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This study establishes a carbon emission reduction measurement model for the secondary ash recycled ceramsite project from the perspective of carbon footprint, combined with the National Certified Voluntary Emission Reduction (CCER) methodology. Taking the 40000 tons/year secondary ash recycled ceramsite project as an example, empirical analysis is conducted to evaluate the project's carbon emission reduction. Based on the analysis of key carbon emission factors, the carbon emission reduction potential of the secondary ash recycled ceramsite project is optimized and evaluated. The results show that the total CO2e emission reduction of the 40000 tons/year secondary ash slag regenerated ceramsite project in 2023 is 32600 tons, of which the ceramsite production stage contributes to 95% of the emission reduction. From the perspective of carbon footprint analysis, the total annual CO2e emissions of the project are about 64900 tons, and the processing, production, and raw material acquisition stages are key links in the carbon emissions of the ceramsite project. From the analysis of CO2 emission source categories, the substitution of solid waste materials such as secondary ash and sludge is the key to carbon reduction in the ceramsite industry. In addition, the priority order of adding solid waste materials is secondary ash, sludge, and waste soil. Regarding the optimization of carbon emission reduction potential, under four low-carbon scenarios of green raw materials, clean power grid, low-carbon transportation, and recycling, the secondary ash regenerated ceramsite project achieved CO2e emission reductions of 69300, 34200, 35600 and 32800 tons, respectively. Under the green raw material scenario, the ceramsite industry has a carbon emission reduction potential of 9million tons.

, correspAuthors=Ming-hui XIE, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Xiao-cong SONG, Chen-ning DENG, Fang ZHU, Lin-zi LI, Ming-hui XIE, Peng SHEN, Chen CHEN, Shuai DU), CN=ArticleExt(id=1234106426180817775, articleId=1234106413056839868, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, language=CN, title=基于碳足迹视角的再生陶粒项目碳减排研究, columnId=1234106391661704058, journalTitle=中国环境科学, columnName=碳排放控制, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

从碳足迹角度,结合国家核证自愿减排量(CCER)方法学,建立二次灰渣再生陶粒项目碳减排计量模型,以4万t/a二次灰渣再生陶粒项目为例进行实证分析,评估项目碳减排量,基于碳排放关键因素解析,对二次灰渣再生陶粒项目碳减排潜力进行优化评估.结果表明,4万t/a二次灰渣再生陶粒项目2023a总的CO2e减排量为3.26万t,其中,陶粒生产阶段减排贡献达到95%.从碳足迹视角分析,项目年CO2e排放总量约6.49万t,加工生产和原料获取阶段是陶粒项目碳排放的关键环节.从CO2排放源类别分析,二次灰渣,污泥等固废原料替代是陶粒行业降碳的重点,另外,固废原料添加的优先级顺序依次为二次灰渣,污泥和废弃土.关于碳减排潜力优化,绿色原料,清洁电网,低碳运输和再生循环4种低碳情景下,二次灰渣再生陶粒项目分别实现6.93,3.42,3.56和3.28万t CO2e减排量,绿色原料情景下陶粒行业蕴含0.09亿t的碳减排潜力.

, correspAuthors=谢明辉, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 责任作者,研究员,
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宋晓聪(1992-),女,河北石家庄人,工程师,硕士,主要研究方向为环境足迹管理.发表论文20余篇..

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宋晓聪(1992-),女,河北石家庄人,工程师,硕士,主要研究方向为环境足迹管理.发表论文20余篇..

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宋晓聪(1992-),女,河北石家庄人,工程师,硕士,主要研究方向为环境足迹管理.发表论文20余篇..

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Scenario setting for optimizing carbon emission reduction benefits of the secondary ash regeneration ceramsite project

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
情景类型参数选取取值
绿色原料污泥比例(%)60[25]
二次灰渣比例(%)40
清洁电网非化石能源发电量占全部发电量比重(%)50[26]
电力碳足迹因子[tCO2e/(MW·h)]0.45[27-31]
低碳运输载重30t纯电动重卡碳足迹因子[tCO2e/(t·km)]0.03×10-3[28-33]
再生循环废陶粒回收率(%)50[34]
), ArticleFig(id=1234106433814450217, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1234106413056839868, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

