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This study focuses on the East Qinling molybdenum mine area, where the pollution of heavy metals in the surrounding aquatic environment and the mineralogical characteristics of the associated sediment were analyzed. Furthermore, the study examined the migration behavior of molybdenum (Mo) during the leaching process from mine tailings to its mineralization in sediment. The findings revealed that the Mo concentration in the aquatic environment significantly surpassed the environmental background levels. Specifically, the maximum exceedance of Mo in the water samples was recorded at 21600 times above the baseline. Additionally, the geoaccumulation index (Igeo) values in both sediments and tailings exceeded 5. The sediments collected from aquatic environments impacted by AMD in the East Qinling molybdenum mining area predominantly comprised schwertmannite minerals, characterized by distinctive "poly spheroid" and "hedgehog" morphologies, and a substantial amount of Mo was immobilized within the mineral structure. In mine tailings, molybdenum (Mo) predominantly exists in the oxidation state of Mo(VI), whereas in schwertmannite, both Mo(VI) and Mo(IV) are present. This indicates a significant change in the valence state of Mo during its migration from tailings to sediments. Moreover, leaching experiments demonstrated that Mo associated with schwertmannite can be re-released into the environment, the processes were significantly influenced by the mineralogical characteristics of schwertmannite. Specifically, schwertmannite with higher crystallinity was found to be more effective in immobilizing Mo.

, correspAuthors=Sheng-hui YU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Sheng-hui YU, Jiang-jiang ZHENG, Hang LI, Liang ZHAO, Lei ZHANG, Li HUA), CN=ArticleExt(id=1240689599144588045, articleId=1240689594707014281, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, language=CN, title=东秦岭钼矿区典型沉积物形态分析及钼的迁移行为研究, columnId=1234106388268503686, journalTitle=中国环境科学, columnName=环境生态, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

以东秦岭钼矿区为研究对象,研究矿区水体中重金属污染状况和水体沉积物的矿物学形态,探究重金属钼在尾矿淋溶到矿物沉积过程中的迁移规律.结果显示,东秦岭钼矿区受AMD影响的水体中存在着较为显著的重金属钼超标现象,水体中钼的最大超标倍数为21600倍,沉积物和尾矿中钼的地累积指数数值值均大于5.水体中沉积物中的次生矿物主要为施氏矿物,呈现出“聚球状”和“刺猬状”两种典型形态,并且赋存了大量的重金属钼.钼在尾矿中以六价形式存在,在施氏矿物中主要以四价和六价的形式存在,钼在尾矿淋溶到施氏矿物沉积的迁移过程中发生明显的价态变化.沉积物浸出实验表明,赋存于施氏矿物中的钼在外界环境发生改变时会向环境中持续释放,其释放规律与施氏矿物的形态密切相关,结晶度较高的施氏矿物更有利于Mo的固存.

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*责任作者,副教授,
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于生慧(1989-),男,山东临沭人,副教授,博士,主要从事环境矿物学研究.发表论文20余篇. .

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于生慧(1989-),男,山东临沭人,副教授,博士,主要从事环境矿物学研究.发表论文20余篇. .

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于生慧(1989-),男,山东临沭人,副教授,博士,主要从事环境矿物学研究.发表论文20余篇. .

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JT代表金堆镇矿区,LN代表洛南矿区

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(a,b,c,d)LN-2沉积物,(e,f,g,h)JT-3沉积物

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(a)全谱;(b)∼(d)分别为S2p、Fe2p、Mo3d谱图

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(a)为全谱;(b)∼(d)分别为S2p、Fe2p、Mo3d谱图

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Sampling sites information

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采样区域采样地点样品编号经度(°)纬度(°)精度水样pH值
洛南钼矿区小沟尾矿库LN-0110.06183534.3351623.03.54
大自沟尾矿库LN-1110.05937734.3343013.0-
王扒沟尾矿库LN-2110.06043634.3342313.04.87
小岔沟尾矿库LN-3110.04946334.3489266.0-
后沟尾矿库LN-4110.04940734.3489123.0-
金堆镇钼矿区栗西沟尾矿库汇入口JT-0110.0114634.2894283.0-
栗西沟尾矿库排水渠JT-1110.00690234.2811573.04.01
栗西沟尾矿库集水池JT-2110.00603934.280263.03.75
栗西沟尾矿库河道JT-3110.00588834.2763043.03.21
王家坪源头汇入口JT-4110.00861134.2584693.05.89
), ArticleFig(id=1240689612687995409, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689594707014281, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

