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The bimetallic NiCe-x(x=1:3, 2:2, 3:1, 0:1, 1:0) catalysts were successfully synthesized using the hydrothermal method and subsequently evaluated for their efficacy in the selective catalytic reduction of NO by CO(CO-SCR). The results indicated that compared to NiO and CeO2 catalysts, the NiCe composite catalyst exhibited superior performance in simultaneously removing low-temperature CO and NO. Superior performance was demonstrated by the NiCe composite catalyst with a 3:1 ratio, which achieved over 90% NO conversion over an extensive temperature range of 200~450℃ and exhibited strong resistance to SO2 and H2O. Characterization indicated that the existence of Ni and Ce ions led to an increased specific surface area and accelerated redox cycling (Ce3++Ni3+↔Ce4++Ni2+), which improved denitrification activity. In-situ DRIFTS findings confirmed that adsorbed NCO played a crucial role as an intermediate in the CO-SCR process employing NiCe-3:1.

, correspAuthors=Xiao-qing DANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Qian MA, He WANG, Jia-xin QU, Shuo JI, Wei WANG, Yu HUANG, Xiao-qing DANG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1240689604102246887, articleId=1240689595776553924, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, language=CN, title=Ni-Ce复合协同促进CO同步催化去除NO的性能和机理, columnId=1234106388364981004, journalTitle=中国环境科学, columnName=大气污染与控制, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

采用水热法制备了双金属NiCe-x(x=1:3、2:2、3:1、0:1、1:0)催化剂,并应用于CO选择性催化还原NO(CO-SCR)反应.结果显示,与NiO和CeO2催化剂相比,NiCe复合催化剂展现出了优良的低温CO同步催化去除NO的性能,其中NiCe比例为3:1的催化剂在200~450 ℃的宽温域达到90%以上的NO转化率,并且表现出对H2O和SO2的良好耐受性.利用表征手段对样品的结构和性能进行了探究,发现NiCe双金属催化剂的比表面积较单一金属氧化物均提高,NiCe复合催化剂中Ce4+和Ce3+之间的电子转移增加了催化剂表面的氧空位,Ni和Ce离子共存促使氧化还原循环(Ce3++Ni3+↔Ce4++Ni2+)增强,进而提高了催化剂脱硝活性.最后,基于原位DRIFTS结果,发现吸附的NCO是NiCe-3:1在CO同步催化去除NO过程中的重要中间物种.

, correspAuthors=党小庆, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*责任作者,教授,
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马倩(1999-),女,山东菏泽人,西安建筑科技大学硕士研究生,主要从事大气污染控制的研究. .

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马倩(1999-),女,山东菏泽人,西安建筑科技大学硕士研究生,主要从事大气污染控制的研究. .

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马倩(1999-),女,山东菏泽人,西安建筑科技大学硕士研究生,主要从事大气污染控制的研究. .

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Environmental Science & Technology202155(18):12630-12639., articleTitle=Boosting the catalytic performance of CeO2 in toluene combustion via the Ce-Ce homogeneous interface, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1240689626264948751, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689595776553924, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=431, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[46], rfOrder=55, authorNames=Li S, Chen X, Wang F, journalName=Journal of Hazardous Materials, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Li SChen XWang F,et al. Promotion effect of Ni doping on the oxygen resistance property of Fe/CeO2 catalyst for CO-SCR reaction: Activity test and mechanism investigation [J]. Journal of Hazardous Materials2022431:128622, articleTitle=Promotion effect of Ni doping on the oxygen resistance property of Fe/CeO2 catalyst for CO-SCR reaction: Activity test and mechanism investigation, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1240689616269922648, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689595776553924, awardId=2024SF-ZDCYL-05-06; 2024SF-YBXM-569, language=CN, fundingSource=陕西省重点研发计划项目(2024SF-ZDCYL-05-06; 2024SF-YBXM-569), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1240689604328739336, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689595776553924, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1240689604337127946, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689595776553924, companyId=1240689604328739336, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.School of Environment & Municipal Engineering, Xi’an University of Architecture & Technology, Xi’an 710055, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1240689604353905167, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689595776553924, companyId=1240689604328739336, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.西安建筑科技大学环境与市政工程学院,陕西 西安 710055)]), AuthorCompany(id=1240689604492317214, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689595776553924, xref=2., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1240689604500705824, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689595776553924, companyId=1240689604492317214, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.Key Laboratory of Northwest Water Resource, Environment, and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering of Shaanxi Province, Xi’an 710055, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1240689604509094435, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689595776553924, companyId=1240689604492317214, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.陕西省环境工程重点实验室,西北水资源与环境生态教育部重点实验室,陕西 西安 710055)]), AuthorCompany(id=1240689604647506485, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689595776553924, xref=3., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1240689604668478007, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689595776553924, companyId=1240689604647506485, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3.Xi’an Institute for Innovative Earth Environment Research, Xi’an 710061, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1240689604672672312, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689595776553924, companyId=1240689604647506485, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3.西安地球环境创新研究所,陕西 西安 710061)]), AuthorCompany(id=1240689604848833097, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689595776553924, xref=4., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1240689604861416011, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689595776553924, companyId=1240689604848833097, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=4.State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi’an 710061, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1240689604873998924, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689595776553924, companyId=1240689604848833097, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=4.中国科学院地球环境研究所,气溶胶化学与物理重点实验室,黄土与第四纪地质国家重点实验室,陕西 西安 710061)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1240689609974273015, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689595776553924, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=NO conversion, N2 selectivity, CO conversion, and water and sulfur resistance of NiCe-x catalyst, figureFileSmall=nYZ4gU1Hw90BKmv4uu0w8Q==, figureFileBig=DRnMe5z199CFMU5fsUd84Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240689610137850880, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689595776553924, language=CN, label=图1, caption=NiCe-x催化剂的NO转化率、N2选择性、CO转化率和抗水抗硫性

