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To understand the characteristics of microbial communities along the anaerobic ammonia oxidation (ANAMMOX) system, this study explored the diversity, structure, species network, and functional features of microbial communities in sludge with different morphologies along the flow direction in a long-term operated up-flow anaerobic sludge bed (UASB) ANAMMOX system. The results showed significant differences (P<0.05) in the abundance of AnAOB genes in sludge with different morphologies along the anaerobic ammonia oxidation system. The abundance of AnAOB genes in the bottom granular sludge (KL) was 2.12×1010copies/g VSS, which was significantly higher (P<0.05) than that in sludge with other morphologies along the system. There were significant differences (P<0.05) in the microbial diversity of sludge with different morphologies along the system, but no obvious change patterns were observed. The dominant bacterial phyla (relative abundance>1%) in sludge with different morphologies were Chloroflexi, Planctomycota, Proteobacteria, Bacteroidota, Acidobacteriota, and Actinobacteriota. The top 10genera in terms of relative abundance were norank_f_norank_o_SBR1031, Candidatus_Kuenenia, norank_f_Anaerolineaceae, Nitrosomonas,Limnobacteriota, norank_f_PHOS-HE36, Denitratisoma, Denitratisoma, and OLB13norank_f_ A4b. There were significant differences (P<0.05) in relative abundance among different samples. There were significant differences (P=0.001) in the microbial community structure of sludge with different morphology along the process. Network analysis found differences in the structure and topological properties of microbial networks among different morphologies of sludge. Specifically, the average degree and center tightness of flocculent sludge in sedimentation tank (CD) and biofilm in the effluent pipe (XK) were higher than those in other samples along the system, indicating a closer correlation among microbial communities. PICRUSt2analysis revealed that the abundance of functional genes related to metabolic pathways was significantly higher than that of other functional genes. Additionally, there were significant differences (P<0.05) in metabolic functional genes abundance among different morphologies of sludge along the process. The relative abundance of nitrogen metabolism functional gene hao was much higher than that of norB, while the abundance of the narG gene was 20.8 to 733.9times that of nirS, indicating activeness of partial nitritation and partial denitrification functions within the system. The anaerobic ammonia oxidation system exhibits significant heterogeneity in the microbial communities of sludge with different morphologies along the process, but no distinct regularity is observed.

, correspAuthors=Song XIA, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Bing YAN, Han-bing NIE, Jia-qi FU, Pei HAN, Qi-zhen YI, Shuang-lin GUI, Song XIA), CN=ArticleExt(id=1240689601346588991, articleId=1240689595470369717, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, language=CN, title=长期运行厌氧氨氧化系统沿程不同形态污泥微生物群落结构及功能解析, columnId=1240689596959346705, journalTitle=中国环境科学, columnName=环境微生物, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为深入理解厌氧氨氧化系统沿程微生物群落特征,考察了长期运行的升流式厌氧污泥床(UASB)厌氧氨氧化系统沿程方向上不同形态污泥微生物群落多样性、结构、物种网络及功能特征.结果表明,厌氧氨氧化系统沿程方向上不同形态污泥AnAOB基因丰度存在显著差异(P<0.05),底部颗粒污泥(KL)中AnAOB基因丰度为2.12×1010copies/g VSS,显著高于系统沿程其它形态污泥(P<0.05);沿程方向上不同形态污泥微生物多样性存在显著差异(P<0.05),但未呈现出明显的变化规律.不同形态污泥优势菌门(相对丰度>1%)为绿弯菌门(Chloroflexi)、浮霉菌门(Planctomycetota)、变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、拟杆菌门(Bacteroidota)、酸杆菌门(Acidobacteriota)和放线菌门(Actinobacteriota),相对丰度排名前10的菌属为norank_f__norank_o__SBR1031Candidatus_Kuenenianorank_f__AnaerolineaceaeNitrosomonasLimnobacternorank_f__PHOS-HE36DenitratisomaDenitratisomaOLB13norank_f__A4b,相对丰度在不同样品间存在显著差异(P<0.05);沿程方向不同形态污泥微生物群落结构间存在显著差异(P=0.001).网络分析发现,不同形态污泥微生物网络结构和拓扑性质存在差异,其中沉淀池内絮状泥(CD)、出水管内生物膜(XK)的平均度和中心紧密度高于沿程其他样品,微生物群落间具有更紧密的关联性.PICRUSt2分析发现,与代谢相关的通路功能基因丰度明显大于其他功能基因丰度,并且沿程不同形态污泥间代谢功能基因丰度存在显著差异(P<0.05),氮素代谢功能基因hao相对丰度远高于norB,同时narG基因丰度是nirS丰度的20.8~733.9倍,系统内部分亚硝化和部分反硝化功能活跃.厌氧氨氧化系统沿程方向上不同形态污泥微生物群落存在明显的异质性特征,但未呈现出明显的规律性.

, correspAuthors=夏嵩, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*责任作者,研究员,
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闫冰(1986-),男,黑龙江绥化人,副研究员,博士,主要从事污水生物脱氮及环境微生物学研究.发表论文40余篇. .

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2.温室气体核算与碳减排江西省重点实验室,江西 南昌 330096
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闫冰(1986-),男,黑龙江绥化人,副研究员,博士,主要从事污水生物脱氮及环境微生物学研究.发表论文40余篇. .