采样点位信息

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
采样区域采样地点样品编号经度(°)纬度(°)精度水样pH值
洛南钼矿区小沟尾矿库LN-0110.06183534.3351623.03.54
大自沟尾矿库LN-1110.05937734.3343013.0-
王扒沟尾矿库LN-2110.06043634.3342313.04.87
小岔沟尾矿库LN-3110.04946334.3489266.0-
后沟尾矿库LN-4110.04940734.3489123.0-
金堆镇钼矿区栗西沟尾矿库汇入口JT-0110.0114634.2894283.0-
栗西沟尾矿库排水渠JT-1110.00690234.2811573.04.01
栗西沟尾矿库集水池JT-2110.00603934.280263.03.75
栗西沟尾矿库河道JT-3110.00588834.2763043.03.21
王家坪源头汇入口JT-4110.00861134.2584693.05.89
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Pearson correlation analysis of heavy metals in water and sediment

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项目水体MoCdCrPbCuFe沉积物Mo
水体Mo1
Cd0.5341
Cr0.854*0.827*1
Pb0.7460.987**0.863*1
Cu0.607**0.757**0.6310.815*1
Fe0.874*0.897*0.872*0.953**0.7991
沉积物Mo0.954*0.944**0.912*0.567**0.847*0.8761
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水体与沉积物重金属的相关系数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目水体MoCdCrPbCuFe沉积物Mo
水体Mo1
Cd0.5341
Cr0.854*0.827*1
Pb0.7460.987**0.863*1
Cu0.607**0.757**0.6310.815*1
Fe0.874*0.897*0.872*0.953**0.7991
沉积物Mo0.954*0.944**0.912*0.567**0.847*0.8761
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东秦岭钼矿区典型沉积物形态分析及钼的迁移行为研究
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于生慧 1, * , 郑江江 1 , 李航 2 , 赵亮 2 , 张蕾 1 , 花莉 1
中国环境科学 | 环境生态 2025,45(2): 943-953
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中国环境科学 | 环境生态 2025, 45(2): 943-953
东秦岭钼矿区典型沉积物形态分析及钼的迁移行为研究
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于生慧1, * , 郑江江1, 李航2, 赵亮2, 张蕾1, 花莉1
作者信息
  • 1.陕西科技大学环境科学与工程学院,陕西 西安 710021
  • 2.陕西环保集团生态建设管理有限公司,陕西 西安 710065
  • 于生慧(1989-),男,山东临沭人,副教授,博士,主要从事环境矿物学研究.发表论文20余篇. .

通讯作者:

*责任作者,副教授,
Minerological analysis of typical sediment in East Qinling molybdenum mine area and the migration behavior of molybdenum
Sheng-hui YU1, * , Jiang-jiang ZHENG1, Hang LI2, Liang ZHAO2, Lei ZHANG1, Li HUA1
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi’an 710021, China
  • 2.Shaanxi Environmental Protection Group Ecological Construction Management Co., Ltd., Xi’an 710065, China
出版时间: 2025-02-20
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以东秦岭钼矿区为研究对象,研究矿区水体中重金属污染状况和水体沉积物的矿物学形态,探究重金属钼在尾矿淋溶到矿物沉积过程中的迁移规律.结果显示,东秦岭钼矿区受AMD影响的水体中存在着较为显著的重金属钼超标现象,水体中钼的最大超标倍数为21600倍,沉积物和尾矿中钼的地累积指数数值值均大于5.水体中沉积物中的次生矿物主要为施氏矿物,呈现出“聚球状”和“刺猬状”两种典型形态,并且赋存了大量的重金属钼.钼在尾矿中以六价形式存在,在施氏矿物中主要以四价和六价的形式存在,钼在尾矿淋溶到施氏矿物沉积的迁移过程中发生明显的价态变化.沉积物浸出实验表明,赋存于施氏矿物中的钼在外界环境发生改变时会向环境中持续释放,其释放规律与施氏矿物的形态密切相关,结晶度较高的施氏矿物更有利于Mo的固存.