反应工况: [NO]=500×10-6, [CO]=1000×10-6, N2平衡气, GHSV=60000mg/(g·h), [SO2]=50×10-6(使用时), H2O=5vol%(使用时)

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tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240689614105661699, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689595776553924, language=EN, label=Fig.10, caption=In-situ DRIFTS spectra of CO+NO co-adsorption on NiCe-x catalyst at different temperatures, figureFileSmall=KjuupXdMMgCKfs7DIVZVfw==, figureFileBig=osON052epIQEqJn/aHxzpg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240689614252462356, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689595776553924, language=CN, label=图10, caption=NiCe-x催化剂在不同温度下CO+NO共吸附In-situ DRIFTS光谱, figureFileSmall=KjuupXdMMgCKfs7DIVZVfw==, figureFileBig=osON052epIQEqJn/aHxzpg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240689614361514271, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689595776553924, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Structural data of NiCe-x catalyst

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品比表面积(m2/g)孔容(cm3/g)孔径(nm)
NiO40.640.206.71
NiCe-3:1167.640.435.83
NiCe-2:2110.730.315.27
NiCe-1:3158.300.397.82
CeO256.090.237.74
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NiCe-x催化剂的结构数据

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品比表面积(m2/g)孔容(cm3/g)孔径(nm)
NiO40.640.206.71
NiCe-3:1167.640.435.83
NiCe-2:2110.730.315.27
NiCe-1:3158.300.397.82
CeO256.090.237.74
), ArticleFig(id=1240689614575423794, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689595776553924, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Chemical composition table of NiCe-x catalyst based on XPS (%)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品ONiCeNi3+/(Ni2++Ni3+)Ce3+/(Ce3++Ce4+)Oβ/(Oα+Oβ)
NiO39.441.2-76.3-37.1
NiCe-3:144.832.26.077.724.863.9
NiCe-2:263.08.671.769.023.945.1
NiCe-1:330.16.65.850.023.338.0
CeO251.6-19.6-19.430.6
), ArticleFig(id=1240689614684475713, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689595776553924, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

基于XPS的NiCe-x的化学成分

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品ONiCeNi3+/(Ni2++Ni3+)Ce3+/(Ce3++Ce4+)Oβ/(Oα+Oβ)
NiO39.441.2-76.3-37.1
NiCe-3:144.832.26.077.724.863.9
NiCe-2:263.08.671.769.023.945.1
NiCe-1:330.16.65.850.023.338.0
CeO251.6-19.6-19.430.6
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Ni-Ce复合协同促进CO同步催化去除NO的性能和机理
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马倩 1, 2 , 王赫 1, 2 , 屈嘉鑫 1, 2 , 吉硕 1, 2 , 王薇 3 , 黄宇 4 , 党小庆 1, *
中国环境科学 | 大气污染与控制 2025,45(2): 671-681
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中国环境科学 | 大气污染与控制 2025, 45(2): 671-681
Ni-Ce复合协同促进CO同步催化去除NO的性能和机理
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马倩1, 2 , 王赫1, 2, 屈嘉鑫1, 2, 吉硕1, 2, 王薇3, 黄宇4, 党小庆1, *
作者信息
  • 1.西安建筑科技大学环境与市政工程学院,陕西 西安 710055
  • 2.陕西省环境工程重点实验室,西北水资源与环境生态教育部重点实验室,陕西 西安 710055
  • 3.西安地球环境创新研究所,陕西 西安 710061
  • 4.中国科学院地球环境研究所,气溶胶化学与物理重点实验室,黄土与第四纪地质国家重点实验室,陕西 西安 710061
  • 马倩(1999-),女,山东菏泽人,西安建筑科技大学硕士研究生,主要从事大气污染控制的研究. .