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闫冰(1986-),男,黑龙江绥化人,副研究员,博士,主要从事污水生物脱氮及环境微生物学研究.发表论文40余篇. .

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不同字母表示差异显著(P<0.05)

, figureFileSmall=MzDHD1NdwOEJi6MIxQGzyQ==, figureFileBig=TDlaliVgrXpX24qu3nsUUA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240689609810695147, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689595470369717, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Alpha diversity index of microbial community along the anaerobic ammonia oxidation system, figureFileSmall=dFhNdpbQgxn2fpgeooGoYw==, figureFileBig=z9NM+pYyxgSPfDQDR9ilWw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240689610053964794, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689595470369717, language=CN, label=图3, caption=厌氧氨氧化系统沿程微生物群落alpha多样性指数

*表示P<0.05,**表示P<0.01

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L1~L6表示一级功能层:L1表示细胞过程,L2表示环境信息处理,L3表示遗传信息处理,L4表示人类疾病,L5表示代谢,L6表示有机系统

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List of the primers sequences

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
目标菌种引物序列(5′3′)文献
总细菌515FGTGCCAGCMGCCGCGGTAA[19]
806RGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT
AnAOBAmx368FTTCGCAATGCCCGAAAGG[20]
Amx820RAAAACCCCTCTACTTAGTGCCC
), ArticleFig(id=1240689613522653384, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689595470369717, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

相关引物序列

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
目标菌种引物序列(5′3′)文献
总细菌515FGTGCCAGCMGCCGCGGTAA[19]
806RGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT
AnAOBAmx368FTTCGCAATGCCCGAAAGG[20]
Amx820RAAAACCCCTCTACTTAGTGCCC
), ArticleFig(id=1240689613673648341, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689595470369717, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Differences in relative abundance of dominant phyla in sludge with different morphologies

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品绿湾菌门浮霉菌门变形菌门拟杆菌门放线菌门酸杆菌门
CD0.350±0.068a0.123±0.036a0.243±0.043a0.197±0.054a0.011±0.001a0.012±0.002a
XK0.246±0.057b0.294±0.105a0.147±0.025b0.181±0.119a0.008±0.003b0.017±0.010ab
SF0.230±0.031b0.223±0.043a0.256±0.058ac0.173±0.010a0.008±0.001b0.025±0.008b
TF0.485±0.029c0.220±0.032a0.146±0.020b0.061±0.009a0.006±0.001b0.012±0.003a
KL0.274±0.050ab0.274±0.089a0.257±0.060a0.126±0.044a0.006±0.003b0.007±0.002a
), ArticleFig(id=1240689613812060390, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689595470369717, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

不同形态污泥优势菌门相对丰度差异特征

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品绿湾菌门浮霉菌门变形菌门拟杆菌门放线菌门酸杆菌门
CD0.350±0.068a0.123±0.036a0.243±0.043a0.197±0.054a0.011±0.001a0.012±0.002a
XK0.246±0.057b0.294±0.105a0.147±0.025b0.181±0.119a0.008±0.003b0.017±0.010ab
SF0.230±0.031b0.223±0.043a0.256±0.058ac0.173±0.010a0.008±0.001b0.025±0.008b
TF0.485±0.029c0.220±0.032a0.146±0.020b0.061±0.009a0.006±0.001b0.012±0.003a
KL0.274±0.050ab0.274±0.089a0.257±0.060a0.126±0.044a0.006±0.003b0.007±0.002a
), ArticleFig(id=1240689613992415480, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689595470369717, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Differences in the relative abundance of the top 10 genera in sludge with different morphologies

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品norank_f__norank_o__SBR1031Candidatus_Kuenenianorank_f__AnaerolineaceaeNitrosomonasLimnobacternorank_f__PHOS-HE36DenitratisomaArenimonasOLB13norank_f__A4b
CD0.264±0.036a0.122±0.036a0.002±0.001a0.054±0.010a0.087±0.017a0.099±0.034a0.028±0.002a0.028±0.008a0.045±0.022a0.026±0.007ab
KL0.135±0.007bd0.272±0.089b0.002±0.002a0.008±0.003bc0.038±0.012bc0.049±0.024b0.099±0.026b0.067±0.019b0.070±0.044a0.052±0.016a
SF0.168±0.030b0.221±0.044ab0.002±0.0002a0.036±0.002d0.046±0.006b0.048±0.015b0.021±0.001a0.008±0.002a0.023±0.005a0.016±0.004b
TF0.420±0.025c0.173±0.024ab0.005±0.0005b0.001±0.0001b0.048±0.008b0.013±0.002b0.055±0.007c0.025±0.002a0.032±0.005a0.015±0.001ab
XK0.117±0.026d0.287±0.106b0.002±0.0006a0.012±0.007c0.018±0.007c0.038±0.034b0.054±0.013c0.024±0.015a0.040±0.028a0.051±0.024ab
), ArticleFig(id=1240689614143410441, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689595470369717, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

