Article(id=1240689591942959962, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, issueId=1240689590315569990, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1721318400000, receivedDateStr=2024-07-19, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773733049616, onlineDateStr=2026-03-17, pubDate=1739980800000, pubDateStr=2025-02-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773733049616, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-17, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773733049616, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773733049616, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1240689590315569990, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, year='2025', volume='45', issue='2', pageStart='593', pageEnd='1184', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773733049228, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773733150042, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1240690013239825123, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, issueId=1240689590315569990, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1240690013239825124, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, issueId=1240689590315569990, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=629, endPage=636, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1240689592161063772, articleId=1240689591942959962, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, language=EN, title=Effects of molecular evolution and emission sources on atmospheric oxidative potential in Xi’an, columnId=1234106386020365051, journalTitle=China Environmental Science, columnName=Air Pollution Control, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To investigate the seasonal variation and source of oxidative potential (OP) in atmospheric fine particulate matter (PM2.5) in Xi’an, the mass normalized OP (OPDTTm) was measured using the dithiothreitol (DTT) method, and the influence of chemical components of PM2.5 on OPDTTm was analyzed, and the contributions of different sources to OPDTTm was quantified using a positive matrix factorization coupled with an artificial neural network multilayer perceptron (PMF-ANN-MLP) model. The findings revealed that OPDTTm in Xi’an was highest during summer ((13.2 ± 5.4) pmol(min·µg)) and lowest in winter ((5.6 ± 2.7) pmol(min·µg)). Correlation analysis indicated that nitro-containing aromatic compounds and carboxylic acids have a significant impact on OPDTTm, and the difference in molecular abundance was the main reason for the seasonal variation of OPDTTm. Source apportionment showed that dust (26.7%), traffic (35.1%), secondary formation (23.2%), and biomass burning (24.5%) and coal combustion (25.8%) were the predominant contributors to OPDTTm during spring, summer, autumn, and winter, respectively. These results provide a scientific foundation for developing effective air pollution control measures aimed at safeguarding public health.

, correspAuthors=Zhen-xing SHEN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Di-wei WANG, Zhen-xing SHEN, Ge-zi BAI, Hao-nan LI, Sha-sha HUANG, Xue-ting YANG, Jian SUN, Hong-mei XU), CN=ArticleExt(id=1240689596133069785, articleId=1240689591942959962, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, language=CN, title=西安市大气PM2.5分子演化和来源对其氧化潜势的影响, columnId=1234106388364981004, journalTitle=中国环境科学, columnName=大气污染与控制, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为探究西安市大气细颗粒物(PM2.5)氧化潜势(OP)的季节变化及来源,采用二硫苏糖醇(DTT)法测定了质量归一化的OP水平(OPDTTm),分析了PM2.5化学组分对OP的影响,结合正矩阵因子分解耦合人工神经网络-多层感知器(PMF-ANN-MLP)模型定量排放源对OPDTTm的贡献.结果表明:西安市大气OPDTTm在夏季最高((13.2 ± 5.4) pmol/(min·µg)),冬季最低((5.6 ± 2.7) pmol/(min·µg)).相关性分析结果表明,含硝基的芳香族化合物和羧酸类有机分子对OPDTTm生成具有重要作用,其分子丰度的差异是导致OPDTTm呈现季节变化的主要原因.源解析揭示,扬尘源对OPDTTm的贡献在春季最高(26.7%),夏季交通源的贡献最高(35.1%),二次源的贡献在秋季最高(23.2%),生物质燃烧(24.5%)和燃煤(25.8%)的贡献均在冬季最高.研究结果可为制定有效的大气污染防治措施以保护人群健康提供科学依据.

, correspAuthors=沈振兴, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*责任作者,教授,
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王帝伟(1996−),男,河南周口人,西安交通大学博士研究生,主要从事大气颗粒物及棕碳方面的相关研究.发表论文3篇. .

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王帝伟(1996−),男,河南周口人,西安交通大学博士研究生,主要从事大气颗粒物及棕碳方面的相关研究.发表论文3篇. .

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王帝伟(1996−),男,河南周口人,西安交通大学博士研究生,主要从事大气颗粒物及棕碳方面的相关研究.发表论文3篇. .