通讯作者:

*责任作者,教授,
Performance and mechanism of Ni-Ce composite synergistically promoting CO-selective catalytic reduction of NO
Qian MA1, 2 , He WANG1, 2, Jia-xin QU1, 2, Shuo JI1, 2, Wei WANG3, Yu HUANG4, Xiao-qing DANG1, *
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Environment & Municipal Engineering, Xi’an University of Architecture & Technology, Xi’an 710055, China
  • 2.Key Laboratory of Northwest Water Resource, Environment, and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering of Shaanxi Province, Xi’an 710055, China
  • 3.Xi’an Institute for Innovative Earth Environment Research, Xi’an 710061, China
  • 4.State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi’an 710061, China
出版时间: 2025-02-20
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采用水热法制备了双金属NiCe-x(x=1:3、2:2、3:1、0:1、1:0)催化剂,并应用于CO选择性催化还原NO(CO-SCR)反应.结果显示,与NiO和CeO2催化剂相比,NiCe复合催化剂展现出了优良的低温CO同步催化去除NO的性能,其中NiCe比例为3:1的催化剂在200~450 ℃的宽温域达到90%以上的NO转化率,并且表现出对H2O和SO2的良好耐受性.利用表征手段对样品的结构和性能进行了探究,发现NiCe双金属催化剂的比表面积较单一金属氧化物均提高,NiCe复合催化剂中Ce4+和Ce3+之间的电子转移增加了催化剂表面的氧空位,Ni和Ce离子共存促使氧化还原循环(Ce3++Ni3+↔Ce4++Ni2+)增强,进而提高了催化剂脱硝活性.最后,基于原位DRIFTS结果,发现吸附的NCO是NiCe-3:1在CO同步催化去除NO过程中的重要中间物种.

NiCe复合  /  CO-SCR  /  氧空位  /  反应机理

The bimetallic NiCe-x(x=1:3, 2:2, 3:1, 0:1, 1:0) catalysts were successfully synthesized using the hydrothermal method and subsequently evaluated for their efficacy in the selective catalytic reduction of NO by CO(CO-SCR). The results indicated that compared to NiO and CeO2 catalysts, the NiCe composite catalyst exhibited superior performance in simultaneously removing low-temperature CO and NO. Superior performance was demonstrated by the NiCe composite catalyst with a 3:1 ratio, which achieved over 90% NO conversion over an extensive temperature range of 200~450℃ and exhibited strong resistance to SO2 and H2O. Characterization indicated that the existence of Ni and Ce ions led to an increased specific surface area and accelerated redox cycling (Ce3++Ni3+↔Ce4++Ni2+), which improved denitrification activity. In-situ DRIFTS findings confirmed that adsorbed NCO played a crucial role as an intermediate in the CO-SCR process employing NiCe-3:1.