不同形态污泥排名前10的属相对丰度差异特征

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品norank_f__norank_o__SBR1031Candidatus_Kuenenianorank_f__AnaerolineaceaeNitrosomonasLimnobacternorank_f__PHOS-HE36DenitratisomaArenimonasOLB13norank_f__A4b
CD0.264±0.036a0.122±0.036a0.002±0.001a0.054±0.010a0.087±0.017a0.099±0.034a0.028±0.002a0.028±0.008a0.045±0.022a0.026±0.007ab
KL0.135±0.007bd0.272±0.089b0.002±0.002a0.008±0.003bc0.038±0.012bc0.049±0.024b0.099±0.026b0.067±0.019b0.070±0.044a0.052±0.016a
SF0.168±0.030b0.221±0.044ab0.002±0.0002a0.036±0.002d0.046±0.006b0.048±0.015b0.021±0.001a0.008±0.002a0.023±0.005a0.016±0.004b
TF0.420±0.025c0.173±0.024ab0.005±0.0005b0.001±0.0001b0.048±0.008b0.013±0.002b0.055±0.007c0.025±0.002a0.032±0.005a0.015±0.001ab
XK0.117±0.026d0.287±0.106b0.002±0.0006a0.012±0.007c0.018±0.007c0.038±0.034b0.054±0.013c0.024±0.015a0.040±0.028a0.051±0.024ab
), ArticleFig(id=1240689614273433882, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689595470369717, language=EN, label=Table4, caption=

Topological indices of microbial networks

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目CDKLSFTFXK
节点数981009810099
边数20581653160613872091
聚类系数0.500.500.490.500.50
网络密度0.2160.1670.1690.1400.216
平均度21.00016.53016.38813.87021.121
正相关边数121410238347821136
负相关边数844630772605955
网络直径11111
平均路径长度11111
平均聚类系数0.50.50.490.50.5
中心紧密度0.4330.3340.3380.2800.431
), ArticleFig(id=1240689614403457315, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689595470369717, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

微生物网络的拓扑学指数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目CDKLSFTFXK
节点数981009810099
边数20581653160613872091
聚类系数0.500.500.490.500.50
网络密度0.2160.1670.1690.1400.216
平均度21.00016.53016.38813.87021.121
正相关边数121410238347821136
负相关边数844630772605955
网络直径11111
平均路径长度11111
平均聚类系数0.50.50.490.50.5
中心紧密度0.4330.3340.3380.2800.431
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长期运行厌氧氨氧化系统沿程不同形态污泥微生物群落结构及功能解析
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闫冰 1, 2, 3 , 聂含冰 1, 2, 3 , 付嘉琦 1, 2, 3 , 韩佩 1, 3 , 易其臻 1, 3 , 桂双林 1, 2, 3 , 夏嵩 1, 2, 3, *
中国环境科学 | 环境微生物 2025,45(2): 1052-1062
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中国环境科学 | 环境微生物 2025, 45(2): 1052-1062
长期运行厌氧氨氧化系统沿程不同形态污泥微生物群落结构及功能解析
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闫冰1, 2, 3 , 聂含冰1, 2, 3, 付嘉琦1, 2, 3, 韩佩1, 3, 易其臻1, 3, 桂双林1, 2, 3, 夏嵩1, 2, 3, *
作者信息
  • 1.江西省科学院能源研究所,江西 南昌 330096
  • 2.温室气体核算与碳减排江西省重点实验室,江西 南昌 330096
  • 3.江西省碳中和研究中心,江西 南昌 330096
  • 闫冰(1986-),男,黑龙江绥化人,副研究员,博士,主要从事污水生物脱氮及环境微生物学研究.发表论文40余篇. .

通讯作者:

*责任作者,研究员,
Deciphering the microbial community structure and function of sludge with different morphologies along the ANAMMOX reactor under long-term operation
Bing YAN1, 2, 3 , Han-bing NIE1, 2, 3, Jia-qi FU1, 2, 3, Pei HAN1, 3, Qi-zhen YI1, 3, Shuang-lin GUI1, 2, 3, Song XIA1, 2, 3, *
Affiliations
  • 1.Institute of Energy Research, Jiangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanchang 330096, China
  • 2.Key Laboratory of Greenhouse Gas Accounting and Carbon Reduction of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang 330096, China
  • 3.Jiangxi Carbon Neutralization Research Center, Nanchang 330096, China
出版时间: 2025-02-20
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为深入理解厌氧氨氧化系统沿程微生物群落特征,考察了长期运行的升流式厌氧污泥床(UASB)厌氧氨氧化系统沿程方向上不同形态污泥微生物群落多样性、结构、物种网络及功能特征.结果表明,厌氧氨氧化系统沿程方向上不同形态污泥AnAOB基因丰度存在显著差异(P<0.05),底部颗粒污泥(KL)中AnAOB基因丰度为2.12×1010copies/g VSS,显著高于系统沿程其它形态污泥(P<0.05);沿程方向上不同形态污泥微生物多样性存在显著差异(P<0.05),但未呈现出明显的变化规律.不同形态污泥优势菌门(相对丰度>1%)为绿弯菌门(Chloroflexi)、浮霉菌门(Planctomycetota)、变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、拟杆菌门(Bacteroidota)、酸杆菌门(Acidobacteriota)和放线菌门(Actinobacteriota),相对丰度排名前10的菌属为norank_f__norank_o__SBR1031Candidatus_Kuenenianorank_f__AnaerolineaceaeNitrosomonasLimnobacternorank_f__PHOS-HE36DenitratisomaDenitratisomaOLB13norank_f__A4b,相对丰度在不同样品间存在显著差异(P<0.05);沿程方向不同形态污泥微生物群落结构间存在显著差异(P=0.001).网络分析发现,不同形态污泥微生物网络结构和拓扑性质存在差异,其中沉淀池内絮状泥(CD)、出水管内生物膜(XK)的平均度和中心紧密度高于沿程其他样品,微生物群落间具有更紧密的关联性.PICRUSt2分析发现,与代谢相关的通路功能基因丰度明显大于其他功能基因丰度,并且沿程不同形态污泥间代谢功能基因丰度存在显著差异(P<0.05),氮素代谢功能基因hao相对丰度远高于norB,同时narG基因丰度是nirS丰度的20.8~733.9倍,系统内部分亚硝化和部分反硝化功能活跃.厌氧氨氧化系统沿程方向上不同形态污泥微生物群落存在明显的异质性特征,但未呈现出明显的规律性.