二次灰渣再生陶粒项目碳减排效益优化情景设置

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
情景类型参数选取取值
绿色原料污泥比例(%)60[25]
二次灰渣比例(%)40
清洁电网非化石能源发电量占全部发电量比重(%)50[26]
电力碳足迹因子[tCO2e/(MW·h)]0.45[27-31]
低碳运输载重30t纯电动重卡碳足迹因子[tCO2e/(t·km)]0.03×10-3[28-33]
再生循环废陶粒回收率(%)50[34]
), ArticleFig(id=1234106433906724909, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1234106413056839868, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Various carbon footprint factors

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数单位取值文献
O黏土tCO2e/t1.42×10-3CLCD
D30t柴油货车tCO2e/(t·km)0.073×10-3CLCD
t1.67[36]
htCO2e/MW·h0.60[28-31]
htCO2e/GJ0.11CLCD
F生物质tCO2e/t0.12[37]
F柴油tCO2e/t3.72[37]
PCO2tCO2e/t4.20×10-3[38]
S黏土tCO2e/t0.60CLCD
S污泥tCO2e/t0.12[24]
S废弃土tCO2e/t0.60CLCD
S二次灰渣tCO2e/t0.01参考《中国水泥生产企业温室气体排放核算方法与报告指南(试行)》粉煤灰
), ArticleFig(id=1234106434036748337, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1234106413056839868, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

各类碳足迹因子

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数单位取值文献
O黏土tCO2e/t1.42×10-3CLCD
D30t柴油货车tCO2e/(t·km)0.073×10-3CLCD
t1.67[36]
htCO2e/MW·h0.60[28-31]
htCO2e/GJ0.11CLCD
F生物质tCO2e/t0.12[37]
F柴油tCO2e/t3.72[37]
PCO2tCO2e/t4.20×10-3[38]
S黏土tCO2e/t0.60CLCD
S污泥tCO2e/t0.12[24]
S废弃土tCO2e/t0.60CLCD
S二次灰渣tCO2e/t0.01参考《中国水泥生产企业温室气体排放核算方法与报告指南(试行)》粉煤灰
), ArticleFig(id=1234106434212909109, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1234106413056839868, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Activity level data of 40000 tons/year secondary ash residue regenerated ceramsite project

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数单位取值文献
S基准黏土,2023t96815.51实地调研
A基准黏土,2023km128.00[39]
S基准污泥,2023t170728.43实地调研
A基准污泥,2023km128.00[39]
E基准生物质,2023t32271.84实地调研
H基准电,2023MW·h13533.35实地调研
H基准热,2023GJ0.00实地调研
J2023km128.00[39]
P2023t104102.7实地调研
G柴油,2023t22.55[38]
K2023km25.00[40-41]
q2023t98897.57[24]
G灰渣柴油,2023t9.12[38]
K灰渣2023km25.00[40-41]
q灰渣2023t40000.00实地调研
A项目污泥,2023km128.00[39]
S项目污泥,2023t92763.07实地调研
A项目废弃土,2023km128.00[39]
S项目废弃土,2023t67236.93实地调研
A项目二次灰渣,2023km128.00[39]
S项目二次灰渣,2023t40000.00实地调研
E项目生物质,2023t13483.71实地调研
H项目电,2023MW·h10496.93实地调研
H项目热,2023GJ0.00实地调研
), ArticleFig(id=1234106434313572409, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1234106413056839868, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

4万t/a二次灰渣再生陶粒项目活动水平数据

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数单位取值文献
S基准黏土,2023t96815.51实地调研
A基准黏土,2023km128.00[39]
S基准污泥,2023t170728.43实地调研
A基准污泥,2023km128.00[39]
E基准生物质,2023t32271.84实地调研
H基准电,2023MW·h13533.35实地调研
H基准热,2023GJ0.00实地调研
J2023km128.00[39]
P2023t104102.7实地调研
G柴油,2023t22.55[38]
K2023km25.00[40-41]
q2023t98897.57[24]
G灰渣柴油,2023t9.12[38]
K灰渣2023km25.00[40-41]
q灰渣2023t40000.00实地调研
A项目污泥,2023km128.00[39]
S项目污泥,2023t92763.07实地调研
A项目废弃土,2023km128.00[39]
S项目废弃土,2023t67236.93实地调研
A项目二次灰渣,2023km128.00[39]
S项目二次灰渣,2023t40000.00实地调研
E项目生物质,2023t13483.71实地调研
H项目电,2023MW·h10496.93实地调研
H项目热,2023GJ0.00实地调研
), ArticleFig(id=1234106434393264188, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1234106413056839868, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Carbon emission reduction during the lifecycle stage of the 40000tons/year secondary ash regenerated ceramsite project

