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The persulfate-based advanced oxidation technology for antibiotic-containing wastewater treatment has become a current research hotspot in water treatment. Carbon-based materials have been used as green materials for activating persulfate due to their chemical stability and absence of secondary pollution. However, the catalytic activity of undoped or modified carbon materials is limited. This paper reviews strategies to enhance the catalytic performance of carbon materials, including non-metallic doping, metal doping, and carbon-based composites, and summarizes the new active sites formed by these strategies, as well as the connection between the types of active species produced by activated persulfate. In conjunction with the existing studies on the degradation of antibiotics by activated persulfate in carbon-based materials, the mechanisms of activation of persulfate by carbon-based materials (including free radicals, single-linear oxygen, electron transfer, and high-valent metal-oxygen species), and the methods to identify and determine the active species are concluded. Finally, the susceptible oxidation sites of tetracyclines, sulfonamides, and fluoroquinolones antibiotics, their linkages with active species, as well as the application of this technology in treating antibiotic-containing waters. These results can provide a reference for the development of carbon-based catalysts with high catalytic performance and stability, and their application to activated persulfate systems for efficient antibiotic degradation.

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基于过硫酸盐的高级氧化技术用于处理含抗生素废水已成为研究热点.碳基材料因其化学稳定性和无二次污染的特性,被视为活化过硫酸盐的绿色材料.然而,未经掺杂或改性的碳材料催化活性有限.本文综述了提升碳材料催化性能的策略,包括非金属掺杂、金属掺杂、碳基复合材料,并总结了这些策略形成的新活性位点及其活化过硫酸盐产生的活性物种类型之间的联系.结合现有碳基材料活化过硫酸盐降解抗生素研究,总结了碳基材料活化过硫酸盐机制(包括自由基、单线态氧、电子转移、高价金属氧物种等),以及活性物种的识别和确定方法.最后,分析总结了四环素类、磺胺类、氟喹诺酮类抗生素的易被氧化位点,及其与活性物种之间的联系,以及该技术在处理含抗生素水体中的应用.研究结果可为开发具有高催化性能和稳定性的碳基催化剂,并应用于活化过硫酸盐体系实现抗生素高效降解提供参考.

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*责任作者,研究员,
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郭艳菲(1988-),女,河南新乡人,中国矿业大学(北京)博士研究生,主要从事水污染控制技术研究.发表论文8篇. .

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Preparation of non-metal doped carbon materials and their performance in activating PS-degraded antibiotics

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
掺杂元素制备方法催化剂初始反应条件降解性能(%)参考文献
N柚皮、碳酸氢钠和三聚氰胺,在N2气氛下,不同温度碳化2hN掺杂生物炭[催化剂]= 0.1g/L, [PMS]= 0.5mmol/L, [SMX]=10mg/L.30min,95[21]
海带在N2气氛下,500 ℃碳化1.5hN掺杂海带生物炭[催化剂]= 0.4g/L, [PMS]= 2mmol/L, [氧氟沙星]=40mg/L.60min,100[22]
O尿素、脱水草酸,在550 ℃煅烧1hO-g-C3N4纳米薄片[催化剂]= 0.4g/L, [PMS]= 0.8mmol/L, [SMX]=0.04mmol/L, pH= 3, [温度]= 25 ℃.240min,93.5[23]
P碳纤维、植酸,在Ar气氛下,400 ℃煅烧2hP掺杂碳纤维[催化剂]= 1.5g/L, [PMS]= 2mmol/L, [SMX]= 20mg/L, pH= 5.5, [温度]= 25 ℃.15min,90[24]
B小麦秸秆、硼酸,超声1h,在N2气氛下900 ℃煅烧2hB掺杂生物炭[催化剂]= 0.1g/L, [PDS]= 1mmol/L, [SMX]= 20mg/L, pH= 6.3, [温度]= 25 ℃.120min,89[16]
S硫脲、g-C3N4,超声8hS掺杂g-C3N4[催化剂]= 0.80g/L, [PDS]= 6.0mmol/L, [舒必利]=0.03mmol/L, pH= 7.5, [温度] = 25 ℃.100min,91[25]
N/S硫脲、无水葡萄糖,在N2气氛下,700℃热解2hN/S共掺杂g-C3N4纳米片[催化剂]= 0.2g/L, [PDS]= 5.0mmol/L, [TC] = 20mg/L, [温度]= 25 ℃.60min,94.5[18]
葡萄糖和L-半胱氨酸,在N2气氛下,900 ℃热解N/S共掺杂碳球[催化剂]= 50mg/L, [PDS]= 3mmol/L, [土霉素]=15mg/L, pH= 4.0, [温度]= 25 ℃.60min,95.9[26]
N/B麦秸粉、尿素、硼酸在N2下700 ℃热解1hN/B共掺杂生物炭[催化剂]= 0.2g/L, [PDS]= 1mmol/L, [TC]= 30mg/L, [温度]= 25℃.180min,85.5[20]
N/O科琴炭黑、乙二胺四乙酸、双氰胺,在Ar气氛下热解N/O共掺杂碳[催化剂]= 0.1g/L, [PDS]= 0.18mmol/L, [四环素]=10mg/L, [温度]= 25℃.10min,100[27]
), ArticleFig(id=1240689607927452436, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689591661941585, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

非金属掺杂碳材料的制备及其活化PS降解抗生素的性能

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
掺杂元素制备方法催化剂初始反应条件降解性能(%)参考文献
N柚皮、碳酸氢钠和三聚氰胺,在N2气氛下,不同温度碳化2hN掺杂生物炭[催化剂]= 0.1g/L, [PMS]= 0.5mmol/L, [SMX]=10mg/L.30min,95[21]
海带在N2气氛下,500 ℃碳化1.5hN掺杂海带生物炭[催化剂]= 0.4g/L, [PMS]= 2mmol/L, [氧氟沙星]=40mg/L.60min,100[22]
O尿素、脱水草酸,在550 ℃煅烧1hO-g-C3N4纳米薄片[催化剂]= 0.4g/L, [PMS]= 0.8mmol/L, [SMX]=0.04mmol/L, pH= 3, [温度]= 25 ℃.240min,93.5[23]
P碳纤维、植酸,在Ar气氛下,400 ℃煅烧2hP掺杂碳纤维[催化剂]= 1.5g/L, [PMS]= 2mmol/L, [SMX]= 20mg/L, pH= 5.5, [温度]= 25 ℃.15min,90[24]
B小麦秸秆、硼酸,超声1h,在N2气氛下900 ℃煅烧2hB掺杂生物炭[催化剂]= 0.1g/L, [PDS]= 1mmol/L, [SMX]= 20mg/L, pH= 6.3, [温度]= 25 ℃.120min,89[16]
S硫脲、g-C3N4,超声8hS掺杂g-C3N4[催化剂]= 0.80g/L, [PDS]= 6.0mmol/L, [舒必利]=0.03mmol/L, pH= 7.5, [温度] = 25 ℃.100min,91[25]
N/S硫脲、无水葡萄糖,在N2气氛下,700℃热解2hN/S共掺杂g-C3N4纳米片[催化剂]= 0.2g/L, [PDS]= 5.0mmol/L, [TC] = 20mg/L, [温度]= 25 ℃.60min,94.5[18]
葡萄糖和L-半胱氨酸,在N2气氛下,900 ℃热解N/S共掺杂碳球[催化剂]= 50mg/L, [PDS]= 3mmol/L, [土霉素]=15mg/L, pH= 4.0, [温度]= 25 ℃.60min,95.9[26]
N/B麦秸粉、尿素、硼酸在N2下700 ℃热解1hN/B共掺杂生物炭[催化剂]= 0.2g/L, [PDS]= 1mmol/L, [TC]= 30mg/L, [温度]= 25℃.180min,85.5[20]
N/O科琴炭黑、乙二胺四乙酸、双氰胺,在Ar气氛下热解N/O共掺杂碳[催化剂]= 0.1g/L, [PDS]= 0.18mmol/L, [四环素]=10mg/L, [温度]= 25℃.10min,100[27]
), ArticleFig(id=1240689608074253093, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689591661941585, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Preparation of metal-doped carbon materials and their performance in activating PS-degraded antibiotics

