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Oxygen vacancy-rich magnesium oxide (OV-MgO) microrods were prepared through the combination of chemical precipitation method with high-temperature calcination. The effects of adsorbent dosage, pH values of the solution, coexisting ions and humic acid on the phosphate removal performance were explored. The adsorption kinetic and isotherm models were used to analyze the mass transfer process and the equilibrium characteristics of phosphate adsorption. X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) were adopted to reveal the phosphate adsorption mechanisms. The results indicated that OV-MgO microrod was a mesoporous material with a total pore volume of 0.18cm3/g, and had a good acid resistance. The phosphate adsorption was influenced by SO42− and HCO3 ions, but its adsorption capacity only decreased by 5.18% and 4.67%, respectively, exhibiting an extremely high selectivity. NH4+ and Ca2+ ions present in the solution contributed to the phosphate adsorption based on the formation of struvite crystals and calcium phosphate precipitates. The adsorption of phosphate on OV MgO nanorods followed the fractal-like pseudo-first-order kinetic model (Adj. R2=0.9979 and RMSE=3.25). The fitting result of the Vermeulen model indicated that the intraparticle diffusion was the rate-controlling step. The maximum adsorption capacity predicted by the Langmuir isotherm model was 267.1mg/g (as PO43−-P). The adsorption mechanisms of phosphate mainly included ligand exchange, surface precipitation and oxygen vacancy capture.

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通过化学沉淀法耦合高温煅烧制备了富含氧空位氧化镁(OV-MgO)微米棒,探究了吸附剂投加量、溶液pH值以及共存离子和腐殖酸对其除磷特性的影响,采用吸附动力学和等温线模型分析了磷酸盐吸附的传质过程和平衡特性,并通过X射线衍射(XRD)、傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)、电子顺磁共振(EPR)和X射线光电子能谱(XPS)等揭示了磷酸盐的吸附机理.结果表明, OV-MgO微米棒是一种介孔材料,总孔容为0.18cm3/g,在pH=3~6时具有良好的耐酸性.磷酸盐吸附受SO42−和HCO3离子的影响,但其吸附量仅分别下降了5.18%和4.67%,表现出极高的选择性.溶液中存在的NH4+和Ca2+离子可通过形成鸟粪石晶体和磷酸钙沉淀促进磷酸盐吸附.磷酸盐在OV-MgO微米棒上吸附遵循分形伪一级动力学模型(Adj.R2=0.9979和RMSE=3.25).Vermeulen模型的拟合结果表明,颗粒内扩散是速率控制步骤.Langmuir等温线模型预测的最大吸附量为267.1mg/g (以PO43−-P计).磷酸盐吸附机理主要包括配体交换、表面沉淀和氧空位捕捉.

, correspAuthors=胡启立, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*责任编辑,讲师,
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胡启立(1989-),男,四川成都人,四川轻化工大学讲师,主要从事水污染控制与资源化.发表论文28篇. .

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胡启立(1989-),男,四川成都人,四川轻化工大学讲师,主要从事水污染控制与资源化.发表论文28篇. .

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胡启立(1989-),男,四川成都人,四川轻化工大学讲师,主要从事水污染控制与资源化.发表论文28篇. .

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Fitting results of kinetic and isotherm models

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动力学模型参数等温线模型参数
伪一级动力学模型qe (mg/g)186.3Langmuir模型qmax (mg/g)267.1
k1 (min−1)8.50 × 10−3KL (L/mg)1.44
Adj. R20.9761Adj. R20.9744
RMSE11.0RMSE13.1
分形伪一级动力学模型qe (mg/g)199.1Freundlich模型KF (L1/n/(g·mg(1+1/n)))136.7
k1,0 (min−(1−h))2.53 × 10−2n5.52
h0.346Adj. R20.8528
Adj. R20.9979RMSE31.4
RMSE3.25
Vermeulen模型qe (mg/g)196.8
D (cm2/min)1.35 × 10−9
Adj. R20.9964
RMSE4.29
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动力学和等温线模型的拟合结果

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动力学模型参数等温线模型参数
伪一级动力学模型qe (mg/g)186.3Langmuir模型qmax (mg/g)267.1
k1 (min−1)8.50 × 10−3KL (L/mg)1.44
Adj. R20.9761Adj. R20.9744
RMSE11.0RMSE13.1
分形伪一级动力学模型qe (mg/g)199.1Freundlich模型KF (L1/n/(g·mg(1+1/n)))136.7
k1,0 (min−(1−h))2.53 × 10−2n5.52
h0.346Adj. R20.8528
Adj. R20.9979RMSE31.4
RMSE3.25
Vermeulen模型qe (mg/g)196.8
D (cm2/min)1.35 × 10−9
Adj. R20.9964
RMSE4.29
), ArticleFig(id=1240689611815571489, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689594417599358, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Performance comparison of metal (hydr)oxides for phosphate removal

