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This study was aimed to rapidly remediate the cracked contaminant containment and carrying structure (3C structure) and carrying structure by composite contaminant containment and carrying structure (4C structure) in operating plant. To assess the effectiveness of the 4C structure, both field and laboratory tests were performed. Field tests included elevation monitoring, rebound modulus testing, and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) concentration detection, while laboratory tests focused on determining the compressive strength and permeability coefficient of the core samples. The results indicated that the injected polymers exert a compressive force on the surface layer of 4C structure, which reduces the elevation variance by 71.4%, thereby markedly enhancing its flatness. Additionally, regarding the 14 filed test points on the surface layer with an average crack width of 7.5mm, the rebound modulus (E) values at 42.9% of these test points achieved over 80% of E value measured within the uncracked control area. The axial compressive strength of core samples from these points increased by 0.38 times, and the penetration resistance of the base soil layer increased by 21.3%. These results suggested a significant improvement in the load-carrying performance of 4C structure compared with the cracked 3C structure. Furthermore, the permeability coefficient of the core samples was reduced by approximately 2orders of magnitude, and the VOCs concentration in the sampling holes decreased by 80%. This demonstrated the contaminant containment performance of 4C structure was also significantly improved. This research provided an innovative method to assess and improve the service performance of cracked contaminant containment and carrying structure in operating plant.

, correspAuthors=Shui WANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Ya-song FENG, Shui WANG, Meng-ya LI, Zong-xiang LYU, Yu-tao CHEN, Zhi-hua YIN, Li-sen BAI), CN=ArticleExt(id=1240689598465101865, articleId=1240689592400139106, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, language=CN, title=在产企业损伤阻污承载结构快速修复现场试验, columnId=1234106394572550190, journalTitle=中国环境科学, columnName=土壤污染与控制, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

以某在产企业损伤阻污承载结构表层和基层协同修复为目标,融合结构的高程、回弹模量及挥发性有机物浓度等原位测试,以及结构样芯抗压强度、透水系数等室内测试,系统研究了阻污承载结构修复后污染迁移阻控、承受外界荷载性能的变化规律.结果表明:阻污承载结构修复后,结构表层最大与最小高程之差减小71.4%,结构平整度提升;试验区14个测试点位中占比42.9%的点位回弹模量值恢复到对照区相应测试值的80%以上,试验区表层平均宽度7.5mm裂缝处采集岩芯的轴心抗压强度提升约0.38倍,基层贯入阻力提升约21.3%,结构承载性能改善;试验区表层平均宽度7.5mm裂缝处采集样芯的透水系数降低约2个数量级,表层采样孔内挥发性有机污染物浓度降低80%,结构阻污性能增强.研究结果为在产企业损伤阻污承载结构的服役状态监测与快速修复提供新思路.

, correspAuthors=王水, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*责任作者,研究员级高级工程师,
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冯亚松(1987-),男,河北保定人,副研究员,博士,主要研究方向为污染场地绿色低碳修复管控与安全开发利用.发表论文20余篇. .

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冯亚松(1987-),男,河北保定人,副研究员,博士,主要研究方向为污染场地绿色低碳修复管控与安全开发利用.发表论文20余篇. .

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冯亚松(1987-),男,河北保定人,副研究员,博士,主要研究方向为污染场地绿色低碳修复管控与安全开发利用.发表论文20余篇. .

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Main technical parameters of polymer grouting material

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
技术指标高聚物原材料成型后高聚物材料
组分一组分二
外观液态液态固态
黏度(Pa·s)0.520.93-
密度(g/mL)1.231.15-
开始反应时间(s)--10
反应结束时间(s)--50
膨胀比--17
), ArticleFig(id=1240689609819083757, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689592400139106, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

聚合物注浆材料主要技术指标

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
技术指标高聚物原材料成型后高聚物材料
组分一组分二
外观液态液态固态
黏度(Pa·s)0.520.93-
密度(g/mL)1.231.15-
开始反应时间(s)--10
反应结束时间(s)--50
膨胀比--17
), ArticleFig(id=1240689610053964795, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689592400139106, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Comparison of the remediation technology proposed in this study and traditional remediation technology

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
性能指标结构类型
传统3C结构新型4C结构
治理思路头痛医头,脚痛医脚双管齐下,标本兼治
治理对象结构表层结构表层和基层
对生产影响影响大,需要停产影响小,不需停产
大型施工机械需要不需要
治理成本
治理周期
固废垃圾
材料碳排放水平
企业方接受程度
), ArticleFig(id=1240689610179792898, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689592400139106, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

快速修复方式与传统修复方式的对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
性能指标结构类型
传统3C结构新型4C结构
治理思路头痛医头,脚痛医脚双管齐下,标本兼治
治理对象结构表层结构表层和基层
对生产影响影响大,需要停产影响小,不需停产
大型施工机械需要不需要
治理成本
治理周期
固废垃圾
材料碳排放水平
企业方接受程度
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在产企业损伤阻污承载结构快速修复现场试验
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冯亚松 1, 2 , 王水 1, 2, * , 李梦雅 1, 2 , 吕宗祥 1, 2 , 陈宇韬 1 , 尹芝华 1, 2 , 柏立森 1, 2
中国环境科学 | 土壤污染与控制 2025,45(2): 913-924
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中国环境科学 | 土壤污染与控制 2025, 45(2): 913-924
在产企业损伤阻污承载结构快速修复现场试验
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冯亚松1, 2 , 王水1, 2, * , 李梦雅1, 2, 吕宗祥1, 2, 陈宇韬1, 尹芝华1, 2, 柏立森1, 2
作者信息
  • 1.江苏省环境科学研究院江苏省环境工程重点实验室,江苏 南京 210036
  • 2.江苏省土壤与地下水污染防控工程研究中心,江苏 南京 210036
  • 冯亚松(1987-),男,河北保定人,副研究员,博士,主要研究方向为污染场地绿色低碳修复管控与安全开发利用.发表论文20余篇. .

