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PM2.5 control in the Guanzhong region has achieved significant progress, but the situation regarding ozone pollution remains severe. To continue advancing the fine management of VOCs (volatile organic compounds) in the Guanzhong region, with Xi'an and Xianyang as representatives, six industries—packaging printing, electronic product manufacturing, industrial coatings, paint and ink manufacturing, furniture manufacturing, and rubber products — were selected for sample collection. This study examines the VOC emission profiles, ozone formation potential (OFP), and secondary aerosol formation potential (SOAFP) of typical industries in the Guanzhong region. The results show that in the packaging printing and industrial coating industries, the primary VOCs emitted are oxygenated volatile organic compounds (OVOCs) (53%~73%) and alkanes (17%~34%); in the electronic product manufacturing industry, they are OVOCs (68%) and alkenes (29%); in the paint and ink manufacturing industry, the main VOCs are OVOCs (61%) and aromatic hydrocarbons (22%); in the furniture manufacturing industry, the primary VOCs are aromatic hydrocarbons (78%) and OVOCs (19%); and in the rubber products industry, alkanes (78%) dominate. Key characteristic species emitted by typical industries in the Guanzhong region include ethanol, acetone, isopropanol, formaldehyde, ethyl acetate, and m-/p-xylene. Based on the Maximum Incremental Reactivity (MIR) method and the Aerosol Formation Coefficient (FAC) method, it was found that OVOCs, aromatic hydrocarbons, and alkenes are the main contributors to OFP, while aromatic hydrocarbons are the primary source of SOAFP. The major emission sources are the paint and ink manufacturing, industrial coatings, and furniture manufacturing industries, which should be prioritized for control.

, correspAuthors=Xiao-qing DANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Jing DONG, Shun-ji LI, Xiao-qing DANG, Jia-xin QU, He WANG, Shuo JI), CN=ArticleExt(id=1240689596690920138, articleId=1240689594207892097, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, language=CN, title=关中地区典型行业VOCs排放源成分谱及环境影响, columnId=1234106388364981004, journalTitle=中国环境科学, columnName=大气污染与控制, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

持续推进关中地区VOCs精细化管控,以西安市和咸阳市为代表,选取包装印刷、电子产品制造、工业涂装、涂料及油墨制造、家具制造和橡胶制品6个行业进行样品采集,研究关中地区典型行业VOCs排放源成分谱、臭氧生成潜势(OFP)和二次气溶胶生成潜势(SOAFP).结果表明:包装印刷和工业涂装行业主要排放VOCs为含氧挥发性有机物(OVOCs)(53%~73%)和烷烃(17%~34%);电子产品制造行业为OVOCs(68%)和烯烃(29%);涂料及油墨制造行业以OVOCs(61%)和芳香烃(22%)为主;家具制造行业以芳香烃(78%)和OVOCs(19%)为主;橡胶制品行业以烷烃(78%)为主.其中乙醇、丙酮、异丙醇、甲醛、乙酸乙酯、间/对-二甲苯为关中地区典型行业排放的主要特征物种.基于最大增量反应活性法(MIR)和气溶胶生成系数法(FAC),得出OVOCs、芳香烃和烯烃是OFP的主要来源,芳香烃是SOAFP的主要来源,主要排放来源为涂料及油墨制造、工业涂装和家具制造行业应重点管控.

, correspAuthors=党小庆, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*责任作者,教授,
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董静(1998-),女,陕西铜川人,西安建筑科技大学硕士研究生,主要研究方向为大气污染治理.发表论文1篇. .

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董静(1998-),女,陕西铜川人,西安建筑科技大学硕士研究生,主要研究方向为大气污染治理.发表论文1篇. .

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董静(1998-),女,陕西铜川人,西安建筑科技大学硕士研究生,主要研究方向为大气污染治理.发表论文1篇. .

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Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae202141(2):395-405., articleTitle=Emission characteristics and the formation potential for secondary pollutants of NMHCs from typical industries in a coastal city, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1240689607398977888, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689594207892097, awardId=2024SF-ZDCYL-05-06, language=CN, fundingSource=陕西省重点研发计划项目(2024SF-ZDCYL-05-06), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1240689607495446897, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689594207892097, awardId=2024SF-YBXM-569, language=CN, fundingSource=陕西省重点研发计划(2024SF-YBXM-569), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1240689596959355603, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689594207892097, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1240689596967744212, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689594207892097, companyId=1240689596959355603, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1240689596976132821, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689594207892097, companyId=1240689596959355603, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.西安建筑科技大学环境与市政工程学院,陕西 西安 710055)]), AuthorCompany(id=1240689598343475935, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689594207892097, xref=2., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1240689598351864544, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689594207892097, companyId=1240689598343475935, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.Xi'an Academy of Environmental Protection Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1240689598356058849, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689594207892097, companyId=1240689598343475935, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.西安市环境保护科学研究院,陕西 西安 710061)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1240689603758321741, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689594207892097, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Concentration and composition of VOCs in different sub-sectors, figureFileSmall=7PsFfjrVrkHqShmqJi7Tvw==, figureFileBig=EDAhUYb8WYPHAfFww7ub0A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240689604026757224, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689594207892097, language=CN, label=图1, caption=不同子行业VOCs浓度及组成, figureFileSmall=7PsFfjrVrkHqShmqJi7Tvw==, figureFileBig=EDAhUYb8WYPHAfFww7ub0A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240689604400050319, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689594207892097, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Concentration and coposition of VOCs in different industries, figureFileSmall=LScCZs+bKdgFXGnF4FHasQ==, figureFileBig=HXTypMhUqb1CssMUCzj+9Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240689604500713630, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689594207892097, language=CN, label=图2, caption=不同行业VOCs浓度及组成, figureFileSmall=LScCZs+bKdgFXGnF4FHasQ==, figureFileBig=HXTypMhUqb1CssMUCzj+9Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240689604664291509, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689594207892097, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=VOCs source spectrum results in typical industries, figureFileSmall=uyP1JeFS9brQzJmsaCLyOA==, figureFileBig=68aGFYlC7rMqe1Eadceqxg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240689604827869378, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689594207892097, language=CN, label=图3, caption=典型行业VOCs源谱结果