厌氧氨氧化  /  污泥形态  /  微生物群落  /  共生网络  /  PICRUSt2软件

To understand the characteristics of microbial communities along the anaerobic ammonia oxidation (ANAMMOX) system, this study explored the diversity, structure, species network, and functional features of microbial communities in sludge with different morphologies along the flow direction in a long-term operated up-flow anaerobic sludge bed (UASB) ANAMMOX system. The results showed significant differences (P<0.05) in the abundance of AnAOB genes in sludge with different morphologies along the anaerobic ammonia oxidation system. The abundance of AnAOB genes in the bottom granular sludge (KL) was 2.12×1010copies/g VSS, which was significantly higher (P<0.05) than that in sludge with other morphologies along the system. There were significant differences (P<0.05) in the microbial diversity of sludge with different morphologies along the system, but no obvious change patterns were observed. The dominant bacterial phyla (relative abundance>1%) in sludge with different morphologies were Chloroflexi, Planctomycota, Proteobacteria, Bacteroidota, Acidobacteriota, and Actinobacteriota. The top 10genera in terms of relative abundance were norank_f_norank_o_SBR1031, Candidatus_Kuenenia, norank_f_Anaerolineaceae, Nitrosomonas,Limnobacteriota, norank_f_PHOS-HE36, Denitratisoma, Denitratisoma, and OLB13norank_f_ A4b. There were significant differences (P<0.05) in relative abundance among different samples. There were significant differences (P=0.001) in the microbial community structure of sludge with different morphology along the process. Network analysis found differences in the structure and topological properties of microbial networks among different morphologies of sludge. Specifically, the average degree and center tightness of flocculent sludge in sedimentation tank (CD) and biofilm in the effluent pipe (XK) were higher than those in other samples along the system, indicating a closer correlation among microbial communities. PICRUSt2analysis revealed that the abundance of functional genes related to metabolic pathways was significantly higher than that of other functional genes. Additionally, there were significant differences (P<0.05) in metabolic functional genes abundance among different morphologies of sludge along the process. The relative abundance of nitrogen metabolism functional gene hao was much higher than that of norB, while the abundance of the narG gene was 20.8 to 733.9times that of nirS, indicating activeness of partial nitritation and partial denitrification functions within the system. The anaerobic ammonia oxidation system exhibits significant heterogeneity in the microbial communities of sludge with different morphologies along the process, but no distinct regularity is observed.