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Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics201414(23):12915-12930, articleTitle=Reactive oxygen species associated with water-soluble PM2.5in the southeastern United States: spatiotemporal trends and source apportionment, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1240689605041771102, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689591942959962, awardId=42477238, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金资助项目(42477238), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1240689596422476777, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689591942959962, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1240689596430865387, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689591942959962, companyId=1240689596422476777, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1240689596439253996, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689591942959962, companyId=1240689596422476777, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=西安交通大学环境科学与工程系,陕西 西安 710049)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1240689603540210083, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689591942959962, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Seasonal variations of PM2.5, component concentrations, and oxidative potential levels in Xi’an during the sampling period, figureFileSmall=OMI+rj8LqjvIYYCMsl2wjg==, figureFileBig=GxQyA1fN47X5eX/ZOOR8VA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240689603640873395, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689591942959962, language=CN, label=图1, caption=采样期间西安市PM2.5及其组分浓度、氧化潜势水平的季节变化, figureFileSmall=OMI+rj8LqjvIYYCMsl2wjg==, figureFileBig=GxQyA1fN47X5eX/ZOOR8VA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240689603980612056, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689591942959962, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Impact of organic molecule composition characteristics in PM2.5 on oxidative potential, figureFileSmall=HTpCx98quwc5ZRkon14Ghw==, figureFileBig=RkDkuKvxu82KAhEHOvfhYg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240689604131607027, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689591942959962, language=CN, label=图2, caption=PM2.5中有机分子的组成特征对氧化潜势的影响, figureFileSmall=HTpCx98quwc5ZRkon14Ghw==, figureFileBig=RkDkuKvxu82KAhEHOvfhYg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240689604228076031, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689591942959962, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Distribution characteristics of double bond equivalent and carbon atom number of highly oxidizing active molecules in different seasons, figureFileSmall=u+6+xF+Nx3s32F0GDRxluw==, figureFileBig=R1oTC2eE7KYJx41yeOZmSQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240689604345516558, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689591942959962, language=CN, label=图3, caption=不同季节强氧化活性分子的双键当量和碳原子数目的分布特征, figureFileSmall=u+6+xF+Nx3s32F0GDRxluw==, figureFileBig=R1oTC2eE7KYJx41yeOZmSQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240689604471345689, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689591942959962, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Seasonal variations in the contributions of different emission sources to OPDTTm, figureFileSmall=c5vvkuiYLdYzHyk+aJfXlA==, figureFileBig=XSxse8RJZ8xSMZDMz8Ib3Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240689604597174827, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689591942959962, language=CN, label=图4, caption=各排放源对OPDTTm贡献的季节变化, figureFileSmall=c5vvkuiYLdYzHyk+aJfXlA==, figureFileBig=XSxse8RJZ8xSMZDMz8Ib3Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240689604714615355, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689591942959962, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Molecular characteristics of atmospheric organic compounds with potential oxidative potential contribution

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类别H/CwO/CwO/NwDBEwDBE/CwAIw
CHNOS0.81±0.010.41±0.022.17±0.0910.68±0.420.77±0.010.84±0.02
CHOS1.55±0.040.31±0.014.43±0.070.29±0.020.13±0.03
CHO1.53±0.040.40±0.064.63±0.500.34±0.020.21±0.02
CHNO1.09±0.020.41±0.012.60±0.197.66±0.210.65±0.010.68±0.04
), ArticleFig(id=1240689604823667266, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689591942959962, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

具有潜在氧化潜势生成贡献的大气有机化合物的分子特征

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类别H/CwO/CwO/NwDBEwDBE/CwAIw
CHNOS0.81±0.010.41±0.022.17±0.0910.68±0.420.77±0.010.84±0.02
CHOS1.55±0.040.31±0.014.43±0.070.29±0.020.13±0.03
CHO1.53±0.040.40±0.064.63±0.500.34±0.020.21±0.02
CHNO1.09±0.020.41±0.012.60±0.197.66±0.210.65±0.010.68±0.04
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西安市大气PM2.5分子演化和来源对其氧化潜势的影响
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王帝伟 , 沈振兴 * , 白鸽子 , 李昊楠 , 黄沙沙 , 杨雪婷 , 孙健 , 徐红梅
中国环境科学 | 大气污染与控制 2025,45(2): 629-636
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中国环境科学 | 大气污染与控制 2025, 45(2): 629-636
西安市大气PM2.5分子演化和来源对其氧化潜势的影响
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王帝伟 , 沈振兴* , 白鸽子, 李昊楠, 黄沙沙, 杨雪婷, 孙健, 徐红梅
作者信息
  • 西安交通大学环境科学与工程系,陕西 西安 710049
  • 王帝伟(1996−),男,河南周口人,西安交通大学博士研究生,主要从事大气颗粒物及棕碳方面的相关研究.发表论文3篇. .

