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To investigate the causes of sludge bulking during high load operation of activated sludge and the control effect of adding vanillin, this study examined the overall changes in microbial community, filamentous bacteria genus, extracellular polymeric substance secreting bacteria genus, and functional gene clusters involved in exopolysaccharides synthesis when operating under conventional load or high load with or without vanillin addition. The results indicated that after sludge bulking occurred, there was a decrease in the proportion of proteins to polysaccharides in extracellular polymeric substances. This reduction limited the ability of proteins to act as a biological flocculant and resulted in poorer settling performance of the sludge. The causes of sludge bulking during high load operation were attributed to filamentous bacteria dominated by Sphaerotilus and viscous bulking led by Flavobacterium. The addition of vanillin effectively inhibited the proliferation of Sphaerotilus but still allowed for viscous bulking dominated by Thauera and Zoogloea. Metagenomic sequencing analysis revealed that the abundance of alg, eps, and pel functional gene clusters involved in exopolysaccharide synthesis increased by 0.4~0.5 times, 0.8~1.1 times, and 10.3~15.7 times, respectively. These findings suggest that these gene clusters may be potential factors contributing to the substantial increase in exopolysaccharide content observed in bulking sludge.

, correspAuthors=Zhen ZHOU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Ying AN, Hui-min ZHANG, Yun LIU, Guang CHEN, Chen TANG, Zhen ZHOU), CN=ArticleExt(id=1240689599404634915, articleId=1240689594904146570, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, language=CN, title=高负荷活性污泥工艺污泥膨胀成因及控制, columnId=1234106386565624579, journalTitle=中国环境科学, columnName=水污染与控制, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为探究活性污泥高负荷运行时发生污泥膨胀的原因及控制策略,考察了污泥负荷对污泥性质、微生物群落整体结构、丝状菌属、胞外聚合物分泌菌属、参与胞外多糖合成功能基因簇等的影响,并研究了投加香兰素对污泥膨胀的控制效果.结果表明,污泥发生膨胀后,胞外聚合物中蛋白质与多糖之比下降,限制了蛋白质发挥生物絮凝作用,导致污泥沉降性能变差.高负荷运行时发生污泥膨胀的成因是Sphaerotilus主导的丝状菌膨胀和Flavobacterium主导的粘性膨胀.投加香兰素有效抑制了Sphaerotilus繁殖,但仍发生由ThaueraZoogloea主导的粘性膨胀.宏基因分析揭示,参与胞外多糖合成的algepspel功能基因簇丰度在膨胀污泥中分别增加了0.4~0.5倍、0.8~1.1倍和10.3~15.7倍,是胞外多糖含量上升的潜在成因.

, correspAuthors=周振, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*责任作者,教授,
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安莹(1981-),女,山东滨州人,副教授,博士,主要从事污水处理与资源化利用研究.发表论文30余篇. .

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安莹(1981-),女,山东滨州人,副教授,博士,主要从事污水处理与资源化利用研究.发表论文30余篇. .

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安莹(1981-),女,山东滨州人,副教授,博士,主要从事污水处理与资源化利用研究.发表论文30余篇. .

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caption=常规负荷SBR和高负荷SBR活性污泥中与胞外多糖合成有关功能基因簇丰度变化, figureFileSmall=pv6rDXgX2sP24+upHlgeIg==, figureFileBig=BWGNITqu7vFhJ22NPHpMRQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240689612838990368, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689594904146570, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Influent water quality in SBR operations

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
水质指标COD(mg/L)TN(mg/L)TP(mg/L)
范围400 ~ 4509 ~ 113 ~ 4
), ArticleFig(id=1240689612960625202, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689594904146570, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

SBR进水水质

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
水质指标COD(mg/L)TN(mg/L)TP(mg/L)
范围400 ~ 4509 ~ 113 ~ 4
), ArticleFig(id=1240689613061288511, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689594904146570, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Richness and diversity estimators of microbial communities in conventional load SBR and high load SBR