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
掺杂元素制备方法催化剂初始反应条件降解性能(%)参考文献
Cu将牛粪、硝酸铜混合物和双氰胺按质量比1:10研磨,在管式炉中550 ℃热解1h,950 ℃热解1hCu掺杂生物炭[催化剂]= 0.05g/L, [PMS]= 1.2mmol/L, [SMX]= 15mg/L.60min, 89.8[30]
Fe葡萄糖、g-C3N4和硝酸铁,在N2气氛下,不同温度热解3hFe掺杂碳氮[催化剂]= 0.1g/L, [PMS]= 0.4mmol/L, [SMX]= 5mg/L.20min,96.73[38]
2-甲基咪唑、硝酸锌、硫酸铁、甲醇,在35℃下持续搅拌4h,在N2气氛下,900 ℃热解2hFe、N共掺杂介孔材料[催化剂]= 0.4g/L, [PDS]= 0.15mmol/L, [TC]= 40mg/L.120min,90.5[31]
Co硝酸钴、2-甲基咪唑、甲醇,离心、干燥,在N2气氛下,900 ℃热解2hCo原子锚定氮掺杂碳材料[催化剂]= 0.08g/L, [PMS]= 0.5mmol/L, [磺胺嘧啶]= 40mg/L.60min,100[35]
Fe、Cu铜粉、硝酸锌、硝酸铁、甲醇,在35 ℃下持续搅拌4h,在N2气氛下,900 ℃热解2hFe-Cu/N共掺杂ZIFs衍生材料[催化剂]= 0.4g/L, [PDS]= 0.3mmol/L, [TC]=40mg/L.120min,90.5[32]
Fe、CoN,N′-二甲基甲酰胺、氯化铁、硝酸钴、对苯二甲酸混合,150 ℃水热3h获得前驱体,将前驱体与三聚氰胺混合,600 ℃热解3hFeCoNC[催化剂]= 0.3g/L, [PMS]= 2mmol/L, [TC]=80mg/L.30min,92[37]
), ArticleFig(id=1240689608225248045, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689591661941585, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

金属掺杂碳材料的制备及其活化PS降解抗生素的性能

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
掺杂元素制备方法催化剂初始反应条件降解性能(%)参考文献
Cu将牛粪、硝酸铜混合物和双氰胺按质量比1:10研磨,在管式炉中550 ℃热解1h,950 ℃热解1hCu掺杂生物炭[催化剂]= 0.05g/L, [PMS]= 1.2mmol/L, [SMX]= 15mg/L.60min, 89.8[30]
Fe葡萄糖、g-C3N4和硝酸铁,在N2气氛下,不同温度热解3hFe掺杂碳氮[催化剂]= 0.1g/L, [PMS]= 0.4mmol/L, [SMX]= 5mg/L.20min,96.73[38]
2-甲基咪唑、硝酸锌、硫酸铁、甲醇,在35℃下持续搅拌4h,在N2气氛下,900 ℃热解2hFe、N共掺杂介孔材料[催化剂]= 0.4g/L, [PDS]= 0.15mmol/L, [TC]= 40mg/L.120min,90.5[31]
Co硝酸钴、2-甲基咪唑、甲醇,离心、干燥,在N2气氛下,900 ℃热解2hCo原子锚定氮掺杂碳材料[催化剂]= 0.08g/L, [PMS]= 0.5mmol/L, [磺胺嘧啶]= 40mg/L.60min,100[35]
Fe、Cu铜粉、硝酸锌、硝酸铁、甲醇,在35 ℃下持续搅拌4h,在N2气氛下,900 ℃热解2hFe-Cu/N共掺杂ZIFs衍生材料[催化剂]= 0.4g/L, [PDS]= 0.3mmol/L, [TC]=40mg/L.120min,90.5[32]
Fe、CoN,N′-二甲基甲酰胺、氯化铁、硝酸钴、对苯二甲酸混合,150 ℃水热3h获得前驱体,将前驱体与三聚氰胺混合,600 ℃热解3hFeCoNC[催化剂]= 0.3g/L, [PMS]= 2mmol/L, [TC]=80mg/L.30min,92[37]
), ArticleFig(id=1240689608405603135, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689591661941585, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Preparation of carbon-based composites and their performance in activating PS-degraded antibiotics

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
催化剂制备方法初始反应条件降解性能(%)参考文献
磁性ZnFe2O4/C复合材料乙酰丙酮铁、硝酸锌、对苯二甲酸、聚乙烯吡咯烷酮、二甲基甲酰胺和乙醇混合700 ℃热解1h[催化剂]= 0.2g/L, [PMS]= 1.63mmol/L, [TC]= 40mg/L.90min,92[41]
CoOOH/生物炭复合材料油菜秸秆、氯化锌混合搅拌12h,600 ℃热解2h获得生物炭.将生物炭和硝酸钴混合,加入H2O2,在50 ℃下保持5h[催化剂]= 0.3g/L, [PMS]= 0.33mmol/L, [SMX]= 40mg/L.20min,96[42]
Fe3O4@C/CDs-Ag纳米复合材料二茂铁、H2O2搅拌30min,在200 ℃下水热反应48h,然后加入AgNO3并1h[催化剂]= 0.2g/L, [PDS]= 5mmol/L, [青霉素]= 16.7mg/L.60min,100[56]
S-nZVI/BC黄芪残渣在N2气氛下,400 ℃热解3h得到生物炭.将生物炭溶解在氯化铁,在N2下,搅拌2h,然后滴加NaBH4和连二亚硫酸盐[催化剂]= 0.4g/L, [PDS]= 1.0mmol/L, [环丙沙星]= 10mg/L.125min,89.8[57]
FeSe2+x@C纳米立方体氯化铁和油酸钠85 ℃陈化3h,然后加入硫酸钠,合成三维Fe3O4@C纳米复合材料.将复合材料与Se粉混合,在H2/Ar气氛下,360 ℃热解8h[催化剂]= 0.2g/L, [PMS]= 1.5mmol/L, [磺胺甲基嘧啶]= 20mg/L.20min,100[58]
), ArticleFig(id=1240689608564986705, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689591661941585, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