通讯作者:

*责任作者,研究员级高级工程师,
Field study on rapid remediation of cracked contaminant containment and carrying structure in operating plant
Ya-song FENG1, 2 , Shui WANG1, 2, * , Meng-ya LI1, 2, Zong-xiang LYU1, 2, Yu-tao CHEN1, Zhi-hua YIN1, 2, Li-sen BAI1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1.Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Jiangsu Provincial Academy of Environmental Science, Nanjing 210036, China
  • 2.Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Centre of Soil and Groundwater Pollution Prevention and Control, Nanjing 210036, China
出版时间: 2025-02-20
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以某在产企业损伤阻污承载结构表层和基层协同修复为目标,融合结构的高程、回弹模量及挥发性有机物浓度等原位测试,以及结构样芯抗压强度、透水系数等室内测试,系统研究了阻污承载结构修复后污染迁移阻控、承受外界荷载性能的变化规律.结果表明:阻污承载结构修复后,结构表层最大与最小高程之差减小71.4%,结构平整度提升;试验区14个测试点位中占比42.9%的点位回弹模量值恢复到对照区相应测试值的80%以上,试验区表层平均宽度7.5mm裂缝处采集岩芯的轴心抗压强度提升约0.38倍,基层贯入阻力提升约21.3%,结构承载性能改善;试验区表层平均宽度7.5mm裂缝处采集样芯的透水系数降低约2个数量级,表层采样孔内挥发性有机污染物浓度降低80%,结构阻污性能增强.研究结果为在产企业损伤阻污承载结构的服役状态监测与快速修复提供新思路.

在产企业  /  阻污承载结构  /  快速修复  /  服役性能  /  现场试验

This study was aimed to rapidly remediate the cracked contaminant containment and carrying structure (3C structure) and carrying structure by composite contaminant containment and carrying structure (4C structure) in operating plant. To assess the effectiveness of the 4C structure, both field and laboratory tests were performed. Field tests included elevation monitoring, rebound modulus testing, and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) concentration detection, while laboratory tests focused on determining the compressive strength and permeability coefficient of the core samples. The results indicated that the injected polymers exert a compressive force on the surface layer of 4C structure, which reduces the elevation variance by 71.4%, thereby markedly enhancing its flatness. Additionally, regarding the 14 filed test points on the surface layer with an average crack width of 7.5mm, the rebound modulus (E) values at 42.9% of these test points achieved over 80% of E value measured within the uncracked control area. The axial compressive strength of core samples from these points increased by 0.38 times, and the penetration resistance of the base soil layer increased by 21.3%. These results suggested a significant improvement in the load-carrying performance of 4C structure compared with the cracked 3C structure. Furthermore, the permeability coefficient of the core samples was reduced by approximately 2orders of magnitude, and the VOCs concentration in the sampling holes decreased by 80%. This demonstrated the contaminant containment performance of 4C structure was also significantly improved. This research provided an innovative method to assess and improve the service performance of cracked contaminant containment and carrying structure in operating plant.