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吸附剂制备方法比表面积(m2/g)pHpzc动力学模型等温线模型qmax(mg/g)参考文献
LMO-AA3水浴蒸发+煅烧+酸溶解51.526.52伪二级Redlich-Peterson113.48[31]
FMBO共沉淀法213.347.81ElovichFreundlich28.6[32]
Fe-Ti共沉淀法3846伪二级Langmuir42.1[33]
CeO2溶剂热法25.94伪二级Langmuir80.5[10]
MgLa-LDH共沉淀法+老化649.37伪二级Langmuir121.6[34]
NiLa-LDOs/Fe3O4水热法+共沉淀法+煅烧97.7111.7伪二级Langmuir203.1[35]
OV-MgO化学沉淀+煅烧62.35> 11分形伪一级Langmuir267.1本研究
), ArticleFig(id=1240689611941400621, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689594417599358, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

金属(氢)氧化物的除磷特性比较

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
吸附剂制备方法比表面积(m2/g)pHpzc动力学模型等温线模型qmax(mg/g)参考文献
LMO-AA3水浴蒸发+煅烧+酸溶解51.526.52伪二级Redlich-Peterson113.48[31]
FMBO共沉淀法213.347.81ElovichFreundlich28.6[32]
Fe-Ti共沉淀法3846伪二级Langmuir42.1[33]
CeO2溶剂热法25.94伪二级Langmuir80.5[10]
MgLa-LDH共沉淀法+老化649.37伪二级Langmuir121.6[34]
NiLa-LDOs/Fe3O4水热法+共沉淀法+煅烧97.7111.7伪二级Langmuir203.1[35]
OV-MgO化学沉淀+煅烧62.35> 11分形伪一级Langmuir267.1本研究
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富含氧空位氧化镁微米棒选择性除磷性能与机理
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胡启立 1, 2, * , 庞舒月 2
中国环境科学 | 水污染与控制 2025,45(2): 776-786
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中国环境科学 | 水污染与控制 2025, 45(2): 776-786
富含氧空位氧化镁微米棒选择性除磷性能与机理
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胡启立1, 2, * , 庞舒月2
作者信息
  • 1.四川轻化工大学化学与环境工程学院,四川 自贡 643000
  • 2.成都理工大学生态环境学院,四川 成都 610059
  • 胡启立(1989-),男,四川成都人,四川轻化工大学讲师,主要从事水污染控制与资源化.发表论文28篇. .

通讯作者:

*责任编辑,讲师,
Selective phosphate removal of oxygen vacancy-rich magnesium oxide microrods: Performance and mechanism
Qi-li HU1, 2, * , Shu-yue PANG2
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Sichuan University of Science & Engineering, Zigong 643000, China
  • 2.College of Ecology and Environment, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu 610059, China
出版时间: 2025-02-20
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通过化学沉淀法耦合高温煅烧制备了富含氧空位氧化镁(OV-MgO)微米棒,探究了吸附剂投加量、溶液pH值以及共存离子和腐殖酸对其除磷特性的影响,采用吸附动力学和等温线模型分析了磷酸盐吸附的传质过程和平衡特性,并通过X射线衍射(XRD)、傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)、电子顺磁共振(EPR)和X射线光电子能谱(XPS)等揭示了磷酸盐的吸附机理.结果表明, OV-MgO微米棒是一种介孔材料,总孔容为0.18cm3/g,在pH=3~6时具有良好的耐酸性.磷酸盐吸附受SO42−和HCO3离子的影响,但其吸附量仅分别下降了5.18%和4.67%,表现出极高的选择性.溶液中存在的NH4+和Ca2+离子可通过形成鸟粪石晶体和磷酸钙沉淀促进磷酸盐吸附.磷酸盐在OV-MgO微米棒上吸附遵循分形伪一级动力学模型(Adj.R2=0.9979和RMSE=3.25).Vermeulen模型的拟合结果表明,颗粒内扩散是速率控制步骤.Langmuir等温线模型预测的最大吸附量为267.1mg/g (以PO43−-P计).磷酸盐吸附机理主要包括配体交换、表面沉淀和氧空位捕捉.