钼矿区  /  沉积物  /  施氏矿物  /  迁移行为

This study focuses on the East Qinling molybdenum mine area, where the pollution of heavy metals in the surrounding aquatic environment and the mineralogical characteristics of the associated sediment were analyzed. Furthermore, the study examined the migration behavior of molybdenum (Mo) during the leaching process from mine tailings to its mineralization in sediment. The findings revealed that the Mo concentration in the aquatic environment significantly surpassed the environmental background levels. Specifically, the maximum exceedance of Mo in the water samples was recorded at 21600 times above the baseline. Additionally, the geoaccumulation index (Igeo) values in both sediments and tailings exceeded 5. The sediments collected from aquatic environments impacted by AMD in the East Qinling molybdenum mining area predominantly comprised schwertmannite minerals, characterized by distinctive "poly spheroid" and "hedgehog" morphologies, and a substantial amount of Mo was immobilized within the mineral structure. In mine tailings, molybdenum (Mo) predominantly exists in the oxidation state of Mo(VI), whereas in schwertmannite, both Mo(VI) and Mo(IV) are present. This indicates a significant change in the valence state of Mo during its migration from tailings to sediments. Moreover, leaching experiments demonstrated that Mo associated with schwertmannite can be re-released into the environment, the processes were significantly influenced by the mineralogical characteristics of schwertmannite. Specifically, schwertmannite with higher crystallinity was found to be more effective in immobilizing Mo.