operating plant  /  contaminant containment and carrying structure  /  rapid repair  /  service performance  /  polit test
冯亚松, 王水, 李梦雅, 吕宗祥, 陈宇韬, 尹芝华, 柏立森. 在产企业损伤阻污承载结构快速修复现场试验. 中国环境科学, 2025 , 45 (2) : 913 -924 .
Ya-song FENG, Shui WANG, Meng-ya LI, Zong-xiang LYU, Yu-tao CHEN, Zhi-hua YIN, Li-sen BAI. Field study on rapid remediation of cracked contaminant containment and carrying structure in operating plant[J]. China Environmental Science, 2025 , 45 (2) : 913 -924 .
在产企业生产区内的地面、路面等兼具阻隔污染迁移、承受外部荷载的作用,此类水平构筑物称为阻污承载结构(3C结构).由于早期企业内部3C结构设计标准不完善、施工水平差等原因,3C结构服役期内下覆基层产生不均匀沉降,引发3C结构局部应力较大,超出结构材料的容许应力[1],导致3C结构产生开裂、破碎等形式损伤.损伤3C结构在长期外界荷载作用下,结构的平整度降低,发展成为局部洼地,汇合集聚污染废液.污染废液通过裂缝形成的优势通道,进入并累积于病害基层中的脱空、孔洞,逐渐发育成为蓄污层.因此,3C结构服役状态监测及性能提升工作中,除了关注损伤3C结构自身以外,更需要关注病害基层中的蓄污层,从而通过标本兼治的思路提升3C结构服役性能.
针对在产企业中3C结构服役状态诊断、评估与治理需求,已初步构建了3C结构服役性能快速诊断与快速修复的成套方法[2].该方法主要是在不开挖既有结构的条件下,通过在损伤处注入修复材料,将损伤3C结构升级为复合阻污承载结构(4C结构),协同提升3C结构的阻污和承载性能.
高聚物材料能够改善岩土体力学和防渗性能,环保性能良好[3],在道路、水利、建筑等领域广泛应用[4-6].与传统水泥基材料相比,高聚物材料具有固化时间短、自由膨胀比高、耐腐蚀的优点[3-7].可以推断,高聚物材料的诸多优势能够有效解决水泥基材料修复在产企业阻污承载结构养护时间长、耐酸碱腐蚀性能差的难题,但在产场地污染管控,特别是阻隔挥发性有机物未见相关应用报道.
本文以某化工企业紧邻罐区的损伤混凝土道路结构快速修复为例,研究损伤3C结构升级改造为4C结构的服役性能.通过阻污承载结构的高程、回弹模量、挥发性有机物浓度等原位检测,以及样芯的抗压强度、透水系数等参数的室内测试,系统分析4C结构力学性能、污染阻控性能的变化规律,为在产企业内部损伤阻污承载结构的服役状态监测与高效修复提供新思路,推进我国在产企业边生产边管控技术水平提升.
选取某生产运营近20年的化工企业开展试验,研究区域为企业内部酸、碱储罐区之间的混凝土结构道路,如图1所示.区域面积约为40m2,混凝土结构道路厚度为20~25cm.试验前对试验区域内土壤和地下水中特征污染物进行检测,其浓度较低,土壤特征污染物浓度未超出《土壤环境质量 建设用地土壤污染风险管控标准(试行)》(GB 36600–2018)中第二类用地筛选值,地下水特征污染物浓度未超出《地下水质量标准》(GB/T 14848–2017)中IV类地下水限值.
研究区域内部分点位破损严重(图2(a)和(b)),裂缝贯通(图2(c)和(d)),基本失去阻隔污染物的服役功能.地表径流在裂缝处形成优势通道,对地下水质量造成恶化风险.对于小于0.1mm的裂缝区域,现场精准测量难度大,且基本属于非贯穿裂缝,将其视为非破坏区域;对于大于15.0mm裂缝通过注浆修复效果不佳,故只关注宽度为0.1~15.0mm范围内裂缝区域.研究区域内裂缝按照宽度分为四类:一类裂缝宽度为7.5~15.0mm,二类裂缝宽度为3.0~7.5mm,三类裂缝宽度为0.5~3.0mm,四类裂缝宽度为0.1~0.5mm,研究区域内裂缝分布及类型特征见图2(e).
试验使用双组分非水反应型高聚物材料对损伤阻污承载结构进行修复,包括表层混凝土结构裂缝的修复、基层土体脱空区的填补.高聚物材料主要含有两种组分,组分一由多元醇和催化剂组成,组分二主要成分为异氰酸酯和少量助剂.现场试验使用时,两种组分按照质量比1:1在注浆喷枪中混合后,注入至损伤阻污承载结构的待修复区.注射结束后,两种组分在2h内硬化成型,同步实现阻污承载结构表层混凝土裂缝的修复、基层病害地基脱空区的有效填充.在25℃条件下,两种组分混合后开始反应时间约为10s,反应结束时间约为50s,保证了材料在破损阻污承载结构的裂缝及病害路基脱空区的充分流动及快速成型.高聚物材料包含的两种组分的具体参数见表1.
