Article(id=1234106411949551917, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, issueId=1234106384963400440, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1730908800000, receivedDateStr=2024-11-07, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1772163497197, onlineDateStr=2026-02-27, pubDate=1750348800000, pubDateStr=2025-06-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1772163497197, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-02-27, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1772163497197, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1772163497197, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1234106384963400440, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, year='2025', volume='45', issue='6', pageStart='2961', pageEnd='3552', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1772163490763, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1772163969484, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1234108392948682946, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, issueId=1234106384963400440, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1234108392948682947, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, issueId=1234106384963400440, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=3508, endPage=3521, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1234106412377370971, articleId=1234106411949551917, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, language=EN, title=Spatiotemporal evolution and influencing factors of carbon emission efficiency in China's chemical industry, columnId=1234106390126588740, journalTitle=China Environmental Science, columnName=Carbon Emission Control, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Based on the super-efficiency SBM model to measure the carbon emission efficiency (CEE) of China's chemical industry across 30 provinces from 2007 to 2021, this study employs spatial analysis methods and kernel density estimation to characterize the spatiotemporal evolution patterns of CEE at both the national and regional levels. Furthermore, a Tobit regression model is applied to identify its influencing factors. Although the CEE of China's chemical industry exhibited a fluctuating upward trend during the study period, the overall level remained relatively low, with a mean value of 0.629. Moreover, a persistent regional disparity was observed, following the order of eastern China (0.750) > western China (0.584) > central China (0.530). The spatial distribution of CEE ultimately displayed a "southwest-northeast" orientation, with significant shifts in spatial patterns gradually forming a "tripartite balance" structure, though most regions remained at low efficiency levels. Additionally, the mean Gini coefficient was 0.322, indicating substantial spatial heterogeneity overall. The CEE in eastern China surpassed that of the central and western regions, with hypervariable density identified as the primary source of regional disparities. The overall evolutionary trend of CEE in the chemical industry was positive, with interprovincial gaps gradually narrowing. While the trends in eastern, central, and western China were generally favorable, attention should be paid to the increasing divergence in the western region. Industrial agglomeration, energy structure, and economic development level significantly promoted CEE, with the energy structure of the chemical industry having the strongest impact which coefficient is 0.9942. Therefore, the government should prioritize optimizing the energy structure of the chemical industry while fully leveraging the positive effects of industrial agglomeration and regional economic development. Additionally, enhancing interregional collaboration and formulating region-specific policies are crucial for further improving the CEE of the chemical industry.

, correspAuthors=Yuan WANG, Zhan-feng DONG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Shu-fang DING, Yuan WANG, Zhan-feng DONG, Xiao-jian ZHONG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1234106421072163664, articleId=1234106411949551917, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, language=CN, title=中国化工产业碳排放效率时空演变及影响因素, columnId=1234106391661704058, journalTitle=中国环境科学, columnName=碳排放控制, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

本文在采用超效率SBM模型测算中国30个省市2007~2021年化工产业碳排放效率的基础上,运用空间分析方法及核密度估计刻画了整体及不同地区化工产业碳排放效率的时空演变规律,进一步借助Tobit模型对其影响因素进行了识别.结果显示:研究期间中国化工产业碳排放效率虽呈现波动上升趋势但整体水平较低,均值为0.629,且多数时间具有“东部(0.750)>西部(0.584)>中部(0.530)”的特征.化工产业碳排放效率最终呈现“西南—东北”向分布,其空间格局变动较大并逐渐形成“三足鼎立”局面,且多数地区以低效率为主.此外,其基尼系数均值为0.322,总体上存在较大的空间差异,东部地区化工产业碳排放效率高于中西部,超变密度是产生区域差异的主要来源.化工产业碳排放效率整体演进趋势良好,总体上的省域差距在逐渐缩小,东中西地区趋势良好但需注意西部地区分化趋势的进一步加大.化工产业集聚及能源结构、经济发展水平对其碳排放效率具有明显的推动作用,其中化工产业能源结构影响系数最大为0.9942.因此,政府应将优化化工产业能源结构置于首位,并充分考虑化工产业集聚以及地区经济发展的正向作用,同时加强区域协作,制定地区差异化政策,进而促进化工产业碳排放效率的提升.

, correspAuthors=王远, 董战峰, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 责任作者,教授,
** 研究员,
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丁树芳(1998-),女,江西赣州人,福建师范大学博士研究生,主要从事环境经济地理研究.发表论文4篇..

