Article(id=1234106415598588200, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, issueId=1234106384963400440, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1725811200000, receivedDateStr=2024-09-09, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1772163498067, onlineDateStr=2026-02-27, pubDate=1750348800000, pubDateStr=2025-06-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1772163498067, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-02-27, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1772163498067, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1772163498067, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1234106384963400440, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, year='2025', volume='45', issue='6', pageStart='2961', pageEnd='3552', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1772163490763, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1772163969484, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1234108392948682946, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, issueId=1234106384963400440, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1234108392948682947, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, issueId=1234106384963400440, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=3496, endPage=3507, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1234106416110293329, articleId=1234106415598588200, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, language=EN, title=The spatiotemporal heterogeneity of the impact of multidimensional urban sprawl on carbon emissions, columnId=1234106390126588740, journalTitle=China Environmental Science, columnName=Carbon Emission Control, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

This article constructed a multidimensional urban sprawl measurement index system from the structural dimension, morphological dimension, density dimension, and efficiency dimension. Based on map visualization, standard deviation ellipse, and cold and hot spot analysis, it explored the spatiotemporal characteristics and migration evolution patterns of China's urban comprehensive sprawl from 2005 to 2020. The spatiotemporal geographically weighted model (GTWR) was used to empirically examine the spatiotemporal heterogeneity of the impact of multidimensional urban sprawl on carbon emission intensity. Research shows that: (1) The comprehensive urban sprawl in China exhibited a spatial difference of "high in the east and low in the west", but the urban sprawl in the eastern coastal and northeastern regions has declined in the later stage of the sample. The standard deviation ellipse shows a trend of centripetal clustering, and the center of gravity of the distribution shifts towards the southwest as a whole. The analysis of hot and cold spots presents regional differences of "hot in the east and cold in the west". (2) The overall urban sprawl has a significant impact on carbon emissions, and over time, it plays a positive promoting role in an increasing number of cities. The positive promotion area is mainly concentrated in the central and western regions and coastal areas, while the negative inhibition area is mainly the North China Plain and the Pearl River Delta. (3) There is significant spatiotemporal heterogeneity in the influencing factors of each dimension. In terms of temporal trends, the structural dimension promotes carbon emissions in most cities and its influence increases year by year; The form dimension has shifted from a promoting effect to a inhibiting effect on carbon emissions in most cities; The density dimension and efficiency dimension suppress carbon emissions in most cities, but the density dimension shows a polarization trend year by year, while the influence of the efficiency dimension weakens overall. In terms of spatial distribution, the influence of structural dimension and density dimension is stronger in the southeastern, western, and northeastern regions, while the significant effect of morphological dimension is in the northeastern border and central western regions, and the significant effect of efficiency dimension is in the central and western regions.

, correspAuthors=Rui WANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=He ZHANG, Yu-tong ZHANG, Rui WANG, Ming-zhu WANG, Zi-hao LIU), CN=ArticleExt(id=1234106424444375813, articleId=1234106415598588200, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, language=CN, title=多维度城市蔓延对碳排放影响的时空异质性, columnId=1234106391661704058, journalTitle=中国环境科学, columnName=碳排放控制, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

本文从结构维、形态维、密度维、效率维构建了多维度城市蔓延测度指标体系,并基于地图可视化、标准差椭圆和冷热点分析探究中国2005~2020年城市综合蔓延度的时空特征及迁移演化格局,并采用时空地理加权模型(GTWR)实证考察多维度城市蔓延对碳排放强度影响的时空异质性.结果表明:(1)全国城市综合蔓延度呈现“东高西低”的空间差异特征,但在样本后期东部沿海地区及东北地区的城市蔓延度有所下滑.标准差椭圆呈现向心集聚的趋势,且分布重心整体向西南移动.冷热点分析则呈现“东热西冷”的区域性差异.(2)城市总蔓延度对碳排放具有显著影响,且随时间迁移在越来越多的城市中起到正向促进作用.正向促进作用区域主要集中在中西部及沿海地区,反向抑制作用区域多为华北平原和南部沿海地区.(3)各维度影响因素存在明显的时空异质性,时间趋势上,结构维在大部分城市促进碳排放,且影响力逐年增强;形态维在大部分城市对碳排放由促进作用转变为抑制作用;密度维、效率维在大部分城市抑制碳排放,但密度维逐年呈现出两极分化的趋势,效率维的影响力则整体减弱.空间分布上,结构维、密度维在东南沿海、西部和东北地区的影响力更强,形态维作用显著区域在东北地区和中西部地区,效率维作用显著区域则在中西部.

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* 责任作者,博士,
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张赫(1982-),男,陕西汉中人,教授,博士,研究方向为低碳城市规划、海岸带规划、智慧城市与社区.发表论文130篇..

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张赫(1982-),男,陕西汉中人,教授,博士,研究方向为低碳城市规划、海岸带规划、智慧城市与社区.发表论文130篇..

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张赫(1982-),男,陕西汉中人,教授,博士,研究方向为低碳城市规划、海岸带规划、智慧城市与社区.发表论文130篇..