molybdenum mine area  /  sediment  /  schwertmannite  /  migration behavior
于生慧, 郑江江, 李航, 赵亮, 张蕾, 花莉. 东秦岭钼矿区典型沉积物形态分析及钼的迁移行为研究. 中国环境科学, 2025 , 45 (2) : 943 -953 .
Sheng-hui YU, Jiang-jiang ZHENG, Hang LI, Liang ZHAO, Lei ZHANG, Li HUA. Minerological analysis of typical sediment in East Qinling molybdenum mine area and the migration behavior of molybdenum[J]. China Environmental Science, 2025 , 45 (2) : 943 -953 .
矿山作为一个具有特殊社会环境和自然环境要素的场地,具有人类工程活动强烈、对自然环境破坏性大、持续时间长、修复难度大等特点[1].酸性矿山废水(acid mine drainage,AMD)是在采矿作业过程中,残留在尾矿以及废石中的含硫物质由于长时间暴露于空气和水的自然条件下经过氧化过程所形成的一类废水[2-3],其具有高酸性、高硫酸根浓度,以及高浓度的有毒重金属或类金属(如As、Cr、Cd、Mo等)等特征[4-6].这些含有高浓度重金属离子的AMD会随着雨水冲刷以及径流排入到周边的河流当中,一方面直接对水体造成污染[7],另一方面冲入水体中的污泥随水流方向形成富含高浓度重金属离子的沉积物[8],从而直接或间接的对土壤、动植物以及周围居民的身体健康产生严重危害[9].此外,沉积物受外界环境的影响造成重金属的重新释放,易产生二次污染[10].施氏矿物(Fe8O8(OH)8–2x(SO4x·nH2O,1<x<1.75)是一种结晶度差、含铁羟基硫酸盐的矿物,是富硫酸盐AMD在pH 2.8~4.5的有氧环境中生成的主要次生矿物,广泛存在于有AMD汇入的河流、湖泊或酸性土壤中[11].施氏矿物由于具有特殊的隧道结构和较大的比表面积,可以通过离子交换、吸附、络合、同晶替代、表面沉淀等多种作用方式大量固存环境中的重金属离子,对重金属的环境行为起着重要的制约作用[12].然而,施氏矿物作为一种亚稳态矿物,在环境条件(如pH值、共存重金属以及氧化还原性物质)发生改变时,施氏矿物通常会转化为其他更稳定的矿物,比如针铁矿、赤铁矿、硅酸盐矿物等[13],其相转化会对所固存重金属的环境归趋产生重要影响[14].
钼(Mo)的主要来源矿物为辉钼矿(MoS2),不仅是国家战略性稀有金属,在钢铁、石油、化工及航天航空等行业被广泛应用,同时也是人体及动植物所必须的微量元素[15].东秦岭钼矿带是全球最大的钼成矿区域[16],存在着超大型钼矿带金堆城—黄龙铺钼矿田,是我国典型的斑岩型钼矿床之一[17].该区域是我国重要的钼矿开采区,拥有亚洲最大的露天钼矿山(金堆城钼矿)和一系列钼尾矿库.Mo与传统重金属相比毒性较低,曾经被认为基本无毒.近年来,随着钼矿资源的大量开发,其引发的钼污染问题也逐渐引起重视.研究表明,摄入过量的Mo或长期暴露于高浓度含Mo的环境中可对人体、动物和植物产生一系列危害.例如,高浓度的Mo能够引起贫血和肾、肝损害,促使癌症的发病率增高[18].Kuang等[19]对中国11个省份居住在化工企业附近的2267名参与者30项临床健康指标进行检测发现,在高浓度钼暴露条件下,慢性肾脏疾病发病率显著增加133.5%,对肝脏和肾功能产生15.9∼89.5%的影响.Novotny等[20]研究发现暴露于10,30,100mg/m3不同含钼环境中,雄性大鼠肺泡、细支气管腺瘤和腺瘤癌呈现显著的阳性趋势.此外,钼元素容易被植物所吸收,大多数植物在钼浓度大于100mg/kg的条件下无明显异常,但当钼浓度过高时,就会严重影响植物的生长和发育,产生严重的褪绿和黄化现象[21].目前,国内外相关学者对Mo的赋存形态、迁移转化研究主要集中在土壤和水体中,一般认为,土壤中Mo的主要来源为颗粒态的钼尾矿,在土壤水体中以离子态MoO42-形式迁移,在此过程中受到土壤pH值和胶体种类的影响,当pH>6时,MoO4-2可以被植物很好的吸收利用,当pH<6时,MoO4-2将发生聚合反应,形成易被土壤胶体吸附却无法被植物吸收利用的多酸络合酸[22-25].对于矿区重金属污染研究方面,大多都集中在传统重金属,关于矿区钼污染的研究相对不足.基于Mo的潜在危害性,对钼矿区展开Mo污染评价及其迁移转化过程研究对矿区生态环境保护具有重要意义.
本研究以东秦岭钼矿区为调查对象,通过采集区域内AMD汇入水体中的水样、沉积物,以及周边尾矿库代表性尾矿,对所采集样品进行环境学表征,采用单因子评价法以及地累积指数法对区域钼污染进行分析评价.在此基础上,对典型沉积物进行矿物学表征,明确铁沉积物中Mo元素的赋存特征,探究其迁移转化规律,为矿区钼的环境风险评价及污染防控提供科学依据.