通讯作者:

*责任作者,教授,
Effects of molecular evolution and emission sources on atmospheric oxidative potential in Xi’an
Di-wei WANG , Zhen-xing SHEN* , Ge-zi BAI, Hao-nan LI, Sha-sha HUANG, Xue-ting YANG, Jian SUN, Hong-mei XU
Affiliations
  • Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
出版时间: 2025-02-20
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为探究西安市大气细颗粒物(PM2.5)氧化潜势(OP)的季节变化及来源,采用二硫苏糖醇(DTT)法测定了质量归一化的OP水平(OPDTTm),分析了PM2.5化学组分对OP的影响,结合正矩阵因子分解耦合人工神经网络-多层感知器(PMF-ANN-MLP)模型定量排放源对OPDTTm的贡献.结果表明:西安市大气OPDTTm在夏季最高((13.2 ± 5.4) pmol/(min·µg)),冬季最低((5.6 ± 2.7) pmol/(min·µg)).相关性分析结果表明,含硝基的芳香族化合物和羧酸类有机分子对OPDTTm生成具有重要作用,其分子丰度的差异是导致OPDTTm呈现季节变化的主要原因.源解析揭示,扬尘源对OPDTTm的贡献在春季最高(26.7%),夏季交通源的贡献最高(35.1%),二次源的贡献在秋季最高(23.2%),生物质燃烧(24.5%)和燃煤(25.8%)的贡献均在冬季最高.研究结果可为制定有效的大气污染防治措施以保护人群健康提供科学依据.

氧化潜势  /  分子组成  /  源解析  /  MLP模型

To investigate the seasonal variation and source of oxidative potential (OP) in atmospheric fine particulate matter (PM2.5) in Xi’an, the mass normalized OP (OPDTTm) was measured using the dithiothreitol (DTT) method, and the influence of chemical components of PM2.5 on OPDTTm was analyzed, and the contributions of different sources to OPDTTm was quantified using a positive matrix factorization coupled with an artificial neural network multilayer perceptron (PMF-ANN-MLP) model. The findings revealed that OPDTTm in Xi’an was highest during summer ((13.2 ± 5.4) pmol(min·µg)) and lowest in winter ((5.6 ± 2.7) pmol(min·µg)). Correlation analysis indicated that nitro-containing aromatic compounds and carboxylic acids have a significant impact on OPDTTm, and the difference in molecular abundance was the main reason for the seasonal variation of OPDTTm. Source apportionment showed that dust (26.7%), traffic (35.1%), secondary formation (23.2%), and biomass burning (24.5%) and coal combustion (25.8%) were the predominant contributors to OPDTTm during spring, summer, autumn, and winter, respectively. These results provide a scientific foundation for developing effective air pollution control measures aimed at safeguarding public health.