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审图号:GS(2020)4619号

, figureFileSmall=b6VDm+QHBTepLnMIkhUzsA==, figureFileBig=sZqVJyiqAmWyi9DugmJRvg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1234106429079081901, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1234106415598588200, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Distribution direction and path transfer of comprehensive urban sprawl in China, figureFileSmall=UAHshyjlqwGtu19tx2yqBg==, figureFileBig=wVEnTAmnWpwouJI1hp2EUA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1234106429154579376, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1234106415598588200, language=CN, label=图2, caption=中国城市综合蔓延度的分布方向与路径转移

审图号:GS(2020)4619号

, figureFileSmall=UAHshyjlqwGtu19tx2yqBg==, figureFileBig=wVEnTAmnWpwouJI1hp2EUA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1234106429259436978, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1234106415598588200, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Spatial and temporal analysis of cold and hot spots in China's urban comprehensive spread from 2005 to 2020, figureFileSmall=mPuTg0bvcd+XxP5rS6j71g==, figureFileBig=AGxB07vXXrHiI0fXn6X8og==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1234106429347517365, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1234106415598588200, language=CN, label=图3, caption=中国2005~2020城市综合蔓延度冷热点时空分析

审图号:GS(2020)4619号

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审图号:GS(2020)4619号

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审图号:GS(2020)4619号

, figureFileSmall=Km+t8udfcZYQ7Nl9wrc3Vw==, figureFileBig=Q/RCzJFtmjiD3+PBVgdeNQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1234106430215738332, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1234106415598588200, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Selection, direction, and weight of various dimensions of urban sprawl indicators

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
维度指标方向权重计算方式
结构维土地利用香农指数0.0311
是第i种土地利用类型所占总土地面积的比例
土地城镇化率0.0974城镇区域面积/研究区总面积
建设用地比例0.2019建成区面积/研究区总面积
形态维面积加权形态指数0.1527
PiAi分别是第i个建成区的周长和面积
平均斑块面积0.2308所有斑块的总面积/总斑块数
半径维数0.1692
N(r)是在半径为r的尺度下覆盖目标形状所需的单位数量
密度维人口密度0.0023年均总人口/建城区面积
公路网长度密度0.1094公路总长度/区域面积
效率维GDP密度0.0033GDP/建成区面积
财政收入密度0.0019财政支出/建成区面积
), ArticleFig(id=1234106430328984544, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1234106415598588200, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

城市蔓延度各维度指标选取、方向与权重

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
维度指标方向权重计算方式
结构维土地利用香农指数0.0311
是第i种土地利用类型所占总土地面积的比例
土地城镇化率0.0974城镇区域面积/研究区总面积
建设用地比例0.2019建成区面积/研究区总面积
形态维面积加权形态指数0.1527
PiAi分别是第i个建成区的周长和面积
平均斑块面积0.2308所有斑块的总面积/总斑块数
半径维数0.1692
N(r)是在半径为r的尺度下覆盖目标形状所需的单位数量
密度维人口密度0.0023年均总人口/建城区面积
公路网长度密度0.1094公路总长度/区域面积
效率维GDP密度0.0033GDP/建成区面积
财政收入密度0.0019财政支出/建成区面积
), ArticleFig(id=1234106430496756710, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1234106415598588200, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Results of multicollinearity test based on OLS estimation

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数lnUSIlnJGWlnXTWlnMDWlnXLW
VIF2.461.471.841.711.02
1/VIF0.410.680.540.580.98
MEAN VIF1.7
), ArticleFig(id=1234106430610002922, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1234106415598588200, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

基于OLS估计的多重共线性检验结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数lnUSIlnJGWlnXTWlnMDWlnXLW
VIF2.461.471.841.711.02
1/VIF0.410.680.540.580.98
MEAN VIF1.7
), ArticleFig(id=1234106430706471917, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1234106415598588200, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

R2 and AIC data for OLS and GTWR models

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
回归检验参数GWTR模型OLS模型
综合蔓延度与碳R20.67660.508
排放回归AIC1936.442294.41
多维度指标与碳R20.70450.5409
排放回归AIC1893.722222.42
), ArticleFig(id=1234106430786163697, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1234106415598588200, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

OLS、GTWR两种模型的R2与AIC数据

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
回归检验参数GWTR模型OLS模型
综合蔓延度与碳R20.67660.508
排放回归AIC1936.442294.41
多维度指标与碳R20.70450.5409
排放回归AIC1893.722222.42
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多维度城市蔓延对碳排放影响的时空异质性
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张赫 1 , 张宇童 1 , 王睿 1, * , 王明竹 2 , 刘子豪 1
中国环境科学 | 碳排放控制 2025,45(6): 3496-3507
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中国环境科学 | 碳排放控制 2025, 45(6): 3496-3507
多维度城市蔓延对碳排放影响的时空异质性
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张赫1 , 张宇童1, 王睿1, * , 王明竹2, 刘子豪1
作者信息
  • 1.天津大学建筑学院,天津 300072
  • 2.哥鲁科(上海)建筑规划设计有限公司,上海 200245
  • 张赫(1982-),男,陕西汉中人,教授,博士,研究方向为低碳城市规划、海岸带规划、智慧城市与社区.发表论文130篇..