碳基复合材料的制备及其活化PS降解抗生素的性能

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
催化剂制备方法初始反应条件降解性能(%)参考文献
磁性ZnFe2O4/C复合材料乙酰丙酮铁、硝酸锌、对苯二甲酸、聚乙烯吡咯烷酮、二甲基甲酰胺和乙醇混合700 ℃热解1h[催化剂]= 0.2g/L, [PMS]= 1.63mmol/L, [TC]= 40mg/L.90min,92[41]
CoOOH/生物炭复合材料油菜秸秆、氯化锌混合搅拌12h,600 ℃热解2h获得生物炭.将生物炭和硝酸钴混合,加入H2O2,在50 ℃下保持5h[催化剂]= 0.3g/L, [PMS]= 0.33mmol/L, [SMX]= 40mg/L.20min,96[42]
Fe3O4@C/CDs-Ag纳米复合材料二茂铁、H2O2搅拌30min,在200 ℃下水热反应48h,然后加入AgNO3并1h[催化剂]= 0.2g/L, [PDS]= 5mmol/L, [青霉素]= 16.7mg/L.60min,100[56]
S-nZVI/BC黄芪残渣在N2气氛下,400 ℃热解3h得到生物炭.将生物炭溶解在氯化铁,在N2下,搅拌2h,然后滴加NaBH4和连二亚硫酸盐[催化剂]= 0.4g/L, [PDS]= 1.0mmol/L, [环丙沙星]= 10mg/L.125min,89.8[57]
FeSe2+x@C纳米立方体氯化铁和油酸钠85 ℃陈化3h,然后加入硫酸钠,合成三维Fe3O4@C纳米复合材料.将复合材料与Se粉混合,在H2/Ar气氛下,360 ℃热解8h[催化剂]= 0.2g/L, [PMS]= 1.5mmol/L, [磺胺甲基嘧啶]= 20mg/L.20min,100[58]
), ArticleFig(id=1240689608699204447, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689591661941585, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Application of carbon-based material activated PS for degradation of tetracycline antibiotics

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
碳材料抗生素反应条件降解效率(%)参考文献
炭黑N、O共掺杂科琴黑TC[催化剂]= 0.1g/L, [PDS]= 0.18mmol/L, [四环素]= 10mg/L, [温度]= 25℃.10min,100[27]
炭黑TC、OTC、DTC[催化剂]= 0.05g/L, [PDS]= 4.8mmol/L, [TC]=[OTC]=[DTC]=50mg/L, pH= 5.0, [温度]= 25℃.40min,52、60、87[72]
类石墨烯还原氧化石墨(rGO)TC[催化剂]= 0.02g/L, [PDS]= 0.2mmol/L, [TC]= 5mg/L, pH =10.40min,95[73]
羰基改性的g-C3N4TC[催化剂]= 0.2g/L, [PMS]= 0.65mmol/L [TC]= 10mg/L, [温度]= 25 ℃.60min,98.69[74]
生物炭杨木和松木锯末基生物质炭TC、CTC、DTC[催化剂]= 3.0g/L, [PMS]= 3mmol/L, [TC]=[CTC]=[DTC]=20mg/L, pH= 7.40min,92.42、92.11、91.49[4]
浒苔生物质炭TC[催化剂]= 0.2g/L, [PMS]= 0.65mmol/L, [CTC]= 50mg/L, pH= 5.45, [温度]= 25℃.60min,90[75]
改性污泥基生物炭TC[催化剂]= 0.2g/L, [PDS]= 5mmol/L, [TC]= 60mg/L, pH = 4.25.120min,99.72;[76]
), ArticleFig(id=1240689608799867752, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689591661941585, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

碳基材料活化PS降解四环素类抗生素的应用

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
碳材料抗生素反应条件降解效率(%)参考文献
炭黑N、O共掺杂科琴黑TC[催化剂]= 0.1g/L, [PDS]= 0.18mmol/L, [四环素]= 10mg/L, [温度]= 25℃.10min,100[27]
炭黑TC、OTC、DTC[催化剂]= 0.05g/L, [PDS]= 4.8mmol/L, [TC]=[OTC]=[DTC]=50mg/L, pH= 5.0, [温度]= 25℃.40min,52、60、87[72]
类石墨烯还原氧化石墨(rGO)TC[催化剂]= 0.02g/L, [PDS]= 0.2mmol/L, [TC]= 5mg/L, pH =10.40min,95[73]
羰基改性的g-C3N4TC[催化剂]= 0.2g/L, [PMS]= 0.65mmol/L [TC]= 10mg/L, [温度]= 25 ℃.60min,98.69[74]
生物炭杨木和松木锯末基生物质炭TC、CTC、DTC[催化剂]= 3.0g/L, [PMS]= 3mmol/L, [TC]=[CTC]=[DTC]=20mg/L, pH= 7.40min,92.42、92.11、91.49[4]
浒苔生物质炭TC[催化剂]= 0.2g/L, [PMS]= 0.65mmol/L, [CTC]= 50mg/L, pH= 5.45, [温度]= 25℃.60min,90[75]
改性污泥基生物炭TC[催化剂]= 0.2g/L, [PDS]= 5mmol/L, [TC]= 60mg/L, pH = 4.25.120min,99.72;[76]
), ArticleFig(id=1240689608908919670, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689591661941585, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Application of carbon-based material activated PS for degradation of sulfonamide antibiotics

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
碳材料抗生素反应条件降解效率(%)参考文献
类石墨烯N掺杂还原氧化石墨烯SCP[催化剂]= 0.2g/L, [PMS]= 6.5mmol/L, [SCP]= 20mg/L, [温度]=25℃.180min,82[78]
N掺杂石墨烯SMX[催化剂]= 0.5g/L, [PMS]= 0.8mmol/L, [SMX]= 10mg/L, pH = 3.4, [温度]= 25℃.240min,91.7[79]
生物炭污泥衍生生物炭SDZ[催化剂]= 1g/L, [PDS]= 2.2mmol/L, [SDZ]= 10mg/L.4h,100[80]
浒苔基生物炭SMX[催化剂]= 0.05g/L, [PDS]= 4mmol/L, [SMX]= 5mg/L.90min,95[81]
废咖啡渣生物炭SMX[催化剂]= 0.2g/L, [PDS]= 4.2mmol/L, [SMX]= 0.5mg/L.75min,100[82]
炭黑乙炔黑SMX[催化剂]= 0.3g/L, [PDS]= 0.05mmol/L, [SMX]= 1.27mg/L, pH=7.0, [温度]= 25 ℃.15min,100[83]
活性炭活性炭SMX[催化剂]= 0.1g/L, [PDS]= 0.5mmol/L, [SMX]= 0.5mg/L, pH= 7.2, [温度]= 25 ℃.80min,91.2[84]
), ArticleFig(id=1240689609034748803, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689591661941585, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