横坐标序号对应表2中VOCs组分

, figureFileSmall=uyP1JeFS9brQzJmsaCLyOA==, figureFileBig=68aGFYlC7rMqe1Eadceqxg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240689604932726994, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689594207892097, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=(a)SOAFP compositional contributions and SR(SOA) values for typical industries,(b) OFP composition contribution and SR(O3) value, figureFileSmall=+qj+YTmyKztNE7cEWYeN8Q==, figureFileBig=VQ2QTlERa1CghxW3/1VyTg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240689605037584606, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689594207892097, language=CN, label=图4, caption=(a)典型行业SOAFP组成贡献和SR(SOA)值及(b)OFP组成贡献和SR(O3)值, figureFileSmall=+qj+YTmyKztNE7cEWYeN8Q==, figureFileBig=VQ2QTlERa1CghxW3/1VyTg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240689605230522612, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689594207892097, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Top 10VOCs in typical industries (a) SR(O3) and (b) SR(SOA), figureFileSmall=6QzKY3b4tqvmQnJaCrOMig==, figureFileBig=kLBn/vW5vqVWRIvra2Ueug==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240689605356351750, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689594207892097, language=CN, label=图5, caption=典型行业(a) SR(O3)和(b) SR(SOA)中排名前10位VOCs, figureFileSmall=6QzKY3b4tqvmQnJaCrOMig==, figureFileBig=kLBn/vW5vqVWRIvra2Ueug==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240689605457015062, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689594207892097, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Sub-industry type and sampling information of enterprises

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
企业编号行业子行业类型排放环节采样点位有组织废气处理工艺
1包装印刷其他纸制品制造印刷、发泡、涂胶有机废气处理设施之后活性炭吸附
2书、报刊印刷/平板印刷、胶装电捕焦油器+活性炭吸附
3金属包装容器制造/凹版喷涂+烘干、油墨印刷+烘干湿式水旋+干式过滤+活性炭吸附+紫外光(UV)光解+活性炭吸附
4电子产品制造集成电路制造刷胶(含清洗)、烘烤、植球、回流焊、压膜活性炭吸附
5锂离子电池制造配料、搅拌制浆、涂覆、终端焊接、Can-cap激光焊接、激光密封活性炭吸附
6集成电路制造晶刻、蚀刻、网版印刷沸石转轮吸附脱附+蓄热式燃烧
7工业涂装汽车零部件及配件制造调漆喷漆水帘柜+干式过滤+UV光解+活性炭吸附
8安全、消防用金属制品制造注胶、热压、喷塑+烘干活性炭吸附
9铝压延加工天然气直燃固化炉干式过滤+活性炭吸附
10金属表面处理及热处理加工喷漆、烘干水帘柜+干式过滤+UV光解+活性炭吸附
11涂料及油墨制造涂料制造混合、分散搅拌、研磨、灌装干式过滤+活性炭吸附
12挤出布袋除尘+活性炭吸附
13分散、研磨、搅拌UV光解+活性炭吸附
14挤出、搅拌活性炭吸附
15家具制造木制家具制造喷漆、烘干水帘柜+干式过滤+UV光解+活性炭吸附
16喷漆、烘干干式过滤+活性炭吸附
17喷漆、贴皮、烘干UV光解+活性炭吸附
18喷漆、烘干活性炭吸附
19橡胶制品轮胎制造硫化等离子体+活性炭吸附
20橡胶零件制造平板硫化、硫化、开炼UV光解+低温等离子体+活性炭吸附
), ArticleFig(id=1240689605587038507, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689594207892097, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

子行业类型及企业采样信息

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
企业编号行业子行业类型排放环节采样点位有组织废气处理工艺
1包装印刷其他纸制品制造印刷、发泡、涂胶有机废气处理设施之后活性炭吸附
2书、报刊印刷/平板印刷、胶装电捕焦油器+活性炭吸附
3金属包装容器制造/凹版喷涂+烘干、油墨印刷+烘干湿式水旋+干式过滤+活性炭吸附+紫外光(UV)光解+活性炭吸附
4电子产品制造集成电路制造刷胶(含清洗)、烘烤、植球、回流焊、压膜活性炭吸附
5锂离子电池制造配料、搅拌制浆、涂覆、终端焊接、Can-cap激光焊接、激光密封活性炭吸附
6集成电路制造晶刻、蚀刻、网版印刷沸石转轮吸附脱附+蓄热式燃烧
7工业涂装汽车零部件及配件制造调漆喷漆水帘柜+干式过滤+UV光解+活性炭吸附
8安全、消防用金属制品制造注胶、热压、喷塑+烘干活性炭吸附
9铝压延加工天然气直燃固化炉干式过滤+活性炭吸附
10金属表面处理及热处理加工喷漆、烘干水帘柜+干式过滤+UV光解+活性炭吸附
11涂料及油墨制造涂料制造混合、分散搅拌、研磨、灌装干式过滤+活性炭吸附
12挤出布袋除尘+活性炭吸附
13分散、研磨、搅拌UV光解+活性炭吸附
14挤出、搅拌活性炭吸附
15家具制造木制家具制造喷漆、烘干水帘柜+干式过滤+UV光解+活性炭吸附
16喷漆、烘干干式过滤+活性炭吸附
17喷漆、贴皮、烘干UV光解+活性炭吸附
18喷漆、烘干活性炭吸附
19橡胶制品轮胎制造硫化等离子体+活性炭吸附
20橡胶零件制造平板硫化、硫化、开炼UV光解+低温等离子体+活性炭吸附
), ArticleFig(id=1240689605708673333, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689594207892097, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Summary of the correlation coefficients for analytical components, method detection limits, and standard curves of VOCs