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丁树芳(1998-),女,江西赣州人,福建师范大学博士研究生,主要从事环境经济地理研究.发表论文4篇..

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丁树芳(1998-),女,江西赣州人,福建师范大学博士研究生,主要从事环境经济地理研究.发表论文4篇..

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tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1234106411949551917, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Standard deviation ellipse and center of gravity shift of carbon emission efficiency in the chemical industry from 2007 to 2021, figureFileSmall=ZalTdzEL7sh5tNVTwrnC3w==, figureFileBig=7FZ48HGxy2yzaCmqGxkBaQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1234153444316074661, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1234106411949551917, language=CN, label=图2, caption=2007~2021年化工产业碳排放效率标准差椭圆及重心迁移

审图号:GS(2020)4630号

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审图号:GS(2020)4630号

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Carbon emission efficiency indicators of the chemical industry

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类别维度具体指标单位
投入资本化工产业固定资产投资净值亿元
劳动力化工产业从业人员数量万人
能源化工产业能源消费总量万t标准煤
产出期望产出化工产业主营业务收入亿元
非期望产出化工产业碳排放量百万t
), ArticleFig(id=1234153445045883580, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1234106411949551917, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

化工产业碳排放效率指标

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类别维度具体指标单位
投入资本化工产业固定资产投资净值亿元
劳动力化工产业从业人员数量万人
能源化工产业能源消费总量万t标准煤
产出期望产出化工产业主营业务收入亿元
非期望产出化工产业碳排放量百万t
), ArticleFig(id=1234153445150741184, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1234106411949551917, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Conversion factors of standard coal for different types of energy

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
能源类型标准煤折算系数能源类型标准煤折算系数能源类型标准煤折算系数
原煤0.7143其他焦化产品1.1炼油厂气1.5714
清洗煤0.9原油1.4286其他石油产品1.4
其他洗煤0.2857汽油1.4714天然气1.3300
煤泥0.2857煤油1.4714热力0.0341
焦炭0.9714柴油1.4571电力0.1229
焦炉煤气0.5714燃料油1.4286其他能源1
其他煤气1.7液化石油气1.4286
), ArticleFig(id=1234153445222044356, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1234106411949551917, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

不同类型能源的标准煤折算系数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
能源类型标准煤折算系数能源类型标准煤折算系数能源类型标准煤折算系数
原煤0.7143其他焦化产品1.1炼油厂气1.5714
清洗煤0.9原油1.4286其他石油产品1.4
其他洗煤0.2857汽油1.4714天然气1.3300
煤泥0.2857煤油1.4714热力0.0341
焦炭0.9714柴油1.4571电力0.1229
焦炉煤气0.5714燃料油1.4286其他能源1
其他煤气1.7液化石油气1.4286
), ArticleFig(id=1234153445314319045, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1234106411949551917, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Selection of influencing factors of carbon emission efficiency in chemical industry

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
维度变量指标说明单位
内部环境化工产业规模规模以上化工企业资产总额,并取对数亿元
化工产业集聚(地区化工产业主营业务收入/地区工业主营业务收入)/(全国化工产业主营业务收入/全国工业主营业务收入)/
化工产业能源结构化工电力消费占化工产业总能源消费比重%
外部环境经济发展地区人均GDP,并取对数
政府干预地方政府一般财政支出占GDP比重%
人口密度地区人口数量占总土地面积比重人/km2
环境规制地区工业环境治理投资占GDP比重%
外商投资地区实际利用外资占GDP比重%
产业结构地区第二产业增加值占GDP比重%
), ArticleFig(id=1234153445394010824, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1234106411949551917, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

化工产业碳排放效率影响因素选取

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
维度变量指标说明单位
内部环境化工产业规模规模以上化工企业资产总额,并取对数亿元
化工产业集聚(地区化工产业主营业务收入/地区工业主营业务收入)/(全国化工产业主营业务收入/全国工业主营业务收入)/
化工产业能源结构化工电力消费占化工产业总能源消费比重%
外部环境经济发展地区人均GDP,并取对数
政府干预地方政府一般财政支出占GDP比重%
人口密度地区人口数量占总土地面积比重人/km2
环境规制地区工业环境治理投资占GDP比重%
外商投资地区实际利用外资占GDP比重%
产业结构地区第二产业增加值占GDP比重%
), ArticleFig(id=1234153445477896907, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1234106411949551917, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Changes in the types and quantities of carbon emission efficiency in China's chemical industry from 2007 to 2021