碳基材料活化PS降解磺胺类抗生素的应用

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
碳材料抗生素反应条件降解效率(%)参考文献
类石墨烯N掺杂还原氧化石墨烯SCP[催化剂]= 0.2g/L, [PMS]= 6.5mmol/L, [SCP]= 20mg/L, [温度]=25℃.180min,82[78]
N掺杂石墨烯SMX[催化剂]= 0.5g/L, [PMS]= 0.8mmol/L, [SMX]= 10mg/L, pH = 3.4, [温度]= 25℃.240min,91.7[79]
生物炭污泥衍生生物炭SDZ[催化剂]= 1g/L, [PDS]= 2.2mmol/L, [SDZ]= 10mg/L.4h,100[80]
浒苔基生物炭SMX[催化剂]= 0.05g/L, [PDS]= 4mmol/L, [SMX]= 5mg/L.90min,95[81]
废咖啡渣生物炭SMX[催化剂]= 0.2g/L, [PDS]= 4.2mmol/L, [SMX]= 0.5mg/L.75min,100[82]
炭黑乙炔黑SMX[催化剂]= 0.3g/L, [PDS]= 0.05mmol/L, [SMX]= 1.27mg/L, pH=7.0, [温度]= 25 ℃.15min,100[83]
活性炭活性炭SMX[催化剂]= 0.1g/L, [PDS]= 0.5mmol/L, [SMX]= 0.5mg/L, pH= 7.2, [温度]= 25 ℃.80min,91.2[84]
), ArticleFig(id=1240689609164772241, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689591661941585, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=

Application of carbon-based material activated PS for degradation of fluoroquinolone antibiotics

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
碳材料抗生素反应条件降解率(%)参考文献
类石墨烯聚苯胺-磁性氧化石墨烯纳米复合材料CIP[催化剂]= 1g/L, [PDS]= 0.74mmol/L, [CIP]= 50mg/L.60min,97[86]
碳纳米洋葱改性g-C3N4NOR[催化剂]= 1g/L, [PMS]= 0.7mmol/L, [NOR]= 10mg/L.120min,87[87]
生物质炭氮掺杂海带生物炭OFL[催化剂]=0.4g/L, [PMS]= 2mmol/L, [NOR]= 40mg/L.60min,100[22]
植物残渣生物质炭CIP[催化剂]= 0.1g/L, [PDS]= 5mmol/L, [CIP]= 80mg/L, pH= 7.04.30min,100[88]
椰子壳、桉树叶和核桃壳生物炭CIP、OFL、NOR[催化剂]= 3g/L, [PDS]= 5mmol/L, [CIP]= [OFL]= [NOR]=50mg/L, [温度]= 25 ℃.120min,88.87, 95.88, 91.2[89]
), ArticleFig(id=1240689609273824161, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689591661941585, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

碳基材料活化PS降解氟喹诺酮类抗生素的应用

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
碳材料抗生素反应条件降解率(%)参考文献
类石墨烯聚苯胺-磁性氧化石墨烯纳米复合材料CIP[催化剂]= 1g/L, [PDS]= 0.74mmol/L, [CIP]= 50mg/L.60min,97[86]
碳纳米洋葱改性g-C3N4NOR[催化剂]= 1g/L, [PMS]= 0.7mmol/L, [NOR]= 10mg/L.120min,87[87]
生物质炭氮掺杂海带生物炭OFL[催化剂]=0.4g/L, [PMS]= 2mmol/L, [NOR]= 40mg/L.60min,100[22]
植物残渣生物质炭CIP[催化剂]= 0.1g/L, [PDS]= 5mmol/L, [CIP]= 80mg/L, pH= 7.04.30min,100[88]
椰子壳、桉树叶和核桃壳生物炭CIP、OFL、NOR[催化剂]= 3g/L, [PDS]= 5mmol/L, [CIP]= [OFL]= [NOR]=50mg/L, [温度]= 25 ℃.120min,88.87, 95.88, 91.2[89]
), ArticleFig(id=1240689609374487471, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689591661941585, language=EN, label=Table 7, caption=

Application of carbon-based material activated PS for degradation of other antibiotics

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
碳材料抗生素反应条件降解率(%)参考文献
类石墨烯缺陷g-C3N4阿莫西林、头孢噻肟、美罗培南[催化剂]= 1g/L, [PDS]= 2mmol/L, [阿莫西林]= [美罗培南]= [头孢噻肟]= 10ppm.25min,100[90]
生物炭稻壳生物炭氨苄青霉素[催化剂]= 0.1g/L, [PDS]= 2.1mmol/L, [氨苄青霉素]= 0.5mg/L.有效去除[91]
), ArticleFig(id=1240689609479345086, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689591661941585, language=CN, label=表7, caption=

碳基材料活化PS降解其他类抗生素的应用

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
碳材料抗生素反应条件降解率(%)参考文献
类石墨烯缺陷g-C3N4阿莫西林、头孢噻肟、美罗培南[催化剂]= 1g/L, [PDS]= 2mmol/L, [阿莫西林]= [美罗培南]= [头孢噻肟]= 10ppm.25min,100[90]
生物炭稻壳生物炭氨苄青霉素[催化剂]= 0.1g/L, [PDS]= 2.1mmol/L, [氨苄青霉素]= 0.5mg/L.有效去除[91]
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碳基材料活化过硫酸盐降解抗生素的研究进展
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郭艳菲 1, 2 , 郭壮 2 , 王辉锋 3 , 魏健 2, * , 徐东耀 1
中国环境科学 | 水污染与控制 2025,45(2): 704-717
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中国环境科学 | 水污染与控制 2025, 45(2): 704-717
碳基材料活化过硫酸盐降解抗生素的研究进展
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郭艳菲1, 2 , 郭壮2, 王辉锋3, 魏健2, * , 徐东耀1
作者信息
  • 1.中国矿业大学(北京)化学与环境工程学院,北京 100083
  • 2.中国环境科学研究院水生态环境研究所,北京 100012
  • 3.中国环境科学研究院环境技术工程有限公司,北京 100012
  • 郭艳菲(1988-),女,河南新乡人,中国矿业大学(北京)博士研究生,主要从事水污染控制技术研究.发表论文8篇. .

通讯作者:

*责任作者,研究员,
Advances in persulfate activated by carbon-based materials for degradation of antibiotics
Yan-fei GUO1, 2 , Zhuang GUO2, Hui-feng WANG3, Jian WEI2, * , Dong-yao XU1
Affiliations
  • 1.College of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology-Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
  • 2.Institute of Water Eco-environment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
  • 3.Environmental Technology & Engineering Co.Ltd, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
出版时间: 2025-02-20
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基于过硫酸盐的高级氧化技术用于处理含抗生素废水已成为研究热点.碳基材料因其化学稳定性和无二次污染的特性,被视为活化过硫酸盐的绿色材料.然而,未经掺杂或改性的碳材料催化活性有限.本文综述了提升碳材料催化性能的策略,包括非金属掺杂、金属掺杂、碳基复合材料,并总结了这些策略形成的新活性位点及其活化过硫酸盐产生的活性物种类型之间的联系.结合现有碳基材料活化过硫酸盐降解抗生素研究,总结了碳基材料活化过硫酸盐机制(包括自由基、单线态氧、电子转移、高价金属氧物种等),以及活性物种的识别和确定方法.最后,分析总结了四环素类、磺胺类、氟喹诺酮类抗生素的易被氧化位点,及其与活性物种之间的联系,以及该技术在处理含抗生素水体中的应用.研究结果可为开发具有高催化性能和稳定性的碳基催化剂,并应用于活化过硫酸盐体系实现抗生素高效降解提供参考.