采用注浆技术对阻污承载结构的表层裂缝和基层病害发育区域进行注浆修复.注浆修复的主要步骤包括:(1)示范区隔离:对示范区域进行围挡,试验期间实施交通管制.(2)结构损伤微创检测:基于目测法对阻污承载结构损伤情况的判断,分别采用三维雷达探测、回填模量、基层地基动力触探等测试方法,识别裂缝发育程度和病害路基空间分布,指导修复深度和平面范围.(3)注浆点位设计:根据阻污承载结构表层和基层损伤程度,确定试验区注浆孔以六边梅花形布置,孔间距1m.面层反射注浆管深度为0.3m,基层扩散注浆深度2.5m.(4)快速修复:每个注浆孔注浆作业持续25~45s,具体根据病害程度和裂缝返浆程度适当调整.注浆设备工作压力6~8MPa,通过输料管道将高聚物材料两种组分输送到注射器具,并在注射器具处均匀混合后输送病害基层和表层裂缝位置.注浆完成后材料在2h内凝固,实现表层结构裂缝修复、基层脱空区填充.本试验使用高聚物注浆材料约350kg.(5)结构表层修饰:将表面采用水泥基快硬材料在结构表层覆盖0.3~0.5cm的水泥基快硬覆层,进一步提升表层的完整性和平整性.需要说明的是,可以在生产车间、罐区地面等区域的改造维护中使用环氧树脂地坪,其具有良好的抵抗酸、碱及有机溶剂腐蚀的性能[8].(6)短周期养护:修复结束后,养护8h.双组分材料在病害部分反应固化并伴随体积膨胀,同步达到粘结破碎路面结构、填充基层脱空区和挤密基层土体结构的作用,将3C结构升级为4C结构,实现阻污、承载功能双重提升.
为了评估阻污承载结构提升前后的阻污承载性能与长期服役性能,分别在阻污承载结构注浆修复前、注浆修复2h后、水泥基快硬材料覆层1d后、服役4个月后分别开展原位测试、取样后室内测试.采用原位三维地质雷达测试、结构表面高程测试评估结构的剖面特征和平整度变化,采用原位回弹模量测试、轻型静力触探测试评估结构的力学性能,通过原位闭气测试和取样后室内轴心抗压强度、透水系数等参数测试评估结构的截污性能.
地质雷达探测技术可用于水泥混凝土、土壤等结构密实程度的快速测试,获取试验区内连续地下剖面,在混凝土结构裂缝诊断、路基病害检测等领域得到广泛应用[9-10].试验采用GeoScope MK IV型三维地质雷达测试仪,采用线性扫描模式,对破损阻污承载结构的破损程度、下覆地基的密实程度进行快速测试,同步识别结构表层和基层损伤部位.注浆修复后的检测结果有助于判断高聚物分布情况.结构表面高程监测参照《工程测量标准》(GB 50026–2020),采用DS3级水准仪,每千米高差全中误差不超过±3mm.
便携式落锤式弯沉仪测试快速,且对结构不产生损伤,广泛应用于建筑、道路工程中的回弹模量测试[11-12].参照ASTM E2583–07,采用落锤式弯沉仪对复合阻污承载结构进行测试,测量有效深度达30cm,测试深度覆盖结构表层(20~25cm)与部分结构基层(<10cm).由于破损阻污承载结构的表面混凝土修复后强度增加,且脱空结构得到填空,该测试深度获取结构能够有效反映修复前后结构服役状态.参照《公路路基施工技术规范》(JTG/T 3610–2019),采用轻型动力触探仪测试阻污承载结构下覆土层单位贯入深度的锤击数,计算得到对应测试点位的平均贯入阻力,定量反映测试深度范围内结构层强度.需要说明的是,轻型动力触探测试前,使用钻孔取样机采集阻污承载结构样品(圆柱状),供室内轴向抗压强度、透水系数等参数测试使用.在取样后产生的圆柱圆孔位置开展轻型动力触探仪测试,测试深度范围为0.3~2.5m.
通过测试钻孔取样产生圆孔内空气的有机物浓度,评估结构修复前后的闭气性能.由于条件限制,本研究选取场地土壤地下水污染程度未超过相应标准限值,但是对于高浓度污染场地中阻隔屏障服役性能监测,仍然具有参考意义.具体步骤为:用于室内抗压强度、透水系数试样取出后,在取样孔内放置采样器,并用聚四氟乙烯板覆盖取样孔,周围用不透明金属罩覆盖,静置3h后取出采样器.通过聚四氟乙烯软管连接采样器连接,软管另一端与手持式光离子化检测仪连接,吸取采样孔内气体,读取气体中有机物浓度.采集的混凝土芯样的轴心抗压强度和透水系数按《公路工程水泥及水泥混凝土试验规程》(JTG 3420–2020)进行试验.
阻污承载结构注浆修复前后,将采集雷达数据经零点校正、剖面距离校正及降噪和滤波等预处理,得到垂直断面、水平断面和横断面的检测图谱,如图3所示.
对于阻污承载结构的表层结构而言,注浆修复前,深度0.2m以内表层结构大部分区域完整连续,基本没有异常反射.随着裂缝宽度和贯穿深度增加,裂缝顶端的振幅强度与两侧介质的差异逐渐增大.在裂缝强烈发育区域,界面反射信号表现为不连续和分散,见图4(a).结合现场测量与地质雷达图像可以发现,对于第一类至第三类裂缝(宽度分别为7.5~15.0mm、3.0~7.5mm、0.5~3.0mm)识别准确性较高,而宽度细小的裂缝(宽度小于0.5mm)未能有效识别.整体上,裂缝处雷达图谱呈现出明显的双曲线波形.但需要说明的是,较大宽度裂缝处,例如,图3(a)中距离约7.5m处,由于基层脱空,裂缝两侧发生错动,高程差异使得裂缝附近零星分布的小范围区域呈现出交错的亮暗分层.