吸附  /  磷酸盐  /  氧空位  /  选择性  /  机理

Oxygen vacancy-rich magnesium oxide (OV-MgO) microrods were prepared through the combination of chemical precipitation method with high-temperature calcination. The effects of adsorbent dosage, pH values of the solution, coexisting ions and humic acid on the phosphate removal performance were explored. The adsorption kinetic and isotherm models were used to analyze the mass transfer process and the equilibrium characteristics of phosphate adsorption. X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) were adopted to reveal the phosphate adsorption mechanisms. The results indicated that OV-MgO microrod was a mesoporous material with a total pore volume of 0.18cm3/g, and had a good acid resistance. The phosphate adsorption was influenced by SO42− and HCO3 ions, but its adsorption capacity only decreased by 5.18% and 4.67%, respectively, exhibiting an extremely high selectivity. NH4+ and Ca2+ ions present in the solution contributed to the phosphate adsorption based on the formation of struvite crystals and calcium phosphate precipitates. The adsorption of phosphate on OV MgO nanorods followed the fractal-like pseudo-first-order kinetic model (Adj. R2=0.9979 and RMSE=3.25). The fitting result of the Vermeulen model indicated that the intraparticle diffusion was the rate-controlling step. The maximum adsorption capacity predicted by the Langmuir isotherm model was 267.1mg/g (as PO43−-P). The adsorption mechanisms of phosphate mainly included ligand exchange, surface precipitation and oxygen vacancy capture.