碳基材料  /  过硫酸盐  /  降解机制  /  抗生素  /  进展

The persulfate-based advanced oxidation technology for antibiotic-containing wastewater treatment has become a current research hotspot in water treatment. Carbon-based materials have been used as green materials for activating persulfate due to their chemical stability and absence of secondary pollution. However, the catalytic activity of undoped or modified carbon materials is limited. This paper reviews strategies to enhance the catalytic performance of carbon materials, including non-metallic doping, metal doping, and carbon-based composites, and summarizes the new active sites formed by these strategies, as well as the connection between the types of active species produced by activated persulfate. In conjunction with the existing studies on the degradation of antibiotics by activated persulfate in carbon-based materials, the mechanisms of activation of persulfate by carbon-based materials (including free radicals, single-linear oxygen, electron transfer, and high-valent metal-oxygen species), and the methods to identify and determine the active species are concluded. Finally, the susceptible oxidation sites of tetracyclines, sulfonamides, and fluoroquinolones antibiotics, their linkages with active species, as well as the application of this technology in treating antibiotic-containing waters. These results can provide a reference for the development of carbon-based catalysts with high catalytic performance and stability, and their application to activated persulfate systems for efficient antibiotic degradation.

carbon-based materials  /  persulfate  /  mechanism of degradation  /  antibiotics  /  progress
郭艳菲, 郭壮, 王辉锋, 魏健, 徐东耀. 碳基材料活化过硫酸盐降解抗生素的研究进展. 中国环境科学, 2025 , 45 (2) : 704 -717 .
Yan-fei GUO, Zhuang GUO, Hui-feng WANG, Jian WEI, Dong-yao XU. Advances in persulfate activated by carbon-based materials for degradation of antibiotics[J]. China Environmental Science, 2025 , 45 (2) : 704 -717 .
抗生素是一种化学药物,具有杀菌、抑菌的特性,广泛用于疾病预防、治疗和动物饲料添加剂,超85%不能被机体吸收而进入环境[1].如2020年调查,珠江流域阿莫西林浓度达3384ng/L、青霉素高于1000ng/L,东江东莞城区段水体阿奇霉素超265.1ng/L[2].长期接触抗生素会诱发耐药基因并传播耐药菌,危及人体健康.高级氧化技术在高效去除抗生素方面具有广阔的前景和应用潜力,其中,基于过硫酸盐(PS)的高级氧化工艺(AOPs)产生硫酸根自由基(SO4•−),较羟基自由基(OH),具有更高的还原电位(2.5~3.1V)、更长的半衰期(30~40µs)、更宽的pH值操作范围,还可以通过电子转移选择性地氧化OH不能氧化的全氟辛酸和氰尿酸等有机化合物[3].因此,活化PS技术降解抗生素的研究迅速成为热点.其中,PS包含过单硫酸盐(PMS)和过二硫酸盐(PDS).
常用热、碱、紫外线、过渡金属、碳材料等方式活化PS.其中,热活化的能耗最高,紫外活化的装置复杂,碱活化需要较长的反应时间,过渡金属活化存在金属溶出、稳定性等问题[4].由于碳材料来源广、低成本,作为无毒、无二次污染、耐腐蚀的非均相催化剂用于活化PS,可以克服上述传统(热、碱、过渡金属等)活化的弊端,常见活化PS的碳材料有生物炭、活性炭、石墨烯(GO)、碳纳米管(CNT)、炭黑等,未经掺杂或改性的碳材料活化PS的性能不佳.
本文重点总结了提升碳材料催化性能的策略,非金属掺杂、金属掺杂和复合材料在碳材料中形成新活性位点,及其活化PS形成的活性氧物种(ROS);归纳了常见碳基材料活化PS降解抗生素的主要机制,以及ROS的识别和确定方法;分析并总结了常见抗生素的易感位点,ROS与易感位点的关系,以及该技术在含抗生素水体中的应用.最后,提出了目前碳基材料活化PS面临的问题及未来发展方向,以期为含抗生素废水处理及风险防控提供理论指导.
研究者采用非金属掺杂、金属掺杂、碳基复合材料方式,提高碳材料的催化性能(图1).(1)非金属掺杂,可以改变碳材料的化学惰性,提高其催化活性,但其循环利用性能仍有待提升.如Guo等[5]研制的N掺杂碳材料活化PMS,5次循环利用后对磺胺甲恶唑的去除率从93.75%降低至69.83%.(2)金属掺杂,不仅可以在碳材料中形成金属位点,还可以通过金属盐刻蚀增加碳材料的多孔结构,从而提升传质速率[13].(3)碳基复合材料兼具碳材料和金属材料的优势.通过将金属纳米颗粒负载在碳材料上,以提升金属材料的分散性,减少或避免反应过程中金属纳米颗粒的团聚.此外,非金属和金属掺杂又分为单原子掺杂和多原子掺杂,表1总结了提升碳材料催化性能的改性方法、反应条件及其活化PS降解有机物的性能.