oxidative potential  /  molecular composition  /  source apportionment  /  MLP Model
王帝伟, 沈振兴, 白鸽子, 李昊楠, 黄沙沙, 杨雪婷, 孙健, 徐红梅. 西安市大气PM2.5分子演化和来源对其氧化潜势的影响. 中国环境科学, 2025 , 45 (2) : 629 -636 .
Di-wei WANG, Zhen-xing SHEN, Ge-zi BAI, Hao-nan LI, Sha-sha HUANG, Xue-ting YANG, Jian SUN, Hong-mei XU. Effects of molecular evolution and emission sources on atmospheric oxidative potential in Xi’an[J]. China Environmental Science, 2025 , 45 (2) : 629 -636 .
大气细颗粒物(PM2.5)对环境质量和人体健康的不利影响受到广泛关注.大量研究表明,PM2.5具有催化诱导细胞产生活性氧(ROS)的能力,从而引发机体的氧化应激效应并导致炎症反应[1-3].目前,国内外研究学者通常使用由脱细胞法测定的氧化潜势(OP)指标来评价PM2.5的氧化性能,其测定方法包括二硫苏糖醇(DTT)[2,4-5],2’,7’-二氯荧光素(DCFH)[6-7]和抗坏血酸(AA)[8]等,其中DTT法因最能全面反映PM2.5的OP而得到广泛采用[4,9-10].基于该方法,目前国内外已有大量研究表征了PM2.5质量归一化的OP水平(OPDTTm,pmol/(min·µg)),包括中国北京(0.1~37.5)[4]、武汉(18.2~52.8)[11]、深圳(10.3~38.5)[12]、杭州(2.0~22.7)[13],希腊雅典(3~106)[14],美国加利福尼亚州(20~25)和亚特兰大(37~53)[15-16],荷兰(3~180)[17],意大利米兰(2~14.5)[18-19],印度(13~50)[20]等.这些结果反映出OPDTTm水平具有明显的地区差异性. OPDTTm水平也具有一定的季节变化特征,并且在不同研究区域表现出不同的变化趋势[4,12].此外,提取PM2.5的溶剂不同也会影响OP水平[3].
PM2.5组成对OP水平有重要的影响,目前已知的具有OP生成贡献的PM2.5组分主要包括有机化合物[2,6,10];过渡金属[3]等.这些物种主要来源于生物质和煤燃烧、机动车等人为排放源和大气老化反应.目前已有部分国内外研究通过使用多种来源解析模型定量了排放源对OP的贡献,包括正定矩阵因子分解(PMF)模型[21],化学质量平衡(CMB)模型[22],主成分分析(PCA)[23],PMF耦合多元线性回归(MLR)[4]等.基于这些模型分析,被确定的对OP具有贡献的来源主要包括生物质燃烧,机动车,二次形成,燃煤和工业排放等,各排放源的贡献也随着采样地点和采样时间的不同而存在差异.然而,由于同一物种可能来自多种排放源,以及各化学组分对OP生成可能存在的协同或拮抗作用,导致不同排放源之间实际上存在着非线性关系[8],这使得传统线性模型在定量排放源对OP贡献时存在不确定性.基于人工神经网络-多层感知器(ANN-MLP)模型由于内嵌非线性函数,从而可以确定自变量之间的非线性相互作用,并已被证明在定量OP来源贡献时能够提供更加具有现实意义的结果[8].
西安市作为中国西北地区的重要城市之一,其PM2.5污染问题受到了广泛关注.由于地理环境和能源结构的影响,西安市大气呈现出冬季颗粒物污染较重,夏季主要是臭氧污染的典型季节差异.然而,目前关于西安市PM2.5的OP季节变化特征和影响因素的研究仍然较为缺乏,这限制了从控制污染源排放的角度来降低PM2.5健康风险的可能性.因此,本文选择西安市大气PM2.5作为研究对象,分析了PM2.5的化学组成对OP的影响,并使用能够消除化学物种之间可能存在的非线性关系的ANN-MLP模型定量OP的来源,从而为相关部门制定有效的政策措施以保护人群健康提供参考.