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
生命周期阶段CO2e排放量(t)
原料获取阶段1191.47
陶粒生产阶段31243.65
陶粒成品运输阶段0
废弃处置阶段155.84
合计32590.96
), ArticleFig(id=1234106434472955967, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1234106413056839868, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

4万t/a二次灰渣再生陶粒项目生命周期阶段的碳减排量

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
生命周期阶段CO2e排放量(t)
原料获取阶段1191.47
陶粒生产阶段31243.65
陶粒成品运输阶段0
废弃处置阶段155.84
合计32590.96
), ArticleFig(id=1234106434556842051, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1234106413056839868, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Carbon footprint of 40000tons/year secondary ash residue regenerated ceramsite project

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
生命周期阶段CO2e排放量(t)CO2e排放强度(t/t)
原料获取阶段3120.900.03
陶粒生产阶段59789.930.57
陶粒成品运输阶段1624.470.02
废弃处置阶段385.300.004
合计64920.590.62
), ArticleFig(id=1234106434665893957, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1234106413056839868, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

4万t/a二次灰渣再生陶粒项目碳足迹

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
生命周期阶段CO2e排放量(t)CO2e排放强度(t/t)
原料获取阶段3120.900.03
陶粒生产阶段59789.930.57
陶粒成品运输阶段1624.470.02
废弃处置阶段385.300.004
合计64920.590.62
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基于碳足迹视角的再生陶粒项目碳减排研究
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宋晓聪 1 , 邓陈宁 1 , 朱芳 1 , 李林子 1 , 谢明辉 1, * , 沈鹏 1 , 陈忱 1 , 杜帅 2
中国环境科学 | 碳排放控制 2025,45(6): 3522-3530
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中国环境科学 | 碳排放控制 2025, 45(6): 3522-3530
基于碳足迹视角的再生陶粒项目碳减排研究
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宋晓聪1 , 邓陈宁1, 朱芳1, 李林子1, 谢明辉1, * , 沈鹏1, 陈忱1, 杜帅2
作者信息
  • 1.中国环境科学研究院,环境管理研究中心,北京 100012
  • 2.中国环境科学研究院,环境技术工程有限公司,北京 100012
  • 宋晓聪(1992-),女,河北石家庄人,工程师,硕士,主要研究方向为环境足迹管理.发表论文20余篇..

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* 责任作者,研究员,
Research on carbon emission reduction of regenerated ceramsite projects from the perspective of carbon footprint
Xiao-cong SONG1 , Chen-ning DENG1, Fang ZHU1, Lin-zi LI1, Ming-hui XIE1, * , Peng SHEN1, Chen CHEN1, Shuai DU2
Affiliations
  • 1.Environmental Management Research Center, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
  • 2.Environmental Technology & Engineering Co., Ltd, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
出版时间: 2025-06-20
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从碳足迹角度,结合国家核证自愿减排量(CCER)方法学,建立二次灰渣再生陶粒项目碳减排计量模型,以4万t/a二次灰渣再生陶粒项目为例进行实证分析,评估项目碳减排量,基于碳排放关键因素解析,对二次灰渣再生陶粒项目碳减排潜力进行优化评估.结果表明,4万t/a二次灰渣再生陶粒项目2023a总的CO2e减排量为3.26万t,其中,陶粒生产阶段减排贡献达到95%.从碳足迹视角分析,项目年CO2e排放总量约6.49万t,加工生产和原料获取阶段是陶粒项目碳排放的关键环节.从CO2排放源类别分析,二次灰渣,污泥等固废原料替代是陶粒行业降碳的重点,另外,固废原料添加的优先级顺序依次为二次灰渣,污泥和废弃土.关于碳减排潜力优化,绿色原料,清洁电网,低碳运输和再生循环4种低碳情景下,二次灰渣再生陶粒项目分别实现6.93,3.42,3.56和3.28万t CO2e减排量,绿色原料情景下陶粒行业蕴含0.09亿t的碳减排潜力.