通讯作者:

* 责任作者,博士,
The spatiotemporal heterogeneity of the impact of multidimensional urban sprawl on carbon emissions
He ZHANG1 , Yu-tong ZHANG1, Rui WANG1, * , Ming-zhu WANG2, Zi-hao LIU1
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Architecture, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
  • 2.W&R Urbanists and Architects LTD., Shanghai 200245, China
出版时间: 2025-06-20
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本文从结构维、形态维、密度维、效率维构建了多维度城市蔓延测度指标体系,并基于地图可视化、标准差椭圆和冷热点分析探究中国2005~2020年城市综合蔓延度的时空特征及迁移演化格局,并采用时空地理加权模型(GTWR)实证考察多维度城市蔓延对碳排放强度影响的时空异质性.结果表明:(1)全国城市综合蔓延度呈现“东高西低”的空间差异特征,但在样本后期东部沿海地区及东北地区的城市蔓延度有所下滑.标准差椭圆呈现向心集聚的趋势,且分布重心整体向西南移动.冷热点分析则呈现“东热西冷”的区域性差异.(2)城市总蔓延度对碳排放具有显著影响,且随时间迁移在越来越多的城市中起到正向促进作用.正向促进作用区域主要集中在中西部及沿海地区,反向抑制作用区域多为华北平原和南部沿海地区.(3)各维度影响因素存在明显的时空异质性,时间趋势上,结构维在大部分城市促进碳排放,且影响力逐年增强;形态维在大部分城市对碳排放由促进作用转变为抑制作用;密度维、效率维在大部分城市抑制碳排放,但密度维逐年呈现出两极分化的趋势,效率维的影响力则整体减弱.空间分布上,结构维、密度维在东南沿海、西部和东北地区的影响力更强,形态维作用显著区域在东北地区和中西部地区,效率维作用显著区域则在中西部.

多维度城市蔓延  /  碳排放  /  GTWR模型  /  时空异质性

This article constructed a multidimensional urban sprawl measurement index system from the structural dimension, morphological dimension, density dimension, and efficiency dimension. Based on map visualization, standard deviation ellipse, and cold and hot spot analysis, it explored the spatiotemporal characteristics and migration evolution patterns of China's urban comprehensive sprawl from 2005 to 2020. The spatiotemporal geographically weighted model (GTWR) was used to empirically examine the spatiotemporal heterogeneity of the impact of multidimensional urban sprawl on carbon emission intensity. Research shows that: (1) The comprehensive urban sprawl in China exhibited a spatial difference of "high in the east and low in the west", but the urban sprawl in the eastern coastal and northeastern regions has declined in the later stage of the sample. The standard deviation ellipse shows a trend of centripetal clustering, and the center of gravity of the distribution shifts towards the southwest as a whole. The analysis of hot and cold spots presents regional differences of "hot in the east and cold in the west". (2) The overall urban sprawl has a significant impact on carbon emissions, and over time, it plays a positive promoting role in an increasing number of cities. The positive promotion area is mainly concentrated in the central and western regions and coastal areas, while the negative inhibition area is mainly the North China Plain and the Pearl River Delta. (3) There is significant spatiotemporal heterogeneity in the influencing factors of each dimension. In terms of temporal trends, the structural dimension promotes carbon emissions in most cities and its influence increases year by year; The form dimension has shifted from a promoting effect to a inhibiting effect on carbon emissions in most cities; The density dimension and efficiency dimension suppress carbon emissions in most cities, but the density dimension shows a polarization trend year by year, while the influence of the efficiency dimension weakens overall. In terms of spatial distribution, the influence of structural dimension and density dimension is stronger in the southeastern, western, and northeastern regions, while the significant effect of morphological dimension is in the northeastern border and central western regions, and the significant effect of efficiency dimension is in the central and western regions.