adsorption  /  phosphate  /  oxygen vacancy  /  selectivity  /  mechanism
胡启立, 庞舒月. 富含氧空位氧化镁微米棒选择性除磷性能与机理. 中国环境科学, 2025 , 45 (2) : 776 -786 .
Qi-li HU, Shu-yue PANG. Selective phosphate removal of oxygen vacancy-rich magnesium oxide microrods: Performance and mechanism[J]. China Environmental Science, 2025 , 45 (2) : 776 -786 .
磷和氮是我国水体富营养化的两种限制性营养元素[1-4].为了有效降低水体富营养化治理成本,应采取“放宽控氮、集中控磷”的策略[5].因此,研发高效的除磷技术对减轻受纳水体磷污染具有重要的现实意义.选择性吸附具有操作简单、二次污染小、成本效益高、甚至完全去除微量污染物等优势,在处理含磷废水时极具竞争和发展潜力[6-7].常用的吸附剂有生物质基材料、天然矿物类材料、金属氧化物、金属有机框架(MOFs)、层状双氢氧化物(LDHs)等.其中,金属氧化物因其对磷酸盐具有很高的特异性亲和力而被认为是一种极具应用前景的吸附材料,在强化除磷研究中受到广泛关注[8].据报道,铝改性沸石[1]、La/Fe氧化物[9]和CeO2颗粒[10]的最大吸附量分别为26.2、94.9和77.08mg/g.在处理过程中存在的主要问题是磷酸盐的吸附量偏低,并且易受溶液中共存离子的干扰,这就限制了它们在工业规模上的应用.因此,迫切需要开发一种高效、选择性好的除磷吸附剂以有效控制磷排放.
近年来,氧空位捕捉在污水除磷研究中逐渐受到关注.在金属(氢)氧化物表面引入氧空位以增加配位不饱和金属原子的数量,有助于提高其吸附性能[11-12].在金属(氢)氧化物中引入氧空位的常用方法包括水热/溶剂热法、共沉淀法、溶胶-凝胶法、高温煅烧及其组合.例如,碳模板法耦合高温煅烧合成的介孔La/Zr氧化物,其最大吸附量为94.3mg/g[11].共沉淀法制备的富含氧空位的LAH-1/10复合材料,其吸附量高达128.2mg/g[13].据报道,金属镁在地壳中的丰度高达0.029,并且对磷酸盐具有很高的亲和力(pKsp=23.98)[14].借此,本研究采用化学沉淀法耦合高温煅烧制备了富含氧空位氧化镁微米棒,有效克服了当前除磷材料吸附量低、选择性差等问题,通过探究其除磷性能与机理,可为研发富含氧空位的金属氧化物材料提供理论参考.
本研究使用的化学试剂均为分析纯,采用化学沉淀法耦合高温煅烧制备富含氧空位氧化镁微米棒,具体制备过程如下:准确称取5.128g六水合硝酸镁溶于100mL去离子水中,在磁力搅拌下滴加25mL碳酸钠溶液(0.8mol/L),继续搅拌12h.经离心、洗涤、干燥后研成粉末(该粉末记为OV-MgO的前体物),并置于马弗炉中煅烧,以5℃/min的升温速率升至500℃,并保持4h,即可获得OV-MgO微米棒.
采用场发射扫描电子显微镜(FESEM)耦合能谱仪(EDS)观察磷酸盐吸附前后OV-MgO的表面形貌特征并测定其表面元素含量(JSM-7800F Prime,JEOL,日本),全自动比表面积及孔隙度分析仪(BET)测定OV-MgO的比表面积、孔容和孔径分布(Quadrasorb-evoTM,Quantachrome,美国);激光粒度分析仪(LPSA)测定OV-MgO的粒径分布(Mastersizer 2000,Malvern,英国);Zeta电位仪测定磷酸盐吸附前后OV-MgO的零电荷点(Zetasizer Nano S90,Malvern,英国);X射线衍射仪(XRD)分析磷酸盐吸附前后OV-MgO的晶体结构(SmartLab 9,Rigaku日本);电子顺磁共振仪(EPR)测定前体物以及磷酸盐吸附前后OV-MgO的氧空位(A-300,Bruker,德国);傅里叶变换红外光谱仪(FTIR)识别磷酸盐吸附前后OV-MgO的表面官能团(Nicolet 670,Thermo Fisher Scientific,美国);X射线光电子能谱仪(XPS)分析Mg 1s、O 1s和P 2p的化学态(ESCALAB 250Xi,Thermo Fisher Scientific,美国).