anaerobic ammonium oxidation  /  sludge morphology  /  microbial community  /  co-occurrence network  /  PICRUSt2
闫冰, 聂含冰, 付嘉琦, 韩佩, 易其臻, 桂双林, 夏嵩. 长期运行厌氧氨氧化系统沿程不同形态污泥微生物群落结构及功能解析. 中国环境科学, 2025 , 45 (2) : 1052 -1062 .
Bing YAN, Han-bing NIE, Jia-qi FU, Pei HAN, Qi-zhen YI, Shuang-lin GUI, Song XIA. Deciphering the microbial community structure and function of sludge with different morphologies along the ANAMMOX reactor under long-term operation[J]. China Environmental Science, 2025 , 45 (2) : 1052 -1062 .
以厌氧氨氧化(ANAMMOX)为基础的生物脱氮技术,无需外加有机碳源、曝气需求低、剩余污泥量少且脱氮效率高,相较于传统硝化-反硝化脱氮技术具有经济高效及环境友好等优点,是未来污水生物脱氮技术研究的重要方向[1],具有广阔的应用前景[2-3].厌氧氨氧化系统内的微生物群落,是系统稳定运行及高效脱氮的重要保障.虽然运行条件、方式和水质参数存在差异,但厌氧氨氧化系统内优势菌群组成具有高度的相似性,主要为变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)、浮霉菌门(Planctomycetes)、绿弯菌门(Chloroflexi)、装甲菌门(Armatimonadetes)和放线菌门(Actinobacteria)[4-6].这些微生物组成了厌氧氨氧化系统内的核心群落,其中,功能菌群与伴生菌群在底物和代谢上的相互作用(竞争、互利共生等)决定了系统的脱氮效率.因此,深刻认识厌氧氨氧化系统内核心菌群及其交互作用关系,是掌握厌氧氨氧化工艺稳定高效运行的微生物学机制的基础.
对厌氧氨氧化系统启动过程微生物群落研究发现,优势菌群组成无显著变化,但厌氧氨氧化菌相对丰度随启动过程逐渐升高[7-9].在温度与负荷变化的条件下,厌氧氨氧化系统启动过程中微生物群落丰度呈现出不同的变化特征[9].实际工程PN/A系统不同填料载体生物膜富集效果存在差异,其微生物群落互作关系也不同[10-11].同时,在部分硝化-厌氧氨氧化-反硝化耦合系统中功能菌群及其相互作用关系与脱氮性能关系密切[12-14].但已有研究主要集中于厌氧氨氧化系统启动、运行过程中微生物群落的演替特征及其与系统脱氮效率的关系,忽视了系统内沿程环境的空间异质性,及ANAMMOX功能微生物之间及其与伴生菌群的相互影响和代谢机制.研究发现反应器沿程氮素、pH值、DO和MLSS发生明显变化[15],且厌氧氨氧化脱氮效率也随之变化[16].也就是说,反应器沿程存在环境的空间异质性特征,即沿程的基质浓度、pH值和水力条件等都呈现显著差异,这将引起微生物群落结构及其微生物间的相互作用关系改变,然而,已有研究主要将反应器内微生物群落视为一个整体,对厌氧氨氧化系统沿程微生物群落结构及其功能特征仍不清楚.以系统沿程视角探究反应器微生物群落的空间异质性特征,对理解氮素转化空间变化过程的机理具有重要意义.
本文基于长期稳定运行的厌氧氨氧化系统,对沿程不同形态污泥微生物群落结构及功能特征进行系统分析,以期掌握长期稳定运行厌氧氨氧化系统中微生物群落的空间特征及相互作用关系,为厌氧氨氧化工程应用提供基础.
实验装置为课题组前期进行厌氧氨氧化系统启动的UASB反应器[17].该UASB的有效容积为6.3L,试验过程控制反应器温度稳定在(32±1)℃,通过蠕动泵从底部进水口连续泵入,出水经上部出水口溢流流出.反应器接种污泥为好氧池的污泥和实验室厌氧氨氧化污泥,以体积比2:1混合接种,接种泥的MLSS为18.03g/L,MLVSS为10.18g/L,VSS/SS为56.46%.
实验用水为人工合成的模拟废水,其中NH4+-N和NO2--N分别由NH4Cl和NaNO2按需配置,其它组分包括:NaHCO3 500mg/L、KH2PO4 25mg/L、MgSO4⋅7H2O 300mg/L、CaCl2 120mg/L以及微量元素浓缩液Ⅰ、Ⅱ各1ml/L,微量元素浓缩液参照文献[18]配制.
UASB经过90d运行成功启动,氮容积负荷(NLR)为0.54kg/(m3·d),氮去除负荷为(NRR)0.46kg/(m3·d),总氮去除率为86.03%.当前,反应器已经稳定运行超过750d,氮容积负荷(NLR)为1.67kg/(m3·d),氮去除负荷为(NRR)1.48kg/(m3·d),总氮去除率为88.54%.
整个运行过程中,我们观察发现反应器沿程方向出现污泥形态产生空间异质性,为了深入了解反应器沿程不同形态污泥的微生物群落结构及功能特征,分别采集了反应器底部颗粒污泥(KL)、填料内污泥(TF)、三相分离器内絮状泥(SF)、出水管内生物膜(XK)和沉淀池内絮状泥(CD),污泥样品如图1.采样过程进行3次重复采样,共采集15个样品.采集的污泥样品经离心后,于-80℃冰箱保存待用.
污泥总DNA利用FastDNA® SPIN Kit for soil(MP Biomedicals,Santa Ana,CA,U.S)试剂盒进行提取,具体提取步骤按操作说明完成.得到的总DNA样品,经过琼脂糖凝胶电泳进行定性检测,并利用SMA4000超微量分光光度计(Merinton,USA)对其浓度、纯度进行测定后,放置于−80 ℃冰箱中保存待用.