碳足迹  /  固体废物  /  陶粒  /  碳减排效益  /  关键因素

This study establishes a carbon emission reduction measurement model for the secondary ash recycled ceramsite project from the perspective of carbon footprint, combined with the National Certified Voluntary Emission Reduction (CCER) methodology. Taking the 40000 tons/year secondary ash recycled ceramsite project as an example, empirical analysis is conducted to evaluate the project's carbon emission reduction. Based on the analysis of key carbon emission factors, the carbon emission reduction potential of the secondary ash recycled ceramsite project is optimized and evaluated. The results show that the total CO2e emission reduction of the 40000 tons/year secondary ash slag regenerated ceramsite project in 2023 is 32600 tons, of which the ceramsite production stage contributes to 95% of the emission reduction. From the perspective of carbon footprint analysis, the total annual CO2e emissions of the project are about 64900 tons, and the processing, production, and raw material acquisition stages are key links in the carbon emissions of the ceramsite project. From the analysis of CO2 emission source categories, the substitution of solid waste materials such as secondary ash and sludge is the key to carbon reduction in the ceramsite industry. In addition, the priority order of adding solid waste materials is secondary ash, sludge, and waste soil. Regarding the optimization of carbon emission reduction potential, under four low-carbon scenarios of green raw materials, clean power grid, low-carbon transportation, and recycling, the secondary ash regenerated ceramsite project achieved CO2e emission reductions of 69300, 34200, 35600 and 32800 tons, respectively. Under the green raw material scenario, the ceramsite industry has a carbon emission reduction potential of 9million tons.