本研究所述的磷酸盐浓度或吸附量均以PO43−-P计,采用电阻率为18.2MΩ·cm的去离子水配置所需浓度的磷酸盐溶液.除非另有说明,所有批实验按如下方式进行:将0.05g吸附剂分别加入一系列含有100mL磷酸盐溶液(100mg/L)的锥形瓶中,并置于恒温水浴摇床中,转速为150r/min,反应温度为25℃,反应时间为24h.测量前,待测水样均采用0.45µm一次性滤膜过滤.反应后,溶液中的Mg2+浓度通过离子色谱仪测定(ICS600,Thermo Fisher Scientific,美国),并采用紫外-可见分光光度计在波长700nm处测定磷酸盐浓度(UV759CRT,佑科仪器,中国).研究了吸附剂投加量(0.1~0.7g/L)、初始磷酸盐浓度(20~200mg/L)、溶液pH值(3~11)、反应时间(2min~ 24h)、共存无机离子(Cl、NO3、SO42−、HCO3、Na+、K+、Ca2+和NH4+;浓度为1和3mmol/L)和腐殖酸(HA;浓度为30和50 mg/L)对磷酸盐吸附性能的影响,所需的溶液pH值通过NaOH或HCl溶液(1mol/L)进行调节,将不同反应时间和初始磷酸盐浓度下所获得的实验结果分别用于动力学和等温线研究.
为了探究磷酸盐吸附过程中的动态吸附行为和传质路径,本研究采用伪一级动力学模型、分形伪一级动力学模型和Vermeulen模型分析磷酸盐在OV-MgO微米棒上吸附的动力学数据.
式中:qtqe分别表示t时刻和平衡时刻OV-MgO对磷酸盐的单位吸附量(mg/g);k1为伪一级速率常数(min−1);k1,0为分形伪一级速率常数(min−(1−h));h为分形指数,是一个无量纲常数(0≤h≤1);D为颗粒内扩散系数(cm2/min);r为吸附剂颗粒的平均半径(cm);t为反应时间(min).
为了评估OV-MgO微米棒对磷酸盐的亲和力和预测最大吸附量,本研究采用Langmuir和Freundlich等温线模型分析不同初始磷酸盐浓度下的平衡数据.
式中:qe为平衡时刻OV-MgO对磷酸盐的单位吸附量,mg/g;Ce为平衡时刻的磷酸盐浓度,mg/L;qmax为最大吸附量,mg/g;KL为吸附平衡常数,L/mg;KFn为与温度有关的经验常数(KF的单位为L1/n/(g·mg(1+1/n)),n是无量纲的).
本研究通过OriginPro 2021软件内置的Levenberg-Marquardt算法对动力学和等温线数据进行拟合,拟合曲线的置信水平为95%.误差统计量可用于定量评价动力学和等温线模型的拟合质量,如校正决定系数(Adj. R2)和均方根误差(RMSE).Adj. R2的优势在于消除了自由度的不利影响,即其值不受模型参数个数的影响;而RMSE消除了动力学和等温线数据点数量的影响.
式中:yi为实测的吸附量(y表示qtqe为模型预测的吸附量;为所有实测吸附量的平均值;n为动力学或平衡数据的数量;p为动力学或等温线模型参数的数量.
为了观察磷酸盐吸附前后OV-MgO的表面形貌特征,本研究采用了场发射扫描电子显微镜对其进行表征.如图1所示,OV-MgO呈棒状结构,表面较为光滑、致密且缺乏多孔结构,其表面附着了一些碎屑物.吸附磷酸盐后,OV-MgO微米棒的颗粒尺寸变得更加均匀.表面也变得相对疏松,并附有许多细小的薄片.EDS测试结果表明,镁(Mg)、氧(O)、碳(C)元素的质量百分比分别为29.3%、30.8%和39.5%;吸附磷酸盐后,镁元素的含量下降至19.5%,表明吸附过程中有大量的镁离子溶出.经离子色谱仪测定,溶液中Mg2+离子浓度约为3.2mg/L.此外,磷元素的含量达到7.3%,表明OV-MgO微米棒对磷酸盐具有很高的亲和力.
图2(a)所示,OV-MgO的比表面积为62.35m2/g,总孔容为0.18cm3/g和平均孔径为11.75nm. N2吸附-解吸等温线显示了IV型并具有H3滞后环.在低相对压力下,N2以单层吸附为主;随着相对压力的增加,N2的吸附量迅速增加;当相对压力增加到一临界值时,会在孔中发生冷凝现象.当孔隙宽度超过一定的临界宽度时,毛细凝结会伴随着滞后环,表明OV-MgO微米棒是一种介孔材料[17].OV-MgO的微孔(<2nm)、介孔(2~50nm)和大孔(>50nm)分别占4.04%、83.1%和12.8%.如图2(b)所示,OV-MgO的颗粒尺寸主要集中在3.17~70.96µm之间,达到84.5%,其平均粒径为19.56µm.
投加量是衡量吸附剂除磷效果的重要工艺参数之一,适量地投加吸附剂可兼顾除磷效率和运行成本.如图3(a)所示,随着OV-MgO投加量的增加,吸附量逐渐降低,在0.1~0.7g/L范围内,吸附量相应地从304mg/g下降至141.5mg/g.这是因为在有限体积的磷酸盐溶液中,高投加量导致吸附剂表面活性位点不能被充分利用[18].此外,在高投加量下,OV-MgO微米棒可能发生团聚,致使其可利用的活性位点减少,进一步降低吸附量.相比之下,磷酸盐的去除率随着投加量的增加而迅速增加,这归因于高投加量下有足够多的吸附位点容纳水中的磷酸盐.当OV-MgO投加量为0.7g/L时,磷酸盐的去除率达到99.1%,可对水中磷酸盐进行深度去除.值得注意的是,当投加量超过0.5g/L时,除磷效率几乎保持不变.为了降低成本并保持较高的除磷效率,0.5g/L被认为是最佳投加量,并在后续的实验中使用.