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
年份极低效率低效率中效率高效率
2007141303
201291218
201641079
202141439
), ArticleFig(id=1234153445553394382, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1234106411949551917, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

2007~2021年中国化工产业碳排放效率类型数量变化

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
年份极低效率低效率中效率高效率
2007141303
201291218
201641079
202141439
), ArticleFig(id=1234153445616308946, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1234106411949551917, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Collinearity test

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量VIF
化工产业规模3.63
化工产业集聚1.16
化工产业能源结构1.26
经济发展4.12
政府干预2.57
人口密度1.62
环境规制1.26
外商投资1.66
产业结构2.05
平均值2.18
), ArticleFig(id=1234153445691806421, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1234106411949551917, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

共线性检验

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量VIF
化工产业规模3.63
化工产业集聚1.16
化工产业能源结构1.26
经济发展4.12
政府干预2.57
人口密度1.62
环境规制1.26
外商投资1.66
产业结构2.05
平均值2.18
), ArticleFig(id=1234153445775692504, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1234106411949551917, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=

Tobit regression results in the panel

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量模型(1)模型(2)模型(3)模型(4)
全国东部地区中部地区西部地区
化工产业规模0.0132(0.29)0.1020(1.56)-0.4819***(-5.26)-0.0881(-1.37)
化工产业集聚0.1919***(5.67)0.1513***(4.03)0.0143(0.17)0.1448*(1.74)
化工产业能源结构0.9942***(3.45)187.2947***(6.50)142.1462***(6.80)0.6320**(2.45)
经济发展0.3086***(2.69)-0.1580(-0.86)0.7884***(4.85)0.1116(0.36)
政府干预-0.0337(-0.10)-0.4104(-0.49)2.2309***(4.29)-1.6845***(02.97)
人口密度-0.0001(-1.20)0.00004(0.63)0.0009***(3.97)-0.0033**(-2.55)
环境规制4.1102(0.31)-39.9620(-1.16)-64.8304***(-2.99)-5.5472(-0.36)
外商投资0.3261(0.30)-0.3842(-0.29)8.6824***(2.56)-5.5875*(-1.73)
产业结构0.0912(0.31)-0.1987(-0.34)-0.0793(-0.21)0.5052(0.95)
_Cons-2.8908***(-2.76)1.1550(0.65)-4.8578***(-3.33)0.3908(0.13)
Log likelihood39.075236.000558.451139.6575
Prob>chi20.0000.0000.0000.000
N450165120165
), ArticleFig(id=1234153445872161500, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1234106411949551917, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

面板Tobit回归结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量模型(1)模型(2)模型(3)模型(4)
全国东部地区中部地区西部地区
化工产业规模0.0132(0.29)0.1020(1.56)-0.4819***(-5.26)-0.0881(-1.37)
化工产业集聚0.1919***(5.67)0.1513***(4.03)0.0143(0.17)0.1448*(1.74)
化工产业能源结构0.9942***(3.45)187.2947***(6.50)142.1462***(6.80)0.6320**(2.45)
经济发展0.3086***(2.69)-0.1580(-0.86)0.7884***(4.85)0.1116(0.36)
政府干预-0.0337(-0.10)-0.4104(-0.49)2.2309***(4.29)-1.6845***(02.97)
人口密度-0.0001(-1.20)0.00004(0.63)0.0009***(3.97)-0.0033**(-2.55)
环境规制4.1102(0.31)-39.9620(-1.16)-64.8304***(-2.99)-5.5472(-0.36)
外商投资0.3261(0.30)-0.3842(-0.29)8.6824***(2.56)-5.5875*(-1.73)
产业结构0.0912(0.31)-0.1987(-0.34)-0.0793(-0.21)0.5052(0.95)
_Cons-2.8908***(-2.76)1.1550(0.65)-4.8578***(-3.33)0.3908(0.13)
Log likelihood39.075236.000558.451139.6575
Prob>chi20.0000.0000.0000.000
N450165120165
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中国化工产业碳排放效率时空演变及影响因素
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丁树芳 1, 2, 3 , 王远 1, 2, 3, * , 董战峰 4, ** , 钟小剑 1, 2, 3
中国环境科学 | 碳排放控制 2025,45(6): 3508-3521
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中国环境科学 | 碳排放控制 2025, 45(6): 3508-3521
中国化工产业碳排放效率时空演变及影响因素
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丁树芳1, 2, 3 , 王远1, 2, 3, * , 董战峰4, ** , 钟小剑1, 2, 3
作者信息
  • 1.福建师范大学,湿润亚热带生态地理过程教育部重点实验室,福建 福州 350117
  • 2.福建师范大学地理科学学院,碳中和未来技术学院,福建 福州 350108
  • 3.福建师范大学地理研究所,福建 福州 350117
  • 4.生态环境部环境规划院 北京 100044
  • 丁树芳(1998-),女,江西赣州人,福建师范大学博士研究生,主要从事环境经济地理研究.发表论文4篇..