实时荧光定量PCR相关引物见表1,反应体系为:0.8µL的上、下游引物,2µL的DNA模板,0.4µLROXⅡ,2µLdNTP,10µLSYBR Premix Ex TaqⅡ,6µL的灭菌超纯水.根据已知浓度的质粒DNA,按10倍梯度稀释绘制标准曲线.每份样品做3个平行,采用平均值法计算最后测定的厌氧氨氧化菌基因拷贝数,扩增效率和可决系数R2分别大于95%和0.98.
本研究采用通用引物515F和806R(表1)对16S rRNA基因V4区进行进行PCR扩增(25 µL反应体系).PCR扩增产物经检测、纯化及定量分析后,构建MiSeq文库,利用Miseq PE300测序平台(Illumina Inc,San Diego,CA,USA)进行高通量测序.
本研究基于QIIME 2 2020.2[21]完成高通量测序数据的生物信息学分析.使用q2-demux插件对原始序列数据进行拆分并进行质量过滤,然后使用DADA2[22]进行去噪;用mafft[23](q2-alignment)对所有扩增序列变体(ASV)进行比对,并用fasttree2[24](q2-phylogeny)构建系统发育树;将样品序列抽平后使用q2-diversity计算α多样性指数[香农(Shannon)多样性指数、Observed OTUs(Sobs)、辛普森(Simpson)多样性指数和Chao1指数]和β多样性指数(Bray-Curtis dissimilarity);使用q2-feature-classifier比对Greengenes 13_8 99%OTU参考序列对ASV进行分类.
QIIME 2导出特征表为biom格式文件,利用PICRUSt2软件进行16S rRNA基因数据功能预测,参考KEGG(kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes)数据库,得到KO(KEGG Orthology)功能的丰度预测表及KEGG代谢途径(KEGG pathway)丰度表.
基于厌氧氨氧化系统沿程样品中相对丰度前100的物种,构建微生物物种网络;利用Cytoscape(3.7.1)软件中CoNet插件进行微生物群落网络关系分析;选取5种相关计算方法(Spearman相关性,Pearson相关性,Kullback-Leibler dissimilarity,Bray-Curtis dissimilarity和mutual information),并用Brown方法对物种方法的P值进行整合,保留显著相关(P<0.05)的数据进行后续分析,之后选取Benjamini-Hochberg方法进行多重检验获得网络相关性;将网络相关性数据导入Gephi软件(0.9.2),利用Frucherman Reingold算法进行布局,实现网络图可视化;利用Cytoscape软件中Network Analyzer插件进行网络拓扑性质分析.
不同分组间差异检验采用两两Student-t检验;采用基于Bray-Curtis距离的非度量多维尺度(nonmetric multidimensional scaling,NMDS)分析,比较不同分组样品间群落β多样性差异,并用相似性分析(ANOSIM)进行差异检验;统计分析及做图均基于R(3.5.1)不同程序包实现.
利用qPCR手段对厌氧氨氧化系统沿程不同形态污泥AnAOB丰度进行定量检测(图2),结果表明,沿程方向上,不同形态污泥中AnAOB基因丰度表现为KL>TF>CD>XK>SF,说明系统沿程方向上厌氧氨氧化菌丰度存在逐渐降低的趋势.有研究发现,反应器沿程方向上氮素浓度逐渐降低[25],且厌氧氨氧化反应器沿程方向厌氧氨氧化脱氮贡献率也呈下降趋势[16].然而,值得注意的是虽然AnAOB丰度在TF、SF、CD和XK中无显著差异,但SF中AnAOB丰度低于CD和XK.进一步分析发现,反应器底部颗粒污泥AnAOB基因丰度为2.12×1010copies/g VSS,显著高于系统沿程其它形态污泥(P<0.05).一方面,可能是因为反应器底部基质浓度相对较高,易于厌氧氨氧化菌富集;另一方面,可能是因为颗粒污泥厌氧氨氧化菌相对丰度较高(一般大于50%)[26-27].
微生物群落多样性对系统稳定至关重要,本研究选取Shannon指数、Simpson指数、Chao指数、Sobs指数表征群落多样性.厌氧氨氧化反应器沿程方向微生物群落多样性指数变化如图3所示,TF的多样性显著低于其他样品(P<0.05),其他样品间多样性无显著差异(P>0.05),并且沿程方向上多样性没有明显的变化规律.与本研究不同的是,有研究认为反应器沿程方向(自下而上)基质浓度逐渐降低,因此,长期运行后,反应器下层微生物群落中厌氧氨氧化菌逐渐占据主导地位成为优势种群,而某些稀有种遭到淘汰,致使下层的微生物物种种类相对上层较为单一,进而导致微生物多样性也呈现沿程方向上逐渐升高的趋势[16,28].
厌氧氨氧化系统沿程微生物群落门、属水平组成如图4(a)、(b)所示,由此可知,微生物群落优势菌门(相对丰度>1%)并未在沿程呈现出明显差异,主要为绿弯菌门(Chloroflexi)、浮霉菌门(Planctomycetota)、变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、拟杆菌门(Bacteroidota)、酸杆菌门(Acidobacteriota)和放线菌门(Actinobacteriota),这与以往研究中存在的核心微生物群落组成类似[5,7,28].其中,绿弯菌门的相对丰度最高,在所有样品中都超过25%,并且TF中绿弯菌门相对丰度高达48.52%显著高于其他污泥(P<0.05)(表2).有研究发现,绿弯菌门在降解衰亡菌体及颗粒污泥载体方面具有重要作用[29-30],同时一些丝状菌也隶属于绿弯菌门,它们在污泥的支撑结构中发挥重要作用[30].放线菌门相对丰度在CD中显著高于其他样品(P<0.05),酸杆菌门相对丰度则在SF中最高.值得注意的是,浮霉菌门和拟杆菌门相对丰度在沿程各样品中未呈现出显著差异(P>0.05).浮霉菌门是厌氧氨氧化菌所在的菌门,而拟杆菌门中某些菌属被认为具有硝化、反硝化功能[31-33].