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
VOCs类别序号VOCs物种方法检出限(×10-12,体积分数)相关系数(R2)VOCs类别序号VOCs物种方法检出限(×10-12体积分数)相关系数(R2)
烷烃1乙烷400.997OVOCs60异丙醇80.999
2丙烷190.99861甲基叔丁基醚50.999
3异丁烷240.99962乙酸乙烯酯60.999
4正丁烷170.99963乙酸乙酯60.999
5异戊烷130.99964四氢呋喃70.999
6正戊烷190.999651,4-二氧六环70.999
72,2-二甲基丁烷40.99966甲基丙烯酸甲酯50.999
8环戊烷130.999674-甲基-2-戊酮70.999
92,3-二甲基丁烷40.999682-己酮80.999
102-甲基戊烷240.99969甲醛200.999
113-甲基戊烷60.99970乙醛130.999
12正己烷180.99971丙烯醛190.999
13甲基环戊烷80.99972丙醛30.999
142,4-二甲基戊烷40.99973甲基丙烯醛30.999
15环己烷50.99974正丁醛60.999
162-甲基己烷70.999752-丁酮80.999
172,3-二甲基戊烷70.99976丁烯醛30.999
183-甲基己烷60.99977戊醛480.999
192,2,4-三甲基戊烷100.99978正己醛130.999
20正庚烷70.99979邻甲基苯甲醛60.999
21甲基环己烷50.999卤代烃80二氯二氟甲烷20.999
222,3,4-三甲基戊烷70.99981一氯甲烷80.999
232-甲基庚烷50.999821,2-二氯四氟乙烷120.999
243-甲基庚烷60.99983氯乙烯50.999
25正辛烷50.99984一溴甲烷30.999
26正壬烷40.99985氯乙烷20.999
27正癸烷20.99986一氟三氯甲烷20.999
28正十一烷40.999871,1-二氯乙烯30.999
29正十二烷40.99988二氯甲烷40.999
30乙烯390.99889三氟氯甲烷30.999
31丙烯420.99790反-1,2-二氯乙烯30.999
烯烃32正丁烯170.999卤代烃911,1-二氯乙烷30.999
33反-2-丁烯100.99992顺-1,2-二氯乙烯50.999
34顺-2-丁烯60.99993氯仿/三氯甲烷30.999
351-戊烯130.999941,2-二氯乙烷20.999
36异戊二烯50.999951,1,1-三氯乙烷30.999
37反-2-戊烯120.99996四氯化碳40.999
38顺-2-戊烯60.999971,2-二氯丙烷20.999
391-己烯30.99998一溴二氯甲烷30.999
401,3-丁二烯290.99999三氯乙烯20.999
芳香烃41150.999100顺-1,3-二氯丙烯40.999
42甲苯260.999101反-1,3-二氯丙烯30.999
43乙苯40.9991021,1,2-三氯乙烷10.999
44间,对-二甲苯80.999103二溴氯甲烷10.999
45苯乙烯60.9991041,2-二溴乙烷20.999
46邻-二甲苯30.999105四氯乙烯40.999
47异丙基苯40.999106氯苯10.999
48正丙基苯30.999107三溴甲烷20.999
49间-乙基甲苯20.9991081,1,2,2-四氯乙烷80.999
50对-乙基甲苯30.999109氯代甲苯80.999
511,3,5-三甲苯10.9991101,3-二氯苯80.999
52邻-乙基甲苯30.999111对二氯苯80.999
531,2,4-三甲苯20.999112邻二氯苯80.999
541,2,3-三甲苯20.9991131,2,4-三氯苯10.999
55间-二乙基苯20.999114六氯-1,3-丁二烯20.999
56对-二乙基苯20.999乙炔115乙炔490.998
5720.999二硫化碳116二硫化碳100.999
OVOCs58乙醇20.999
59丙酮300.999
), ArticleFig(id=1240689605813530949, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689594207892097, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