carbon footprint  /  solid waste  /  ceramsite  /  carbon emission reduction benefits  /  critical factor
宋晓聪, 邓陈宁, 朱芳, 李林子, 谢明辉, 沈鹏, 陈忱, 杜帅. 基于碳足迹视角的再生陶粒项目碳减排研究. 中国环境科学, 2025 , 45 (6) : 3522 -3530 .
Xiao-cong SONG, Chen-ning DENG, Fang ZHU, Lin-zi LI, Ming-hui XIE, Peng SHEN, Chen CHEN, Shuai DU. Research on carbon emission reduction of regenerated ceramsite projects from the perspective of carbon footprint[J]. China Environmental Science, 2025 , 45 (6) : 3522 -3530 .
陶粒行业是典型的资源密集型产业,为了满足低碳转型的需求[1],同时在温室气体自愿减排交易市场这一政策加持下,固废再生陶粒成为陶粒行业的热点,当前中国90%以上的陶粒都掺入了固废原料[2].飞灰和铝灰是中国典型的二次灰渣,产生量大,涉及面广,其无害化处理和再利用具有挑战性[3].2020a以来中国铝灰,飞灰产生量每年分别达到400万[4]和700万t[5]以上,二次灰渣含有大量的Al2O3,CaO和SiO2等成分[3],在陶粒生产具有广阔的应用前景[6].
目前,关于固废陶粒碳排放的研究仍然处于起步阶段.2013a之后,我国发布24个行业企业温室气体排放核算方法与报告指南,为碳排放核算工作提供了理论和技术支持,但是并未包含陶粒行业.此后,我国备案的12批(共200个)自愿减排方法学以及国际上的CDM[7],也未涉及固废陶粒领域.国内外的学者针对固废陶粒的制备技术[6,8],机理[9]和产品性能[10-15]进行了大量的研究,但对固废陶粒碳排放的研究比较少,涉及到碳排放的也主要是有关陶粒产品层面生命周期评价的一些探索.例如,Zhao等[3]对比了两种飞灰用陶粒的生命周期环境影响,结果显示免烧陶粒的温室效应(GWP)是回转窑焙烧陶粒的2倍,但是Gao等[16]发现相反的结论,提出与焙烧陶粒轻集料相比渣土免烧陶粒轻集料GWP降低11.7%~79.2%,此外渣土再生的陶粒轻集料(0.05tCO2e/t)比原生陶粒轻集料的GWP最高可降低84%;高唱[17]又提出不同的生命周期评价研究结果,他表示再生陶粒集料CO2排放是天然陶粒集料的7倍以上;以上研究范围均是从摇篮到大门,但是由于时空影响,各研究结论相差较大.还有许多针对陶粒制品的生命周期影响评价研究,不过多集中于国外,例如Xing等[18]和Younes等[19]分别发现澳大利亚和埃及再生陶粒集料混凝土相比于天然陶粒集料混凝土可产生30%以上的GWP减排效益;Colangelo等[20]和Sabău等[21]和则表示再生陶粒集料混凝土GWP只比天然陶粒集料混凝土降低10%左右.国内研究相对较少且时间久远,例如10a前周越[22]对比了三种陶粒制品碳足迹,污泥陶粒加气混凝土砌块碳足迹(437.90kgCO2/m3)高于粉煤灰加气混凝土砌块(301.03kgCO2/m3)但是低于普通烧结砖(488.79kgCO2/m3).
综上所述,国内固废再生陶粒项目的碳减排方法学研究较少,现有的研究主要是针对产品层面的生命周期评价,从GWP间接分析陶粒碳排放,且结论不一.另外直接针对陶粒碳排放的研究比较陈旧,大多只涉及能源燃烧,生产工艺和电力热力碳排放,缺少从碳足迹视角探索的研究.本研究基于碳足迹视角,研究开发适合中国国情的二次灰渣再生陶粒项目的碳减排方法,并开展减排效益评估优化工作,旨在为陶粒行业低碳转型提供科技支撑.
项目边界包括基准线情景或项目活动中从原料获取,陶粒烧制,陶粒运输到废陶粒处置的所有相关活动范围.项目系统边界如图1所示,项目计入期须在项目寿命期限范围之内,本项目计入期按照1a计.
据统计,全国黏土固废类陶粒产量占到80%以上,此外全国近50%的陶粒生产企业均掺加污泥作为原料来再生陶粒[2,23],因此本研究以污泥,黏土混合物为原料生产陶粒作为基准线情景;项目情景为以二次灰渣,污泥,废弃土为原料再生陶粒.其中污泥是表面处理污泥(电镀污泥),二次灰渣主要是二次铝灰.
(1)基准线排放量:基准线排放主要包括在没有项目活动时黏土,污泥等原料获取阶段的碳排放,陶粒生产导致的碳排放,陶粒成品运输到使用现场的碳排放以及废弃处置阶段碳排放(包括废陶粒处置和项目所用二次灰渣处置).计算公式如下:
式中:BCr表示第ra的基准线排放,tCO2e;BC原料,r表示第ra原料获取阶段的基准线排放,tCO2e;BC生产,r表示第ra陶粒生产阶段的基准线排放,tCO2e;BC运输,r表示第ra陶粒运输阶段的基准线排放,tCO2e;BC废陶粒,r表示第ra废陶粒处置的基准线排放,tCO2e;BC灰渣,r表示第ra二次灰渣处置的基准线排放,tCO2e;各阶段的碳排放计算方法如下:
原料获取阶段的基准线排放可进一步划分成原料开采和原料运输的排放.即:
式中:BC原开采,r表示第ra原料开采的基准线排放,tCO2e;BC原运输,r表示第ra原料运输至陶粒厂的基准线排放,tCO2e;α表示基准情景下第ra原料使用种类;Oi表示原材料i开采的碳足迹因子,tCO2e/t;S基准i,r表示基准情景下第ra原料i的消耗量,t;A基准i,r表示基准情景下第ra原料i由开采地运输到陶粒生产厂的平均运输距离,km;Di表示原料i所选运输工具的碳足迹因子,tCO2e /(t·km);t表示空车修正系数.
陶粒生产阶段的基准线排放主要包括生产工艺过程,能源燃烧和外购电力热力的碳排放.计算公式如下:
式中:BE生产,r表示第ra陶粒生产阶段能源燃烧产生的排放,tCO2e;BS生产,r表示第ra陶粒生产阶段生产工艺过程产生的排放,tCO2e;BH生产,r表示第ra陶粒生产阶段外购电力热力产生的排放,tCO2e;n表示基准情景下第ra陶粒生产能源使用种类;E基准i,r表示基准情景下第ra陶粒生产阶段i类能源用量,t或m3;Fi表示能源的碳足迹因子,tCO2e/t或tCO2e/m3;S基准i,r表示基准情景下第ra有机质原料i的消耗量,t;Si表示有机质原料的碳足迹因子,tCO2e/t;H基准电,r表示基准情景下第ra陶粒消耗的外购电力量,MW·h;h表示电力碳足迹因子,tCO2e/MW·h;H基准热,r表示基准情景下第ra陶粒消耗的外购热力量,GJ;h表示热力碳足迹因子,tCO2e/GJ.
陶粒运输阶段的基准线排放计算公式如下:
式中:Jr表示第ra陶粒由陶粒厂至使用现场的平均运输距离,km;pr表示第ra陶粒的产量,t.
废陶粒处置阶段的基准线排放主要源自废陶粒运输到填埋场以及填埋过程使用设备运行的能量消耗和填埋气.计算公式如下:
式中:BG处置,r表示第ra废陶粒处置阶段能源燃烧产生的排放,tCO2e;BK处置,r表示第ra废陶粒处置阶段运输产生的排放,tCO2e;n1表示第ra废陶粒处置阶段能源使用种类;Gi,r表示第ra废陶粒处置阶段i能源的用量,t;Kr表示第ra废陶粒由使用地至填埋场的平均运输距离,km;qr表示第ra废陶粒的处置量,t(损耗率按5%考虑[24]).
二次灰渣处置的基准线排放:由于二次灰渣没有再利用,需要填埋会造成碳排放,计算公式如下:
式中:BG灰渣,r表示第ra二次灰渣填埋能源燃烧产生的排放,tCO2e;BK灰渣,r表示第ra二次灰渣填埋运输产生的排放,tCO2e;n2表示第ra二次灰渣填埋能源使用种类;G灰渣i,r表示第ra二次灰渣填埋i能源的用量,t;K灰渣r表示第ra二次灰渣由产生地至填埋场的平均运输距离,km;q灰渣r表示第ra二次灰渣的处置量,t.
(2)项目排放量:项目排放主要包括因项目需要污泥,二次灰渣和废弃土等原料运输至陶粒生产厂的排放,陶粒生产导致的碳排放,陶粒成品运输到使用现场的碳排放以及陶粒使用完毕后处置造成的碳排放.计算公式如下:
式中:PCr表示项目情景下第ra的项目排放,tCO2e;PC原运输,r表示项目情景下第ra原料运输至陶粒厂的排放,tCO2e;PC生产,r表示项目情景下第ra陶粒生产的排放,tCO2e;PC运输,r表示项目情景下第ra成品陶粒运输的排放,tCO2e;PC废陶粒,r表示项目情景下第ra废陶粒处置的排放,tCO2e.
各阶段的碳排放计算方法如下:
项目情景下原料运输至陶粒厂的排放:主要指污泥,二次灰渣和废弃土等原料运输到陶粒生产厂的碳排放,计算公式如下:
式中:β表示项目情景下第ra运输原料的种类;A项目i,r项目情景下第ra原料i由开采地至陶粒厂的平均运输距离,km;S项目i,r项目情景下第ra原料i的消耗量,t.
项目情景下陶粒生产阶段的排放主要包括生产工艺,能源燃烧和外购电力热力的碳排放.计算公式如下:
式中:PE生产,r表示项目情景下第ra陶粒生产阶段能源燃烧产生的排放,tCO2e;PS生产,r表示项目情景下第ra陶粒生产阶段生产工艺过程产生的排放,tCO2e;PH生产,r表示项目情景下第ra陶粒生产阶段外购电力热力产生的排放,tCO2e;γ表示项目情景下陶粒生产阶段能源消耗种类;E项目i,r表示项目情景下第ra陶粒生产阶段i类能源用量,t或m3;β表示项目情景下第ra陶粒生产有机质原料使用种类;H项目电,r表示项目情景下第ra陶粒消耗的外购电力量,MW·h;H项目热,r表示项目情景下第ra陶粒消耗的外购热力量,GJ.