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样本CoverageAceChaoShannon
常规负荷SBR0.9985995854.40
未投加香兰素高负荷SBR0.9957497184.33
投加香兰素高负荷SBR0.9957907744.60
), ArticleFig(id=1240689613182923339, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689594904146570, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

常规负荷SBR和高负荷SBR活性污泥微生物多样性分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样本CoverageAceChaoShannon
常规负荷SBR0.9985995854.40
未投加香兰素高负荷SBR0.9957497184.33
投加香兰素高负荷SBR0.9957907744.60
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高负荷活性污泥工艺污泥膨胀成因及控制
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安莹 1 , 张慧敏 1 , 刘韵 2 , 陈广 2 , 唐晨 1 , 周振 1, *
中国环境科学 | 水污染与控制 2025,45(2): 768-775
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中国环境科学 | 水污染与控制 2025, 45(2): 768-775
高负荷活性污泥工艺污泥膨胀成因及控制
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安莹1 , 张慧敏1, 刘韵2, 陈广2, 唐晨1, 周振1, *
作者信息
  • 1.上海电力大学环境与化学工程学院,上海 200090
  • 2.上海城投污水处理有限公司,上海 201203
  • 安莹(1981-),女,山东滨州人,副教授,博士,主要从事污水处理与资源化利用研究.发表论文30余篇. .

通讯作者:

*责任作者,教授,
Causes and control of sludge bulking in high load activated sludge process
Ying AN1 , Hui-min ZHANG1, Yun LIU2, Guang CHEN2, Chen TANG1, Zhen ZHOU1, *
Affiliations
  • 1.College of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University of Electric Power, Shanghai 200090, China
  • 2.Shanghai Chengtou Waste Water Treatment Co., Ltd., Shanghai 201203, China
出版时间: 2025-02-20
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为探究活性污泥高负荷运行时发生污泥膨胀的原因及控制策略,考察了污泥负荷对污泥性质、微生物群落整体结构、丝状菌属、胞外聚合物分泌菌属、参与胞外多糖合成功能基因簇等的影响,并研究了投加香兰素对污泥膨胀的控制效果.结果表明,污泥发生膨胀后,胞外聚合物中蛋白质与多糖之比下降,限制了蛋白质发挥生物絮凝作用,导致污泥沉降性能变差.高负荷运行时发生污泥膨胀的成因是Sphaerotilus主导的丝状菌膨胀和Flavobacterium主导的粘性膨胀.投加香兰素有效抑制了Sphaerotilus繁殖,但仍发生由ThaueraZoogloea主导的粘性膨胀.宏基因分析揭示,参与胞外多糖合成的algepspel功能基因簇丰度在膨胀污泥中分别增加了0.4~0.5倍、0.8~1.1倍和10.3~15.7倍,是胞外多糖含量上升的潜在成因.

污泥膨胀  /  高负荷运行  /  香兰素  /  微生物群落  /  胞外多糖

To investigate the causes of sludge bulking during high load operation of activated sludge and the control effect of adding vanillin, this study examined the overall changes in microbial community, filamentous bacteria genus, extracellular polymeric substance secreting bacteria genus, and functional gene clusters involved in exopolysaccharides synthesis when operating under conventional load or high load with or without vanillin addition. The results indicated that after sludge bulking occurred, there was a decrease in the proportion of proteins to polysaccharides in extracellular polymeric substances. This reduction limited the ability of proteins to act as a biological flocculant and resulted in poorer settling performance of the sludge. The causes of sludge bulking during high load operation were attributed to filamentous bacteria dominated by Sphaerotilus and viscous bulking led by Flavobacterium. The addition of vanillin effectively inhibited the proliferation of Sphaerotilus but still allowed for viscous bulking dominated by Thauera and Zoogloea. Metagenomic sequencing analysis revealed that the abundance of alg, eps, and pel functional gene clusters involved in exopolysaccharide synthesis increased by 0.4~0.5 times, 0.8~1.1 times, and 10.3~15.7 times, respectively. These findings suggest that these gene clusters may be potential factors contributing to the substantial increase in exopolysaccharide content observed in bulking sludge.