通讯作者:

* 责任作者,教授,
** 研究员,
Spatiotemporal evolution and influencing factors of carbon emission efficiency in China's chemical industry
Shu-fang DING1, 2, 3 , Yuan WANG1, 2, 3, * , Zhan-feng DONG4, ** , Xiao-jian ZHONG1, 2, 3
Affiliations
  • 1.Key Laboratory of Humid Subtropical Eco-geographical Process of Ministry of Education, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350117, China
  • 2.School of Geographical Sciences, College of Future Technologies for Carbon Neutrality, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350108, China
  • 3.Institute of Geography, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350117, China
  • 4.Chinese Academy for Environmental Planning, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Beijing 100044, China
出版时间: 2025-06-20
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本文在采用超效率SBM模型测算中国30个省市2007~2021年化工产业碳排放效率的基础上,运用空间分析方法及核密度估计刻画了整体及不同地区化工产业碳排放效率的时空演变规律,进一步借助Tobit模型对其影响因素进行了识别.结果显示:研究期间中国化工产业碳排放效率虽呈现波动上升趋势但整体水平较低,均值为0.629,且多数时间具有“东部(0.750)>西部(0.584)>中部(0.530)”的特征.化工产业碳排放效率最终呈现“西南—东北”向分布,其空间格局变动较大并逐渐形成“三足鼎立”局面,且多数地区以低效率为主.此外,其基尼系数均值为0.322,总体上存在较大的空间差异,东部地区化工产业碳排放效率高于中西部,超变密度是产生区域差异的主要来源.化工产业碳排放效率整体演进趋势良好,总体上的省域差距在逐渐缩小,东中西地区趋势良好但需注意西部地区分化趋势的进一步加大.化工产业集聚及能源结构、经济发展水平对其碳排放效率具有明显的推动作用,其中化工产业能源结构影响系数最大为0.9942.因此,政府应将优化化工产业能源结构置于首位,并充分考虑化工产业集聚以及地区经济发展的正向作用,同时加强区域协作,制定地区差异化政策,进而促进化工产业碳排放效率的提升.

节能降碳  /  化工产业  /  碳排放效率  /  时空演变  /  影响因素

Based on the super-efficiency SBM model to measure the carbon emission efficiency (CEE) of China's chemical industry across 30 provinces from 2007 to 2021, this study employs spatial analysis methods and kernel density estimation to characterize the spatiotemporal evolution patterns of CEE at both the national and regional levels. Furthermore, a Tobit regression model is applied to identify its influencing factors. Although the CEE of China's chemical industry exhibited a fluctuating upward trend during the study period, the overall level remained relatively low, with a mean value of 0.629. Moreover, a persistent regional disparity was observed, following the order of eastern China (0.750) > western China (0.584) > central China (0.530). The spatial distribution of CEE ultimately displayed a "southwest-northeast" orientation, with significant shifts in spatial patterns gradually forming a "tripartite balance" structure, though most regions remained at low efficiency levels. Additionally, the mean Gini coefficient was 0.322, indicating substantial spatial heterogeneity overall. The CEE in eastern China surpassed that of the central and western regions, with hypervariable density identified as the primary source of regional disparities. The overall evolutionary trend of CEE in the chemical industry was positive, with interprovincial gaps gradually narrowing. While the trends in eastern, central, and western China were generally favorable, attention should be paid to the increasing divergence in the western region. Industrial agglomeration, energy structure, and economic development level significantly promoted CEE, with the energy structure of the chemical industry having the strongest impact which coefficient is 0.9942. Therefore, the government should prioritize optimizing the energy structure of the chemical industry while fully leveraging the positive effects of industrial agglomeration and regional economic development. Additionally, enhancing interregional collaboration and formulating region-specific policies are crucial for further improving the CEE of the chemical industry.