NiCe compound  /  CO-SCR  /  oxygen vacancies  /  mechanism of reaction
马倩, 王赫, 屈嘉鑫, 吉硕, 王薇, 黄宇, 党小庆. Ni-Ce复合协同促进CO同步催化去除NO的性能和机理. 中国环境科学, 2025 , 45 (2) : 671 -681 .
Qian MA, He WANG, Jia-xin QU, Shuo JI, Wei WANG, Yu HUANG, Xiao-qing DANG. Performance and mechanism of Ni-Ce composite synergistically promoting CO-selective catalytic reduction of NO[J]. China Environmental Science, 2025 , 45 (2) : 671 -681 .
氮氧化物(NOx)是大气中的主要污染物之一,且是引发二次细颗粒物和近地表臭氧形成的关键前驱物[1].CO常伴随燃料的不完全燃烧存在于钢铁烧结、工业锅炉、水泥窑炉和燃油汽车等燃烧过程的尾气中[2-3].除了对全球气候和环境产生影响之外,CO和NO作为近地面的主要污染气体也可能对人们的健康造成威胁[4-5].利用烟气中的CO作还原剂选择性脱除NO,可减少喷氨在储存及运输时的泄露和氨逃逸等问题.此外,该方法还能同时消除NOx和CO这两种污染物,从而在污染治理过程中降低还原剂的成本,达到“以废治废”的目标[6-8].因此,开发CO-SCR催化剂对控制钢铁烧结等行业烟气NOx排放具有重要的作用[9].
贵金属催化剂(如Pt、Pd和Ru)因在CO还原NO反应中具有较高的催化性能而得到了广泛的研究[10-11].然而,由于贵金属催化剂的高成本、稀缺性,过渡金属氧化物(如CuOx、CeOx、FeOx、CoOx和NiOx)作为替代材料得到了更多的关注[12-13].其中Ce基催化剂具有良好的氧化还原能力、优异的氧迁移性和储氧能力[10,13].为了进一步提高单一金属氧化物催化剂的催化性能,CeO2常作为金属氧化物的促进剂[14-15].已有研究表明,NiO在CO氧化、甲烷干重整以及N2O分解等化学反应中具有较高的催化活性和稳定性,是一种很有前途的催化剂[16].为了提高NiO的催化性能,研究者对Ce和Ni之间的协同作用与催化活性之间的关系进行了广泛的探讨.研究显示,NiOx/CeO2催化剂在CO还原NO反应中效果优良,250℃时达到90%的NO转化率与80%的CO转化率[17],这可能归功于CeO2表面形成的NiOx晶体结构[18].同时,Tang等[19]也指出表面NiO和Ni-Ce-O固溶体中的Ni2+都是活性位点,可以明显促进NiOx/CeO2的CO-SCR活性.上述研究报道了现阶段CO与NO同步去除的现状以及NiO与CeO2载体之间的相互作用,但不同复合比例的NiCe低温复合催化剂在理化性质和催化活性方面的直接比较仍然缺乏.通过精确调控复合催化剂中不同金属的比例,能够有效调节催化剂中的氧空位浓度[20].这种调控能够改变催化剂的表面结构和电子状态,进而影响其活性位点的数量和分布[20].氧空位作为NO解离的重要活性位点,在低温条件下能够显著提高催化剂对CO还原NO的活性[21].因此,优化Ni/Ce比例以调节氧空位浓度,是提升NiCe复合催化剂低温CO- SCR活性的有效策略.
本研究采用水热法成功合成了NiCe复合催化剂,并对其进行了CO-SCR脱硝活性的实验测试,研究了金属的比例对材料影响的性质,进而筛选出活性最好的材料.同时利用XRD、EPR、BET、SEM、TEM、XPS、H2-TPR和In-situ DRIFTS对材料的理化性质进行表征,探究了材料的反应机理以及双金属之间的协同催化效应,为CO同步催化去除NO的低温脱硝阳离子催化剂的研发提供理论参考.
Ni(NO32·6H2O和Ce(NO33·6H2O分别购自阿拉丁和山浦公司,对苯二甲酸购自源叶生物公司,乙醇由富宇公司提供,N,N-二甲基甲酰胺品牌为科密欧.
称取一定量Ni(NO32·6H2O和Ce(NO33·6H2O(NiCe比例为1:3、2:2、3:1、0:1、1:0)溶于40mL的N,N-二甲基甲酰胺溶液中搅拌30min,以确保其完全溶解.随后,加入适量的对苯二甲酸配体,并在室温条件下进行1.5h的剧烈搅拌.之后,将这些混合液转移到带有聚四氟乙烯内衬的反应釜内,并将该反应釜放入鼓风干燥箱中,在120℃下反应24h,然后离心收集反应物.用无水乙醇和N,N-二甲基甲酰胺对离心后收集的样品分别进行3次洗涤,离心完的样品于鼓风烘箱中100℃干燥12h.接着,将样品放入马弗炉,并以15℃/min的速度加热到500℃,然后进行2h退火处理,所得为NiCe-x,x为Ni和Ce的物质的量之比.