常见非金属杂原子有氮(N)、硫(S)、硼(B)、氧(O)等,其中N原子的研究最为广泛.通过原位掺杂或后处理策略获得N掺杂碳材料.原位掺杂是在惰性气氛中,将碳源与富氮化合物直接热解.后处理策略是使用含氮化合物或在N2气氛下对碳材料进行后处理.N掺杂可以通过引入缺陷、吡啶N、吡咯N、石墨N和氧化N等位点(图2(a)),提升碳材料的催化性能[14].通过控制热解温度,可以调控材料中不同N物种的含量,低温有利于形成吡啶N和吡咯N,而高温更易形成石墨N.此外,N物种作为路易斯碱位点,可以激活PS产生ROS,从而提高去除抗生素的效率.如Kang等[15]以尿素为N源掺杂还原氧化石墨烯(RGO)活化PMS对磺胺氯哒嗪(SCP)的去除率分别是RGO和Co3O4的6.7倍、2倍.S掺杂也可以提高碳材料的催化活性.由于S原子半径比C大,S较难掺杂进碳质材料中,通常在材料的边缘或缺陷处形成噻吩S(C-S-C)和氧化S(C-SOX-C,X=2,3,4)等位点(图2(b)).这些位点能够调节碳材料的电子排布和自旋密度,并通过电子转移激活PS生成ROS.相比之下,B掺杂在碳材料中形成BC3键、BC2O键、BCO2键等位点(图2(c)),增强了碳材料的表面亲和力,促进对有机物和PS的吸附.与N掺杂相比,B掺杂碳材料更具有稳定性和耐久性.Liu等[16]研究表明B掺杂多孔生物炭活化PDS,与未掺杂催化剂相比,120min内磺胺甲恶唑(SMX)去除率由64%提高到94%,经过5次循环对SMX的去除率仍保持在90%以上.然而,掺杂量也影响碳材料的催化性能.当掺杂量较低时,形成的活性位点少,不利于提高催化性能;当掺杂量较高时,降低了碳材料的催化性能,如含量过高的C=O可能导致生物炭失活[17].
由于单原子掺杂元素含量较低,限制了材料的吸附和催化性能的提高.因此,多种不同电负性原子(N/B、N/S、N/P等)共掺杂碳材料(表1),不仅可以增加更多活性位点,还可以提升反应体系非自由基的比例.与未掺杂的碳材料相比,N/B掺杂碳材料活化PDS系统的非自由基由22%增加到59%[20].将N原子引入S掺杂的碳材料中,也可以协同提升其催化性能.如Zhu等[18]通过热解合成了N和S共掺杂的碳纳米片活化PS产生非自由基主导的TC降解,其准一级反应速率(0.144min-1)分别是氮化碳、纯碳和氮掺杂碳纳米片的51.4、24.0和1.3倍.然而,当S掺杂过量时,会降低碳材料表面电荷,从而降低其催化性能[7].此外,P也可以在N掺杂的碳材料中形成更多的缺陷,增加P-C、P-N和P-O键(图2(d)),从而提升其催化性能.Cheng等[19]从聚苯胺(PANI)和植酸中提取N和P制备了一系列不同P含量的N/P共掺杂碳材料(NPCs-X),随着P含量的增加,对四环素的吸附能力增强(图3(a)),从而有效活化PDS,提高对四环素的去除率(图3(b)).
常用钴(Co)、铁(Fe)、锰(Mn)和铜(Cu)等过渡金属掺杂碳材料,可以通过化学试剂衍生、金属有机骨架衍生(MOFs)和生物质衍生等合成金属掺杂的碳材料[28-29].金属掺杂碳材料的制备方法,及其活化PS降解抗生素的性能详见表2.由于金属盐的刻蚀,金属掺杂可以促进微孔结构的形成,进而加速污染物和PS之间的传质.如Fe和Cu掺杂生物炭的总孔隙体积分别为0.413和0.410cm3/g,明显高于生物炭(0.396cm3/g)[30].更重要的是,金属掺杂在碳材料中的金属位点主要以纳米颗粒(NPs)、原子团和单原子的形式存在,通过金属价态转化激活PS.在Fe掺杂碳材料中,通过傅里叶变换扩展X射线吸收精细结构(FT-EXAFS)光谱表明Fe以Fe-O、Fe-Fe和Fe-N配位,价态主要以Fe(Ⅱ)和Fe(Ⅲ)形式存在(图4(a)和4(b)).由于Fe(Ⅲ)活化PS的速率较慢,主要由Fe(Ⅱ)主导活化PS生成Fe(Ⅲ),同时,Fe(Ⅲ)被PMS还原为Fe(Ⅱ),实现了Fe(Ⅲ)/Fe(Ⅱ)氧化还原循环和ROS生成.同时,碳材料中的C=O增加过渡金属的电子密度,加速反应体系的氧化还原反应[30].
由于过渡金属可以与N形成稳定配位键,过渡金属-氮共掺杂碳材料(M-N-C,其中M为Fe,Cu,Co等)含有C、N和金属位点,具有较高的反应性和稳定性,已广泛用于激活PMS[31-32].随着研究的不断深入,发现过渡金属掺杂量低的碳材料显示出更高的反应速率常数,充分发挥了金属位点的活性[33].传统的M-N-C催化剂存在金属位点利用率偏低的问题.当催化剂中的过渡金属以孤立原子形式存在时,可以最大程度的原子利用率和高反应活性.如锚定在四吡咯大环上的Co原子对PMS的催化活性比Co2+和Co3O4高出2~4个数量级[34].通常,单原子M-N-C的催化活性受结构、金属中心、配位环境、金属-支撑相互作用影响[35].不同单原子金属(Fe、Co、Mn、Ni和Cu)和N共掺碳材料(M-N/C)对PMS的催化活性为Fe-N/C > Co-N/C > Mn-N/C > Ni-N/C >Cu-N/C[36].此外,为进一步提升单原子催化剂的稳定性和催化活性,研究者设计了两个相邻的原子,优化M-N/C催化剂的电子结构和内在配位构型,从而实现协同催化.用低电负性且原子半径相近的Fe原子部分取代Co原子,可以调控整体的电子结构和配位行为,进而实现N3-Fe-Co-N3双原子位点的协同效应.密度泛函理论计算表明Co-N/C和Fe-Co双金属单原子材料(FeCo-N/C)上相应的吸附能(Eads)为-0.96和-1.70eV,表明FeCo-N/C更易吸附PMS.由于FeCo-N/C具有较低的反应壁垒,在PMS活化和降解四环素方面表现出更强的催化活性和稳定性,与Co-N/C相比,其催化效果提高了13.5倍[37].综上,金属掺杂碳材料的催化活性不仅依赖于材料的结构和金属价态,还受到配位环境和掺杂量的影响,这些因素决定了金属位点与PS之间的氧化还原电位和结合能.
为了提升碳材料的催化活性,同时解决金属材料在反应过程中金属浸出的问题,研究者采用碳材料作为载体负载金属材料(单金属、金属氧化物和多金属氧化物等),碳基复合材料的制备方法及其活化PS的性能见表3[10,39].一方面,可以有效防止金属的浸出和团聚.碳包覆的Fe3O4复合材料避免了Fe3O4的团聚,大大减少了Fe的浸出,Fe的浸出由Fe3O4的10mg/L降低至复合材料的0.9mg/L[40].另一方面,可以通过金属材料与碳基催化剂组分之间的电子相互作用,调整碳骨架的电子结构,提高碳基催化剂的催化活性和稳定性[41].Xiong等[42]通过浸渍和碳化制备了生物炭负载羟基氧化钴(BC-CoOOH)复合材料(图5(a)),显著提高活化PMS的性能,BC/PMS、CoOOH/PMS和BC-CoOOH/PMS对SMX去除率分别为49%、71%和96%(图5(b)).BC-CoOOH的催化活性源于Co(Ⅱ)/Co(Ⅲ)的相互转化以及碳基质中含氧官能团的电子转移.碳材料负载Mn2O3、Mn3O4、FeOOH、CoO和Co2O3等金属氧化物也具有类似的催化活性和反应机制[43-50].通过将d带中心(自旋向上和向下)移至费米能级和减少带隙(自旋向下),可以提高复合材料的催化效率[51].对于碳材料负载零价金属(纳米零价铁(nZVI)、纳米零价铜(nZVC)等),首先被O2和PS氧化成中间价离子(Fe(Ⅱ)、Cu(I)),然后通过金属的氧化还原反应,活化PS[52-53].总之,碳基复合材料结合了金属和碳基材料的优点,通过协同作用提升其催化活性,并具有良好的循环稳定性和低金属浸出率.