沿程方向上,不同形态污泥优势菌门在纲水平的组成特征如图5所示.结果表明,尽管不同样品间纲水平丰度存在明显差异,但组成具有高度一致性.绿湾菌门下主要的纲水平组成主要为Anaerolineae和Chloroflexia,浮霉菌门下主要的纲水平组成为Brocadiae.然而,变形菌门的纲水平组成为在沿程不同形态污泥样品中不同,SF和TF中纲水平组成为Gammaproteobacteria和Alphaproteobacteria,而CD、KL和XK中纲水平组成除了上述2个纲外,还有丰度较低的其他变形菌纲,拟杆菌门中纲水平组成及丰度在沿程不同形态污泥样品中存在差异.
属水平上,沿程不同形态污泥的厌氧氨氧化菌都为Candiatus_Kuenenia,其被认为对基质具有较强的亲和力[34].沿程方向上不同形态污泥Candiatus_Kuenenia相对丰度分别为0.272±0.089、0.173±0.024、0.221±0.044、0.287±0.106和0.122±0.036,KL和XK中Candidatus_Kuenenia的相对丰度显著高于CD(P<0.05)(表3),这与定量PCR结果一致.Limnobacter是厌氧氨氧化菌重要的伴生菌,具有抵御外部环境影响的作用[35],KL和XK中其相对丰度较低,而CD中其相对丰度显著高于其他形态污泥(P<0.05),可能是相对于颗粒污泥和下水口生物膜,沉淀池絮状泥受外部环境影响更大,环境选择促使Limnobacter丰度更高.Nitrosomonas是主要的氨氧化菌,沿程方向上CD中其相对丰度显著高于其他形态污泥(P<0.05),KL和TF则显著低于其他形态污泥,这可能与能获得氧气接触量有关.具有反硝化功能的Denitratisoma在沿程方向不同形态污泥间呈现出显著差异(P<0.05),推测可能是获得内碳源量不同导致.本研究中丰度最高的菌属norank_f__norank_o__SBR1031被认为是厌氧消化的核心微生物种群[36],是厌氧氨氧化系统重要的伴生菌,对污泥结构稳定及系统内菌群细胞分泌的有机物降解方面发挥重要作用[37],其在沿程方向不同形态污泥间呈现出显著差异(P<0.05).
基于Bray-Curtis距离对厌氧氨氧化系统沿程微生物群落数据进行非度量多维尺度(nonmetric multidimensional scaling,NMDS)排序分析(图4(c)),结果表明,NMDS排序压力值(stress)小于0.1,表明分析结果具有很好的解释意义.沿程方向上不同形态污泥呈现出明显的空间分异特征,说明不同样品的微生物群落组间差异大于组内差异.进一步进行群落相似性分析(anosim)发现,沿程方向不同形态污泥微生物群落结构间存在显著差异(P=0.001),说明微生物群落结构在厌氧氨氧化系统沿程方向上发生显著变化.
利用韦恩(Venn)图分析了厌氧氨氧化反应器沿程不同形态污泥微生物群落物种差异特征,不同样品微生物群落共有和特有物种(ASV)如图4(d)所示.沿程不同形态污泥共有ASV 262个,其中KL、SF、TF、XK和CD分别有100、104、57、166和72个特有ASV.共有种数量明显高于各样品特有种数量,说明虽然沿程方向上基质浓度差异导致可能存在大量稀有种(相对丰度<0.1%),但核心种仍保持一致,这与前述物种组成分析结果相互印证.值得关注的是,KL和XK拥有95个共有ASV,说明它们可能在群落组成及结构上存在一定的相似性.
微生物群落共现网络是深入理解物种间的交互作用关系的有效途径[38].沿程方向上不同形态污泥微生物群落相互作用关系网络如图6,图中每个节点代表一个物种,节点间的连线称为边,代表物种间的相互作用关系,沿程不同形态污泥(除XK外)微生物网络都呈现出存在3个相互作用关系紧密的子网络,说明有每个样品都包含3个微生物类群,且不同类群间无明显互作关系.CD共获得98个物种节点,2058个边(其中正相关边1214个,负相关边844个);KL共获得100个物种节点,1653个边(其中正相关边1223个,负相关边630个);SF共获得98个物种节点,1606个边(其中正相关边834个,负相关边772个);TF共获得100个物种节点,1387个边(其中正相关边782个,负相关边605个);XK共获得99个物种节点,2091个边(其中正相关边1136个,负相关边955个)(表4).结合微生物网络图和网络拓扑性质,笔者发现,CD、XK的平均度和中心紧密度高于沿程其他样品,说明微生物间关联性更强.尽管沿程方向上不同形态污泥微生物网络结构和拓扑性质存在差异,但浮霉菌门是所有微生物网络的主要节点,说明与厌氧氨氧化相关的微生物类群相互作用关系紧密,是厌氧氨氧化系统沿程不同形态污泥的核心微生物类群.