multidimensional urban sprawl  /  carbon emissions  /  GTWR model  /  spatiotemporal heterogeneity
张赫, 张宇童, 王睿, 王明竹, 刘子豪. 多维度城市蔓延对碳排放影响的时空异质性. 中国环境科学, 2025 , 45 (6) : 3496 -3507 .
He ZHANG, Yu-tong ZHANG, Rui WANG, Ming-zhu WANG, Zi-hao LIU. The spatiotemporal heterogeneity of the impact of multidimensional urban sprawl on carbon emissions[J]. China Environmental Science, 2025 , 45 (6) : 3496 -3507 .
土地利用方式对于控制和减缓全球碳排放具有重要作用,特别是随着建设用地的迅速增长,土地城镇化水平对碳排放空间异质性的解释力越来越强[1].诸多研究指出,城市蔓延导致的建设用地扩张及人口密度减少,是加剧环境污染与碳排放的主要原因之一[2],但随着国内城市化进程的推进,以增长为导向的思维方式似乎不再笼统地适合于当前的所有城市.规模扩张和人口膨胀不再是城市蔓延的唯一模式[3],双碳目标下,建设用地管控重点已经由“控总量”转变为“优结构”,城市蔓延的“不完全”甚至“低质量”的内涵[3]应当予以重视,城市蔓延的内涵还需要从土地利用结构、形态特征、景观、密度、社会经济发展效率等众多不同维度去描述[4],不同维度的城市蔓延可能会对碳排放产生不同的时空差异性机理尚未被揭示.因此,亟需探索城市蔓延在多维度的时空特征,以及对碳排放强度的影响在不同地区和时间内如何展现,以更精准地应对城市蔓延对环境的挑战.
随着国内外城市化进程的发展,对城市蔓延内涵和测度的研究日益多元化,逐步从单一维度测度过渡到多维度指标体系.早期城市蔓延通常通过单指标测量宏观尺度,以人口密度和建设用地指标为主[5-7],体现了城市蔓延“低密度”和“大量土地被消耗”的特征[8].国内典型的城市蔓延指数提出了城市建设用地面积增长率与人口增长率的比值法[9],之后又由数位学者采用改进后城市蔓延指数公式测度了中国城市蔓延状况[10-11],但总的来说,单指标法都绕不开“以土地为中心”[3],却忽视了城市本质是根植于区域的一个功能性节点、耗散结构体[12],需要多维度城市蔓延指标来反映.早期Glaeser等[13]以13个大都市区为研究对象提出了城市蔓延的八个维度:密度、连续性、集中度、紧凑度、中心度、成核度、多样性和可接近度.后续学者围绕基础蔓延指标进一步延伸了多维指标内容,从土地利用维度,研究聚焦于建设用地数量、空间离散程度及利用效率等细化指标[14];从经济发展与人口的维度,还有研究整合了增量与存量[15]、经济效率、人口密度[16]等视角,系统解析城市蔓延的内在机制.然而,现有研究仍存在显著局限:宏观尺度的多维度测度体系尚未完善,研究多局限于特定区域或城市,且指标选取仍难以摆脱传统土地/人口规模理论的框架约束.
进一步深入到城市蔓延对碳排放的影响机制上,既有研究中城市低密度蔓延[2]、土地扩张[17]、人口流失[12]对于碳排放的正向促进作用已得到普遍证实,但研究尺度一旦聚集到某个城市群,这些“显著”变量与碳排放之间并非是完全促进或抑制的,甚至两个不同区域内,同一变量对于碳排放的影响作用完全相反,这也使得研究区域越聚集,相关城市蔓延变量对于碳排放的影响关系越准确,而一旦研究尺度放大到全国范围内,不同发展条件和不同发展阶段的全国城市的多个维度指标对碳排放的影响和作用机制就不一而同了.例如,长江经济带的研究表明,城市蔓延通过增加汽车数量与能源开采显著推高碳排放[18],而人口密度与经济发展的影响则呈现本地与邻近区域的差异化效应[19].此外,城市空间扩张在部分区域可能降低单位面积碳排放[2],而省级层面的研究进一步揭示了发达与欠发达区域作用曲线的异质性[20].可见,城市蔓延对碳排放的影响具有复杂性和不确定性已达成了共识,而当研究的尺度越宏观时,多维度指标对碳排放影响机制的精准认识越困难.
从研究尺度上,现有研究中多维城市蔓延表征多局限在大城市群和经济较发达地区,而欠发达地区和中小城市仍然缺乏宏观尺度下的多维度城市蔓延指标研究,要注意,城市蔓延不只发生在城市群内部,也有可能发生在城市群边缘或外围,这种现象随着大中城市内部更加严格的土地管控政策而变得愈加明显,因此有必要在全国尺度上测度城市蔓延[14].从城市蔓延指标选取上,多维度指标选取始终绕不开经典的土地/人口规模论,目前中国城市化进程中在普遍增长下已经出现局部收缩[15],仍从规模测度已不足以全面反映目前城市蔓延的复杂性,因此重点补充了结构、形态、密度、效率多维指标弥补现有研究的不足.从研究方法来说,时空地理加权回归(GTWR)模型可以很好地刻画多维度城市蔓延的时空异质性,有利于分析宏观尺度下多个样本多个维度对碳排放的影响和作用机制.此外,研究中国多个样本城市多个维度蔓延指标对碳排放的影响也为解释现有相关研究中部分结论不一致的困惑提供了可能.
针对以上不足,本文将研究区域扩展到中国282个地级及地级以上城市的市辖区,考察包括结构、形态、密度、效率的多维度的城市蔓延指标,结合椭圆差和冷热点分析探讨2005~2020年中国城市综合蔓延指数的时空格局、重心与演化方向;运用GTWR模型探讨城市综合蔓延度对于碳排放时空异质性,及城市蔓延各维度对碳排放的时空异质性和具体维度的影响机制;以期揭示多维城市蔓延的空间变化趋势与对碳排放强度影响机理,加强宏观尺度下多维度指标对碳排放影响机制的认识.