研究区域位于东秦岭钼矿区(图1),采样点分布于陕西省渭南市金堆镇钼矿区和商洛市洛南钼矿区.其中,金堆镇钼矿区采样点以栗西沟尾钼尾矿库(二等尾矿库)为中心布置,周边有亚洲最大的露天钼矿—金堆镇钼矿,以及百花选矿厂和三十里铺选矿厂.洛南钼矿区多以小型采矿场和选矿厂为主,采样点沿石门镇G242国道(黄洛线)布设,具体点位信息见表1.
水样采样方法参考《水质 采样技术指导》(HJ 494—2009),采用聚乙烯塑料瓶沿水流方向采集水样,并加入硝酸酸化pH至1~2,送回实验室后用0.45μm微孔滤膜过滤,4℃下保存待用.通过沉积物采样器采集水体中表层沉积物至密封袋中,沉积物经提纯干燥后,用研钵研磨后过100目筛,依据《土壤和沉积物19种金属元素总量的测定 电感偶和等离子体质谱法》(HJ 1315-2023)[10]进行测定.水样和沉积物中重金属测定过程中设定三个平行样,取平均值.使用Origin软件作图,并利用SPSS Statistics软件分析水体中重金属与沉积物中重金属含量的相关性.
采用电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱(ICP-AES,ICAP6300,美国)测定水样及沉积物中的重金属离子浓度.同时,钼矿浮选工艺中一般采用非极性油类(如柴油、异丙苯焦油)和硫代化合物(黄药、黑药)作为捕收剂,采用总有机碳测定仪(vario TOC,德国)测定水样中的总有机碳含量.利用场发射扫描电子显微镜(SEM,Zeiss Gemini 300,德国)观察沉积物样品的形貌特征;采用X射线粉末衍射仪(XRD,D/MAX 2600,日本)测定沉积物的矿物组成;通过傅里叶红外光谱仪(FTIR,INVENIO,德国)对沉积物表面官能团进行分析;采用光电子能谱仪(XPS,ESCALAB 250Xi,美国)分析沉积物的元素及价态.
主要通过单因子评价指数法来计算出环境中重金属的污染等级,其式为[26]
式中:Pi为重金属i的污染指数;Ci为重金属的实际测量值,水质中为mg/L;Si为重金属的水质(mg/L)标准.在该研究中,水体采用《地表水环境质量标准》(GB 3838-2002)中的Ⅴ类标准.
地累积指数(Geo-accumulation index,Igeo)法是评价沉积物中重金属污染程度的常用方法,计算方法公式为:
式中:Cn代表沉积物中重金属元素实测值,mg/kg;Bn代表该元素的环境背景值,mg/kg,本研究以陕西省土壤背景值作为参考.
对水样进行pH值测定发现(表1),在金堆镇区域内水样为3.21∼5.89,洛南区域为3.54∼4.87.水样整体呈现酸性,在金堆镇区域内,沿水流方向JT-1至JT-3的pH值呈下降趋势,但流经至JI-4区域时pH值出现上升,这可能是由于JT-3与JT-4之间的流经区域跨度较大,水体不断稀释所致.水样中6种重金属(Cd、Cr、Pb、Cu、Fe、Mo)含量如图2所示.金堆镇区域内,JT-1∼JT-4各点都存在重金属超标现象,其含量(mg/L)为:Cd 0.0075∼1.31,Cr 0.0076∼0.30,Pb 0.0071∼1.47,Cu 0.004∼15.88,Fe 0.0047∼5.78,Mo 84.9∼1512,且重金属浓度变化遵循以下顺序:Mo>Cd>Pb>Fe>Cu>Cr.而在洛南区域内,也有类似情况,LN-0∼LN-2采样区域内含量(mg/L)为:Cd 0.015∼0.195,Cr 0.008∼0.125,Pb 0.0522∼0.0689,Cu 1.006∼1.116,Fe 0.1689∼1.616,Mo 137.9∼141.9,浓度变化遵循以下顺序:Mo>Fe>Cd>Cr>Pb>Cu.按照所在地区域功能,采用《地表水环境质量标准》(GB 3838-2002)中的V类标准评价Cd(0.01mg/L)、Cr(0.1mg/L)、Pb(0.1mg/L)、Cu(1.0mg/L)等重金属污染状况,分别采用集中式生活饮用水地表水源地补充项目和特定项目标准限值评价Fe(0.3mg/L)、Mo(0.07mg/L)的污染状况.根据标准可知,金堆镇区域内水体中各点位重金属Mo存在严重超标,最大超标倍数达21600倍,其次是Pb、Cu、Cd、Fe,最大超标倍数分别为13.7、14.88、130、18.27,表明该区域地表水污染严重,造成污染的重金属主要为Mo、Cd、Cu和Pb.而洛南区域内Mo也存在严重超标,最高达2027倍,其次是Cd(最大超标倍数为19.4),其他金素元素都是微量超标或在标准值以下,水体主要受Mo污染严重.前人研究表明东秦岭钼矿主要以辉钼矿为主,伴有闪锌矿、黄铁矿及少量黄铜矿[27],在采矿过程中会产生大量的AMD,不仅含有大量Mo、Fe和Cu,同时也含有Cd、Pb等伴生金属元素.此前有报道指出,由于金堆镇和洛南区域内金属矿山开采活动频繁,导致Cd、Cr、Pb、Mn、Cu和Mo等重金属严重影响了周边河流和土壤[28].因此,结合研究区域历史生产背景,可推测出该区域内废弃矿山、露天尾矿堆砌、采选矿场等是导致周边水体污染的主要因素.区域水体内Fe含量相较所报道AMD中Fe含量偏低,主要是由于水体中铁沉积物的生成.