项目情景下陶粒运输阶段和废陶粒处置的排放(PC运输,r和PC处置,r)计算同基准线情景,排放量两者相同.
式中:PG处置,r表示第ra废陶粒处置阶段能源燃烧产生的排放,tCO2e;PK处置,r表示第ra废陶粒处置阶段运输产生的排放,tCO2e.
通过优化二次灰渣再生陶粒项目的原料结构,电力结构,运输结构和再生循环4个方面,评估相应二次灰渣再生陶粒项目碳减排潜力,具体情景设置见表1.
研究采用IPCC的误差传播方程[35]对二次灰渣再生陶粒项目碳足迹结果进行不确定性分析,具体计算方法如下式.
式中:UNij表示第i个阶段第j种碳源结果的不确定性,%;UTij为碳足迹因子的不确定性,%;URij为二次灰渣再生陶粒项目实景数据的不确定性,%;Utotal为总的不确定性,%;UNi为第i个阶段的不确定性,%;Ni为第i个阶段不同碳源CO2e排放量,万t.
在进行减排量计算时,会涉及多个数据和参数,其中一些参数可直接选取缺省值或只需一次性测定即可适用于本方法学,这些数据主要指涉及一些碳足迹因子,具体参数取值见表2.
本研究实景数据主要来源于浙江省陶粒生产企业(依托宁波重大科技任务攻关项目-典型工业炉窑协同处置二次灰渣技术研究与示范),具体取值见表3.
基于二次灰渣再生陶粒项目碳减排计量模型,4万t/a二次灰渣再生陶粒项目各生命周期阶段的碳减排量(项目CO2e排放量与基准线CO2e排放量差值)如表4所示.4万t/a二次灰渣再生陶粒项目2023a总的CO2e减排量为3.26万t,说明使用二次灰渣再生陶粒比目前主流的污泥再生陶粒更低碳,因此,在我国飞灰等二次灰渣产量巨大的基础下[3],未来使用二次灰渣再生陶粒成为陶粒行业双碳目标实现的一项重要举措.项目CO2e减排量主要由原料获取阶段,陶粒生产阶段和废弃处置阶段3个阶段贡献,其中,陶粒生产阶段减排贡献达到95%,远超原料获取阶段(4%)和废弃处置阶段(1%).
对陶粒生产阶段的碳减排情况进行细化分析,发现陶粒生产阶段的碳减排量主要源于工艺过程(86.95%),其次是能源燃烧贡献了7.22%的减排率,最后是外购电力(5.83%).
表5可知,4万t/a二次灰渣生产高强陶粒项目年CO2e排放总量约6.49万t,原料获取阶段,加工生产阶段,运输阶段以及处置阶段CO2e排放总量分别为0.31,5.98,0.16和0.04万t.项目CO2e排放的主要来源为加工生产阶段,占陶粒项目碳足迹的92.10%,若从摇篮到大门分析,加工生产阶段碳排放占比高达95%,周越等[22]也表示污泥陶粒90%以上的碳排放(摇篮到大门)来源于生产阶段;其次是原料获取阶段,其排放量占CO2e排放总量的5%;成品运输和废弃处置阶段的CO2e排放较低,分别仅占CO2排放总量的2.50%和0.59%,因此陶粒行业减排应重点考虑加工生产阶段.从碳足迹视角分析,项目所产陶粒产品的CO2e排放强度为0.62t/t,高于目前大多文献[22]研究提出碳排放强度(0.5t/t左右),因为本研究是基于碳足迹视角,研究范围更大.
利用IPCC的误差传播方程[35]对其进行了不确定性评估表明,研究选定背景数据和实景数据的不确定性分别为10%和5%[27,37],二次灰渣再生陶粒项目碳足迹的不确定性为7.31%,在合理范围内[35].
图2所示,项目范围一,范围二和范围三的CO2e排放量分别占总排放量的82.40%,9.70%和7.90%.范围一包括陶粒生产过程中能源燃烧和生产工艺过程的CO2e排放,其中生产工艺过程贡献了79.90%的CO2e排放量,能源燃烧仅贡献2.49%的CO2e排放量,即生产工艺过程减排是陶粒行业碳减排的重点之一[16,42].范围二主要为外购电力热力的碳排放,本项目全部为外购电力的CO2e排放,占项目碳足迹的9.70%,目前我国大力支持风电,光伏等清洁能源发电[43-44],未来电力清洁化是陶粒行业减碳的另一个重要方面[3].范围三涵盖原料开采,原料运输,成品陶粒外部运输以及废陶粒处置时能源燃烧和运输的碳排放,本项目原料均为固废,所以不存在原料开采碳排放,运输过程贡献了项目碳足迹的7.77%,处置阶段的能源燃烧仅贡献0.13%的CO2e排放.因此,运输同样是陶粒行业减碳的关键环节.
值得注意的是陶粒生产工艺过程贡献了整个项目碳足迹的79.90%,这主要是源于有机质原料燃烧释放CO2e所致[42],进一步分析3种原料碳排放占比,发现用废弃土生产陶粒产生的CO2e约占整个生产工艺过程CO2e排放的78%,污泥和二次灰渣的CO2e排放分别占21%和1%,但是,陶粒生产时废弃土,污泥和二次灰渣投入占比分别为33.62%,46.38%和20.00%,因此,通过优化原料结构,减少废弃土,提高二次灰渣和污泥的使用量可大大降低陶粒生产工艺过程的CO2e.