在综合考虑数据可获得性和样本数据一致性后,选择中国282个城市辖区在2005年、2010年、2015年和2020年的截面数据作为研究对象.土地利用数据(结构维、形态维)源于中国科学院资源环境科学与数据中心(https://www.resdc.cn).城市人口、经济等面板数据(密度维、效率维、控制变量)源于2006~2021年《中国城市统计年鉴》、《中国城市建设统计年鉴》、《中国区域经济统计年鉴》等权威统计文献,以及各城市的地方统计年鉴、国民经济和社会发展统计公报以及政府工作报告.城市CO2排放数据来源于中国1km×1km高空间分辨率网格CO2排放数据集(CHRED),包含中国所有地级城市的CO2排放清单.采用统一数据源和规范化处理方法,建立了首个综合性中国城市CO2排放数据集.
基于城市蔓延的本质及其影响因素的复杂性,通过构建包括密度、形态、结构和效率4个维度的多维指标体系,来全面量化城市蔓延的程度、结构、效率特征.在本指标体系下,指标选取依据如下.
城市结构失调导致城市蔓延[21],用土地利用香农指数、土地城镇化率、建设用地比例3项指标表征城市蔓延.土地利用香农指数量化了土地利用的复杂性和多样性,可以扩张区域功能单一程度[22]与不协调的发展模式[23];土地城镇化率和建设用地比例则直观表现城市蔓延扩张区域大小.采用这些指标的目的是全面理解城市结构失调对城市蔓延的影响.
城市蔓延的形态特征主要表现为城市化过程中的不规则性和非连续性[22].为量化这种蔓延,选用面积加权形态指数、平均斑块面积及半径维数3项指标.面积加权形态指数反映土地斑块的形状复杂度和规整度;平均斑块面积用土地斑块的平均大小衡量破碎度;半径维数描述土地斑块的空间填充能力,从形态角度分析城市蔓延的复杂性[24].通过这些形态指标,可以科学地描述和理解城市扩展过程中空间形态的复杂变化,指导城市规划与管理.
人口活动分散导致建成区人口密度降低[25],本文引入人口密度和公路网长度密度两项指标.人口密度衡量单位面积内居住人数,反映居民低密度分布的情况[26];公路网长度密度体现交通基础设施的发展与城市扩张的关系,指示道路网络在城市土地中的分布[27].选取这些指标有助于分析城市蔓延对居住和交通密度的影响.
经济与政策显著影响城市空间形态,本文选取财政收入密度和GDP密度两项指标.财政收入密度反映财政收入在单位面积内的分布,评估地方政府经济管理效率,财政税收越协调,空置土地约少[22];GDP密度衡量单位面积内的经济总量,显示经济活动的集中程度和空间效率[16].此指标选取旨在评估经济和政策因素在城市蔓延中的作用,帮助理解其对城市经济布局和空间结构优化的影响.
第一步,采用熵权法,将各个指标标准化后降维处理,先对各指标赋予不同权重,各指标数据差异越大,该指标对综合评价的影响较大,权重也较大(表1).第二步,根据各指标的权重,对各研究城市进行分维度蔓延度分析.在此基础上,对分维度蔓延度进行求和,得出各城市的综合蔓延程度.
结构维计算公式:
形态维计算公式:
密度维计算公式:
效率维计算公式:
城市蔓延度计算公式:
式中:i代表第i个城市,JGWi,XTWi,MDWi,XLWi分别表示结构维、形态维、密度维和效率维的蔓延度.USIi表示第i个城市的总蔓延度;Wj表示指标权重;Pij表示第i个城市的第j项指标的值.
城市蔓延的严重程度可以通过城市蔓延指数(USI)来量化,该指数的数值越大,意味着城市蔓延的程度越高;相反数值越小,则表示城市蔓延的程度较低.
标准差椭圆用于表示地理数据空间分布方向性特征,以椭圆中心、方位角、长半轴、短半轴为基本参数的空间分布椭圆来定量描述研究对象的空间分布态势与演化特征[28].本文使用ArcGIS10.8软件计算城市综合蔓延度的标准差椭圆,并进一步分析城市综合蔓延度的时空迁移特征.
冷热点分析是一种用于识别地理数据中显著集聚或稀疏区域的统计方法,帮助发现高活动区域(热点)和低活动区域(冷点),冷热点分析为揭示地理数据中的显著模式和趋势提供了直观的工具[29].本文使用ArcGIS10.8软件进行全局的蔓延冷热点分析,以揭示城市综合蔓延度的空间演化规律.
Huang等[30]研究学者将时间维纳入到地理加权回归(GWR)模型中,提出了一种新的地理权重回归模型(GTWR).该模型能够同时捕捉时间与空间上的参数变化,从而更有效地识别出研究变量在时间维度的动态表现.本研究采用GTWR模型,分析城市综合蔓延度以及分维度蔓延度指标对于碳排放的影响机制,参考已有研究及STIRPAT模型[31],GTWR基础回归模型如式(6).
式中:Y为被解释变量,X为解释变量,β为回归系数,i为截面个体,t为时间,uv分别为各截面个体所在区域的经度和纬度,ε为满足经典假定(即条件零均值、条件同方差、相互独立且服从正态分布)的随机扰动项.
在实际计量模型构建时,一般GTWR基本公式两边同时取对数形成线性模型[32],本文根据所选变量和公式(6)分别构建综合蔓延度和多维度蔓延度对碳排放强度影响的时空异质性时空地理加权回归模型(7、8):
被解释变量用碳排放(CO2)取自然对数进行衡量.解释变量设定2组.先探讨城市综合蔓延度对于碳排放时空异质性,解释变量为城市综合蔓延度(USI),对应公式(2~7).再探究分维度的蔓延指标对碳排放产生了怎样的影响,解释变量为结构维(JGW)、形态维(XTW)、密度维(MDW)和效率维(XVW)4个城市蔓延维度,对应公式(2~8),探讨多维度城市蔓延对碳排放的时空影响机制,并构建其时空分异格局体系.