由于多金属的协同作用,碳基多金属催化剂通常比碳基单金属催化剂的性能更优.如在含FeS的N-GO复合材料上负载Cu0活化PS中具有更高的催化活性[54].用其他过渡金属取代金属氧化物中的部分活性位点制得多金属负载碳材料,由于过渡双金属之间不同标准氧化还原电位,可以加速双过渡金属在活化PS中的循环.Zhang等[8]研究表明Fe、Cu双金属掺杂活性炭(Fe-Cu/AC)可以协同活化PDS,其中,AC不仅用于支撑金属,还可以激活PDS;Cu可以作为保护层,防止Fe0的进一步氧化,从而保持了Fe的催化性能.由此可见,使用双金属催化剂不仅能综合两种单金属催化剂的优点,还能加快不同金属价态之间的循环,最终实现过硫酸盐的高效活化.此外,富氧空位也可以显著促进不同价态金属之间的氧化还原循环,为设计高效催化剂提供了新思路[55].
由于碳材料具有高比表面积,不可避免通过孔隙填充、表面络合、静电、疏水、氢键和π-π相互作用吸附有机物,与随后的氧化具有协同作用.氧化是去除有机物的主要机制,活性位点直接影响其活化PS产生ROS的种类,图6为非金属掺杂碳材料主要活性位点与其活化PS产生ROS的相关性.石墨N、吡啶N和C=O周围主要为负电位区,具有较强的电子吸收能力,可以从周围的C原子中提取电子,带正电的C原子可以激活PS产生自由基(OH、SO4•−和超氧阴离子(O2•−))或非自由基(单线态氧(1O2)、电子转移、催化剂-PS*/OH/SO4•−),吡咯N、噻吩S、缺陷和表面-OH倾向于活化PS产生自由基,而BC2O、BC3则更倾向于活化PS产生非自由基[59-60].
N掺杂碳材料的静电势分析表明C=O中O原子周围形成负电位区(图7(a)),与O原子相连的C原子周围的电子密度明显降低,进而激活PMS产生SO4•−OH.同样,碳球负载的nZVI通过Fe(Ⅲ)/Fe(Ⅱ)的氧化还原,促进PDS和催化剂之间的电子转移产生自由基(图7(b)).SO4•−OH自由基可以氧化大多数有机物,其中,SO4•−适用的pH值范围更广.此外,自由基的种类随着溶液pH值的变化而改变,在pH值为2~7时主要ROS为SO4•−;由于SO4•−可以与OH-反应生成OH[61],因此,在pH值为7~10范围,反应系统SO4•−OH共存.此外,碳材料表面的O2可以通过电子还原为O2•−,O2•−也可以与有机物发生歧化反应、还原反应等.研究者还发现当溶解氧存在时,O2•−可以通过各种方式重组形成1O2[62].通过淬灭实验和电子顺磁共振(EPR)技术可以定性识别反应体系自由基.甲醇、乙醇常用于淬灭OH和SO4•−,叔丁醇(TBA)为OH淬灭剂.对苯醌(p-BQ)、4-羟基-TEMPO(TEMPOL)和超氧歧化酶(SOD)常用作O2•−淬灭剂.EPR分析,使用自旋捕获剂5,5-二甲基-1-吡咯烷N-氧化物(DMPO)以进一步确认OH、SO4•−和O2•−自由基.通过以硝基苯(NB)、苯甲酸(BA)作为探针化合物进行竞争动力学探针实验,用于定量计算自由基的稳态浓度.
图5所示,碳材料表面的C=O、吡啶N和石墨N等活性位点活化PS产生1O2[27]1O2通过亲电加成和电子夺取氧化不饱和有机物.此外,PS自分解也可以产生1O2(k=4.7~5.9×10−2M−1s−1),醌类化合物或碱性条件可以加速PS自分解[64].Guo等[65]通过高温热解聚乙二醇和石墨氮化碳制得新型氮掺杂碳催化剂(CN),其活化PMS产生自由基和非自由基,其中1O2对SMX降解的贡献约91.58%(图8),其反应速率高于其他碳材料以及部分碳基负载的金属催化剂.已有研究表明,通常O2•-作为中间体,可通过重组形成1O2[66].1O2中的O可能来源于催化剂活化PMS产生,还可能来源于催化剂对水中溶解氧的电子转移产生[67].通过淬灭实验和电子顺磁共振(EPR)可以定性识别反应体系1O2,常用的淬灭剂包括NaN3、L-组氨酸、糠醇(FFA)或β-胡萝卜素.其中,FFA还可以作为探针化合物,用于定量确定非自由基的稳态浓度.通过EPR分析,使用自旋捕获剂2,2,6,6-四甲基-4-哌啶醇(TEMP)以进一步验证1O2.
碳材料还可以作为电子转移的介质,介导电子从污染物(电子供体)转移到PS(电子受体).碳材料表面的C=O、石墨N、BC2O、BC3等可促进电子转移.Liu等[16]依据电化学测量证实了B掺杂石墨多孔生物炭(B-KBC)活化PDS通过电子转移,而不是1O2降解SMX(图9).此外,催化剂表面的羟基(-OH)、氮空位等可以调整邻近碳原子上的电子,从而与PMS形成表面络合的复合物(催化剂-PMS*),该复合物从富电子的SAs中接受电子形成表面络合的OH和SO4•−(催化剂-OH和催化剂-SO4•−),同时将SAs氧化分解成小分子[68].如Dou等[20]制备的N/B共掺杂生物炭作为导电桥,促进电子从四环素迁移到表面受限的生物炭-PDS*复合物.反应体系电子转移机制可以通过预混合实验,将催化剂和PS预混合一定时间,然后加入污染物.如果系统仅存在电子转移机制,那么预混合对污染物降解的影响不大,因为没有污染物,PMS则不会被消耗.此外,通过K2Cr2O7捕获反应体系电子,电化学阻抗谱分析(EIS)、循环伏安曲线(CV)、开路电位(OCP)、安培曲线(i-t曲线)及电耦合氧化系统(GOS)等电化学实验进一步验证反应体系的电子转移.通过原位拉曼测试识别反应过程形成的催化剂-PMS*,当催化剂与PMS同时存在时位于834cm-1左右的特征峰即为催化剂-PMS*.
高价金属氧物种(Cu(III)、Cu(IV)、Fe(IV)、Fe(V)和Mn(V)等)因其高选择性和抗干扰性,以及对富电子有机物的高效氧化能力,成为当前研究的热点之一.通过催化剂的金属位点吸附PMS中的过氧化物键,形成不稳定的过氧化物中间体,进而生成高价金属氧物种.如PMS中的氧原子与锰修饰氮化碳(LMCN)中的Mn-N位点中的Mn(III)配位,形成Mn(III)OOSO3复合物,然后Mn(III)OOSO3复合物中的O-O键断裂形成Mn(V)=O(图10(a)[69].Guo等[38]研究表明Fe掺杂的碳氮材料中C=O和Fe-N4为活化PMS的主要活性位点,C=O易产生1O2,Fe-N4促进高价铁氧物种的生成(图10(b)).
通常甲基苯基亚砜(PMSO)、二甲基亚砜(DMSO)用于淬灭高价金属氧物种.由于高价铁物种可以将PMSO氧化为甲基苯基砜(PMSO2),PMSO还可以作为探针,通过PMSO氧化为PMSO2的动力学来确定高价铁物种的稳态浓度.此外,由于草酸盐和柠檬酸盐等螯合剂可与高价金属发生螯合反应,形成稳定的金属-羧基复合物,也常用于确定反应体系中的高价金属氧物种.