溶液pH值不仅会影响吸附质的化学形态,而且会影响吸附剂的表面电荷和官能团解离,从而影响OV-MgO的除磷效率[19].如图3(b)所示,在初始pH =3~11范围内,OV-MgO的表面始终带正电荷,表明在所研究的pH值范围内,OV-MgO都可以通过静电吸引捕获溶液中的磷酸盐.磷酸盐吸附后,OV-MgO的zeta电位均下降,它的零电荷点在pH = 3.63处取得.值得注意的是,在pH = 3.63~11范围内,OV-MgO的zeta电位为负,但是仍有大量的磷酸盐被吸附,这表明静电吸引并不是磷酸盐吸附的主要原因.如图3(c)所示,在pH = 3~6时,吸附量几乎保持不变.这是因为在低pH值条件下,OV-MgO微米棒在磷酸盐溶液中发生质子化,形成≡MgOH+[20],使得吸附剂表面带正电荷,可通过静电吸引捕获溶液中的磷酸盐.如图3(d)所示,在该pH值范围内,磷酸盐以H2PO4为主,因其吸附自由能较低而更容易被OV-MgO吸附[21].当溶液pH值超过6时,OV-MgO对磷酸盐的吸附量开始下降.在pH=7~11时,磷酸盐形态由H2PO4转变为HPO42−,吸附自由能增大,并且随着溶液pH值的升高,OV-MgO表面质子化减弱,在高pH值条件下甚至使吸附剂表面携带负电荷,对磷酸盐产生静电排斥,同时大量的OH离子会与磷酸盐竞争吸附位点,导致吸附量下降[22].当达到吸附平衡时,所有溶液pH值均保持在11.2以上,这是由于吸附剂表面质子化以及溶液中磷酸根离子与吸附剂表面羟基发生配体交换所致.
实际含磷废水中往往存在多种成分,必须考虑共存的典型化合物对磷酸盐吸附性能的影响[17].共存阴离子通常会与磷酸盐竞争吸附剂表面的活性位点,从而干扰磷酸盐吸附[23].如图4所示,Cl和NO3离子对磷酸盐吸附仅有轻微的抑制作用,并且随着它们的浓度增加而未显著抑制磷酸盐吸附.由于SO42−的离子半径与磷酸盐相似,在磷酸盐吸附过程中会占据吸附位点[24].HCO3是弱酸根离子,在水溶液中发生水解产生OH离子,致使溶液pH值增加,不利于磷酸盐吸附[25].SO42−和HCO3离子在高浓度(3mmol/L)下对磷酸盐吸附干扰相对较大,但吸附量仅分别下降了5.18%和4.67%.由此可见,OV-MgO微米棒对磷酸盐具有很高的选择性,有利于选择性回收磷酸盐.对不同的阳离子而言,不同浓度的Na+和K+离子对磷酸盐吸附几乎没有影响,而NH4+和Ca2+离子对磷酸盐吸附具有明显的促进作用.NH4+离子在磷酸盐溶液中会与OV-MgO微米棒溶出的Mg2+离子反应,从而形成鸟粪石晶体(MgNH4PO4·6H2O),有利于磷酸盐去除[24].由于Ca2+离子能与磷酸盐反应形成磷酸钙沉淀,并且它还能够降低带负电荷的吸附剂表面与磷酸盐之间的静电排斥,从而促进了磷酸盐去除[26].在高浓度(3mmol/L)的NH4+和Ca2+离子存在下,磷酸盐吸附量没有明显增加,这是由于溶液中磷酸盐几近完全去除.由于腐殖酸(HA)易被金属氧化物吸附[27],本研究采用HA作为代表性的溶解性有机物来研究其对磷酸盐吸附性能的影响.HA对磷酸盐吸附的干扰作用较小,在50mg/L HA存在下,吸附量仅降低了3.47%.因此,OV-MgO微米棒具有从复杂水体中选择性回收磷酸盐的特性.
磷酸盐在OV-MgO微米棒上吸附的动力学过程如图5(a)所示.在最初的200min内,吸附量快速增加;随着吸附的进行,吸附量的增长速率变缓,并最终在24h达到吸附平衡,OV-MgO对磷酸盐的平衡吸附量为197.5mg/g.这种变化趋势主要取决于吸附过程中吸附剂的活性位点数量和磷酸盐的传质效率.与伪一级动力学模型相比,分形伪一级动力学模型能更准确地描述磷酸盐在OV-MgO微米棒上吸附的动力学数据.伪一级动力学模型的基本假设是吸附速率常数k1不随时间而变化,这无法描述非均相吸附系统中扩散受限的传质过程[28].分形伪一级动力学模型假设在非均匀的吸附剂表面上吸附质在吸附过程中逐渐占据具有更高活化能的活性位点,从而导致吸附速率常数随时间以幂函数形式不断减小[29].从数学的角度分析,伪一级动力学模型是分形伪一级动力学模型在h = 0时的一个特例.由于在进行曲线拟合时,可调参数h将使得曲线拟合更加灵活.如表1所示,分形伪一级动力学模型具有更高的Adj. R2值和更低的RMSE值,并且预测的吸附量(199.1mg/g)与实测值(197.5mg/g)更接近,表明磷酸盐在OV-MgO微米棒上吸附遵循分形伪一级动力学模型.非均相吸附系统中的传质过程通常包含体相运输、膜扩散、颗粒内扩散和吸附反应四个连续的步骤[30].Vermeulen模型能够很好地描述磷酸盐在OV-MgO微米棒上吸附的动力学数据,并且误差统计量进一步确认了拟合优度,表明颗粒内扩散是整个磷酸盐吸附过程中的速率控制步骤.