在多气路固定床反应器内,进行了催化剂活性的实验测试.在内径为16mm的石英管,填充了1g催化剂,并使用石英棉封闭反应器的两端,之后将其固定在固定床反应器内.为了模拟工业烟气,反应工况设置如下:[NO]=500×10-6,[CO]=1000×10-6,[SO2]=50×10-6(使用时),H2O=5vol%(使用时),N2作为平衡气,气体总流量为1000mL/min,GHSV=60000mg/(g·h),利用电子流量计控制,进行CO-SCR检测.在活性测试中,温度从100℃增加到450℃,升温速度为5℃/min,每升高50℃稳定30min,同时利用傅里叶变换红外光谱仪(FTIR)对反应后气体中的NO、N2、N2O、CO浓度进行检测记录.NO转化率、N2选择性、N2O产率、CO转化率由公式(1)-(4)计算:
式中:[NO]in为进口气体中NO浓度;[NO]out为出口气体中NO浓度;[N2O]为出口气体中N2O浓度;[CO]in为进口气体中CO浓度;[CO]out为出口气体中CO浓度.
XRD的表征采用了日本理学公司生产的Ultimate IV型X射线衍射仪,其测试的角度范围为5~90°,电压为40kV,电流40mA,并且扫描步长为0.02.BET测试使用日本-麦奇克拜尔-BELSORP MaxII型仪器,在77K液氮条件下,使用N2+He气氛对样品进行气体吸脱附测试,并通过BET方程和BJH方程从吸附/解吸等温线计算出比表面积、孔体积和平均孔径.样品的表面形貌及微观结构通过GeminiSEM500仪器进行观察,扫描工作电压为15kV,同时在200KV电压下使用透射电子显微镜(TEM,美国FEI Talos F200x),观察样品的形貌.用于表征材料的XPS测试采用美国赛默飞Thermo Scientific ESCALAB Xi+型,测定样品表面的元素种类和价态信息,光源是单色化Al靶的Kα(E=1486.68eV)射线,能谱采用C1s的标准结合能284.8eV进行校正,谱图使用Avantage软件进行分峰拟合.EPR(电子顺磁)测试采用德国布鲁克-A300型号设备,扫场宽度为200G,扫场时间为30s.H2-TPR是通过Auto Chem II 2720Micromeritics型的化学吸附仪进行的,在测试前先将100mg催化剂置于He气氛中300℃预处理0.5h,待冷却至25℃后进行后续操作,正式测定时以10℃/min的升温速率从25℃升至900℃,保温30min后记录结果.利用布鲁克VERTEX-70型傅里叶变换红外光谱仪对催化剂进行In-situ DRIFTS的测试,不同温度下分别对反应气体进行0.5h的吸附,在600~4000cm-1范围内以4cm-1的分辨率作为时间函数累计16次扫描采集光谱,用吸光度检测样品对特定波长红外光的吸收程度.
对不同Ni/Ce比例的NiCe-x催化剂进行活性测试,考察催化剂CO同步催化去除NO的转化率、N2选择性、N2O产率和CO转化率.
图1(a)所示,在100~450℃的温度区间内,相较于NiO和CeO2催化剂,NiCe复合催化剂具有优良的低温催化活性.且CO-SCR活性与NiCe比例密切相关,当NiCe的物质的量比为3:1时,NO转化率最高.对于该样品,当温度达到200℃时NO转化率为91%,纯CeO2和NiO催化剂的活性在温度区间内整体呈上升趋势,300℃的活性达到97%.其他复合催化剂的NO转化率依次为:NiCe-3:1>NiCe-1:3>NiCe-2:2.NiO催化剂在整个温度区间活性相对较低,引入过渡金属Ce之后,催化活性有显著提高.
不同Ni/Ce比例对催化剂N2选择性的影响如图1(b)所示.在反应温度上升到250℃之前,NiCe-x催化剂的N2选择性都在80%以下.随着温度的升高,N2选择性逐渐升高,说明副产物的产量在减少.其中选择性最好的催化剂为NiCe-3:1,在温度上升到250℃以后,N2选择性接近100%,表明NiCe-3:1催化剂可以将NO完全转化为N2.
图1(c)可以看出,NiCe-x催化剂的CO转化率随着温度的升高都有所提高,其中,NiCe-3:1催化剂在100~450℃温度范围内显示出最高的CO转化率,在300℃时达到了90%以上,说明该样品CO吸附转化参与催化反应的能力较强[22-23].
H2O和SO2对NiCe-x催化性能的影响如图1(d)-(f)所示.与NiO和CeO2相比,NiCe-3:1表现出良好的耐水性.加入5vol%的水蒸汽3h后,仍能保持约90%的NO转化率,N2选择性几乎不受影响,CO转化率下降8%左右.相比之下,SO2对NiCe-3:1催化剂产生了明显的毒化作用.NO转化率从92%降至73%,N2选择性下降3%,CO转化率从60%下降到52%.