energy saving and carbon reduction  /  chemical industry  /  carbon emission efficiency  /  spatiotemporal evolution  /  influencing factors
丁树芳, 王远, 董战峰, 钟小剑. 中国化工产业碳排放效率时空演变及影响因素. 中国环境科学, 2025 , 45 (6) : 3508 -3521 .
Shu-fang DING, Yuan WANG, Zhan-feng DONG, Xiao-jian ZHONG. Spatiotemporal evolution and influencing factors of carbon emission efficiency in China's chemical industry[J]. China Environmental Science, 2025 , 45 (6) : 3508 -3521 .
长期以来,中国以化石能源消费促经济的发展模式并未发生真正改变,由此带来的能耗和碳排也依旧严峻[1].研究指出,工业是碳排放的主要源头,其生产过程中所产生的碳排放约占总量的85.6%[2-3].事实上,中国产业的绿色转型和碳减排机会重点应在电力和高排放工业部门[4],其中化工产业是典型的高碳行业[5].一个普遍的共识在于,实现节能减排的关键是效率的提升[6],能效的改善能够驱动减排效益的最大化实现,提高碳排放效率将是实现化工产业减排目标最为重要的途径.
鉴于提升化工产业碳排放效率的重要性,目前已有部分学者从多个角度出发对其展开了有益探索,相关研究主要集中在:化工产业碳排放效率测度研究.其中碳排放效率的测度主要可分为单要素和多要素两种方法,前者包括“碳排放指数”、“碳强度”、“碳生产效率”等指标[7-9],后者认为需在综合考虑资本、劳动力、能源、碳排放等要素的基础上,构建投入和产出二者相结合的碳排放效率测度体系[10-11].单要素维度上,研究集中于探讨石化产业、煤化工等所属化工行业的碳排放及碳强度[12-14],或是探究中国化工行业的全要素能源效率及全要素生产率特征[15-16].多要素维度上,多采用传统DEA、三阶段DEA、超效率SBM等方法测度石化产业、煤化工产业的碳排放效率[17-19].化工产业碳排放效率时空演变研究.既有研究主要涉及国家、区域和省市等尺度,研究发现中国石化产业的碳排放强度在地区和省市层面呈现出不同的空间分异[20].省市尺度上,研究发现长三角石化产业碳排放效率存在较大的空间差异[17],江苏省石化产业碳排放效率具有“苏南>苏中>苏北”的空间分异特点[18],内蒙古煤基化工碳排放效率呈现较强的空间差异,其中蒙中地区是高效率地区[21].化工行业碳排放效率影响因素研究.化工产业碳排放不仅受到产业结构、能源结构、经济发展、技术进步及外商投资等外部宏观要素的影响,也与产业规模、产业集聚等内部要素息息相关[17-21].研究方法上,多采用空间计量模型、VEC模型、Tobit模型、M-R分解、GDIM分解等论证化工产业的碳排放影响因子[17-21].
由于化工产业兼具产业链条长、产品种类多、关联覆盖广等特点[22],其行业划分通常没有一致标准[22-24].目前研究往往更加关注石化、煤化工等所属化工行业的碳排放、碳强度及碳排放效率,而相对忽视整体化工产业碳排放效率的测度及时空变化规律.在"双碳”战略不断推进的当下,化工产业所具有的高耗能、高排放属性正是我国环境恶化的重要根源所在[25],而忽视整体化工产业的碳排放效率将使得环境恶化问题难以得到根本性的缓解.另一方面,现有研究虽揭示了石化产业碳排放效率的空间分异特征,却较少探讨不同区域影响因素存在的异质性.在东中西部化工产业碳排放具有明显趋势差异的前提下,考察其碳排放效率时空演变及影响因素的差异将有助于针对性和差异化政策的提出与制定.本文运用超效率SBM模型测度2007~2021年中国省域层面的化工产业碳排放效率,并借助空间分析方法及核密度估计刻画整体演变特征、不同区域的时空差异,进一步采用计量模型对中国及东中西三大区域化工产业碳排放效率的影响因素进行识别,以期为化工产业的绿色转型及高质量发展提供参考.