采样点位于西安交通大学的一栋建筑物楼顶,周边分布有居民区、商业区和交通道路等,是典型的城市混合区域采样点.观测时间为2019年1月2日~12月29日,采用大容量采样器(HVS-PM2.5,Tisch Environmental Inc.,Cleves,OH,USA)以1.13m3/min的流量将大气PM2.5收集在经过预先焙烧的石英滤膜(203mm×254mm,Whatman,QMA)上.每个样品的采集时长为24h(09:00至次日09:00),两次采样间隔时长为3d,收集到的滤膜立即使用干净的铝箔密封,并保存在4℃条件下.春季(3~5月),夏季(6~8月),秋季(9~11月)和冬季(1~2月和12月)分别收集到29,25,28和19个样品,同时每个季节各收集1个空白滤膜作为对照.采样前后分别使用高精密微量天平(Sartorius LA130S-F,Germany)称重滤膜以获得PM2.5的富集量,并根据采样体积计算PM2.5的质量浓度.
PM2.5样品中有机碳(OC)和元素碳(EC)的分析通过热-光学碳组分分析仪(DRI Model 2001A,Atmoslytic,Inc.,USA)进行.每个滤膜样品均切取面积为0.526cm2的圆片用于分析,在设定的升温程序下分别得到OC及其亚组分(OC1,OC2,OC3和OC4)和EC及其亚组分(EC1,EC2和EC3)含量.水溶性无机离子(Na+,NH4+,K+,Mg2+,Ca2+,Cl,NO3,SO42−)的分析采用离子色谱仪(Dionex Integrion HPIC,Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc.,USA).从每个滤膜上切割出直径为47mm的圆片的1/4(约4.34cm2)剪成碎片,加入10mL超纯水震荡提取60min,随后使用0.45µm的聚四氟乙烯(PTFE)滤头过滤悬浮液,最后通过离子色谱仪测定滤液中的离子浓度.本研究中所有样品的碳组分和离子浓度均使用现场采样的空白滤膜样品校正.
PM2.5中有机分子组成测定采用超高效液相色谱联用轨道阱质谱(Q-Extractive Plus,Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc.,USA),操作步骤如下:取直径为47mm圆片的1/4(约4.34cm2)剪成碎片,使用8mL甲醇(HPLC级,Fisher Chemical,USA)超声提取30min后用0.45µm的PTFE滤头过滤获得PM2.5甲醇提取液.将提取液在缓和的氮气流下吹至完全干燥,使用200µL的甲醇复溶后上机测试.原始质谱数据的处理通过MZmine-2.53软件(http://mzmine.github.io)完成,以得到样品中包含的全部分子式及对应的峰面积.分子式的表达用CcHhNnOoSs表示,其中chnos分别为单个分子的碳,氢,氮,氧和硫原子的个数.最后基于分子式和对应的质谱峰面积计算丰度加权平均的分子特征,从而使得不同样品间的结果是容易比较的.使用丰度加权平均计算的元素比(H/Cw,O/Cw,O/Nw)分别表征样品有机分子的饱和程度,氧化程度和含氮官能团类型;使用双键当量指数(DBEw)表征样品有机分子的双键含量;使用芳香度指数(AIw)表征样品的芳香环结构含量.各参数的详细计算公式如下[24]
式中:Inti指第i个分子的峰面积,无量纲;H/Ci,O/Ci,O/Ni指第i个分子的氢碳比,氧碳比和氧氮比;DBEi指第i个分子的等效双键指数;AIi指第i个分子的芳香度指数.
本研究采用二硫苏糖醇(DTT)法测定PM2.5甲醇提取物的OP水平.首先将4mL PM2.5甲醇提取液与1mL溶解在磷酸盐缓冲液(0.1mol/L,pH=7.4)中的DTT(1mmol/L)混合,并在37℃的水浴锅中孵育.随后分别在0,5,15,30,45和60min各取0.5mL的混合液,加入0.5mL的三氯乙酸(1%,W/V),25µL的5,5’-二硫代双(2-硝基苯甲酸)(DTNB)和1mL Tris-HCl缓冲液(1mol/L)中止DTT与样品中氧化还原活性物质的反应.最后使用紫外-可见分光光度计测定上述混合液在412nm处的吸光度.样品中剩余DTT的浓度通过由已知浓度的DTT溶液与其吸光度生成的标准曲线确定(R2=0.9997).DTT消耗速率由不同时刻的DTT消耗量获得.具体的计算方法参照文献[5].现有研究通常将DTT消耗速率进行体积归一化(OPDTTv),单位为nmol/(min·m3)和质量归一化(OPDTTm),单位为pmol/(min·µg).由于本文主要探究PM2.5化学成分对OP的影响,由PM2.5质量归一化得到的OPDTTm作为PM2.5的内在属性,其与化学组成变化的关系更加密切[3,10],因此选取OPDTTm来做进一步讨论.