原料结构,电力结构,运输结构以及废弃处置是影响二次灰渣再生陶粒项目碳足迹的因素,所以研究设置绿色原料,清洁电网,低碳运输和再生循环4种低碳情景来对项目的碳减排效益进行优化,各情景下CO2e减排情况如图3所示.
优化后二次灰渣再生陶粒项目不同低碳情景下总的CO2e减排量分别为6.93(绿色原料情景),3.56 (低碳运输情景),3.42(清洁电网情景),和3.28万t(再生循环情景).其中,绿色原料优化情景下碳减排潜力最高,是优化前减排量2.13倍,陶粒生产阶段贡献了约98.05%的减排潜力,其次是原料获取阶段(1.72%)和废弃处置阶段(0.23%),侧面表示原料生产工艺过程碳排放占项目总排放比重较高[22].提高固废原料使用量能有效实现项目碳减排潜力的增加[21],在绿色原料情景下,假设1000万t的二次灰渣全部用于陶粒生产,将产生0.09亿t的碳减排量.低碳运输和清洁电网情景下项目总的碳减排潜力相似,在5%~9%之间,但是各生命周期阶段的减排贡献特征略有不同,低碳运输情景下碳减排贡献度由大到小依次为陶粒生产阶段(87.85%)>原料获取阶段(8.52%)>成品运输阶段(2.69%)>废弃处置阶段(0.94%);而清洁电网情景依次为陶粒生产阶段(96.05%)>原料获取阶段(3.49%)>废弃处置阶段(0.46%)>成品运输阶段(0).再生循环情景的碳减排潜力最低约0.6%.
3.1 二次灰渣再生陶粒比目前主流的污泥再生陶粒更低碳.基于二次灰渣再生陶粒项目碳减排计量模型,4万t/a二次灰渣再生陶粒项目2023a总的CO2e减排量为3.26万t,项目CO2e减排量主要由原料获取阶段,陶粒生产阶段和废弃处置阶段3个阶段贡献,其中,陶粒生产阶段减排贡献达到95%,远超原料获取阶段(4%)和废弃处置阶段(1%).
3.2 从碳足迹视角分析,加工生产和废弃处置阶段是陶粒项目碳排放的关键环节.4万t/a二次灰渣生产高强陶粒项目年CO2e排放总量约6.49万t,所产陶粒产品的CO2e排放强度为0.62t/t.陶粒加工生产阶段CO2e排放量占项目碳足迹的90%以上,是陶粒行业进行碳减排的关键.从CO2e排放源类别分析,项目主要包含能源燃烧(3%),生产工艺(80%),外购电力(10%)以及运输(7%)4类CO2e排放,二次灰渣,污泥等固废原料替代是陶粒行业降碳的重点.
3.3 提高固废原料(二次灰渣和污泥)占比,使用电动重卡替代柴油重卡,优化电力结构等举措均比提高废陶粒回收比例对二次灰渣再生陶粒项目产生更优的碳减排效益.绿色原料,清洁电网,低碳运输和再生循环4种低碳情景下,二次灰渣再生陶粒项目分别实现6.93,3.42,3.56和3.28万t CO2e减排量.此外,绿色原料添加的优先级顺序依次为二次灰渣,污泥和废弃土.
  • 宁波市重大科技任务攻关项目(2022Z031)
  • 中央级公益性科研院所基金科研业务专项(2024YSKY-60)
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  • 接收时间:2024-11-16
  • 首发时间:2026-02-27
  • 出版时间:2025-06-20
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  • 收稿日期:2024-11-16
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宁波市重大科技任务攻关项目(2022Z031)
中央级公益性科研院所基金科研业务专项(2024YSKY-60)
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    1.中国环境科学研究院,环境管理研究中心,北京 100012
    2.中国环境科学研究院,环境技术工程有限公司,北京 100012

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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属数
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genus
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species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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