VOCs分析组分、方法检出限及标准曲线的相关系数汇总

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
VOCs类别序号VOCs物种方法检出限(×10-12,体积分数)相关系数(R2)VOCs类别序号VOCs物种方法检出限(×10-12体积分数)相关系数(R2)
烷烃1乙烷400.997OVOCs60异丙醇80.999
2丙烷190.99861甲基叔丁基醚50.999
3异丁烷240.99962乙酸乙烯酯60.999
4正丁烷170.99963乙酸乙酯60.999
5异戊烷130.99964四氢呋喃70.999
6正戊烷190.999651,4-二氧六环70.999
72,2-二甲基丁烷40.99966甲基丙烯酸甲酯50.999
8环戊烷130.999674-甲基-2-戊酮70.999
92,3-二甲基丁烷40.999682-己酮80.999
102-甲基戊烷240.99969甲醛200.999
113-甲基戊烷60.99970乙醛130.999
12正己烷180.99971丙烯醛190.999
13甲基环戊烷80.99972丙醛30.999
142,4-二甲基戊烷40.99973甲基丙烯醛30.999
15环己烷50.99974正丁醛60.999
162-甲基己烷70.999752-丁酮80.999
172,3-二甲基戊烷70.99976丁烯醛30.999
183-甲基己烷60.99977戊醛480.999
192,2,4-三甲基戊烷100.99978正己醛130.999
20正庚烷70.99979邻甲基苯甲醛60.999
21甲基环己烷50.999卤代烃80二氯二氟甲烷20.999
222,3,4-三甲基戊烷70.99981一氯甲烷80.999
232-甲基庚烷50.999821,2-二氯四氟乙烷120.999
243-甲基庚烷60.99983氯乙烯50.999
25正辛烷50.99984一溴甲烷30.999
26正壬烷40.99985氯乙烷20.999
27正癸烷20.99986一氟三氯甲烷20.999
28正十一烷40.999871,1-二氯乙烯30.999
29正十二烷40.99988二氯甲烷40.999
30乙烯390.99889三氟氯甲烷30.999
31丙烯420.99790反-1,2-二氯乙烯30.999
烯烃32正丁烯170.999卤代烃911,1-二氯乙烷30.999
33反-2-丁烯100.99992顺-1,2-二氯乙烯50.999
34顺-2-丁烯60.99993氯仿/三氯甲烷30.999
351-戊烯130.999941,2-二氯乙烷20.999
36异戊二烯50.999951,1,1-三氯乙烷30.999
37反-2-戊烯120.99996四氯化碳40.999
38顺-2-戊烯60.999971,2-二氯丙烷20.999
391-己烯30.99998一溴二氯甲烷30.999
401,3-丁二烯290.99999三氯乙烯20.999
芳香烃41150.999100顺-1,3-二氯丙烯40.999
42甲苯260.999101反-1,3-二氯丙烯30.999
43乙苯40.9991021,1,2-三氯乙烷10.999
44间,对-二甲苯80.999103二溴氯甲烷10.999
45苯乙烯60.9991041,2-二溴乙烷20.999
46邻-二甲苯30.999105四氯乙烯40.999
47异丙基苯40.999106氯苯10.999
48正丙基苯30.999107三溴甲烷20.999
49间-乙基甲苯20.9991081,1,2,2-四氯乙烷80.999
50对-乙基甲苯30.999109氯代甲苯80.999
511,3,5-三甲苯10.9991101,3-二氯苯80.999
52邻-乙基甲苯30.999111对二氯苯80.999
531,2,4-三甲苯20.999112邻二氯苯80.999
541,2,3-三甲苯20.9991131,2,4-三氯苯10.999
55间-二乙基苯20.999114六氯-1,3-丁二烯20.999
56对-二乙基苯20.999乙炔115乙炔490.998
5720.999二硫化碳116二硫化碳100.999
OVOCs58乙醇20.999
59丙酮300.999
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关中地区典型行业VOCs排放源成分谱及环境影响
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董静 1 , 李顺姬 1, 2 , 党小庆 1, * , 屈嘉鑫 1 , 王赫 1 , 吉硕 1
中国环境科学 | 大气污染与控制 2025,45(2): 619-628
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中国环境科学 | 大气污染与控制 2025, 45(2): 619-628
关中地区典型行业VOCs排放源成分谱及环境影响
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董静1 , 李顺姬1, 2, 党小庆1, * , 屈嘉鑫1, 王赫1, 吉硕1
作者信息
  • 1.西安建筑科技大学环境与市政工程学院,陕西 西安 710055
  • 2.西安市环境保护科学研究院,陕西 西安 710061
  • 董静(1998-),女,陕西铜川人,西安建筑科技大学硕士研究生,主要研究方向为大气污染治理.发表论文1篇. .

通讯作者:

*责任作者,教授,
Source composition spectrum and environmental impact of VOCs emission from typical industries in Guanzhong Region
Jing DONG1 , Shun-ji LI1, 2, Xiao-qing DANG1, * , Jia-xin QU1, He WANG1, Shuo JI1
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China
  • 2.Xi'an Academy of Environmental Protection Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
出版时间: 2025-02-20
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持续推进关中地区VOCs精细化管控,以西安市和咸阳市为代表,选取包装印刷、电子产品制造、工业涂装、涂料及油墨制造、家具制造和橡胶制品6个行业进行样品采集,研究关中地区典型行业VOCs排放源成分谱、臭氧生成潜势(OFP)和二次气溶胶生成潜势(SOAFP).结果表明:包装印刷和工业涂装行业主要排放VOCs为含氧挥发性有机物(OVOCs)(53%~73%)和烷烃(17%~34%);电子产品制造行业为OVOCs(68%)和烯烃(29%);涂料及油墨制造行业以OVOCs(61%)和芳香烃(22%)为主;家具制造行业以芳香烃(78%)和OVOCs(19%)为主;橡胶制品行业以烷烃(78%)为主.其中乙醇、丙酮、异丙醇、甲醛、乙酸乙酯、间/对-二甲苯为关中地区典型行业排放的主要特征物种.基于最大增量反应活性法(MIR)和气溶胶生成系数法(FAC),得出OVOCs、芳香烃和烯烃是OFP的主要来源,芳香烃是SOAFP的主要来源,主要排放来源为涂料及油墨制造、工业涂装和家具制造行业应重点管控.

关中地区  /  典型行业  /  挥发性有机物(VOCs)  /  源成分谱  /  臭氧生成潜势(OFP)  /  二次气溶胶生成潜势(SOAFP)

PM2.5 control in the Guanzhong region has achieved significant progress, but the situation regarding ozone pollution remains severe. To continue advancing the fine management of VOCs (volatile organic compounds) in the Guanzhong region, with Xi'an and Xianyang as representatives, six industries—packaging printing, electronic product manufacturing, industrial coatings, paint and ink manufacturing, furniture manufacturing, and rubber products — were selected for sample collection. This study examines the VOC emission profiles, ozone formation potential (OFP), and secondary aerosol formation potential (SOAFP) of typical industries in the Guanzhong region. The results show that in the packaging printing and industrial coating industries, the primary VOCs emitted are oxygenated volatile organic compounds (OVOCs) (53%~73%) and alkanes (17%~34%); in the electronic product manufacturing industry, they are OVOCs (68%) and alkenes (29%); in the paint and ink manufacturing industry, the main VOCs are OVOCs (61%) and aromatic hydrocarbons (22%); in the furniture manufacturing industry, the primary VOCs are aromatic hydrocarbons (78%) and OVOCs (19%); and in the rubber products industry, alkanes (78%) dominate. Key characteristic species emitted by typical industries in the Guanzhong region include ethanol, acetone, isopropanol, formaldehyde, ethyl acetate, and m-/p-xylene. Based on the Maximum Incremental Reactivity (MIR) method and the Aerosol Formation Coefficient (FAC) method, it was found that OVOCs, aromatic hydrocarbons, and alkenes are the main contributors to OFP, while aromatic hydrocarbons are the primary source of SOAFP. The major emission sources are the paint and ink manufacturing, industrial coatings, and furniture manufacturing industries, which should be prioritized for control.