sludge bulking  /  high load operation  /  vanillin  /  microbial community  /  exopolysaccharides
安莹, 张慧敏, 刘韵, 陈广, 唐晨, 周振. 高负荷活性污泥工艺污泥膨胀成因及控制. 中国环境科学, 2025 , 45 (2) : 768 -775 .
Ying AN, Hui-min ZHANG, Yun LIU, Guang CHEN, Chen TANG, Zhen ZHOU. Causes and control of sludge bulking in high load activated sludge process[J]. China Environmental Science, 2025 , 45 (2) : 768 -775 .
在传统活性污泥处理工艺中,进水中约40%~60%的有机物被转化为二氧化碳并排放到大气中.随着有机物去除过程中高能耗和高碳排放问题逐渐受到重视,寻找技术经济可行、能够捕获污水碳源的解决方案已成为城镇污水处理领域的新兴趋势[1].高负荷活性污泥工艺能够在较短时间内实现污水中有机物的浓缩或去除,产生含有较多有机质的剩余污泥,满足了当前城镇污水处理领域高效、低耗、可持续的要求[2].然而,较高的污泥负荷会导致污泥胞外聚合物(EPS)大量分泌[3].EPS含量上升有利于活性污泥实现对污水中有机物的捕获、吸附和储存[4],但也会导致污泥沉降性能下降,并引发污泥膨胀[5].污泥膨胀可分为两种类型,一是过低的负荷、温度、pH值或溶解氧造成丝状菌属快速增殖引起的丝状菌膨胀[6],二是负荷过高或温度过低造成某些EPS菌属过度繁殖引起的非丝状菌膨胀,也称为粘性膨胀[7].目前,在高负荷活性污泥工艺运行过程中发生污泥膨胀的微观机理方面研究甚少,明晰这一机理有助于解决其污泥膨胀问题.
污泥膨胀可通过投加氯、双氧水等化学药剂杀灭丝状菌进行控制,或者通过调控曝气量等运行参数进行控制[8].然而,这些方法存在运行成本高、影响功能菌群生长和代谢等问题.微生物群体感应淬灭技术是通过投加群体感应抑制剂干扰和阻断信号分子的分泌、识别,在不干扰微生物生命活动的前提下,有效调控微生物群落结构和功能[9].香兰素作为一种天然香料,已被证明对活性污泥没有毒害作用,并且能作为群体感应抑制剂有效控制低溶解氧诱导的污泥膨胀[10].然而,其在高负荷条件下对污泥膨胀的调控效果与适用性尚缺乏系统研究.本研究围绕高负荷条件下的活性污泥膨胀现象及控制策略,揭示污泥膨胀的微生物学驱动机制,并评估香兰素在控制污泥膨胀中的作用及效果.研究成果将为高负荷污水处理系统中污泥膨胀的科学理解提供理论依据,并为开发低成本、高效的污泥膨胀控制策略提供技术支撑.
序批式反应器(SBR)具有操作灵活,耐冲击负荷的优点,本研究搭建了3套SBR,分别在常规负荷、高负荷(未投加香兰素)、高负荷(投加100mg/L香兰素[11])条件下运行.接种污泥均取自上海市某污水处理厂好氧池,污泥浓度为3.0g/L.进水按照典型生活污水配制,以乙酸钠为主要碳源,添加少量淀粉和蛋白胨,氯化铵为氮源,磷酸二氢钾为磷源,同时添加微量元素液以保证污泥微生物生长繁殖所需的营养[12],具体水质见表1.试验过程中控制pH值为7~8,溶解氧浓度为2mg/L,排水比为50%.常规负荷SBR的进水COD负荷为0.6kgCOD/(kgMLSS·d),运行周期为8h,包括进水18min,反应360min,沉淀60min,静置35min,出水7min.高负荷SBR的进水COD负荷为1.8kgCOD/(kgMLSS·d)[13],运行周期为4h,包括进水18min,反应120min,沉淀60min,静置35min,出水7min.3套SBR均运行60个周期.