为评定钼矿区水体中有机物的状况,对水样中的总有机碳(TOC)进行测定,如图3所示,金堆镇矿区,沿水流方向JT-1至JT-3TOC含量呈现上升趋势,JT-3到JT-4水样中出现下降现象,可能是因为河流水体的不断稀释和自净所致,在该区域内TOC最高含量出现在JT-3点其浓度为6.72mg/L;与金堆镇相比,洛南矿区TOC浓度在LN-1和LN-2上相对较小,其浓度最高4.59mg/L.在选矿过程中,含有大量重金属元素和选矿药剂的尾矿渣和尾矿废水被堆放和储存,给矿区环境造成了严重隐患.东秦岭钼矿区水体中含有较高浓度的TOC,极大可能与周边选矿厂和尾矿库排水有关.
对研究区沉积物中Mo含量进行统计分析,结果如图4所示,经测定,洛南区域内,LN-1∼LN-3的Mo含量分别为1280,4048,2929mg/kg;金堆镇区域内JT-1∼JT-3的Mo含量分别为1703,2446,2550mg/kg;本次研究中土壤地球化学背景值以陕西省土壤背景值为参照(0.7mg/ kg),通过地累积指数评价法研究发现,研究区所有样品的Igeo计算数值均大于5,表明研究区存在极强Mo污染.这归因于水体存在污染所致,当重金属污染物质进入水体后大部分会被水中的悬浮颗粒所吸附,而这些悬浮颗粒在水体中因重力会进行沉降,同时泥沙颗粒容易与重金属污染物分子产生分子间作用力,比如钼离子会与沉积物颗粒产生静电吸附,通过化学键结合,然后进行沉降形成沉积物,加上水体底部流速较慢,沉积物中重金属长此以往会得到大量积累,导致沉积物中的Mo含量远高于水体中的量值[35].
表2所示,水体中的6种重金属含量与沉积物中的Mo金属含量呈正相关关系,且多数在0.01和0.05水平上显著相关,说明这些重金属污染具有同源性,水体中重金属含量越高,沉积物中富集的Mo含量也越高,相关系数范围在0.567∼0.954.不同类型重金属对沉积物富集Mo的影响,如竞争、促进、抑制等,仍需开展进一步深入研究.
图5所示,LN-1、LN-2、JT-1和JT-2采样点样品形貌为聚球状,颗粒尺寸100~200nm,LN-3和JT-3所采集的沉积物呈现刺猬状,颗粒尺寸较大,有的聚合体超过500nm.此外,由图5可见,沉积物中含有大量的Fe、S、O和Mo等元素.结合文献报道,在东秦岭钼矿区AMD中所采集的沉积物为施氏矿物,其形貌的差异可能与沉积环境和施氏矿物的演化过程密切相关[29].研究表明,在施氏矿物形成初期,由于沉积物的沉积时间较短,并且水体的pH为2.0∼5.5,适宜天然施氏矿物形成,这种环境条件下施氏矿物主要形成的是球形颗粒状聚集体,表面结构相对光滑,此时的这种颗粒状的团聚程度会随pH的升高而出现一定程度的增加(如图5(a)、(b)、(c)).然而,随时间的推移以及水体可能存在嗜酸微生物的情况下,微生物和其他自然条件共同作用,会将大量的Fe2+氧化成Fe3+,随后Fe3+进一步与SO42-离子以及HO-离子配位生成施氏矿物,这种施氏矿物具有典型的“刺猬”形态(如图5(d)、(e)、(f)),并且在这个化学反应过程中会伴随着水体pH降低,主要是因为在氧化Fe2+的时候会引起pH升高,但随后Fe3+发生水解而释放出大量的质子迅速抵消,最终导致水体pH降低[14].与前期测定水体pH变化情况相吻合.施氏矿物的表面形貌受许多因素的影响,其中包括温度、pH、形成Fe3+和SO42-离子的浓度、结晶速率的快慢,以及成矿过程中微生物种类和数量等[37].施氏矿物在Mo矿区AMD中的形成过程中,大量的Mo进入到施氏矿物晶格或被施氏矿物表面吸附而被施氏矿物所固着.
为分析沉积物的物相以及晶体结构,对研究区域内所采集到的两种典型沉积物JT-3(刺猬状沉积物)和LN-2(聚球状沉积物)进行XRD分析,结果如图6(a)所示,两种典型形貌沉积物XRD特征峰对应的2θ值分别为26.6°、39.5°、55.3°、60.4°、63.7°,与施氏矿物的标准图谱(JCPDS 47-1775)峰谱位置相似,XRD分析结果进一步表明在东秦岭钼矿区所采集的典型沉积物样品的主要成分为施氏矿物,并且刺猬状的施氏矿物(JT-3)比聚球状的施氏矿物(LN-2)具有更强的结晶度.此外,在21.2°处出现了属于针铁矿的特征峰(JCPDS 29-0713),表明施氏矿物向针铁矿发生了一定程度的相转化.