Guanzhong Region  /  typical industries  /  volatile organic compounds (VOCs)  /  source profile  /  ozone formation potential(OFP)  /  secondary organic aerosol formation potential (SOAFP)
董静, 李顺姬, 党小庆, 屈嘉鑫, 王赫, 吉硕. 关中地区典型行业VOCs排放源成分谱及环境影响. 中国环境科学, 2025 , 45 (2) : 619 -628 .
Jing DONG, Shun-ji LI, Xiao-qing DANG, Jia-xin QU, He WANG, Shuo JI. Source composition spectrum and environmental impact of VOCs emission from typical industries in Guanzhong Region[J]. China Environmental Science, 2025 , 45 (2) : 619 -628 .
继“大气十条”和“蓝天保卫战”两大计划颁布之后,2023年底国务院新出台《空气质量持续改善行动计划》,指出对汾渭平原等重点区域大力推进挥发性有机物(VOCs)、氮氧化物(NOx)等多污染物的协同减排,同时持续降低细颗粒物(PM2.5)浓度. VOCs是形成近地面臭氧(O3)和PM2.5的重要前体物[1-4],有效控制VOCs排放对缓解O3和PM2.5污染至关重要[1-4].工业源是城市区域VOCs的主要排放源,其中印刷、电子、橡胶制品和塑料制品、工业涂装行业所排放的VOCs分别约占我国工业源VOCs年排放总量的8.64%、3.34%、2.94%和15.36%[5-9],为VOCs排放的优先管控行业.近几年,各地区不断优化产业结构、强化源头控制,国内学者针对工业源VOCs排放源成分谱进行了大量研究,其中以京津冀[10-11]、成渝地区[12-13]和长江三角洲[14-15]地区为代表.由于所用原辅料、生产工艺、末端处理方式等因素的不同,造成VOCs排放特性与环境影响特征因素不尽一致,在实现VOCs精细控制方面存在较大局限.构建本地VOCs排放源成分谱,是解析本地VOCs排放特性的关键步骤,对推动城市VOCs管控的精细化与科学化发展至关重要,为制定高效、精准的VOCs减排策略及实施有效管控措施提供了坚实的科学依据.
目前,关中地区PM2.5治理取得阶段性成果,但O3防控形势严峻.依据生态环境部发布的2023年全国环境空气质量状况,关中地区中咸阳市、西安市和渭南市在168个重点城市空气质量排名中分别位列倒数第二、倒数第五和倒数第六.2018~2021年,关中地区O3轻度污染天数达到646d,占总监测天数的8.84%[16].王静晞等[17]首次以我国西北部主要的城市群-关中地区为研究对象,建立了2011年关中地区人为源大气污染物排放清单,分析表明VOCs的主要排放源为炼焦、涂料等工业生产过程.Li等[18]2017年研究了关中平原秋冬季VOCs空间特征及其臭氧和二次有机气溶胶形成潜势.卢立栋等[19]2022年分析了关中地区典型煤化工行业排放特征.以上研究均以关中地区为研究对象,探究了季节更迭与工业生产流程对空气质量的影响,关中地区重化产业聚集,缺少对典型行业VOCs排放源谱及O3和二次有机气溶胶(SOA)污染的研究.敖泽林等[20]在西安市开展了69种VOCs的在线连续观测,结果表明化工企业排放的废气、交通源和溶剂使用是VOCs的主要排放源.Xue等[21]通过西安市典型居住-商业区域环境VOCs对O3产生的影响研究,发现溶剂使用源排放的VOCs对臭氧生成潜势的贡献高达60%.溶剂使用源涵盖了多个行业,结合陕西省发布的《挥发性有机物排放控制标准》(DB61/T1061-2017)[22],在关中地区包装印刷、家具制造、工业涂装、涂料及油墨制造和电子产品制造行业都是溶剂使用源的重要组成部分.
鉴于此,本研究选择了包装印刷、电子产品制造、工业涂装、涂料及油墨制造、家具制造、橡胶制品6个典型行业作为研究对象,补充关中地区典型行业VOCs源成分谱,推动城市VOCs的精细化管控,并基于最大增量反应活性法(MIR)和气溶胶生成系数法(FAC)探究各行业排放VOCs的臭氧生成潜势(OFP)和二次有机气溶胶生成潜势(SOAFP),为O3和PM2.5污染的协同控制提供理论支持.
关中地区2021年人为源VOCs的排放总量为228.644×103t,西安和咸阳市的人为源VOCs的排放量分别为95.351×103t和50.758×103t,约占关中地区人为源VOCs排放总量的64.0%[16].2023年9~10月在西安市和咸阳市选取典型涉VOCs排放行业进行样品采集,主要包括包装印刷、电子产品制造、工业涂装、涂料及油墨制造、家具制造、橡胶制品6个重点行业.针对6个重点行业选取代表性企业中关键排放环节,共采集20个VOCs样品,具体采样信息如表1所示.