COD、TN、TP和污泥容积指数(SVI)采用国家标准方法测定[14].EPS采用热法离心分层法提取,其中胞外多糖(PS)和蛋白质(PN)分别采用蒽酮比色法和Lowry法测定[15].活性污泥形态采用荧光显微镜(Zeiss Axio Scope. A1,蔡司,德国)进行观察,并且使用图像处理软件Image J得到污泥絮体的面积A和周长P,对InP和InA进行线性拟合所得斜率为分形维数[16].溶解氧采用便携式溶氧仪(HQ-30d,哈希,美国)测定.基因组DNA采用FastDNA自旋试剂盒提取,16S rRNA基因的V3~V4区域采用338F(5'-ACTCCTACGGGAGGCAGCAG-3')和806R(5'-GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT-3')为引物进行PCR扩增,序列处理委托上海美吉生物医药科技有限公司基于Illumina MiSeq测序平台进行,并在其平台进行数据分析.
活性污泥絮体结构与沉降性能密切相关,絮体结构越密实沉降性能越好,絮体结构越松散则沉降性能越差[17].在60个周期的运行过程中,常规负荷SBR的活性污泥絮体结构紧密、边缘清晰,未观察到丝状菌(图1(a)图1(b),SVI值在80~100mL/g间波动(图2),未发生污泥膨胀.分形维数可以描述颗粒与微小絮体在复杂絮体结构内部的分布情况,适合分析絮体结构的形成和生长[18].常规负荷SBR第6个和第60个周期的分形维数分别为1.25和1.26,说明絮体结构规则并且生长良好.高负荷SBR运行至第40个周期时SVI值仍小于150mL/g;继续运行2个周期,未投加香兰素的活性污泥SVI值升高至160mL/g,进入微膨胀阶段[19],分形维数为1.33(图1(c));第44个周期时,活性污泥SVI值超过250mL/g,进入恶性膨胀阶段,第60个周期时,观察到大量无序生长的丝状菌相互交织在絮体表面(图1(d)),分形维数升高为1.49,说明随着污泥膨胀的恶化,絮体形状变得不规则并且边界粗糙,不利于污泥的沉降[20];投加香兰素的活性污泥未发生污泥膨胀的絮体中有少量丝状菌(图1(e)),第56个周期后,活性污泥SVI值上升至158mL/g,此后处于微膨胀阶段,同时观察到丝状菌从絮体内部向外伸长形成网状结构与菌胶团共生(图1(f)),分形维数也在第60个周期升高为1.37[21].
活性污泥是微生物的聚集体,丝状菌是其絮体的骨架,菌胶团可以通过分泌EPS附着在骨架上[11].EPS的含量和组成对微生物聚集体的结构、絮体稳定性和沉降性能具有重要影响[22].对比常规负荷SBR,高负荷SBR在污泥膨胀过程中,EPS中PN和PS的含量均显著增加,但PN/PS却呈明显下降趋势(图3).EPS中PS主要来源于内源呼吸的分解作用,活性污泥在高负荷条件下运行时微生物代谢旺盛,过量的有机物会被转化为PS[23].PN主要来源于吸附的外源有机物的和微生物自身代谢产物[24].EPS中的疏水官能团对生物絮凝作用有积极影响,PN/PS降低会引起PS占据EPS的空间提升,进而限制带负电的疏水PN的生物絮凝作用[25].投加香兰素后可以减少EPS中过量PS的产生,从而抑制污泥微膨胀后沉降性能进一步恶化.
第60个周期运行结束后,分别取常规负荷SBR、未投加香兰素高负荷SBR和投加香兰素高负荷SBR中的活性污泥进行高通量测序分析,其多样性指数分析结果见表2.所有样本的Coverage指数均大于0.99,表明所生成的序列很好地反映了微生物的实际情况.对比常规负荷SBR,代表微生物群落丰富度的Ace和Chao指数在高负荷SBR中均显著增加,而衡量微生物群落多样性的Shannon指数在未投加香兰素高负荷SBR中降低、在投加香兰素高负荷SBR中升高.这可能是由于高负荷SBR中丝状菌属、EPS分泌菌属以及其它菌属在污泥膨胀过程中的竞争作用,导致微生物群落多样性降低[26].而香兰素的投加抑制了某些菌属的生长,缓解了微生物间的竞争作用.