与修复之前相比,阻污承载结构注浆修复后,表层结构的裂缝被高聚物有效填充,裂缝处双曲线波形逐渐削弱,见图3(b).由于硬化高聚物材料的相对介电常数与水泥混凝土的差异性[13],故裂缝区域波形变化只是削弱,但未能消失.值得注意的是,对于原始宽度较大的裂缝,如第一类裂缝(宽度为7.5~15.0mm),随着基层注浆后,高聚物材料的膨胀作用下,裂缝一侧较低的层面被轻微提升后,裂缝两侧的表层结构高程趋于一致,使得雷达图谱的双曲线波形特征更为明显.
对于基层结构而言,在0.2~0.6m深度范围(地下水水位以上),部分区域界面反射信号能量高,反射波频率、振幅、相位变化异常,甚至伴随饶射现象,表明下覆土层存在脱空且呈现严重非均质性.地下水位以下(>0.6m)基层脱空区被地下水填充,反射信号能量减弱,雷达图谱的条纹明亮差异变小.结合现场取样发现,距离约7.5m处的基层0.6m深度范围内,存在杂填散碎建筑垃圾,并存在大量孔隙,形成了污染废水和挥发性有机物沿水平方向的迁移优势通道.原因在于早期施工使用的基层填料规格较低,为含有颗粒状建筑垃圾的土壤,在面层荷载作用和地下水流动作用下,细粒的土颗粒以裂缝冒浆和管涌形式迁移,大颗粒建筑垃圾存留造成基层空洞[14-15].此外,基层雷达图谱上还存在沿垂直方向分布的纹理错乱区域,双曲线波形的轴线错断,为典型的松散土层特征,形成了沿垂直方向的迁移优势通道.结合现场的动力触探试验发现,该点贯入阻力很低,仅为10.21J/cm,与地质雷达识别结果一致.
通过高聚物注浆修复之后,雷达图谱见图3b.与修复前水平向分布的脱空区、垂直向分布的松散区等病害区域相比,两者面积分别减少约2/3和3/4,且病害区图中条纹分布区面积显著降低.该变化表明,结构表层的水平向分布脱空区和垂直向分布松散区并被有效填充,且填充区域内高聚物密实度较为均匀.此外,除了上述重点关注的病害区,雷达图谱其他区域的波形变化也显著降低,充分证明了在高聚物材料的膨胀挤压作用下,基层土壤结构趋于更为密实,基层的强度也显著提高(见3.2.2 结构表层和基层强度).
综合上述分析,地质雷达技术能够有效判断阻污承载结构表层服役状态及基层污染土壤结构状态,辅助判断场地土壤和地下水污染物分布及迁移趋势.此外,需要说明的是,与市政道路相比,早期企业内部运输道路的路基建设标准不完善,企业内部破损道路虽然可以勉强满足交通需求,但其阻污功能基本丧失.在产企业隐患排查工作中应高度关注罐区、废水处理区附近道路.
在阻污承载结构修复前、修复2h后、结构顶面覆层1d后、服役4个月后测试结构表面高程,如图4所示.为定量分析复合阻污承载结构的平整度,绘制不同阶段、不同测试点位测得的高程数据以箱型图和正态曲线,见图5.
可以发现:(1)试验前结构表层裂缝发育,部分区域裂缝贯穿成为优势通道(图2(c)),降水入渗后地基承载力降低,加剧地基不均匀沉降,如图4(a)所示.图5中修复前试验区域内测试点位高程测量值离散性较大,也验证了这一点.研究区域内最大和最小高程分别为9.278m和9.264m,差值为0.014m.此外,阻污承载结构两侧(图4(a)试验区左上侧和右下侧)顶面高程差异较大,可能是道路两侧储罐区泄露的酸碱废液作用下,地基土壤压缩指数差异性变化[16],在外界荷载作用下地基土体产生不均匀沉降[17].破损阻污承载结构的起伏变化极易造成污染液体在低洼处汇集,并沿着低洼处的优势通道迁移扩散到基层土壤和地下水.
(2)阻污承载结构修复后,各个测试点的高程整体上均有提升.需要说明的是,为了使结构顶面具有良好的平整性,修复过程中在低洼区域适当增加高聚物注浆量和注浆压力,针对性地提升低洼区域结构表层高程.注浆作业结束后,研究区域的两侧及中部低洼处(图4(b))高程提升显著,整个结构面高程趋于相近,最大和最小高程分别为9.279m和9.272m,差值仅为0.007m.
(3)为了进一步提升结构表层的平整性,将3C结构升级为4C结构后,在结构表层覆盖一层水泥基自流平快硬覆层.施工完成后地面平均高程为9.281m,不同点位高程测试值趋于接近,最大值与最小值差值为0.004m.经过4个月服役期,阻污承载结构不同测试点位高程平均值保持不变.
图5中箱型图表示阻污承载结构在注浆修复前、注浆修复2h后、水泥基快硬材料覆层1d后、服役4个月后的测试得到的阻污承载结构顶面高程变化、不同点位高程的离散程度,离散程度越小表示阻污承载结构的平整性越好.可以发现,随着注浆修复、水泥基快硬材料覆层等工艺实施,不同点位高程的离散程度逐渐减小,阻污承载结构的平整性逐渐提升.图5中正态曲线形状可以更为直观地定量表征不同点位高程的离散程度,不同点位高程方差(σ2)越小,阻污承载结构的平整性越好.阻污承载结构在注浆修复前、注浆修复2h后、水泥基快硬材料覆层1d后、服役4个月后测试点位高程的σ2分别为0.49mm、0.09mm、0.04mm和0.02mm.因此修复后阻隔屏障的平整性显著提升,有利于修复后阻污承载结构的力学性能长期稳定.