考虑到其他可能会影响各碳排放情况的因素,本文依据Kaya恒等式,去掉了等式中的能源因素,加入了人均GDP和常住人口两个控制变量[33].
城市蔓延度在分布上具有明显的空间集聚效应和交替性,全国整体城市综合蔓延度逐年增长,呈现“东高西低”的空间差异特征(图1).趋势面上各方向的变化差异较大,反映出城市蔓延度的不平衡性逐渐强化,“空间异质性”特征显著.
从空间集聚效应看,城市综合蔓延度的高值聚集连片区体现在东部沿海地区及东北地区.东部沿海地区早期城市化导致城市蔓延度较高,发展过快使得发展模式由集中转向无序蔓延.中部地区随着经济和人口增长,城市蔓延度指数同样处于较高水平,面临城市规划和土地使用效率问题.南北分异上,北方城市普遍城市蔓延度高于南方.从时间交替性看,全国整体城市综合蔓延度的下限值和上限值都随时间推移提高,中部地区城市群蔓延度经历了波动有所增加,但东部沿海地区的城市蔓延得到控制,东北地区蔓延度下降快速,尤其是东北地区因人口流失导致蔓延度快速下降.
利用ArcGIS 10.8对中国2005~2020年城市综合蔓延度的标准差椭圆和重心移动轨迹进行可视化分析,标准差椭圆呈现向心集聚的趋势,且分布重心整体向西南移动(图2).
(1)城市扩张的空间分布特征:标准差椭圆的形态呈现出北偏东至南偏西的走向.从2005年至2020年,椭圆的短轴长度缩减了47.45km,而长轴长度则减少了60.18km,这反映出中国城市扩张在所有方向上都表现出更为集中和向心的态势,特别是在南北方向上,这种趋势更为明显.在研究的时间段内,标准差椭圆覆盖的总面积减少了9.51%,这表明中国城市扩张的模式正在朝着更加优化和有序的方向发展.同时,椭圆的旋转角度也从2005年的18.97度增加至2020年的20.46度,显示出城市扩张的空间分布越来越以南北方向为主导.
(2)重心移动轨迹:在样本期内,中国城市蔓延度的分布重心从河南省驻马店市向东北移动至驻马店市和周口市交界处,随后持续向西南方向迁移,最终在2020年回到驻马店市.累计迁移了31.76km,相对初始点向南移动了18.42km.这是由于样本期间东北地区人口流失导致城市蔓延度降低,而南部地区城市化进程加快,导致重心持续向南偏东方向迁移.
城市综合蔓延度的分布特征在中国表现出明显的区域性差异,表现为东热西冷(图3),东部沿海地区的热点区随时间迁移略微向北收缩,东北地区在近期成为新的冷点.东部沿海地区作为城市的蔓延热点区域,其蔓延度显著高于其他地区.2005~2020年,东南沿海的热点区域保持了其高蔓延度的特点,而且在2015年呈现出向南蔓延的趋势后又在2020年略微收缩.这一现象可能与该地区经济的持续增长、人口的集中以及城市化进程的不断推进密切相关.
与此同时,蔓延冷点区域主要分布在中国的中部和西南地区.这些区域的蔓延度相对较低,呈现出多向的蔓延趋势的同时,整体冷点区域趋于减少.随着时间的推移,东北地区也出现了新的蔓延冷点区域.这可能与该地区的经济发展水平、地理位置以及城市化进程的特点有关.
总体来看,中国城市综合蔓延度明显呈现“东热西冷”的区域性差异.东部沿海地区蔓延度高,2005~2020年保持热度,2015年南移后2020年略微收缩.中部和西南地区蔓延度低,但呈多向蔓延,整体冷点减少.东北地区近期也成为新的冷点.
在进行GTWR模型估计时,需要确保解释变量之间不存在多重共线性的问题.本研究通过OLS方法对模型的多重共线性进行了检测,检测结果表明所有解释变量的方差膨胀因子(VIF)都低于10,平均VIF也低于10,这表明模型中不存在多重共线性,符合GTWR模型估计的条件(表2).
为了对比OLS和GTWR两种模型的性能,采用由香港中文大学黄波教授团队开发基于ArcGIS平台的GTWR_Beta插件,分别进行了OLS、GTWR 2种模型的估计,结果见表3.在对2组变量进行回归分析后,GTWR模型在R2上明显优于OLS模型,同时AIC也更低.这表明GTWR模型在拟合数据和解释变量方面具有更强的能力,其回归系数也表现出较好的统计显著性.因此,GTWR模型在两组变量的估计结果上都明显优于OLS模型(表3).
(1)城市综合蔓延度回归系数的时间异质性分析:综合蔓延度回归系数大多为正值,并随着时间推移,系数越来越大,说明城市总蔓延度对碳排放具有显著正向影响,且随时间迁移在越来越多的城市中起到正向促进作用.初期2005年各系数在各个城市平均体现,表现为没有明显波峰.2010~2015形成聚拢趋势,部分城市在系数0.4的位置来到小波峰,这意味着在10%~12%的城市中,城市综合蔓延度每增加1%,会导致碳排放增加0.4%.越来越多城市中蔓延度对于碳排放的影响趋于相同(图4).这种变化体现了城市蔓延对城市碳排放强度的影响力越来越强、越来越广,也说明未来更多城市能通过减少城市蔓延度来有效控制碳排放,逐步实现可持续发展的目标.
(2)分维度蔓延度回归系数的时间异质性分析(图5):结构维系数值主要为正值,随着年份增加越来越向中心系数靠拢.2020年系数值在0.6处出现的波峰,这代表着在相当多的城市中,结构维蔓延度每增加1%,会导致碳排放平均增加0.6%,并且随着时间推移结构维的高峰系数呈现聚集趋势,这意味着在越来越多的城市碳排放受到了的影响.结构维的高峰系数随着时间推移呈现逐渐左移趋势,这表明结构维蔓延度度每增加1%,对碳排放的影响程度从增加0.6%逐渐下降0.3%,2020年系数值在-0.3出现了一个小高峰,结构维对碳排放的抑制作用初步明显,这可能是由于结构的优化持续改善,逐渐降低了碳排放产生效率.