广义上,化工产业是指以石油、天然气、煤炭及矿物质等为基础原料,并经过复杂的工艺流程加工成国民经济所需的化工产品和油品的总称[26].依据统计方法,化工产业可包括制造业中的石油、煤炭及其他燃料加工业、化学原料和化学制品制造业、医药制造业、化学纤维制造业、橡胶和塑料制品业五大行业[22].化工产业碳排放效率的评价主要涵盖投入和产出两大类别(表1).
在工业领域,资本投入、人力投入和能源要素投入常用做碳排放效率评价体系中的投入变量[27-28].其中,资本投入以化工产业固定资产投资净值衡量;劳动力投入以化工产业从业人员数量表征;能源投入采用化工产业能源消费总量进行表征,本文依据CEADs能源清单考虑化工产业20种能源消耗.由于不同类型能源的单位存在不同,因此需换算成统一的标准煤进行测算,参照IPCC和《中国能源统计年鉴》公布的数据,各类别能源折算系数见表2,其能源消耗计算公式为:
式中:ECsum表示化工产业能源消费总量;t为能源类型;i表示地区;表示地区i化工产业能源t的消耗量;vt为能源t的标准煤折算系数.
产出变量上,选取期望产出和非期望产出两类指标,其中,期望产出以化工产业主营业务收入衡量;非期望产出则采用化工产业碳排放量表征.在投入相同生产要素的情况下,化工产业主营业务收入越高,碳排放量越低,表明其碳排放效率越高.
产业碳排放效率不仅取决于产业内部自身属性,也与产业所处区域的经济社会发展密切相关.在现有相关研究基础上[15-20],考虑数据的可得性,从化工产业内、外部环境选取共9项指标探究影响其碳排放效率的因素(表3).
内部环境上,研究发现工业碳排放效率会受到其行业规模、行业集聚及行业能源结构的影响[27-28].(1)化工产业规模以化工产业资产总额表示[24],并取对数,不同规模的产业在人才、资金和技术要素方面具有不同的差异,规模的扩大可能会促进产业技术的改革,进而提升碳排放效率;然而,盲目的扩大规模一定程度上也会造成更多的碳排放.(2)化工产业集聚用化工产业区位商表示,以(地区化工产业主营业务收入/地区工业主营业务收入)/(全国化工产业主营业务收入/全国工业主营业务收入)衡量[31].在新经济地理学框架下,产业集聚客观上能够产生正向的溢出效应[29],促进化工产业生产率的提高.(3)化工产业能源结构以电力能源消耗占总能耗比重衡量.电力是其他高污染能源的替代品,电力消费占比的提高意味着传统化石燃料占比的下降[30],在化工产业生产过程中提高终端电气化率将有利于能源消耗的降低.
外部环境上,相关文献指出经济发展水平、产业结构升级会对工业碳排放效率产生正向影响,而外商投资具有负向作用[25-27],此外,环境规制、政府干预和人口要素也具有一定作用.(1)经济发展以地区人均GDP衡量,并取对数,地区经济在为化工产业发展提供技术、资金支持的过程中,会对化工产业碳排放效率产生综合影响.(2)政府干预用地方政府财政支出占GDP比重表示.政府的干预能力能够保障环境规制政策的顺利实施,进而提高地区能源效率[31];然而,有限的财政支出或许不能为高耗能产业的绿色转型提供足够的资金支持.(3)人口密度用地区人口数量占总土地面积比重表示.人口的聚集可能会刺激能源消耗需求,加剧节能降碳压力[32],然而较高的人口密度或许也具有规模效应,进而提高生产效率[33].(4)环境规制用地区工业环境治理投资占GDP比重表示,基于“波特”假说和"污染天堂”两大经典理论[34-35],环境规制能够刺激或阻碍地区化工产业的技术创新.(5)外商投资以地区实际利用外资额占GDP比重表征,外商投资可能会推动欠发达地区“污染避难所”现象的形成,也可能会通过引入环境友好产品和技术产生正向的环境效益[35-36];(6)产业结构以地区第二产业增加值占GDP比重衡量,反映地方工业化水平.在工业化初期,大量化石能源的污染排放会抑制化工产业碳排放效率的提升.当经济进入新常态时期,高端精细工业占比的持续上升将促使工业结构朝合理化和清洁化迈进[37].