本研究采用Langmuir和Freundlich模型分析磷酸盐在OV-MgO微米棒上吸附的平衡数据.如图5(b)所示,吸附量随浓度的增加而增加,这是由于低能量的活性位点在高浓度梯度下被磷酸盐逐渐占据.Langmuir模型提供的拟合曲线可以更好地描述平衡数据,并且具有更高的Adj. R2值(0.9744)和更低的RMSE值(13.1).因此,磷酸盐在OV-MgO微米棒上的吸附服从Langmuir模型.从数学的角度分析,Freundlich模型本质上可看作是一个幂函数.在高浓度下,Freundlich模型不收敛,因而无法准确描述等温线数据.在低浓度下,它不满足亨利定律,因缺乏坚实的热力学基础而饱受质疑.因此,Freundlich模型仅适用于中等浓度范围内的等温线数据.相比之下,Langmuir模型既可以在低浓度下简化为线性等温线模型,又可以在高浓度下收敛.因此,Langmuir模型提供的拟合曲线与平衡数据更吻合,预测的最大吸附量为267.1mg/g.
在本研究中,比较了6种典型金属(氢)氧化物与OV-MgO微米棒的除磷特性.如表2所示,LaMnO3钙钛矿氧化物(LMO-AA3)和铁钛二元氧化物(Fe-Ti)的零电荷点分别出现在pH = 6.52和pH = 6,在碱性条件下因静电排斥而不利于磷酸盐去除.铁锰二元氧化物(FMBO)可通过简单的共沉淀法制取,但其吸附量较低(28.6mg/g),除磷效果不佳.此外,LMO-AA3和FMBO所含的Mn元素具有毒性,在除磷过程中可能溶出,存在二次污染的风险.氧化铈(CeO2)、镁镧层状双氢氧化物(MgLa-LDH)和磁性多孔镍镧层状双金属氧化物(NiLa-LDOs/Fe3O4)具有较好的除磷特性,但这些吸附剂中所含的稀土元素(Ce和La)价格昂贵,导致处理成本较高.相比之下,OV-MgO微米棒不含有毒有害成分,在除磷过程中不会造成二次污染.在各种无机阴离子和腐殖酸存在时,OV-MgO微米棒具有很高的选择性,可用于从复杂水体中选择性回收磷酸盐.若将其作为缓释肥料,既降低了处理成本,又有望实现资源化利用.本研究通过化学沉淀法耦合高温煅烧即可快速制备OV-MgO微米棒,其富含氧空位这一特性是其他金属(氢)氧化物所无法比拟的.由于OV-MgO表面氧空位的强化除磷作用,最大吸附量达到267.1mg/g.因此,OV-MgO微米棒具有高效、经济和环保等特点,具备大规模应用的潜力.
本研究通过XRD、FTIR、EPR和XPS揭示磷酸盐在OV-MgO微米棒上的吸附机理.如图6所示,根据Jade 6.5软件内置的标准卡片(PDF#71-1176),在2θ = 36.9°、42.9°、62.2°、74.6°和78.5°处的衍射峰归属于氧化镁的特征峰,分别对应着晶面(111)、(200)、(220)、(311)和(222). OV-MgO微米棒具有较宽的衍射峰,这表明OV-MgO微米棒的结晶度较低.磷酸盐吸附后,OV-MgO微米棒中检测出Mg(OH)2,表明OV-MgO微米棒在磷酸盐溶液中通过表面质子化转化为Mg(OH)2.此外,还检测到了Mg3(PO42·10H2O结晶物,这是由于在适宜pH值条件下,当构晶离子(Mg2+和PO43−)的浓度超过饱和浓度时,因表面沉淀作用而产生,即表面沉淀是磷酸盐吸附的主要原因之一.
图7(a)所示,在3702和449cm−1处的两个峰均属于Mg–O振动[36-37].在磷酸盐吸附后,峰的强度减弱,表明吸附剂与磷酸盐产生了相互作用.1421cm−1处的峰属于CO32−的特征吸收峰,可归因于OV-MgO前体物制备时引入的CO32−离子以及OV-MgO存放过程中吸收空气中的CO2所致[38].3424和1646cm−1的峰分别归因于羟基的伸缩振动和弯曲振动.在磷酸盐吸附后,前者的强度增加,后者为新出现的峰,这是由于OV-MgO在磷酸盐溶液中质子化引起的[39-40].在573和1061cm−1处新出现的峰属于P—O不对称伸缩振动,表明OV-MgO吸附磷酸盐的机制是形成内球形配合物[36,41].
EPR技术是检测材料是否存在氧空位最直接的工具.如图7(b)所示,OV-MgO的前体物在g=2.002处出现了较弱的峰,表明有少量氧空位形成.这是由于在化学沉淀阶段向硝酸镁溶液中加入碳酸钠溶液引起溶液pH值升高所致,pH值的变化对氧空位的生成有显著影响,这与共沉淀法制备富含氧空位MgLa-LDH的研究结果一致[34].OV-MgO的前体物经过高温煅烧后,在g=2.002处观察到一个极强的信号,表明有大量氧空位生成.在高温环境下,OV-MgO前体物的表面氧原子剧烈振动,晶格氧逸出而产生氧空位[42],从而导致OV-MgO微米棒中存在大量配位不饱和的Mg2+离子.这些配位不饱和位点可与磷酸根离子配位,从而强化除磷.据报道[11],表面氧空位可以降低反应动力学势垒,从而促进磷酸盐化学吸附的反应速率.磷酸盐吸附后,EPR峰的强度减弱,表明在磷酸盐吸附过程中OV-MgO表面上的氧空位捕获了大量的磷酸根离子. Zhou等[38]在聚苯乙烯磺酸钠存在下通过化学沉淀法耦合高温煅烧制备了MgO微球,其最大吸附量(75.13mg/g)远低于OV-MgO微米棒(267.1mg/g).因此,富含氧空位MgO微米棒具有良好的除磷性能.