形态维数值系数主要为正负值兼有,且随着时间的推移,两极分化的趋势愈发显著.2005年形态维的蔓延度每增加1%,碳排放平均增加0.25%的城市占比相对较多,而随着城市化进程的不断发展,在2010年,2015年系数主要集中在0值附近.在2020年峰值已为负值,这意味着形态维指标数据每增加1%,多数城市的碳排放会相应减少,即形态维对碳排放由促进作用转变为抑制作用.
密度维系数值数值主要为负值,在2005年系数值在-0.1处达到峰值,之后意味着在大部分城市,密度维蔓延度每增加1%,会导致碳排放平均减少0.1%.随着时间维度的的展开,系数值呈现出两极分化的趋势,越来越多的城市表现出,密度维增长1%,碳排放下降0.3%或者增长0.15%.即城市的密度维对碳排放的影响呈现出显著的冷热点分布,并且这种现象在整体城市的分布中越来越明显.
效率维系数值波动范围显著高于另外3个维度,即从效率维度对于碳排放指标的影响最为显著,且z轴的不同系数城市在整体城市占比也显著少于另外3个维度,说明效率维度系数在不同的城市差别也同样显著.但系数值仍然在2005~2020的时间跨度上体现出了向0聚拢的趋势.这代表越来越多的城市中,效率维的指标在碳排放中起到的影响越来越不明显,但仍有部分城市在系数值上表现为负高值,即效率维数据增长1%,碳排放将减少最多19.3%.
(1)城市综合蔓延度回归系数的空间异质性分析:通过对2005~2020年4个截面数据的各城市回归系数进行均值计算,得到年均回归系数的空间分异(图6).
中西部、华东地区及东北地区体现为高值:综合蔓延度每增加1%,碳排放增加0.5%~1.35%,其中中西部地区为正向促进的高点.华北地区以及南部沿海地区,西南地区体现为低值:综合蔓延度每增加1%,碳排放减少0.2%~1.5%.以城市的发展历程上看,华北大城市核心地区以及南部沿海地区截面数据选取范围在2005~2020年,低值地区已经步入城市化中后期,城市发展速度快,城市蔓延度已经较高.蔓延度进一步增加对于发达城市可能是通过结构优化抑制了碳排放增长,而对于高值地区,中西部不乏资源型城市、东北地区以老工业地区著称,华东地区则主要以人口密度和经济密度太高的长三角引领,这些城市蔓延度的增长都会进一步增大碳排放.
(2)分维度蔓延度回归系数的空间异质性分析:结构维对碳排放具有显著影响,主要表现为正向影响,在空间上展现出明显的差异性(图7(a)).具体而言,正向高值区域在东部沿海、中西部地区和东北地区均有所分布:结构维蔓延度每增加1%,碳排放增加0.46%~0.52%.低值地区主要集中在南部沿海一带以及部分西南城市:结构维蔓延度每增加1%,碳排放减少0.29%~0.63%.西部、东北地区因对工业化和资源的依赖,在城市发展过程中工业区域的扩张和大量低密度、低效率的城市用地出现,伴随的是结构维中的建设用地比例增加但代表用地多样性的土地利用香农指数显著降低,大量闲置土地、土地结构失调最终导致碳排放增加.而在,南部沿海通过高效的土地利用、政策控制和技术优势,以珠三角为代表的土地城镇化率已达80%,近年来通过多种城镇土地利用和管理模式反而抑制了碳排放.
形态维对于碳排放的影响同样表现为正向影响,并在空间上呈现出明显的差异性(图7(b)).具体而言,正向高值区域主要位于东北边境以及中西部地区:形态维蔓延度每增加1%,碳排放增加0.62%~1.15%,低值地区同样位于西南地区:形态维蔓延度每增加1%,碳排放减少0.2%~0.37%.低值地区也不如结构维显著.相较于结构维,形态维对于碳排放的解释力度不如其显著.总结来说,在东北边境及中西部地区,传统高碳产业占主导地位,基建需求高,能效相对低,因而会导致碳排放增加.比如黑龙江鹤岗,以煤炭工业、机械制造业等传统产业为主,城市形态越复杂,城市斑块越破碎,平均斑块面积不高,碳排放增多.而西南地区在生态保护、低碳产业发展、交通优化和新能源应用方面具备优势,土地形态斑块复杂化是政府低碳政策推动的结果,城市蔓延反而可以一定程度抑制碳排放.
密度维度与另外3个维度在形态差异上最为显著,系数波动在数值和范围上也最小(图7(c)).在中国中部华北平原地带,密度维的指标数据呈明显的负相关,即密度维数据增长对碳排放有抑制作用,而周围地区城市大多呈现促进作用.如在中西部,南方沿海等均有明显的高值区域:密度维蔓延度每增加1%,碳排放增加0.33%~1.05%.低值区域集中在华北平原以及西南部分城市:密度维蔓延度每增加1%,碳排放减少0.3%~0.47%.原因可能是中部华北平原及部分西南城市由于交通、能源、产业等多方面的结构性问题,人口密度和路网密度增大往往导致碳排放增加,比如西部地区的酒泉市主要依靠能源、矿产加工等产业,且相对地广人稀,人口密度和路网密度增大就意味着城市的产业扩张,从而导致碳排放增加.而中西部和南方沿海城市,通过先进的城市规划、高效的公共交通、清洁能源应用和严格的环保措施,能更有效地应对人口和道路密度增加带来的碳排放压力,所以即使密度维数据增加仍能有抑制碳排放的效果.