本研究通过PMF-ANN-MLP模型定量不同排放源对OP的贡献.关于该模型的详细描述参照我们之前的研究[25].PMF模型的原理是将样品的PM2.5组分浓度矩阵分解成污染源因子贡献矩阵和污染源成分因子谱矩阵,以及一个残差矩阵,通过最小二乘法进行迭代运算定量主要污染源的贡献率. ANN-MLP模型是由输入层,输出层和至少1个隐藏层构成的前馈式神经网络模型.每层都由多个神经元(节点)组成,隐藏层的神经元与输出层和输入层是全连接的.模型通过输入层将一组输入数据经线性变换后传递到隐藏层,神经元通过对输入值进行加权求和,再经激活函数进行非线性变换后传递到输出层,从而实现输入数据到输出数据的非线性映射.具体操作如下:首先将水溶性无机离子和碳组分作为PMF模型(EPA,PMF 5.0)的输入变量用于识别和量化PM2.5的主要来源:模型迭代运行20次,并通过设置因子个数不断优化模型结果,使得PM2.5实测值与拟合值的相关性逐渐接近1,并根据最优模型中各组分对每个因子的贡献确定排放源类型.下一步将由PMF模型得到的不同排放源对PM2.5浓度的每日贡献和OPDTTm分别作为ANN-MLP模型的输入层和输出层,隐藏层个数设置为1层,在SPSS软件(Version 23,IBM Corp.,Armonk,NY,USA)中运行模型.模型结果的优化则通过改变隐藏层和输出层的两种激活函数类型(Sigmoid函数、双曲正切型(TanH)函数),和两种算法(Scaled conjugate、Gradient descent)来实现,并基于OPDTTm实测值和拟合值的皮尔逊相关系数(越接近1)和均方根误差(越接近0)结果选择最优MLP模型.随后将某一排放源(n)对PM2.5的日贡献设置为0,以建立一组虚拟数据集,并将最优MLP模型用于该数据集以得到忽略该源后其他源对OPDTTm的贡献(MLPn),由原始数据集得到的包含所有源贡献(MLP)减去MLPn即为在排除了源之间的非线性影响后,获得该排放源单独对OPDTTm的贡献.
采样期间西安市PM2.5及主要组分浓度的季节分布如图1(a)所示.冬季PM2.5的浓度最高,其次为春季>秋季>夏季.OC对不同季节PM2.5的贡献远高于其他组分,在夏季贡献最高(47.6%),春季较低(36.4%);水溶性二次无机离子(WSⅡs:NH4+,NO3和SO42−)和EC对不同季节PM2.5的贡献分别为13.4%~31.3%和9.9%~17.6%,其他离子(Na+,K+,Ca2+,Mg2+,Cl)贡献的季节差异性较小(4.5%~5.4%),这表明OC和WSⅡs是PM2.5的主要组分.
图1(b)展示了西安市大气PM2.5氧化潜势(OPDTTm)的季节变化.在整个采样时期内,OPDTTm的变化范围为0.9~27.3pmol/(min·µg),平均值为(8.61±5.51)pmol/(min·µg),介于国内外相关研究的范围内,例如北京(0.13~37.5pmol/(min·µg))[4,26],广州(11.3~34.6pmol/(min·µg))[27],杭州(2.0~22.7pmol/(min·µg))[13],美国洛杉矶(5.0~24.0pmol/(min·µg))[15].本研究的OPDTTm在季节差异上表现出夏季(13.2±5.4pmol/(min·µg))>秋季(9.7±5.5pmol/(min·µg))>春季(5.9±3.7pmol/(min·µg))>冬季(5.6±2.7pmol/(min·µg)),表明夏季PM2.5的氧化活性强于其他季节,这与Yu等[4]的研究结果类似.OPDTTm作为PM2.5的内在属性,其主要受到PM2.5化学成分的显著影响[3].研究表明大气有机化合物,例如硝基多环芳烃、醌类、类腐殖质等可以催化ROS的生成过程,是大气OP的重要驱动因素[1-2,6],而无机离子对OP生成没有直接的贡献[8,27].由于本研究使用甲醇作为PM2.5的萃取溶剂,其对OC的提取效率可达90%~95%[28-29],并且通过DTT方法测定的OP通常对有机物种更加敏感[3],因此本研究OPDTTm的季节差异可能与有机分子的组成变化密切相关.