通过对不同阶段阻污承载结构的高程分析可知,高聚物注浆技术能够有效调整阻污承载结构平整度,并且修复后结构耐久性良好.此外,本研究主要针对结构平整度提升的可行性和长期稳定性,避免结构表面污水向局部低洼区聚集而快速迁移至下覆土层,造成地下水污染,故以研究区域内结构长期保持水平为目标.若阻污承载结构的边界存在污水导排管网,则可按照排水需要,设计阻污承载结构不用点位的目标高程.
根据裂缝宽度对截污承载结构表层裂缝进行分类后,分别在阻污承载结构修复前后表层四类裂缝位置测试结构的回弹模量,测试结果见图6(a).为了方便对比,将四类裂缝宽度上下限的平均值记为裂缝平均宽度.可以发现,随着裂缝宽度的增加,回弹模量逐渐减小,且回弹模量与裂缝平均宽度的对数值呈现出较强的正相关性.需要指出的是,由于个别测试点位偏离预测区间,故对该点位进行取样,以探究预测误差较大的原因.结合取样结果发现,偏离原因主要是:阻污承载结构表层的下底面(即,与基层接触的一侧)存在较大裂缝,造成回弹模量偏低,例如图6(a)中离群点1,对应位置结构底层存在宽度约为5.0mm的裂缝;阻污承载结构存在下覆层脱空现象,导致其回弹模量值较非脱空区偏低,例如图6(a)中离群点2和3.基于此,可以推断,通过便携式落锤式弯沉仪对阻污承载结构的回弹模量进行测试,可以实现两个目的:(1)通过回弹模量测试和地质雷达测试联用评估结构的裂缝发育情况.特别是针对表层下底面的裂缝,弥补目测法无法定量识别的不足;(2)识别结构表层下方、基层顶面处的脱空区,为后续修复高聚物注浆点位设计提供依据.
经过高聚物注浆修复,结构顶面原四类不同宽度裂缝对应区域的回弹模量值见图6(b).与修复前结构的回弹模量(图6(a))相比,可以发现,(1)较大宽度裂缝区域回弹模量值显著提升,例如,平均宽度为7.5mm和15mm裂缝区域的回弹模量平均值分别提升1.12倍和0.68倍;较小宽度裂缝区域的回弹模量值变化不明显;(2)在修复后测试的14个点位中,占比28.6%点位的回弹模量值可以恢复到非破损对照区回弹模量值的90%以上,42.9%点位的回弹模量值可以恢复到非破损对照区回弹模量值的80%以上;(3)修复后,虽然结构层裂缝和结构下覆层脱空区均被有效填充,但相同宽度裂缝区域的回弹模量值变化较大,在较大裂缝区域测试值离散性更为显著(图6(b)).高聚物材料、混凝土、土质地基的回弹模量差异较大,且裂缝宽度和脱空区体积差异引起的注浆量不同,可能是导致复合结构回弹模量变化较大的原因.尽管修复结构不同测试点位回弹模量变化较大,但是由于回弹模量是表征材料在给定荷载作用下产生可恢复弹性变形的大小[18].因此,可以推断修复后结构表层韧性增加,并减少产生累积不可逆形变.
此外,对于修复前因为结构表层裂缝和基层脱空共同造成的回弹模量值偏低的离群点3,在高聚物注浆修复后再次进行了回弹模量测试.由于原位置已经取样,且取样后在取样孔填充快硬水泥砂浆,故修复后测试点选取在距离修复前测试点位约10cm的位置处.修复后,该点位的回弹模量从修复前53.70MPa提升至195.65MPa(图6).因此,采用便携式落锤式弯沉仪获取的阻污承载结构修复前后回弹模量值,用于快速评估结构层裂缝和基层脱空区填充效果,是一种快速无损的测试方法.
由阻污承载结构平整性和回弹模量测试结果(图5图6)可知,修复前后结构表层较大宽度裂缝区域的截污承载性能提升显著,故选取平均宽度为7.5mm的裂缝区域取样测试结构表层的轴心抗压强度.修复前、高聚物注浆修复后及服役四个月后,结构表层的轴心抗压强度见图7(a).测试结果表明,修复前结构表层裂缝发育,轴心抗压强度偏低,3个样品测试平均值为26.22MPa.修复后高聚物材料充分填充裂缝,通过高聚物与混凝土界面的良好胶结作用将破损、分离的结构表层重新黏合为连续结构层,轴心抗压强度增加至36.21MPa,提升约0.38倍,修复后结构表层的轴心抗压强度与非破损对照区的测试值接近.高聚物填充混凝土裂缝后,与裂缝两侧界面通过物理咬合和化学胶结作用将其粘结成整体[19].由于聚氨酯硬化成型快,物理咬合作用迅速形成,但随着时间的增长,化学胶结作用逐渐增强.此外,由于聚氨酯微膨胀属性,随着时间增长,聚氨酯填充体与裂缝断裂面接触面积增加[20],故两者之间的黏合强度逐持续增加,在服役四个月后,其轴心抗压强度进一步增加至37.49MPa.
高聚物注浆修复后,除了结构基层脱空区被有效填充以外,非脱空区土层与高聚物通过化学胶结作用、高聚物材料的微膨胀挤压作用下土颗粒结构调整[21],使得结构基层趋于更为密实(图3(b)).在平均宽度为7.5mm的裂缝区域采集用于室内轴心抗压强度测试样品后,在对应位置测试基层的贯入阻力.需要说明的是,由于部分区域或者深度范围内存在脱空区,修复后高聚物会在脱空区内聚集成块.硬化的高聚物强度较大,轻型动力触探钻杆未能有效穿过高聚物填充层,故试验中只针对没有高聚物填充的区域或者深度范围进行试验和贯入阻力计算,评估高聚物的微膨胀挤压作用对基层土强度的影响效果.如图7(b)所示,由3个测试阶段获取的贯入阻力值,可以发现,经过高聚物注浆后,结构基层贯入阻力提升约21.3%;且服役4个月后,贯入阻力仍然表现出轻微的增长趋势.