通过FTIR对沉积物进一步分析,如图6(b)所示,在金堆镇区域内,位于3404cm-1处的伸缩振动峰为沉积物矿物表面的羟基(-OH),位于1113cm-1的伸缩振动峰为施氏矿物硫酸根的三重简并不对称伸缩振动峰ν3(SO42-),位于978cm-1处的内对称伸缩振动峰为ν1(SO42-)特征峰,而ν1(SO42-)和ν3(SO42-)都被认为是施氏矿物外部络合配位的硫酸根;而位于592cm-1处ν4(SO42-)特征峰则为施氏矿物隧道内部的硫酸根,位于706cm-1处的伸缩振动峰为Fe-O吸收峰[9].由此通过对沉积物样品的分析,表明其均符合施氏矿物FTIR图谱的特征峰.并且,通过分析JT-3采样点的红外图谱发现,在2934、2355、1636、1452、1390、1113和1012cm-1处有新的特征峰出现,分别属于-CH3吸收峰(2934cm-1)、S-H伸缩振动峰(2355cm-1)、-COO不对称伸缩振动峰(1636cm-1)、-COO对称伸缩振动峰(1452cm-1)、C-H伸缩振动峰(1390cm-1)、S-C-S不对称伸缩振动峰(1113cm-1)以及C=S不对称伸缩振峰(1012cm-1),这些特征峰分别归属于丁基黄药、煤油以及巯基乙酸钠等浮选药剂的特征峰[9,32-33],与JT-3采样点沉积物的红外图谱对照,洛南区域LN-2采样点沉积物也有着相类似的特征峰,但存在部分偏移,这可能是由于施氏矿物的结晶性、形貌特征和所生成的环境不同导致.分析结果进一步表明了研究区域采集的沉积物为施氏矿物,并且沉积物中有大量浮选药剂相关官能团,从侧面印证了矿区水体中含有大量的浮选药剂.
为了探究沉积物中O、S、Fe、Mo等元素价态的变化,在本实验中采用X射线能谱仪(XPS)对沉积物样品进行表征,通过对JT-3和LN-2两个不同区域采样点沉积物样品进行分析,在XPS全谱中出现了明显的Fe、O、Mo、S的特征峰(图7(a)),对JT-3的Fe2p、Mo3d、S2p精细谱进行具体分析,由S2p谱图可以看出(图7(b)),结合能在168.7eV和169.9eV处的两个峰分别对应表面吸附的SO42-和施氏矿物的结构态SO42-[34];对Fe2p谱分析后发现(图7(c)),Fe2p3/2轨道光谱可分成结合能为711.2eV、713.1eV和715.7eV的三个峰,其分别对应Fe—O、Fe—O—OH和Fe—SO4结构[35],结果显示Fe3+是沉积物样品中Fe的主要存在类型,表明自然环境中的Fe2+会随时间的推移以及环境条件变化的过程中不断氧化沉淀.同时,在结合能为719.7eV处还存在一个Fe2p的卫星峰.而Mo3d谱中有两个峰(图7(d)),分别在结合能为228.2eV和232.6eV处,其分别对应着MoS2中Mo(IV)和MoO42−中的Mo(VI)[36].与JT-3相比,LN-2的Fe2p、S2p的精细谱总体无明显差别,但Mo3d谱存在一些差异,在LN-2的Mo3d谱中有三个峰(图7(d)),结合能分别在228.2eV、232.6eV、235.8eV处,分别对应着Mo(IV)和Mo(VI),235.8eV处的峰归因于Mo-O键[37],进一步表明在LN-2采样点所在区域Mo主要还是以Mo(VI)的形式存在,但可能受到所在区域环境的影响,导致Mo(VI)表现出不同的化合态.XPS分析结果表明,东秦岭钼矿区施氏矿物中的Mo主要以Mo(IV)和Mo(VI)形态存在,并且施氏矿物的形态对Mo在施氏矿物中的结合态有所影响,洛南钼矿区聚球状施氏矿物中Mo的形态以高价态的Mo6+为主.
沉积物中的Mo主要来源于钼尾矿中辉钼矿MoS2的风化,为进一步探讨重金属Mo从尾矿到沉积物迁移转化过程中的形态变化,采用XPS对金堆镇和洛南所采集尾矿样品进行测定.洛南钼矿区和金堆镇钼矿区尾矿的XPS分析结果类似,图8为金堆镇尾矿样品的XPS分析结果.从中可以发现,钼尾矿XPS全谱中出现了明显的Fe、O、Mo、S的特征峰(图8(a)),对Fe2p3/2进行分峰可知(图8(c)),电子结合能在712.3eV、713.4eV、716.1eV分别对应特征峰Fe—O、Fe—S和Fe(Ⅲ)结构,表明在尾矿中铁主要以Fe3+形式存在;由S2p谱图可看出,结合能在168.9eV、170.1eV分别对应Fe—S和S2-特征峰(图8(b)),与Fe的结构刚好相对应,对Mo3d的图谱分析后发现,在电子结合能为231.4eV、233.1eV和234.1eV分别对应Mo—S、Mo(Ⅵ)和Mo—O的特征峰(图8(d)),前者与S2-相对应,后两者表明了Mo的价态为Mo(Ⅵ).由于Mo在辉钼矿中以Mo(IV)存在,XPS分析结果说明尾矿中的部分Mo在淋溶过程中发生Mo(IV)向Mo(VI)形态的转变[38].