不同催化剂的物相分析见图2.水热法制备的CeO2样品在2θ值为28.5°、33.1°、47.5°、56.4°(PDF#89~843)时表现出典型的萤石型立方晶体结构[24-25].在NiO的衍射图中(PDF#75~019),可以看到NiO相(111)、(200)、(220)晶面处的37.3°、43.4°、62.9°峰.双金属样品中,存在着典型的CeO2立方萤石结构的衍射峰,CeO2的峰强度也会随着Ce含量的降低而减弱,且向更低的衍射角偏移,NiO仅峰强度随着Ni含量的降低逐步减弱,这表明Ni物种可能被纳入到CeO2的晶相中形成固溶体.固溶体结构的形成会伴随着氧空位的生成[26],这可能与NiCe复合催化剂活性增强有关.
NiCe-x催化剂的比表面积和孔结构见图3.按照IUPAC的分类标准,5种催化剂的吸附脱附曲线可以被归类为IV类吸附等温线[27].NiCe-1:3、CeO2、NiCe-2:2都展现出了显著的H2滞留回环特性,这意味着它们具有不均匀分布的管状孔和颗粒密集堆积的间隙孔.NiCe-3:1和NiO的滞回曲线表现为H1型,表明其孔隙尺寸分布较窄,颗粒尺寸较为均匀.从图3(b)中可以观察到,催化剂在2~7nm的范围内呈现出显著的单峰特性,并且孔径呈现出介孔集中分布模式.
表1进一步给出了样品的比表面积、孔容和孔径.NiCe复合催化剂的比表面积和孔容相比单一金属氧化物均增大.当NiCe比为3:1时,催化剂平均孔径为5.83nm,此时比表面积最大为167.64m2/g.这一结果提高了催化剂的化学吸附性能,同时促进了金属氧化物的分散,防止颗粒聚集[28],进而提高催化剂的脱硝活性.
NiCe-x催化剂的微观形貌变化见图4.可以观察到,NiO催化剂表现出疏松多孔的沟壑形状;CeO2催化剂为类球状;将Ni和Ce复合后,表现出疏松多孔的结构上附着类球状物体结构.NiCe-3:1催化剂的能谱图如图4(d-f)所示,元素均匀地分散在催化剂上.同时利用TEM对晶体结构进行了表征.对于CeO2催化剂,其CeO2(111)晶体的晶格间距为0.315nm,CeO2(222)为0.156nm,CeO2(311)为0.163nm.NiCe-3:1催化剂主要呈现CeO2晶体的结构,相应Ce晶面的晶格间距出现轻微减小的趋势,这可能是Ce4+被离子半径小的金属离子Ni取代进而形成固溶体[17,29].
元素的化学组成和化学价态如图5所示.对Ni2p光谱图,在Ni2p3/2轨道范围内,854~855eV为Ni2+的特征峰,856.0eV为Ni3+的特征峰,859~861eV为轨道卫星峰[30];在Ni2p1/2轨道范围内,870.9~873.2eV为Ni2+的特征峰.这些结果表明,在NiO和NiCe复合催化剂中,Ni物种主要以Ni2+和Ni3+的价态形式存在.从表2中Ni3+和Ni2+的特征峰面积比可知,双金属NiCe-3:1表现出最高的Ni3+浓度(Ni3+/(Ni2++Ni3+)比率达到了77.68%),据报道[18]Ni3+的含量越高,更有利于电子传输,部分电子通过配体中的氧从Ce3+迁移到Ni3+,导致了Ni中心的部分电子结构发生了变化.此外,与NiO相比,双金属复合的Ni3+峰向低结合能偏移,表明Ni和Ce离子共同存在会导致氧化还原循环(Ce3++Ni3+↔Ce4++Ni2+)增强,印证了NiCe-x双金属之间存在着强烈的相互作用.
图5(b)展示的Ce3d轨道谱图,Ce3d轨道被分为8个振动峰,它们分别属于Ce4+的881.8,887.2,897.8,900.8,907.2,916.0eV和Ce3+的884.6、904.2eV.由表2可以看出NiCe-3:1中Ce3+含量最高,Ce3+的含量与氧空位有着密切的关系,电子在Ce4+和Ce3+之间的迁移有助于氧空位的生成[31].CeO2晶格显著改变了Ni的化学态,表明部分Ni并入CeO2晶格,这很好地解释了在TEM图像中观察到CeO2晶相为主相的原因.改性晶格的结构与NiO之间的协同作用对催化活性的影响至关重要[32].CeO2晶格中的氧空位是由Ce3+取代Ce4+位置引起的.同样,当晶格中的Ce4+被Ni离子取代时,晶格中的一个氧被释放以保持价态平衡,从而在晶格中产生一个氧空位.
O1s轨道的XPS谱图如图5(c)所示,529.6~529.8eV为晶格氧的特征峰,记为Oα.531.5~531.7eV是表面化学吸附氧的特征峰,记为Oβ;据报道,Oβ在氧化还原反应中的氧转移中起关键作用[33].相比于单金属氧化物催化剂,NiCe复合催化剂的Oβ/(Oα+Oβ)比例增大,表明NiCe复合后催化剂产生了更多的氧空位[34],这解释了催化性能提高的原因.图5(c)中观察到,氧在NiCe复合催化剂上有较低的结合能,这也有利于氧物种在催化反应中的迁移[23].