综上所述,高聚物硬化后通过黏合结构表层裂缝显著提升结构表层的轴心抗压强度,通过填充、胶结和挤压作用有效改善了结构基层的力学性能,阻污承载结构的承载功能得到明显的恢复和提升.此外,由于场地条件限制,本研究未采集基层土体试样,但可以推断,在高聚物的微膨胀挤压作用对基层土体密实度增加,其渗透系数也会相应的减小[22],故基层阻隔污染物性能的得到提升.
由于在平均裂缝宽度为15.0mm区域采集的结构表层试样完整性较差(图2(d)),基本失去阻隔污染废水作用,无法测试透水系数.故选取结构表层平均裂缝宽度为7.5mm区域进行透水系数测试.修复前、高聚物注浆修复后及服役四个月后,结构表层的透水系数见图8.
测试结果表明,修复前结构表层裂缝发育,虽然在结构表层厚度范围内(20cm),平均宽度为3.0mm的裂缝并未贯穿,但部分深度范围内裂缝已经成为污染废水的优势通道,未贯穿厚度范围内的混凝土结构层对废水阻隔效果微弱,导致透水系数较大,3个测试点位平均值为1.07×10-4cm/s.高聚物注浆修复后,裂缝被有效填充,废水迁移的优势通道被封闭,结构表层试样透水系数减小至2.75×10-6cm/s,较修复前降低约2个数量级.服役期间,试验区域有运输原辅料及产品的重型车辆通过.在服役四个月后,结构表层试样透水系数为2.21×10-6cm/s,结合试样裂缝处混凝土界面和高聚物界面状态分析,发现在交通荷载的作用下,结构表层裂缝内的硬化高聚物材料完整性较好,能够保持界面之间的良好粘结效果,表现出较好的耐久性.
分析阻污承载结构表层修复前后的透水系数变化规律(图8)与结构表层的轴心抗压抗压强度变化规律(图7(a)),可以发现,两者变化规律一致.将相同时间、对应点位采集试样的透水系数和轴心抗压强度测试数据绘于图9,可以发现,在半对数坐标系中,两者呈现出较好的关联关系.因此,修复工程中可以通过较为省时的轴心抗压强度快速评估阻污承载结构表层试样的透水系数.
阻污承载结构表层平均裂缝宽度为7.5mm区域内用于室内透水系数测试的样品采集后,在对应取样孔进行挥发性有机物浓度测试.阻污承载结构修复前、高聚物注浆修复后及服役四个月后,结构基层取样孔内挥发性有机物浓度见图10.由于修复前,结构基层存在脱空区、土层结构不均匀等病害产生了挥发性有机物迁移的优势通道(图3),促进土壤和地下水中挥发性有机物穿过阻污承载结构表层向大气或室内空气迁移.测试的3个采样孔内挥发性有机污染物浓度平均值为0.4713mg/L.
通过高聚物注浆修复后,基层中水平向的脱空区、垂直向的松散区等被有效填充,挥发性有机物的优势迁移通道被堵塞(图3),采样孔内挥发性有机污染物浓度显著降低为修复前的1/5.需要注意的是,修复前3个取样孔挥发性有机污染浓度的变异系数(标准偏差与平均值的比值)为11.78%,而修复后3个取样孔挥发性有机污染浓度的变异系数增加为19.17%,该现象也进一步说明,随着沿水平方向分布的脱空区内的优势通道被堵塞,挥发性有机物由三维空间迁移为主变为由垂向迁移为主,显著降低了挥发性有机物向大气或者生产车间室内迁移的防控难度.
此外,服役4个月后,采样孔内挥发性有机污染浓度继续降低,可能原因是,将阻污承载结构(3C结构)修复提升为复合阻污承载结构(4C结构)后,原来处于基层顶部的病害地层由储存污染的地层(蓄污层)变成阻隔污染的阻污层.随着服役期逐渐延长,蓄污层内污染物总量逐渐减少,且其作为阻污层不会再次造成污染物的大量累积.
借鉴阻污承载结构表层修复前后的透水系数与结构表层的轴心抗压强度之间的关系,分析基层贯入阻力和挥发性有机物浓度之间的关系.将相同时间、对应点位的基层贯入阻力和挥发性有机物浓度测试数据绘于图11.可以发现,数据点离散性较大,两者相关性差,且通过使用线性函数或者半对数函数拟合,拟合系数均小于0.5.
分析产生该现象原因之前,先讨论几个基本问题:(1)密实的均质污染土层中,挥发性有机物主要通过扩散作用向外界迁移;而对于存在脱空区、孔洞等优势通道的非均匀土层,挥发性有机物则主要通过在优势通道的对流作用迁移[23-24].(2)基层贯入阻力表征土层的密实程度,即,基层密实程度越大则贯入阻力越大(图3图7(b));另一方面,土层密实程度与挥发性有机物在土层的扩散系数负相关[25],即土层密实程度越大,挥发性有机物在土层的扩散系数越小.(3)根据一维多孔介质气体扩散理论[26],给定时间内,取样孔内挥发性有机物浓度与其在土层的扩散系数正相关.