尾矿库表层的氧化环境不仅有利于钼酸盐的生成,而且有利于尾矿中其他金属硫化物如黄铁矿的氧化,导致酸性废水的形成,促进了尾矿中Mo的溶出.钼尾矿和施氏矿物的XPS分析结果显示,从尾矿中淋滤出的Mo主要是以MoO42-的形式进入水体,在施氏矿物形成过程中,Mo通过静电吸附、化学键结合、晶格置换等形式与施氏矿物结合,赋存于沉积物中.前人研究报道,水溶性的Mo(VI)在氧化或半氧化环境中常以MoO42-形式存在,pH值低于4时,主要表现为质子化形式(水合MoO3),Mo(VI)也同时具有四面体和八面体两种配位构型,作为四面体阴离子,MoO42-能够替代施氏矿物结构中的SO42-,而八面体的水合MoO3则可能掺入施氏矿物的Fe-O八面体结构[39-40].在共沉淀过程中,施氏矿物中将近80%的SO42-可被MoO42-所取代,而这种取代不会改变形成的施氏矿物结构,反而会提高矿物的表面团聚程度和比表面积,然后进一步通过离子交换和表面络合吸附更多的Mo,因此,在水体沉积物中会表现出高浓度的Mo[41].然而,由于施氏矿物生成环境的不同(如铁还原菌活动、浮选药剂类型和含量、水体pH和氧含量等),导致施氏矿物的矿物学形态产生差异,同时也影响着Mo的赋存形态,Mo(VI)在沉积物中部分被还原为Mo(IV).
由于矿区环境多变,如温度、降水等,沉积物中所赋存的Mo可能会向水体环境中释放,造成二次污染.为了进一步研究沉积物中Mo的浸出行为,在室温条件下,分别选取LN-2、LN-3、JT-2开展沉积物水浸实验.称取(1±0.001)g沉积物样品,以去离子水(pH=6.5)250mL为浸取液,在180r/min条件下振荡反应,对沉积物中重金属Mo的释放进行探究,浸提周期为49d,每7d取样测定浸出液中Mo的浓度,实验结果如图9所示.研究发现在整个浸提过程中浸出液中Mo的浓度呈现出先升高后下降再升高的趋势,这可能与浸出过程中施氏矿物发生转化所致,在浸出前期(1∼3星期),施氏矿物中所赋存的Mo持续向水环境中释放,在浸提中期(4∼6星期),水环境中Mo出现一定程度的降低,浸出后期(6∼7星期)水环境中Mo含量又逐渐上升.前人研究表明,在自然环境中施氏矿物会逐步向针铁矿发生缓慢氧化,并且pH值越高转化速率越快,在转化过程中会引起所固存重金属离子的二次释放,从而产生一定的环境风险[42].从总体来看,聚球状施氏矿物LN-2与JT-2中Mo的释放能力分别高于刺猬状施氏矿物LN-3与JT-3,说明刺猬状施氏矿物由于具有更强的结晶性,能够更好的固存Mo,从而降低施氏矿物中Mo向环境中的释放.深入开展环境因素和矿物转化对Mo的迁移转化影响,对理清钼矿区Mo的环境化学行为是十分必要.
3.1 东秦岭钼矿区大部分采样点位的pH值都低于限定值5.5,水体受AMD影响出现一定的酸化.水体中重金属浓度顺序为:Mo > Cd > Pb > Fe > Cu > Cr,依据《地表水环境质量标准》(GB 3838-2002),其中各采样点Mo的超标率最高,最高达到了21600倍.根据地累积指数计算可知,所有样品的Igeo计算数值均大于5,表明研究区存在极强的Mo污染.且部分水体还存在有机物污染,主要来源于浮选药剂.
3.2 研究区的酸性矿山废水汇入河流后会产生大量沉积物,沉积物因形成条件的不同,形成“聚球状”和“刺猬状”不同形态的施氏矿物,并且对Mo表现出显著的固存作用.
3.3 尾矿中的Mo以Mo(VI)形态存在,赋存于施氏矿物中的Mo以Mo(VI)和Mo(IV)的形式共存,Mo在尾矿淋溶到施氏矿物固存的过程中发生Mo(VI)向Mo(IV)的转化.赋存于施氏矿物中的Mo在外界环境发生改变时会向环境中持续释放,其释放规律与施氏矿物的形态密切相关,结晶度较高的施氏矿物更有利于Mo的固存.
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(41702038; 22376133)
  • 陕西省科技创新团队项目(2022TD-09)
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2025年第45卷第2期
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  • 接收时间:2024-07-30
  • 首发时间:2026-03-17
  • 出版时间:2025-02-20
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  • 收稿日期:2024-07-30
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国家自然科学基金资助项目(41702038; 22376133)
陕西省科技创新团队项目(2022TD-09)
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    1.陕西科技大学环境科学与工程学院,陕西 西安 710021
    2.陕西环保集团生态建设管理有限公司,陕西 西安 710065

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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