利用EPR实验直观地展示了催化剂表面氧空位的变化.如图6所示,NiO、CeO2和NiCe-3:1的EPR谱都显示出g=2.003的信号,这些信号归因于氧空位的存在[21].对于双金属NiCe-3:1催化剂,具有比单金属NiO、CeO2更多的氧空位,这与XPS结果一致.
图7展示了不同NiCe复合催化剂的氧化还原特性.对于NiO催化剂,仅观察到344℃处的还原峰,这是Ni2+转化为Ni0的关键还原峰[35];CeO2催化剂于384℃存在一个较长而微弱的H2消耗峰,这是由于CeO2很难被H2还原,仅CeO2的表层可被H2还原[36].而双金属样品中出现了Ni2+、Ce4+的两个还原峰,其中NiCe-3:1样品,Ni2+的还原峰偏移至296℃的更低水平,并且观察到其峰值强度有了明显的提升,这表明催化剂在低温条件下具有良好的氧化还原性能.另外,在386℃出现了一个新的高峰,这很可能是因为Ce4+被还原成了Ce3+[37-38].综合来看,Ce的引入增强了Ni与Ce之间的相互作用,同时金属的价态也发生了变化.这表明在双金属NiCe-3:1的比例下,会生成更多价态的阳离子,这有助于提高催化剂在低温下的CO-SCR活性.
使用In-situ DRIFTS对NiO、CeO2和NiCe-3:1催化剂进行了CO、NO、CO+NO的吸附实验,得到的红外吸收光谱如图所示.
图8(a)-(c)看出,2300~2400cm-1范围的峰是物理吸附CO2的特征峰[12],2185,2134cm-1附近的峰归属于CO物理吸收峰[33].对NiO催化剂,CO2特征峰强度逐渐增加,CO物理吸收峰的强度逐步下降,这可能是CO与催化剂表面发生相互作用产生的[39].1588,1542和1498cm-1处出现的峰分别归属于吸附在Nix+上的v(COO-[17]、羧酸盐非对称振动模式吸收峰vas(COO-[12]和单齿配位碳酸盐[27].对于CeO2催化剂,1783(1130、1371),1556,1541,1277,1232cm-1处出现的红外峰分别为表面碳酸盐羰基[40]、双齿碳酸盐类物种[27]、羧酸盐非对称振动模式吸收峰vas(COO-[12]、对称螯合碳酸盐[16]、单齿碳酸盐类[41].其中,羧酸盐非对称振动模式吸收峰vas(COO-)在100~300℃温度区间内呈现递增的趋势,且在300℃以后消失,这可能是300℃以后该物质发生热分解产生CO2,这也是CeO2在300℃时脱硝效率提升较快的原因.
对于图8(c)的NiCe-3:1催化剂,与两种纯相催化剂红外峰的物种大致吻合.此外,出现了新物种的特征峰:羧酸盐对称振动模式吸收峰[17].对比发现,NiCe-3:1的碳酸盐特征峰强度小于NiO与CeO2,这表明Ni和Ce的协同有助于抑制催化剂碳酸盐的积累.位于1600cm-1的双齿碳酸盐、1363cm-1的羧酸盐对称振动模式吸收峰和1087cm-1处的表面碳酸盐羰基的峰强度随着温度的上升呈现出先增加后减小的趋势,CO2物理吸收峰强度在250℃后也逐渐增加,CO的特征峰在350℃处峰强显著降低.上述峰强的变化表明催化剂表面积累的碳酸盐物种在250℃及以上发生了分解和转化[42].
图9(a)-(c)可知,在2185,1942,1965,1810cm-1观察到的峰谱可归因于NO气体物理吸收峰[27].对于NiO催化剂,1524,1290cm-1的峰为单齿硝酸盐[30];1120cm-1位置的峰为vs(NO3-)表面硝酸盐[27].对于CeO2催化剂,1714,1542,1452,1361,1251,1224cm-1处出现的峰分别归属于吸附(NO)2物种[17]、桥状双齿硝酸盐[27]、单齿表面亚硝酸盐[27]、NO气体物理吸收峰[30]、螯合亚硝酸盐[17]、螯合双齿硝酸盐[16].其中不稳定的单齿表面亚硝酸盐与NO气体物理吸收峰随着温度升高峰强度下降,这表明亚硝酸盐和NO可能作为中间体参与反应.
NiCe-3:1催化剂的NO物理吸附峰强度高于NiO和CeO2,说明在NiCe-3:1中NiCe双位点的协同可以促进NO分子的吸附.观察图9(c)发现,1413cm-1处的(NO2-亚硝酸盐与1318cm-1位置的(NO3-单齿硝酸盐的峰强先增大后减小,这两种物质结构不稳定且易分解,能够促进反应的进行.与单金属NiO相比,NiCe-3:1与CeO2的红外峰谱图中显示出了更多相似的NOx种类,这表明NiCe-3:1中的Ce离子能够促进化学吸附NOx物种的形成,并能进一步促进硝酸盐的分解和转化[43-44].