在常规负荷SBR中,优势菌门(相对丰度>1%)依次为Proteobacteria(30.5%)、Chloroflexi(27.4%)、Actinobacteriota(20.7%)、Patescibacteria(6.4%)、Bacteroidota(4.9%)、Acidobacteriota(2.3%)、Gemmatimonadota(2.3%)和Firmicutes(1.8%)等(图4).对比常规负荷SBR,Proteobacteria、Bacteroidota和Firmicutes相对丰度在高负荷SBR中均明显上升,未投加香兰素组为71.9%、15.9%和6.1%,投加香兰素组则为60.7%、20.4%和9.4%.Proteobacteria在有机物降解过程中发挥重要作用,包括多种分泌EPS的功能属[27].Bacteroidota可参与蛋白质循环过程,能将蛋白质降解为氨基酸等小分子物质[28].Firmicutes含有多种好氧和兼性厌氧细菌,可产生大量与有机物降解密切相关的水解酶[29].此外,对比常规负荷SBR,高负荷SBR中Chloroflexi、Actinobacteriota、Patescibacteria、Acidobacteriota和Gemmatimonadota等可能无法适应该环境而衰减.
在高负荷条件下,丝状菌的过度繁殖和EPS的异常分泌是导致污泥膨胀的主要原因.因此,在属水平上重点分析了丝状菌属和EPS分泌相关功能菌属相对丰度的变化情况(图5).常规负荷SBR中以SphaerotilusHaliscomenobacterThiothrix等为代表的丝状菌属相对丰度分别为0.01%、0.01%和0%,在未投加香兰素高负荷SBR和投加香兰素高负荷SBR中,SphaerotilusHaliscomenobacterThiothrix相对丰度分别上升至8.55%、0.12%、0.05%和1.44%、0.19%、0.16%.Sphaerotilus过量繁殖会导致污泥沉降性能变差而发生膨胀[30],广泛存在于发生污泥膨胀的污水处理厂中[31],香兰素的投加有效抑制了Sphaerotilus的生长,与Shi等[10]研究结果相符. Haliscomenobacter是菌丝细长的革兰氏阴性菌,过度生长会导致污泥絮体尺寸减小,沉降性能变差[32].Thiothrix对污泥的表观粘度和氧传递有负面影响[33].
高负荷SBR发生污泥膨胀后,ThaueraZoogloeaFlavobacterium等与EPS分泌相关功能菌属的相对丰度大幅度上升,对比常规负荷SBR增加了178~2795倍.ThaueraZoogloea的富集会产生更多EPS包裹在细胞表面,尤其会使PS含量上升,引发粘性膨胀[34-35].Flavobacterium是革兰氏阴性菌,具有合成聚羟基脂肪酸和EPS功能,对其生长的抑制可以有效控制PS的分泌,改善污泥沉降性能[36-37].
图6显示了常规负荷和高负荷SBR中活性污泥多级物种差异判别分析.图中不同颜色节点代表在组内显著富集,且对组间差异性存在影响的微生物种群.在线性判别分析阈值为3.8时,其差异性物种分别有11、15和8个.高负荷SBR的两套反应器都发生了污泥膨胀现象,其中投加香兰素组具有代表性的差异性功能属包括ThaueraZoogloea等,而未投加组则包括SphaerotilusFlavobacterium等.综合分析发现,高负荷SBR污泥膨胀的成因是Sphaerotilus主导的丝状菌膨胀和Flavobacterium主导的粘性膨胀.投加香兰素有效抑制了Sphaerotilus繁殖,但仍发生由ThaueraZoogloea主导的粘性膨胀.