为了进一步揭示磷酸盐在OV-MgO微米棒上的吸附机理,本研究通过XPSpeak 41软件对O 1s、Mg 1s和P 2p的XPS谱图进行分峰,从而确定这些元素所处的化学状态.如图8(a)所示,XPS全谱扫描光谱表明,OV-MgO吸附磷酸盐后出现了P 2p的特征峰,确认了磷酸盐被成功地吸附.如图8(b)所示,OV-MgO微米棒中P 2p的XPS光谱可分成两个子峰,分别属于PO43−和HPO42−[43],该结果与整个实验过程中溶液中磷酸盐的主要存在形态是一致的.如图8(c)所示,Mg 1s的XPS光谱也可以分成两个子峰,分别属于Mg–OH和Mg–O[44].据报道,MgO和Mg(OH)2对磷酸盐均具有很高的亲和力,主要通过配体交换与磷酸盐形成内球配合物[14].在磷酸盐吸附后,Mg 1s特征峰向结合能更大的方向移动,这是由于OV-MgO通过配体交换与磷酸盐形成了Mg3(PO42和MgHPO4.如图8(d)所示,OV-MgO微米棒中O 1s有三种化学状态,分别是晶格氧(OL)、羟基氧(OH)和氧空位(Ov[34]. OL和OH分别属于典型的金属-氧键和金属-羟基键[45].氧空位通常是键合氧原子从金属位点释放,产生更多的配位空间,从而捕获溶液中的磷酸根离子[46]. OV-MgO在吸附磷酸盐后,Ov的含量从24.1%下降到20.8%,表明大量的氧空位被磷酸根离子所占据.综上所述,磷酸盐在OV-MgO微米棒上的吸附机理主要包括表面沉淀、配体交换和氧空位捕捉.
3.1 OV-MgO属于介孔材料,比表面积为62.35m2/g,平均粒径是19.56µm.
3.2 OV-MgO具有良好的耐酸性,在pH = 3~6时,吸附量几乎保持不变.
3.3 SO42−和HCO3离子抑制磷酸盐吸附,但吸附量仅分别下降了5.18%和4.67%,因而OV-MgO表现出高选择性.此外,溶液中的NH4+和Ca2+离子可以促进磷酸盐吸附.
3.4 磷酸盐在OV-MgO微米棒上吸附服从分形伪一级动力学模型(Adj. R2为0.9979和RMSE为3.25),吸附平衡时间为24h.
3.5 Vermeulen模型的拟合结果表明,在磷酸盐吸附过程中,颗粒内扩散是速率控制步骤.
3.6 Langmuir等温线模型可以很好地描述平衡数据,预测的最大吸附量为267.1mg/g.
3.7 XRD、FTIR、EPR和XPS等表征结果表明,磷酸盐在OV-MgO微米棒上的吸附机理主要包括表面沉淀、配体交换和氧空位捕捉.
  • 四川省自然科学基金(2024NSFSC0888)
  • 四川轻化工大学第二批人才引进项目(2024RC060)
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2025年第45卷第2期
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  • 接收时间:2024-07-01
  • 首发时间:2026-03-17
  • 出版时间:2025-02-20
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  • 收稿日期:2024-07-01
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四川省自然科学基金(2024NSFSC0888)
四川轻化工大学第二批人才引进项目(2024RC060)
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    1.四川轻化工大学化学与环境工程学院,四川 自贡 643000
    2.成都理工大学生态环境学院,四川 成都 610059

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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Genus
种数
Number of
species
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species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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