为了探究大气有机分子对OPDTTm的影响,本研究基于单个有机分子丰度与OPDTTm的皮尔逊相关性分析从复杂的有机组分中筛选出具有潜在OP生成贡献分子.如图2(a)所示,在不同季节PM2.5样品中检测到的1473个有机分子中,共有850个分子(圆形)与OPDTTm呈现正相关性,并且这些分子主要分布在0.3≤O/C≤1.2和H/C≤1.5的区域,表明具有潜在OP生成贡献分子的氧化程度和不饱和程度均较高[30-31].以下讨论均只对于这些具有潜在OP生成贡献的分子.如图2(b)所示,这些有机分子的数量在季节上呈现出夏季(850个)>秋季(790个)>春季(788个)>冬季(565个)的变化趋势,这与OPDTTm的季节变化特征一致,进一步表明了有机分子对OP的影响.在类别组成上,这些分子以CHNOS(分子中仅含碳、氢、氮、氧和硫元素,以下类似)和CHNO类为主,这与Luo等[5]的研究结果一致.CHNOS分子在不同季节的数目占比为37.3%~40.0%,CHNO类分子数目占比为27.5%~30.3%;而CHOS和CHO分子的数目较少,在不同的季节占比分别为12.4%~13.8%和18.7%~20.0%.下面对不同类别有机分子的结构特征对OP的影响进行探讨.
表1总结了具有潜在OP生成贡献分子的组成特征.不同季节CHNOS和CHNO分子的H/Cw值范围分别为0.80~0.82和1.07~1.11,远低于CHOS(1.50~1.59)和CHO(1.49~1.58);而CHNOS和CHNO分子的DBEw值却明显高于CHO和CHOS,表明CHNOS和CHNO分子的共轭程度较高,可能含有双键或苯环等不饱和结构[32-33];而CHOS和CHO分子的不饱和程度较低.通常根据AI值可以将分子分类为脂肪族(AI=0)、烯烃类(0<AI≤0.5)和芳香族(AI>0.5)[34].本研究中不同季节CHNOS和CHNO分子的AIw值分别为0.76~0.79和0.63~0.65,表明这些CHNOS和CHNO分子中含有丰富的芳香环结构.此外,CHNOS和CHNO的O/Nw值较高(2.04~2.75),丰富的O原子允许在分子中分配硝基(−NO2)或硝氧基(−ONO2)官能团[29],因此本研究中具有氧化潜势贡献的CHNOS和CHNO分子主要为含有硝基或硝氧基的芳香族化合物.Verma等[9]和Cao等[10]的研究也表明硝基芳香族化合物,例如硝基多环芳烃等可以催化ROS的生成.相比于春季和冬季,夏季和秋季CHO分子的H/Cw(1.52~1.58)和O/Cw(0.43~0.46)值较高,而DBEw(4.07~4.35)和AIw(0.18~0.19)值较低,说明夏季和秋季的CHO分子属于饱和程度和含氧量较高的一类有机化合物,例如羧酸类.研究表明,羧酸类有机化合物主要源于二次有机气溶胶(SOA)[35],而夏季增强的光化学氧化反应和生物源挥发性有机化合物的排放可以促进SOA的形成[36].此外,Samara等[37]的研究也表明羧酸类有机化合物含量与OPDTT呈现显著正相关,尤其是在夏季,这与夏季样品中羧酸类有机化合物相对富集紧密相关.
为了进一步探究有机分子的季节变化对OPDTTm的影响,我们筛选出了分子丰度与OPDTTm的相关性≥0.5的分子,共得到112个分子,并将其定义为强氧化活性分子.图3展示了强氧化活性分子在不同季节的分布特征.超过90%的分子的DBE值分布在3~25,表明强氧化活性分子大多含有双键和/或环结构;约有61%的分子具有AI>0.5的特征,表明这些分子中含有芳香环结构,进一步暗示了芳香族有机化合物对大气OP生成具有重要贡献.此外,分别有55个和29个分子属于CHNOS和CHNO类别,其中约有40%的分子具有O/N≥3的特征,表明这些分子中含有−NO2或−ONO2官能团.如图5所示,约71%的分子含有超过4个的O原子,过量的O原子表明在这些化合物中可能也存在其他含氧官能团,如羟基和羧基官能团[38].这些结果进一步证明了含硝基的芳香族化合物和羧酸类化合物对大气OP生成的显著作用.
不同季节的强氧化活性分子在数量上表现出夏季(112个)>秋季(101个)>春季(93个)>冬季(58个)的变化顺序,这也与OPDTTm的季节变化特征相同.分子丰度通常与其浓度水平成正相关,但由于电离效率的差异,不同的有机化合物对质谱的信号响应可能不同,因此在通过峰面积等分子丰度指标比较不同化合物的浓度时可能存在不确定性[39-40],但同种分子之间的丰度比较是有意义的.例如,对于同一个强氧化活性分子,其丰度在夏季最高,其次是秋季和春季,而在冬天的丰度则明显降低(图3),反映出该分子的浓度在夏季高于冬季,并可能贡献了更多的OP生成作用.在分子总丰度对比上,夏季强氧化活性分子的总丰度分别是春季、秋季和冬季的1.4倍、2.2倍和4.8倍.因此,本研究中强氧化活性分子的数量和浓度的季节变化是导致OPDTTm呈现季节性变化的主要原因.