超效率SBM模型是测度碳排放效率的重要方法,由Tone[38]在数据包络分析法(DEA)的基础上进行改进,其不仅可以测度松弛变量,还可以评估效率值为1的单元.本研究采用考虑非期望产出的超效率SBM模型测度化工产业碳排放效率,具体公式为:
式中:ρ*为化工产业碳排放效率值,ρ*越大表示效率越高;n表示决策单元数量,每个决策单元由m项投入要素、S1项期望产出和S2项非期望产出构成;xi0表示被评估对象的第i项投入量;表示被评估对象的第r项期望产出;表示被评估对象的第r项非期望产出;S-SgSb分别为投入的松弛量、期望产出的松弛量和非期望产出的松弛量,λ表示所对应的投入或产出元素的权重.此外,参考相关研究,效率值具体又可分为4个层级,分别是:极低效率(0<ρ*≤0.3)、低效率(0.3<ρ*≤0.6)、中效率(0.6<ρ*≤0.9)、高效率(ρ*>0.9).
标准差椭圆常常用来分析地理要素的分布范围及方向特征,本文运用标准差椭圆刻画化工产业碳排放效率空间格局演变的方向性及展布性[39],具体公式为:
式中:SDEx和SDEy分别为标准差椭圆xy轴的轴长;为中国化工产业碳排放效率平均中心坐标;n为化工产业碳排放效率总量.
重心迁移模型是分析区域空间演化的重要工具,可依据地理要素的重心移动轨迹计算重心的迁移方向和距离[40],本文运用重心迁移模型分析化工产业碳排放效率的重心迁移轨迹、方向和距离,具体公式为:
式中:xy表示化工产业碳排放效率的重心坐标;XiYi表示各研究单元的坐标;Wi表示第i个空间单元的化工产业碳排放效率.
Dagum基尼系数是在传统基尼系数基础进行的改进,能够有效弥补其他用于测度地区差异方法因无法解决考察数据而存在重叠现象的不足,可以更好的识别地区差异来源问题[41].具体公式为:
式中:G表示总体基尼系数,用于衡量各地区化工产业碳排放效率的总体差异;m表示地区数量;ninj分别表示ij内部省份的数量;n表示总的省份数量;yihyjr表示各省份化工产业碳排放效率动态变化水平;表示所有省份化工产业碳排放效率的平均水平.
进一步将基尼系数分为组内差异系数(Gw)、组间差异系数(Gb)和超变密度系数(Gt)3个部分,其中3个部分的关系需满足G = Gw + Gb + Gt,其分解公式具体见文献[41].
核密度估计是一种非参数估计方法,能够仅依据样本数据描述碳排放效率的分布位置、分布形态和分布延展性,具有较强的稳健性[42].本文运用核密度估计法描述化工产业碳排放效率的动态演变特征,具体公式为:
式中:f(x)表示密度函数;n为省市数量;xi为中国各省市的化工产业碳排放效率;x为化工产业碳排放效率的均值;h为带宽;k( )为核函数.
由于超效率SBM模型所得的结果具有非负性,被解释变量存在被切割的特点,故可选择Tobit模型进行检验,以规避参数有偏问题[43].因此,本文构建Tobit模型来实证化工产业碳排放效率的影响因素,具体公式为:
式中:Yit为因变量;xit为自变量;βo为常数项;βt为相关系数向量;i=1,2,......30,代表本文研究对象为中国30个省市;t=1,2,......n,n为自变量个数;εit为随机误差扰动项.
研究以2007~2021年中国30个省市为研究对象(西藏和港澳台地区除外),所使用的社会经济数据主要来源于《中国工业统计年鉴》、《2018全国经济普查年鉴》和各省市统计年鉴,个别缺失值采用插值法或趋势外延法进行补充.化工产业碳排放量及能源消耗数据来源于CEADs中国碳核算数据库(https://www.ceads.net.cn/).此外,考虑到通货膨胀的影响,对所有涉及价格的变量以2000年为基期进行价格平减.