参照《固定污染源排气中颗粒物测定与气态污染物采样方法》(GB/T16157-1996)[23]中有组织废气采样位置、采样频次,在保障正常生产、有机废气处理设施开启的情况下,选择3L的苏玛罐,检查苏玛罐采样系统,包括不锈钢取样枪及节流阀连接是否完好.确保所有连接处紧密无泄漏.设置定时采样时间45min,连接气路,将采样枪伸入烟道内部,入口尽量靠近烟道中心位置.开启采样罐的阀门开始采样,直到定时结束,关闭采样罐的阀门,用密封帽密封.每个企业出口各采集1个苏玛罐样品,共采集20个有效样品.24h内预浓缩后,使用气相色谱质谱联用仪进行分析.
本文参照《2018年重点地区环境空气挥发性有机物监测方案》中的VOCs组分,对VOCs进行定量分析,并将117种VOCs总和定义为TVOC,如表2所示,分为烷烃29种、烯烃11种、芳香烃18种、含氧挥发性有机物(OVOCs)22种、卤代烃35种和其他(二硫化碳和乙炔).由于间-二甲苯和对-二甲苯物化性质相近,在气相色谱质谱联用仪上响应时间相近,无法分开定性,所以合并为间/对-二甲苯组分一起讨论.根据《环境空气挥发性有机物的测定罐采样/气相色谱质谱法》(HJ759-2015)[24]和美国环保署TO-15方法,用内壁惰性化处理的不锈钢罐采集样品,经三级冷阱浓缩(美国Entech7200)和浓缩进样器(Entech7016D)后,进入气质联用仪(安捷伦7890B+安捷伦5977B)进行分离检测.每个样品分析前进行空白实验,保证分析的准确性.每个样品重复分析三次,保证分析结果误差≤10%.当样品进样量为200mL时,全扫描模式下,目标化合物的检出限为(2~50)×10-12,体积分数,标准曲线的相关系数(R2)均大于≥0.990,具体见表2.通过与标准物质质谱图和保留时间比较定性,内标法定量.冷阱浓缩仪条件:取样体积200mL,一级冷阱:捕集温度:-150℃;捕集流速:100mL/min;解析温度:10℃;阀温:100℃;烘烤温度:150℃;烘烤时间:15min.二级冷阱:捕集温度:-15℃;捕集流速:10mL/min;捕集时间:5min;解析温度:180℃;解析时间:3.5min;烘烤温度:190℃;烘烤时间:15min.三级冷阱:捕集温度:-160℃;解析时间:2.5min;烘烤温度:200℃;烘烤时间:5min.气相色谱分析条件:程序升温:初始温度35℃,保持5min;以5℃/min速度升温至150℃,保持7min;以10℃/min速度升温至200℃,保持4min;进样口温度:150℃;溶剂延迟时间:5min.载气流速:1.0mL/min.FID分析条件:FID温度:200℃;氢气流量:30mL/min;空气流量:400mL/min.尾吹流量:25mL/min.质谱参考分析条件:接口温度:250℃;离子源温度:260℃;扫面方式:EI全扫描;扫描范围:35~300amu.
采样前使用罐清洗装置对采样罐在60℃进行加温清洗,清洗时使用高纯度氮气(纯度≥99.999%)同时对采样罐进行加湿,降低罐体活性吸附.清洗完毕后,将采样罐抽至真空并加湿,关闭阀门,用密封帽密封,待用.每清洗10个采样罐应至少取一只罐注入高纯氮气分析,确定清洗过程是否清洁.每个被测高浓度样品的真空罐在清洗后,分析并检测罐中浓度,得到的检测结果应低于检出限,确保罐内清洗达到采样要求.
样品采集过程中严格遵循《固定源废气监测技术规范》(HJ/T397-2007)[20]和《固定污染源监测质量保证与质量控制技术规范(试行)》(HJ/T373-2007)[26]等相关技术规范.每次进样时,同时进50mL内标使用气(溴氯甲烷、1,4-二氟苯、氯苯-d5、1-溴-4-氟苯)来指示仪器的稳定性.使用苏玛罐采样结束后关闭阀门,用密封帽密封防止样品泄漏,运输过程中避免光照,保证样品的有效性.
臭氧生成潜势(OFP)已被广泛用于量化并预测VOCs的光化学臭氧形成反应性.本研究使用最大增量反应活性法(MIR)估算VOCs组分的臭氧形成潜势,其计算式见:
式中:OFPi表示VOCs物种i排放的臭氧生成值,mg/m3;[VOCsi]表示废气处理设施出口VOCs物种i的浓度,mg/m3;MIRi表示VOCs物种i的MIR系数,取值于广州地区以及Cater等的MIR值,当不同研究中同一物种的MIR系数出现不同,采用最新研究中的MIR系数[27-29],总计包含102种组分,其中烷烃29种、烯烃11种、芳香烃17种、OVOCs21种、卤代烃22种、炔烃1种和二硫化碳1种.
二次有机气溶胶生成潜势(SOAFP)采用气溶胶生成系数法(FAC)估算VOCs组分产生的二次气溶胶生成量,计算式见:
式中:SOAFPi表示VOCs物种i排放的二次有机气溶胶生成值,mg/m3;[VOCsi]表示废气处理设施出口VOCs物种i的浓度,mg/m3;FACi表示VOCs物种i的气溶胶生成系数,FVOCr为VOCs物种参与反应的分数(%),FACiFVOCr均取值于Grosjean的烟雾箱实验数据[30-31],总计包含29种组分,其中烷烃12种、烯烃1种和芳香烃16种.
在不考虑VOCs排放强度的情况下,采用源反应活性(SR)比较和分析VOCs组分产生的OFP和SOAFP[7-8],其计算式见:
式中:SR(O3)为VOCs物种i生成O3的源活性因子;[fi]为VOCs物种i的质量分数,%;SR(SOA)为VOCs物种i生成SOAFP的源活性因子.