对NiO催化剂,在1960,1522,1284,1120cm-1处出现的红外峰分别为表面碳酸盐羰基[17]、双齿硝酸盐[27]、螯合亚硝酸盐[17]vs(NO3-)表面硝酸盐[27],上述物种特征峰强度随着温度的升高逐渐增大.此外,红外光谱图中出现了微弱的N2O*(2306cm-1[16]和*NCO(2183cm-1[33]的特征峰.对CeO2催化剂,2164,1967(1784),1568,1545,1498,1443,1363(1084),1252(1225) cm-1处出现的峰为*NCO[33]、表面碳酸盐羰基[17]、桥状硝酸盐[30]、羧酸盐非对称振动模式吸收峰vas(COO-[12]、单齿亚硝酸盐[27]、亚硝酸盐[16]、硝酸盐[41]、单齿硝酸盐[30].其中*NCO的峰在300~450℃呈现递增的趋势;桥状硝酸盐在300~450℃范围内以递减的趋势出现,说明高温下能够促进该物质的分解[45].
NiCe-3:1的谱图中,在1582cm-1处出现了桥接双齿硝酸盐物种的新的特征峰,峰强随着温度增加呈现先增加后降低的趋势,且在300℃降低得最为显著.双齿硝酸盐物质较稳定,含量减少说明NiCe-3:1中的活性位点促进了硝酸盐的分解和转化.*NCO物种的峰强变化明显,于350℃出现了显著提高,并于400℃消失,可能为催化剂参与反应的重要中间体.
NiCe-3:1催化剂在250℃时的红外光谱图如图10(d)所示.NiCe-3:1在250℃时的CO与NO物理吸附峰较NiO、CeO2的吸附峰变弱.上述CO、NO和硝酸盐的消耗以及*NCO的生成(公式(5)和(6))进一步说明*NCO是NiCe-3:1在CO同步催化去除NO的重要中间物种,*NCO物种与NO的相互作用是N2生成的重要途径.
基于上述各峰的变动,可以合理地解释NiCe-3:1的CO-SCR反应机理.在CO和NO共同进入反应体系后,催化剂表面的CO和NO会发生竞争性吸附.在100~250℃下,大部分CO与晶格氧反应产生氧空位.随后,NO吸附在氧空位上并解离成N和O原子.在250~450℃时,吸附的硝酸盐大量分解,产生*N,*N与CO结合生成*NCO物种,该物种又会进一步与NO反应生成N2和CO2.在NiCe-3:1的结构中,由于Ni和Ce之间的相互作用,使得催化剂产生了更多的氧空位促进了吸附的NOx物种中的N-O的断裂[46].
3.1 NiCe-x复合金属氧化物催化剂对CO同步催化去除NO的催化活性优于单一金属氧化物,其中NiCe-3:1样品对NO去除性能优异,在250~450℃宽温域范围内,NO转化率达到95%以上水平,N2选择性高于90%,并且表现出对H2O和SO2的良好耐受性.
3.2 NiCe-3:1催化剂脱硝性能的提高主要原因:双金属复合催化剂具有更大的比表面积,从而暴露出更多的活性位点;Ni向CeO2晶格的纳入促进了氧空位的生成,合理改善了反应的氧化还原循环.In-situ DRIFTS研究表明*NCO是NiCe-3:1在CO同步催化去除NO的重要中间物种.250~450℃时,氧空位促使吸附的硝酸盐分解,产生*N,*N与CO结合生成*NCO物种.*NCO物种与NO的相互作用促进N2和CO2生成.
  • 陕西省重点研发计划项目(2024SF-ZDCYL-05-06; 2024SF-YBXM-569)
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2025年第45卷第2期
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  • 接收时间:2024-06-28
  • 首发时间:2026-03-17
  • 出版时间:2025-02-20
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  • 收稿日期:2024-06-28
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陕西省重点研发计划项目(2024SF-ZDCYL-05-06; 2024SF-YBXM-569)
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    1.西安建筑科技大学环境与市政工程学院,陕西 西安 710055
    2.陕西省环境工程重点实验室,西北水资源与环境生态教育部重点实验室,陕西 西安 710055
    3.西安地球环境创新研究所,陕西 西安 710061
    4.中国科学院地球环境研究所,气溶胶化学与物理重点实验室,黄土与第四纪地质国家重点实验室,陕西 西安 710061

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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