通过对3套SBR活性污泥的宏基因组分析,筛选出调控海藻酸盐生成的alg、调控EPS生成的eps和调控果胶裂解酶生成的pel3种参与PS合成的功能基因簇[38]图7).相比常规负荷SBR,投加和未投加香兰素的高负荷SBR中alg基因簇的总丰度增加了0.4和0.5倍.Wan等[39]研究表明,Flavobacterium相对丰度上升会促进alg基因簇的表达,合成更多的PS.eps属于革兰氏阳性细菌基因簇,通常由15个基因(epsA ~ epsO)组成.本研究在膨胀污泥中检测出了epsFepsJepsN.其中epsFepsJ是糖基转移酶基因,负责将单糖转运到脂载体上构成重复单位[40].eps基因簇可以调控EPS产量,其缺失会导致某些菌株丧失合成EPS的能力[41].对比常规负荷SBR,高负荷SBR污泥的eps基因簇总丰度上升了0.8~1.1倍.研究表明,EPS和SVI具有显著相关性,EPS含量上升会导致污泥SVI升高,污泥的沉降性能和疏水性能降低而发生粘性膨胀[42].果胶裂解酶对细胞间相互作用和表面粘附起重要作用,还能抑制某些抗生素对细胞的伤害,其生物合成与pel基因簇有关[43].在高负荷条件下,所检测的pel基因簇(pelpelA~pelG)的丰度均显著上升,总丰度对比常规负荷SBR增加了10.3~15.7倍.其中,pelD~pelG是生物膜形成所必需的[44],丰度对比常规负荷SBR上升18.7~27.2倍.
本研究旨在探究活性污泥高负荷运行时污泥膨胀的成因及控制策略,重点考察了污泥负荷对微生物群落结构、EPS分泌及其PS相关功能基因的影响,同时评估了香兰素对污泥膨胀的抑制效果.基于全面的实验研究与数据分析,得出以下主要结论:
3.1 运行至60个周期,常规负荷SBR未发生膨胀现象,污泥絮体结构紧密;投加香兰素高负荷SBR污泥处于轻微膨胀状态,表明香兰素在一定程度上缓解了膨胀问题.未投加香兰素高负荷SBR污泥处于恶性膨胀状态,丝状菌数量远超过菌胶团数量,显著降低了污泥的沉降性能.
3.2 高负荷SBR污泥PS含量随膨胀程度上升呈显著上升趋势,PN/PS随膨胀程度上升呈下降趋势.PN是EPS中发挥生物絮凝作用的主要成分,PN/PS下降可能会限制PN发挥生物絮凝作用,从而导致污泥沉降性能下降.
3.3 高负荷SBR发生污泥膨胀的成因是Sphaerotilus主导的丝状菌膨胀和Flavobacterium主导的粘性膨胀.投加香兰素有效抑制了Sphaerotilus繁殖,但仍发生由ThaueraZoogloea主导的粘性膨胀,揭示了香兰素在控制特定类型污泥膨胀方面具有局限性.
3.4 宏基因测序分析表明对比常规负荷SBR,高负荷SBR污泥所筛选出的3种参与PS合成的功能基因簇algepspel丰度大幅度上升,为理解PS含量大幅度上升提供了数据支撑.表明在高负荷条件下,PS合成的增加是造成污泥膨胀的潜在原因之一.
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(51878403)
  • 上海市科委项目(22dz1209206)
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2025年第45卷第2期
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  • 接收时间:2024-07-30
  • 首发时间:2026-03-17
  • 出版时间:2025-02-20
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  • 收稿日期:2024-07-30
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国家自然科学基金资助项目(51878403)
上海市科委项目(22dz1209206)
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    1.上海电力大学环境与化学工程学院,上海 200090
    2.上海城投污水处理有限公司,上海 201203

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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