图1可以看出,不同子行业类型VOCs排放特征存在明显差异.包装印刷行业中企业1与企业2都属于纸质报刊类印刷,排放以OVOCs为主(76%~96%),而企业3金属包装印刷主要排放以烷烃(50%),其次是OVOCs(23%).电子产品制造行业中企业4和企业6都属于集成电路,但由于工序不同VOCs组成也不同,企业4中VOCs主要组成为OVOCs和芳香烃,而企业6中VOCs排放主要是烯烃(77%),企业5属于锂离子电池制造子行业,其中OVOCs(75%)占比最多.工业涂装行业中企业7~企业10的VOCs排放一致,都是OVOCs(45%~89%)最高,但企业9属于铝压延加工子行业,OVOCs仅占45%,烷烃(42%)占比较其他企业高.涂料及油墨制造行业中企业11、企业12和企业14类似,均以OVOCs(71%~78%)为主,企业13则以芳香烃(65%)为主.家具制造行业各企业排放组分均以芳香烃(47%~84%)为主,其次是OVOCs(14%~41%).橡胶制品行业中轮胎制造和橡胶零件制造两个子行业排放特征一致,主要是烷烃(52%~80%)和OVOCs(19%~44%).
本研究以行业内所有企业有组织排放VOCs的平均值,衡量该行业整体水平.不同行业的TVOC浓度及组成,如图2所示.橡胶制品(6.40mg/m3)和电子制造行业(6.30mg/m3)TVOC的浓度相对最高,其次分别为家具制造(3.55mg/m3)、工业涂装(3.34mg/m3)、包装印刷(1.89mg/m3)和涂料及油墨制造(1.69mg/m3).
总体看来,不同行业VOCs浓度占比排前三的为OVOCs、烷烃和芳香烃.包装印刷行业VOCs主要组成为OVOCs(73%),其次为烷烃(17%);电子产品制造行业VOCs主要组成为OVOCs(68%),其次是烯烃(29%);工业涂装行业VOCs主要组成为OVOCs(53%)、烷烃(34%)和烯烃(9%);涂料及油墨制造行业中OVOCs占比(61%)最高,其次是芳香烃(22%)和烷烃(10%);家具制造行业VOCs排放主要为芳香烃(78%)和OVOCs(19%);橡胶制品行VOCs主要组成为烷烃(78%),其次是OVOCs(21%).
各行业排放的VOCs源成分谱如图3所示.本研究将典型行业的TVOC排放总量中累积占比超过60.0%的物种确定为特征物种.包装印刷行业排放以乙醇(15.35%)、2-丁酮(15.13%)、乙酸乙酯(11.93%)、异丙醇(7.27%)、甲醛(5.96%)和乙醛(5.18%)为主,这是由于凹版印刷中使用的水性UV油墨中含有3%左右的无水乙醇作为稀释剂[32],溶剂型油墨主要VOCs组分为乙酸乙酯、异丙醇等[33];平版印刷过程中则多使用以异丙醇为主要组分的植物基油墨和润版液[34].电子产品制造行业排放以丙酮(52.84%)与乙烯(27.13%)为主,丙酮主要源于电子产品制造所用清洁剂[35-36],乙烯则源于蓄热式催化燃烧末端处理装置[37].工业涂装排放以甲醛(29.92%)、乙烷(24.00%)为主,其次是丙酮(8.62%)、乙烯(8.03%)和丙烷(6.99%).涂料及油墨制造行业以乙酸乙酯(20.27%)、异丙醇(17.52%)、乙醇(8.86%)和间/对-二甲苯(8.73%)为主.家具制造行业涉VOCs排放的工艺为喷漆和烘干,排放以间/对-二甲苯(24.73%)、邻-二甲苯(23.63%)、乙苯(15.15%)和甲苯(13.19%)和乙酸乙酯(8.96%)为主,甲苯、间/对-二甲苯、乙酸乙酯、丙酮和2-丁酮主要是木器漆溶剂型涂料和聚氨酯胶黏剂的主要成分[33,38].由于酯类和醛酮类作为稀释剂很好地替代了苯系物,例如乙醇作为稀释剂,异丙醇和乙酸乙酯用于生产粘合剂和胶黏剂[36,38-39]等,因此乙醇、异丙醇和乙酸乙酯在包装印刷的印刷工艺、工业涂装的喷涂工艺、家具制造的喷漆工艺及涂料生产过程中挥发较多.正庚烷(25.89%)、环己烷(19.79%)等为橡胶制品行业的主要排放物种,橡胶制品制造中使用的水性粘合剂会释放出复杂的正链烷烃和支链烷烃混合物[40].由上可知,关中地区典型行业VOCs排放的主要特征物种为丙酮、乙酸乙酯、甲醛、乙醇、间/对二甲苯和异丙醇.
在包装印刷行业中OVOCs占主导地位,其特征物种为乙醇、乙酸乙酯、异丙醇,这与成都市[39]、江苏省[9]和京津冀[34]的研究结果一致.由于企业3采用凹版印刷工艺,该工艺使用的溶剂主要包括醛酮类和酯类化合物[41],所排放的2-丁酮占包装印刷行业TVOCs的15.02%,所以本研究中2-丁酮较京津冀的研究结果偏高.
电子制造行业VOCs主要是OVOCs和烯烃,其特征物种为丙酮、乙烯,与北京市的研究结果相近[37].本研究中乙烯占比较高,原因是企业6使用燃烧装置作为废气处理设施,乙烯排放含量占电子制造行业TVOCs的27.1%,这与北京市的研究结果一致.
工业涂装行业VOCs主要为OVOCs,其特征物种为甲醛、乙烷、丙酮,这与深圳市[42]的研究结果相近.由于企业9中VOCs排放环节中直燃固化炉助燃剂天然气中含有乙烷,因此本研究中乙烷组分较高.
