人群脂质代谢异常加剧.
尽管本研究依托大型队列人群,探讨PM2.5及其组分短期暴露对空腹血糖和血脂的影响,发现了有意义的研究结果,但仍存在一定的局限性,首先,由于缺乏金属的相关数据,无法评估PM2.5质量中的金属对人群血糖和血脂的影响;其次,研究中未纳入PM10与O3作为混杂因素,忽略了污染物及其组分长期暴露对人群的影响,可能在一定程度上使结论产生偏差;第三,在本研究中缺乏研究对象时间-活动模式相关信息,忽略了职业暴露和户外活动暴露情况;第四,本研究PM2.5及其组分浓度数据是使用多尺度空气质量模型模拟获得,与真实观测数据可能存在差异.
5.1 PM2.5及其五种组分(SO42-、NO3-、NH4+、OM和BC)对人群血糖和血脂水平的影响存在一定的滞后效应,随着PM2.5、SO42-、NO3-、NH4+、OM浓度的升高,FPG、TC、HDL-C和LDL-C呈上升趋势,TG呈下降趋势.
5.2 男性人群的FPG水平对PM2.5和SO42-暴露较为敏感;女性、年龄≥60岁、超重或肥胖、处于糖尿病前期及患高血压人群的血脂指标对PM2.5及其五种组分暴露较为敏感.因此,金昌市需加强空气质量监测与信息公开,推广清洁能源的使用,减轻空气污染对人群的伤害,易感人群则需加强健康防护,以降低与环境污染相关的糖尿病患病率.
  • 甘肃省杰出青年基金(23JRRA1019)
  • 河北省糖尿病基础医学研究重点实验室开放课题(KF2023-02)
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  • 接收时间:2024-07-30
  • 首发时间:2026-03-17
  • 出版时间:2025-02-20
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  • 收稿日期:2024-07-30
基金
甘肃省杰出青年基金(23JRRA1019)
河北省糖尿病基础医学研究重点实验室开放课题(KF2023-02)
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    1.兰州大学公共卫生学院,流行病与卫生统计学研究所,甘肃 兰州 730000
    2.重庆市渝中区疾病预防控制中心,重庆 400000

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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