效率维对于碳排放的影响力在空间上呈现出由中西部向南方沿海以及东北由促进到抑制的趋势(图7(d)).具体而言,空间上呈现出两条递减带,一条由中国中部向南方各沿海地区递减的态势,中西部高值地区效率维蔓延度每增加1%,碳排放增加5.75%~10.3%;低值区域集中东北三省地区,尤其是黑龙江一带城市低值显著:密度维蔓延度每增加1%,碳排放减少14.3%~17.1%,即中国中西部地区效率维指标数据的增长极大的增加碳排放,仍以酒泉市为例,财政收入和GDP很大程度上代表了城市产业的发展状况,产业扩张就会导致碳排放增加.而沿海以及东三省地区,这一结论刚好相反,效率维指标数据的增长则会显著的降低碳排放量,财政收入影响财政政策,政府鼓励采用更环保的技术和生产方式,减少化石燃料的消耗,从而降低碳排放.
中国各城市综合蔓延度逐年增长,三大促进碳排放的高点区域分别是东部沿海、中西部、东北部.在此基础上,为考虑政策的全局性,针对3大区域,进一步提出利于分城施策和分类施策的可操作性政策建议.
东部沿海地区城市形态多样性丰富,经济社会发展走在前列,但在结构维、效率维方面城市蔓延对碳排放促进作用最显著.结构维方面,由于各类开发区的建设,建成区面积增长速度快于城市碳排放增长速度.因此对于建成区面积较大地市,应严格土地用途管制,控制建设用地比例,划定合理的城市开发边界.效率维方面,应提高GDP效率,提高经济活动的集中程度和空间效率,促进产业结构升级,推动绿色型技术进步和优化,实现碳减排与城镇化发展的协同增效.
相比其他地区蔓延度对碳排放的促进作用,中西部是促碳最高区域.具体分维度上,可以发现几乎每个维度对于碳排放都有相对高的促进作用,从促进作用大小来看,效率维>结构维>形态维=密度维.就效率维来说,应着力提高GDP密度和财政收入密度,提高地方政府经济管理效率,减少空置土地.针对西部地区第二产业的快速发展造就了大量碳排放,首先要加快这些区域产业结构的转型升级,通过大力发展第三产业来促进人口就业,加大新能源的使用力度.而对于小、中城市来说,通过降低建设用地比例、土地城镇化率来减少碳排放.在形态维和密度维方面,针对中西部地区土地结构粗放、功能布置不合理的问题,应着重提高城市空间集聚水平,做好土地规整工作和各功能用地的连接度,加强交通基础设施的发展,发挥城市集聚经济的正外部性作用.
东北地区作为传统的老工业基地,形态维、密度维、结构维对东北部地区碳排放有显著促进作用.密度维方面,东北三省作为中国重工业聚集区,需加强环境监管,改善城市居住环境,吸引人口回流,引导人口及其经济活动更加集聚,防止人口过度分散.在结构维和形态维方面,应着力提高土地利用香农指数,提升老工业收缩城市提升建设用地利用效率,丰富土地利用多样性;形态方面,降低平均斑块面积,降低建设用地及重要功能用地的破碎度,加强功能联系.另外,还应促进传统制造业的现代化转型,发展新兴服务产业与高端智能产业,提高能源效率,既解决了劳动力流失等问题,也带动了东北地区等老工业基地振兴.
3.1 从2005~2020年,全国整体城市综合蔓延度逐年增长,呈现“东高西低”的空间差异特征.东部沿海及中部地区由于早期密集的城市化进程,经历了一段无序蔓延的阶段,同时这些地区的城市蔓延度一直维持在0.5~0.6左右的峰值区间.相比之下,北方城市虽然蔓延度高,但东北地区随着时间的推移,城市蔓延度明显下降.
3.2 标准差椭圆方法表明城市蔓延在全国范围内趋于集中,长短轴缩减和椭圆角度的调整反映了一个南北主导的空间分布趋势.此外,碳排放的重心在东南部区域波动,并在样本期间整体向南迁移了18.42km.冷热点分析显示,城市蔓延度在中国呈现出“东热西冷”的格局,东部沿海地区始终是活跃的热点,东北地区逐渐转变为冷点,中部和西南地区尽管蔓延度较低,但城市化正在逐渐扩展.
3.3 城市总蔓延度对碳排放具有显著影响,且随时间迁移在越来越多的城市中起到正向促进作用.正向促进作用区域主要集中在中南部及沿海地区,反向抑制作用区域多为华北平原和南部沿海地区.
3.4 各维度影响因素存在明显的时空异质性,时间趋势上,结构维在大部分城市促进碳排放,且影响力逐年增强;形态维在大部分城市对碳排放由促进作用转变为抑制作用;密度维、效率维在大部分城市抑制碳排放,但各自随时间分化趋势不同.空间分布上结构维对碳排放的正向影响尤其在东南沿海、西部和东北地区显著,而南部沿海地区和西南部分城市对碳排放起到抑制作用.形态维在东北边境和中西部地区促进了碳排放的增加,而在西南地区能有效抑制碳排放.密度维在华北平原显示负作用,表明人口和道路密度增加可抑制碳排放,而中西部和南方沿海抑制了碳排放.效率维在中西部正向促进碳排放增加,但在南方沿海和东北地区则显著降低碳排放.
  • 国家自然科学基金青年基金资助项目(52208073)
  • 国家重点研发计划项目(2023YFC3807701)
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  • 接收时间:2024-09-09
  • 首发时间:2026-02-27
  • 出版时间:2025-06-20
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  • 收稿日期:2024-09-09
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国家自然科学基金青年基金资助项目(52208073)
国家重点研发计划项目(2023YFC3807701)
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    1.天津大学建筑学院,天津 300072
    2.哥鲁科(上海)建筑规划设计有限公司,上海 200245

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