常用的抗生素有四环素类(TCs)、磺胺类(SAs)、喹诺酮类(FQs)、β-内酰胺类和大环内酯类抗生素.其中活化PS技术多用于降解TCs、SAs和FQs,降解β-内酰胺类和大环内酯类抗生素的研究相对较少.
TCs包含四环素(TC)、土霉素(OTC)、金霉素(CTC)及半合成衍生物强力霉素(DTC)等,其结构均含并四苯基本骨架.TCs的C=C、C-C和C-N键被活化PS产生的自由基或非自由基攻击进行一系列的羟基化、去甲基化和脱羰基化转化为中间体,最后矿化为CO2和H2O.通过DFT计算可以预测TCs的降解路径,根据福井函数的亲电(f-)、自由基(f.0)和亲核(f+)值在理论上揭示TCs的易感位点.1O2容易攻击f-值高的位点.结合已有研究,1O2容易攻击TC分子结构中具有高f-值的O17、O18、N19和C2位点(图11[70].具有较大f.0值的C、N和O原子更易受到自由基(OH和SO4•−)的攻击,其中,SO4•−倾向于攻击4(C)-21(N)、C6官能团.具有高f.0值的2(C)-3(C)和11a(C)-12(C)易发生羟基化反应[71].由于Fe(IV)=O可以接受电子被还原成Fe(III).因此,Fe(IV)=O更易攻击给电子官能团的21(N)-22(C)和O20位点[71].目前炭黑、类石墨烯、生物炭等用于TCs的降解(表4),由表2可以看出不同种类碳材料活化PS降解TCs的性能有明显的区别,类石墨烯活化PS降解四环素类抗生素的性能优于生物炭.
SAs包含SMX、SCP、磺胺嘧啶(SDZ)和磺胺二甲基嘧啶(SMT),其结构均含对氨基苯磺酰胺骨架.表5总结了类石墨烯、生物炭、炭黑、活性炭常用于活化PS降解SAs,磺胺类抗生素的降解主要涉及硝化、羟基化、S-N和S-C键的断裂等[77],具体路径与反应体系的活性物种密切相关.由于福井(Fukui)函数f+、f-和f0分析有机物的亲核、亲电和自由基攻击位点,其正值越大越易受到相应类型活性物种攻击.1O2具有未被占用的π 2p分子轨道,主要通过亲电加成和电子捕获与不饱和有机物发生反应.根据已有研究Fukui函数和双重描述符,1O2易攻击SMX分子结构中的亲电位点(N14、N11和N13)(图12),较难与具有较强亲电位点的C1、C3、C5和C6饱和碳原子发生反应[33].OH、SO4•−和高价铁物种易攻击15(S)-13(N)、8(C)-9(C)位点,SO4•−1O2易攻击1C-H、5(C)-H和3(C)-15(S)位点.O2•−易攻击14N-H,表面络合的OH倾向于攻击11(N)-12(O)和6(C)-11(N)位点[71].因此,根据活性物种的种类和SAs易感位点的预测,进而确定SAs的降解路径.
FQs可细分为环丙沙星(CIP)、诺氟沙星(NOR)、左氧氟沙星(LVF)和氧氟沙星(OFL)等,其基本骨架均为氮(杂)双并环结构.表6总结了类石墨烯、生物炭活化PS降解FQs,其降解路径也与反应体系的活性物种的类型相关.根据已有研究Fukui函数的f+、f-和f0值分析ROS攻击CIP分子的位点.1O2可能攻击O20、C3、N1、C7和C5位点(图13),OH和SO4•−倾向于攻击O20、C3、N1、C6、C4、C9和C8位点,由于OH、SO4•−1O2较难攻击饱和键原子[85]1O2更易攻击C15和C16,使哌嗪开环.OH和SO4•−倾向于攻击C15、C16和8(C)-14(N)位点,发生羟基化反应.SO4•−1O2易攻击11(C)-3(C),发生脱羧反应[71].
碳基活化PS降解β-内酰胺类、大环内酯类抗生素的研究相对较少.β-内酰胺类为临床应用最多、最广的一类抗生素,β-内酰胺类分为青霉素和头孢菌素,青霉素常用的有阿莫西林和氨苄西林等;头孢菌素常用头孢噻肟和头孢氨苄等;大环内酯类抗生素临床常用的有红霉素、阿奇霉素等.这类抗生素研究较少,如表7所示,仅有类石墨烯和生物炭活化PS降解内酰胺类抗生素.今后该技术应侧重对目前临床应用最多的β-内酰胺类和大环内酯类抗生素的应用研究.
本文重点总结了提升碳基材料催化活性和稳定性的策略,及其激活PS的主要活性位点.还总结了碳基材料活化PS降解抗生素的机制.最后分析了不同类型抗生素的易感位点,及其与活性物种之间的联系.尽管碳基材料作为绿色催化剂在活化PS中表现出色,但仍需要在活性位点作用机制、实际废水处理应用以及降解特定抗生素等方面进行更深入的研究,以实现更高效、更经济处理含抗生素废水.
尽管多数研究已经识别了碳基材料的活性位点(如结构缺陷和含氧官能团等)和活性物种,但活性位点与PS的作用机制,以及与产生活性物种之间机制尚不完全清晰.因此,有待深入探讨不同活性位点在PS活化过程中的具体作用,以便精准控制反应性活性位点及其数量,从而达到高效地降解抗生素.
碳基材料活化PS技术,反应过程中会产生硫酸根,需要额外技术去除.此外,反应过程易受pH值、温度、共存离子等因素影响.因此,有待依据实际废水和抗生素的特性,设计具有相应活性位点的高效碳基催化剂,以减少PS使用量,同时产生具有选择性的活性物种.
目前的研究主要集中在四环素类、磺胺类及氟喹诺酮类抗生素的降解,对于现临床应用最多的β-内酰胺类和大环内酯类抗生素的研究相对较少.因此,碳基材料活化PS应侧重于降解β-内酰胺类和大环内酯类抗生素的研究,以更好地应对特定抗生素的处理需求.
  • 国家重点研发计划(2021YFC3201500)
  • 中央级公益性科研院所基本科研业务专项(2020-JY-003)
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2025年第45卷第2期
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  • 接收时间:2024-07-16
  • 首发时间:2026-03-17
  • 出版时间:2025-02-20
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  • 收稿日期:2024-07-16
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国家重点研发计划(2021YFC3201500)
中央级公益性科研院所基本科研业务专项(2020-JY-003)
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    1.中国矿业大学(北京)化学与环境工程学院,北京 100083
    2.中国环境科学研究院水生态环境研究所,北京 100012
    3.中国环境科学研究院环境技术工程有限公司,北京 100012

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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