基于PICRUSt2功能预测结果显示(图7),沿程方向上不同形态污泥样品涉及的KEGG路径包括:有机系统(Organismal Systems)、代谢(Metabolism)、人类疾病(Human Diseases)、遗传信息处理(Genetic Information Processing)、环境信息处理(Environmental Information Processing)和细胞过程(Cellular Processes),与已有的关于厌氧氨氧化系统研究结果一致[17].预测到的与代谢相关的通路功能基因丰度明显大于其它功能丰度,并且沿程不同形态污泥间代谢功能丰度存在显著差异(P<0.05),其他一级功能层预测基因丰度在沿程不同形态污泥间均无显著差异(P>0.05),说明与代谢相关的通路是系统的主要功能.笔者推测,在厌氧氨氧化沿程方向上,氮素的转化及微生物群落的相互作用主要通过代谢路径完成,如自养菌(主要是AnAOB)可以分泌胞外多聚物物(蛋白和多肽)供异养菌代谢得到自身所需的氨基酸或自养菌直接分泌氨基酸给异养菌[39],同时异养菌也可以为自养菌提供次生代谢物钼酸盐辅因子和叶酸,以利于其活性和生长[40].
进一步对功能预测基因二级功能层分析发现,所有样品共发现45个子功能(图8).沿程方向上不同形态污泥中,XK二级功能层基因丰度相对较低,SF和CD则表现出二级功能层基因丰度相对较高,可能是沿程方向上基质和环境条件存在差异,导致微生物群落功能特征发生变化.能量代谢途径丰度在CD和XK中较低,而在KL、TF和SF中相对较高,氮素转化过程中涉及能量代谢,说明氮素转化功能菌在KL、TF和SF更活跃.碳水化合物代谢途径丰度在XK和KL中较低,在CD、TF和SF中较高,说明异养菌功能在CD、TF和SF较强.
通过比对PICRUSt2功能预测中直系同源分类(KO)表与KEGG数据库中氮代谢相关的65个直系同源基因(KEGG orthology),得到沿程不同形态污泥样品中与氮代谢相关的功能酶基因45个(图9).涉及的氮素转化过程主要包括硝化过程,其功能基因包括氨单加氧酶功能基因pmoA-amoApmoB-amoBpmoC-amoC,羟胺脱氢酶功能基因hao,羟胺还原酶功能基因hcp,亚硝酸盐氧化还原酶的编码基因norB作为主要的功能基因;反硝化过程,其功能基因包括硝酸盐还原酶功能基因narGnapA,亚硝酸盐还原酶功能基因nirSnirK,NO还原酶功能基因norBnorC以及N2O还原酶功能基因nosZ;异化硝酸盐还原,其功能基因包括narInapAnapBnirBnirDnrfAnrfH;同化硝酸盐还原,其功能基因包括nasAnasB.氨氧化过程的功能基因pmoA-amoApmoB-amoBpmoC-amoC丰度在CD和SF较高,分别是KL、TF和XK的6.8、52.9和4.2倍,hao/hcp在KL、TF、SF、CD、XK分别为97.6、123.5、49.6、26.6和114.5,说明hao起主要作用,而hao/norB则分别为16.5、37.1、11.3、11.8和30.9,表明部分亚硝化在系统内较为活跃.反硝化过程中narG基因丰度是nirS丰度的20.8~733.9倍,是nirK丰度的2.6-39.6倍,是norC丰度的12.4~99.1倍,是nosZ的4~43.7倍,说明硝酸盐还原能力远远大于亚硝酸还原、NO还原和N2O还原的能力,反硝化过程利用内碳源实现了部分反硝化.沿程方向上不同样品间反硝化功能基因的丰度也存在明显差异,KL和TF中narG/nirS分别为108.9和733.9,而CD和SF中narG/nirS分别为20.8和13.3,说明部分反硝化能力在TF和KL中远远大于CD和SF.
3.1 厌氧氨氧化系统沿程方向上不同形态污泥AnAOB基因丰度呈逐渐降低趋势,且KL中AnAOB基因丰度显著高于系统沿程其他形态污泥(P<0.05).沿程方向上TF的多样性显著低于其他样品(P<0.05),但不同形态污泥微生物多样性没有明显的变化规律.
3.2 沿程不同形态污泥的核心微生物群落组成一致,但相对丰度在不同样品间存在显著差异(P<0.05);微生物群落结构在不同形态污泥间呈现明显的空间分异特征,且差异显著(P=0.001).
3.3 沿程方向上不同形态污泥微生物网络结构和拓扑性质存在差异,但浮霉菌门是所有微生物网络的主要节点.
3.4 沿程方向上不同形态污泥微生物群落中与代谢相关的通路存在显著差异(P<0.05),且氮素和碳水化合物代谢能力明显不同;不同形态氮素在沿程方向上的转化能力差异明显.
  • 江西省重点研发计划“揭榜挂帅”项目(2022BBG71016)
  • 江西省科学院省级财政项目-杰出青年人才培育计划(2023YSBG50010; 2022YSBG500006)
  • 江西省科学院省级包干制项目(2022YJC2009; 2022YSBG21010)
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2025年第45卷第2期
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  • 接收时间:2024-07-01
  • 首发时间:2026-03-17
  • 出版时间:2025-02-20
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  • 收稿日期:2024-07-01
基金
江西省重点研发计划“揭榜挂帅”项目(2022BBG71016)
江西省科学院省级财政项目-杰出青年人才培育计划(2023YSBG50010; 2022YSBG500006)
江西省科学院省级包干制项目(2022YJC2009; 2022YSBG21010)
作者信息
    1.江西省科学院能源研究所,江西 南昌 330096
    2.温室气体核算与碳减排江西省重点实验室,江西 南昌 330096
    3.江西省碳中和研究中心,江西 南昌 330096

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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