在本研究中,为了消除氧化还原活性成分之间可能存在的非线性关系导致各个排放源对OP的贡献重叠或抵消[8],我们使用PMF-ANN-MLP模型来更加准确地定量不同来源对OP的贡献,共解析出5个因子.因子1由于富含K+和OC1而被定义为生物质燃烧源[41-42];因子2中Cl、SO42−和OC1、OC2、OC3、OC4为主要贡献成分,被确定为煤炭燃烧源[43];因子3中OC2、OC3、OC4和EC1、EC2、EC3的贡献较高,这通常与汽油车和柴油车的排放有关[4,42],因此被确定为交通源;因子4主要是NH4+和NO3的贡献,被归纳为二次源[4];因子5中负载高浓度的Na+、Mg2+和Ca2+,被确定为扬尘源[44].进一步利用ANN-MLP模型来分配不同排放源对OPDTTm的贡献.各个季节OPDTTm的观测值和ANN-MLP模型拟合值的皮尔逊相关系数为0.72~0.88,这反映出模型结果的可靠性[8].
不同排放源对OPDTTm贡献的季节变化结果如图4所示.生物质燃烧的贡献在冬季最高(24.5%),随后是秋季(21.1%)和春季(20.0%).这主要是由于生物质是关中地区寒冷季节取暖的主要燃料之一[45],其排放的有机物对OP有重要的影响[8,10].交通源贡献呈现出夏季(35.1%)>秋季(21.7%)>春季(16.6%)>冬季(15.7%)的变化特征;燃煤的贡献在冬季最高(25.8%),秋季最低(10.8%);这些燃烧源会排放出大量的含芳香环有机化合物或前体物[46],并通过在大气中的化学转化形成具有氧化潜势贡献的有机分子.上述结果反映出一次燃烧源排放对OP的贡献,因此管理部门在制定相应政策降低大气颗粒物健康效应时,应加强对燃烧源的管控.本研究中扬尘源在不同季节的贡献为18.0%~26.7%,Borlaza等[8]和Verma等[47]的研究表明扬尘对OP的生成也具有一定的贡献.二次形成源对不同季节OPDTTm的贡献为在秋季最高(23.2%),在冬季最低(16.0%).在本研究中,我们使用二次无机离子作为指示二次形成源的示踪因子,研究表明尽管这些物种通常对ROS生成没有直接作用,但可以通过提供酸性环境等间接促进其他具有氧化还原活性物种诱导ROS形成的反应[4,13].
3.1 西安市2019年大气PM2.5的OPDTTm水平表现出夏季>秋季>春季>冬季的季节变化趋势,OC是对不同季节PM2.5贡献最高的组分,尤其在夏季和秋季,OPDTTm的季节差异与有机分子的组成密切相关.
3.2 含硝基的芳香族化合物和羧酸类有机化合物对西安市大气OPDTTm生成具有显著贡献,是导致OPDTTm呈现季节性变化的主要原因.
3.3 由PMF-ANN-MLP的源解析结果表明,不同排放源对OPDTTm的贡献存在明显的季节差异,一次燃烧源的贡献较高.
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(42477238)
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2025年第45卷第2期
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  • 接收时间:2024-07-19
  • 首发时间:2026-03-17
  • 出版时间:2025-02-20
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  • 收稿日期:2024-07-19
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国家自然科学基金资助项目(42477238)
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    西安交通大学环境科学与工程系,陕西 西安 710049

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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species
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total species (%)

Genus
种数
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species
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Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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