因此,可以推断,若假设均质基层内挥发性有机物以扩散形式向外界迁移,则结构基层贯入阻力与取样孔内挥发性有机物浓度负相关.然而,本研究中基层贯入阻力和取样孔挥发性有机物浓度未呈现出负相关关系,因此可以进一步推断,对于存在水平方向脱空区、竖向孔洞等优势通道的非均质基层而言,挥发性有机物主要在优势通道内通过对流作用迁移.与扩散作用相比,对流作用往往更容易促进污染物在短时间内大量迁移.因此,阻污承载结构的服役性能监测、评估与修复时,需要高度关注结构基层的破损状态与破损形式.
通过现场低损或者微损测试技术,查明了阻污承载结构由基层到表层的渐进式损伤是结构阻污承载功能失效的主要控制机制.结合在产企业损伤阻污承载结构低扰动服役性能提升需求,坚持双管齐下、标本兼治的治理思路,面向结构表层和基层协同提升需求,基于非开挖施工工艺,提出了将既有损伤阻污承载结构(3C结构)改造为复合阻污承载结构(4C结构)的解决方案.两种阻污承载结构的对比如图12所示.
通过外界压力将高聚物注射至病害部位,在其黏结和填充作用下,结构表层裂缝被填充、散碎结构被粘结成整体(图3图4),阻隔污染物迁移、承受外界荷载的性能显著提升(图6图7(a)图8);同时,高聚物材料在结构基层沿水平向的脱空、沿垂直方向的孔洞等污染迁移优势通道扩散,快速(30min内)将污染迁移优势通道填充封闭,且污染迁移优势通道以外土层在高聚物材料的膨胀作用下趋于更为密实(图3图4),故结构基层阻隔污染物迁移、承受外界荷载的性能提升(图7(b)图10).因此,阻污承载结构的表层和基层服役性能得到同步协同提升.此外,图13是非裂缝区域采集到的表层结构样品,可以发现,阻污承载结构修复后,非裂缝区域的混凝土结构层未出现新的缝隙,其阻污承载性能不会发生显著变化.
与传统损伤阻污承载结构拆除后重建相比,施作复合损伤阻污承载结构具有显著的优势,见表2.
需要特别强调的是,(1)避免大型施工准备进场、拆除既有阻污承载结构的前提下,采用非开挖技术,不影响在产企业生产活动.(2)修复周期显著缩短.传统“损伤结构拆除→污染病害基层换填→结构浇筑→养护”的治理方式中,根据水泥混凝土材料差异,结构养护需要7~28d,而本方案中高聚物材料在30min内可以硬化成型,实现损伤结构修复效果.(3)治理过程碳排放少.假设对面积为400m2的损伤阻污承载结构进行修复,按照传统拆除重建需要水泥混凝土约100m3.以本试验高聚物注浆材料用量为依据,高聚物材料使用量约3.5t.水泥混凝土和高聚物材料的碳排放因子参考联合国政府间气候变化专门委员会(IPCC)推荐的二氧化碳当量值计算[27],分别为295kg CO2e/m3、5020kg CO2e/t,则两种治理方式使用材料的碳排放分别为29.50t和17.57t.此外,复合阻污承载结构的优势显著增加企业方对于边生产边管控的接受程度,具有较好的推广和应用前景.
5.1 3C结构提升为4C结构技术可行.在高聚物的黏结和填充作用下,结构表层的裂缝被填充、散碎结构被粘结成整体,结构基层的污染物迁移优势通道被有效封闭,将蓄污层转化成阻污层.
5.2 4C结构平整程度显著提升.修复后试验区域结构最大与最小高程之差减小71.4%,有效避免地表废水径流汇集至局部低洼区后污染基层土壤.
5.3 4C结构承载性能显著改善.高聚物注浆后结构的最大回弹模量值恢复到对照区回弹模量值的80%以上.裂缝发育区试样轴心抗压强度提升.
5.4 4C结构阻污性能显著增强.修复后结构表层裂缝愈合,透水系数降低,测试孔内挥发性有机污染物浓度降低为修复前的1/5.
5.5 4C结构长期服役性能良好.在外界荷载及自然暴露条件下,修复结构服役性能未发生衰退.
  • 江苏省环境工程重点实验室自主课题(ZX2023003)
  • 国家重点研发计划项目(2019YFC1804000; 2022YFC3702500)
  • 中国博士后科学基金项目(2022M711397; 2024T170359)
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  • 接收时间:2024-07-16
  • 首发时间:2026-03-17
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  • 收稿日期:2024-07-16
基金
江苏省环境工程重点实验室自主课题(ZX2023003)
国家重点研发计划项目(2019YFC1804000; 2022YFC3702500)
中国博士后科学基金项目(2022M711397; 2024T170359)
作者信息
    1.江苏省环境科学研究院江苏省环境工程重点实验室,江苏 南京 210036
    2.江苏省土壤与地下水污染防控工程研究中心,江苏 南京 210036

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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