涂料及油墨制造行业VOCs主要为OVOCs和芳香烃,其特征物种是乙酸乙酯、异丙醇、乙醇、间/对-二甲苯、甲基环己烷、乙醛、乙苯、邻-二甲苯,这与郑州市[43]的研究结果相近,但本研究中乙醇(8.86%)占比高于郑州市.家具制造行业VOCs排放以芳香烃和OVOCs为主,特征物种为间/对二甲苯、邻二甲苯、乙苯、甲苯和乙酸乙酯,与郑州市[43]和邢台市[44]的研究结果相近.但本研究间/对二甲苯(19.86%)较邢台市的间/对二甲苯(53.3%)低,原因在于政府大力推进低VOCs原辅材料替代,促使关中地区企业多采用低苯系物含量的原辅料,从源头上有效减少了芳香烃的排放,与此同时,也间接影响了典型工业VOCs排放源谱的变化,具体表现为OVOCs的排放量大幅上升.
橡胶制品行业VOCs排放以烷烃为主,与威海市0的研究结果一致,特征物种为正庚烷、环己烷、甲基环己烷、3-甲基己烷、2-甲基己烷、正庚烷、甲基环戊烷和3-甲基庚烷,特征物种在TVOCs中占比超过50%.本研究中芳香烃含量低于威海市,原因是威海市的研究中硫化工艺添加的溶剂为苯系物,而本研究中所使用的溶剂为酯类和醛酮类.综上所述,关中地区典型行业源VOCs组分与京津冀、珠三角、山东、郑州等较发达地区相同,但VOCs特征物种各有不同,主要是由于企业所用原辅料及后处理设施具有差异,这也是建立关中地区VOCs排放成分谱的必要性.
基于式(1)~(4)计算不同行业排放的VOCs对O3和SOA贡献及源反应活性如图4所示.从SOAFP中VOCs的种类分布来看,芳烃的贡献明显占主导地位.OVOCs对包装印刷、工业涂装、橡胶制品行业OFP贡献较大,贡献率达69%~76%;烯烃是电子产品制造行业OFP的主要贡献组分,贡献率为79%;家具制造行业和涂料及油墨制造行业OFP的主要贡献组分为芳香烃,贡献率达47%~81%,其次是OVOCs,贡献率达18%~44%.由于烯烃类VOCs(5.49~15.16)的MIR值普遍高于OVOCs(0.36~15.61)和烷烃(0.28~2.39),尽管在电子制造行业中烯烃的浓度明显低于OVOCs,但烯烃在OFP贡献中仍占主导地位;同理,工业涂装行业中烷烃浓度皆大于烯烃,但烯烃对OFP的贡献大于烷烃.因此,综合考虑VOCs的排放浓度及其化学反应性特征,是准确评估并有效控制大气O3污染的关键所在.
本研究采用SR值比较分析不同行业VOCs的相对排放活性.行业SR(SOA)值依次为家具制造(3g/g)、涂料及油墨制造(1.76g/g)、橡胶制品(0.46g/g)和包装印刷(0.41g/g)行业,电子产品制造和工业涂装行业的SR(SOA)均低于0.02g/g.各行业SR(O3)值依次为家具制造(3.76g/g)、橡胶制品行业(3.27g/g)、工业涂装(2.25g/g)、电子产品制造(1.90g/g)、涂料及油墨制造(1.84g/g)和包装印刷行业(1.78g/g).
在典型行业中,对SR(O3)和SR(SOA)贡献率排名前10的VOCs如图5所示.对SR(O3)贡献较大的VOCs为甲基丙烯酸甲酯、间,对-二甲苯、乙烯、甲醛和邻-二甲苯,主要来自工业涂装、家具制造和涂料及油墨制造行业.间/对二甲苯、邻二甲苯、乙苯、甲苯和甲基环己烷是SR(SOA)的主要贡献组分,家具制造和涂料及油墨制造是对SR(SOA)贡献最大的两个行业.因此,涂料及油墨制造、工业涂装和家具制造应为重点监管的行业.
3.1 不同行业VOCs浓度占比排前三的为OVOCs、烷烃和芳香烃.包装印刷和工业涂装行业主要排放VOCs为OVOCs(53%~73%)和烷烃(17%~34%);电子产品制造行业为OVOCs(68%)和烯烃(29%);涂料及油墨制造行业以OVOCs(61%)和芳香烃(22%)为主;家具制造行业以芳香烃(78%)和OVOCs(19%)为主;橡胶制品行业以烷烃(78%)为主.
3.2 丙酮、乙酸乙酯、甲醛、乙醇、间/对二甲苯和异丙醇为关中地区典型行业排放的主要特征物种.包装印刷行业特征物种为乙醇、乙酸乙酯和异丙醇;电子制造行业特征物种为丙酮和乙烯;工业涂装行业主要是甲醛、乙烷和丙酮为特征物种;涂料及油墨制造行业特征物种为乙酸乙酯、异丙醇、乙醇和间/对-二甲苯;家具制造行业特征物种为间/对-二甲苯、邻-二甲苯、乙苯、甲苯和乙酸乙酯;橡胶制品行业特征物种为正庚烷、环己烷.
3.3 基于MIR法和FAC法,OVOCs、芳香烃和烯烃是OFP的主要来源,芳香烃是SOAFP的主要来源.芳香烃类的间/对二甲苯、邻二甲苯、乙苯和甲苯均为SR(O3)和SR(SOA)的主要贡献组分,主要排放来源为涂料及油墨制造、工业涂装和家具制造行业.基于对O3和PM2.5的协同管控,涂料及油墨制造、工业涂装和家具制造行业应为重点管控行业.
  • 陕西省重点研发计划项目(2024SF-ZDCYL-05-06)
  • 陕西省重点研发计划(2024SF-YBXM-569)
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陕西省重点研发计划项目(2024SF-ZDCYL-05-06)
陕西省重点研发计划(2024SF-YBXM-569)
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    1.西安建筑科技大学环境与市政工程学院,陕西 西安 710055
    2.西安市环境保护科学研究院,陕西 西安 710061

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
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