基于超效率SBM模型测算的结果发现,研究期间中国化工产业碳排放效率均值整体介于[0.4,0.9]区间,且总体均值为0.629,表明其整体仍然处于中低效率类型阶段.研究年间,中国化工产业碳排放效率整体呈现出波折的上升趋势(图1),经历了“低效率—中效率—低效率—中效率”的转变过程,其整体可分为三个阶段.第一阶段为2007~2011年,中国化工产业碳排放效率处于[0.4,0.7]区间,整体属于低效率和中效率类型.其在2008年出现小高值,金融危机的爆发导致了化工生产能力的下降,化工产业投入的降低减少了其碳排放量,恰恰使得投入和产出间的比例更加协调,提高了产业碳排放效率.第二阶段是2012~2015年,化工产业效率整体具有较强烈的上升趋势,且由低效率转变为中效率类型,2011年后国家陆续出台化工产业相关政策,各地为响应上层方针持续推进传统化工行业的结构调整和转型升级;第三阶段是2016~2021年,化工产业碳排放效率处于[0.6,0.9]区间,进入中效率等级,《石化和化学工业发展规划(2016~2020)》的颁布进一步深化了化工行业的绿色转型,促进了化工产业碳排放效率的提升,并在2018年出现最高值,而2019年新冠疫情的冲击又使得化工产业碳排放效率持续下降.
分区域看,化工产业碳排放效率大部分时间具有“东部>西部>中部”的特征,具有明显的地区差异.其中,东部地区遥遥领先且大于全国均值,其整体均值为0.750,是全国化工产业碳排放效率最高值区.得益于其优越的地理位置和经济基础,东部化工产业由此获得了先进的绿色生产技术,进而驱动了产业转型.此外,其在2008年出现峰值且转变为高效率类型,表明金融危机使得该地区化工产业期望产出与投入要素更加协调,进而改善碳排放效率.中部地区化工产业碳排放效率整体最低,其均值为0.530,且在2016年出现高于全国和其他地区均值的现象,原因可能在于中部地区是我国“十三五”时期的重要战略地,《促进中部地区崛起“十三五”规划》的颁布使其实现了高速持续发展,化工产业在此背景下获得强大的发展契机.西部地区化工产业碳排放效率均值为0.584,整体经历“低效率—中效率—低效率”的类型变化,且在2018年后逐渐落后于东部和中部地区,得益于化工产业“十三五”规划相关政策的颁布,东中部相较于西部地区,在技术水平和经济实力等方面具有比较优势,因此政策效应更为强烈,拉开了与西部地区的差距.
运用标准差椭圆刻画化工产业碳排放效率整体的空间分布方向及重心迁移特征(图2).结果表明,研究期间化工产业碳排放效率随着时间的推移逐渐由“南—北”方向分布往“西南—东北”向转变的态势,重心迁移上具有沿“东北-东部-东北”方向迁移的特征.从标准差椭圆变化中可以看到,标准差椭圆的扁率随时间的推移逐渐增大,长轴与短轴的差距逐渐增加,表明当前化工产业碳排放效率空间分布更加分散.研究年间,化工产业碳排放效率的重心由十堰市转向襄阳市,再迁移至许昌市,实现了湖北到河南的省际跨越,说明2021年《黄河流域生态保护和高质量发展规划纲要》的实施驱动了黄河流域生态环境治理成效的提升,化工产业重心也由此转入黄河流域地区.其中,2007年的重心坐标为(32°8′N,110°43′E),随后向东北方向迁移至2012年的(32°26′N,111°27′E),再往东向移动至2016年的(32°22′N,112°11′E),到2021年向东北方向迁移至(34°12′N,113°13′E),说明化工产业重心有向东北方向转变的趋势.从迁移距离上看,2007~2012年迁移距离为75.797km;2012~2016年迁移距离为68.773km;2016~2021年迁移距离为227.481km.其中,重心迁移距离呈现出先缩短后增加的趋势,说明中国化工产业碳排放效率的分布重心具有先紧密后松散的特点.为把握化工产业碳排放效率的空间格局特征,运用ArcGIS10.5刻画化工产业碳排放效率的空间分布(图3).
图3可知,中国化工产业碳排放效率的空间格局主要呈现以下特点:(1)空间格局变动明显,逐步形成了内蒙古—东北地区、青海、赣湘粤地区“三足鼎立”的空间格局,而新疆—宁夏—陕西—重庆形成效率“洼地”.其中,青海和广东两省的化工产业碳排放效率始终处于第一梯队,青海省依托丰富的盐湖资源,大力发展盐湖化工和能源化工,构建了由资源开发—产品精深加工的全产业链,具备高效益低碳排的特点;广东省是我国化工终端消费的重要区域,依托其毗邻南海的独特地缘优势,市场需求广阔,拥有极高的经济效益.由于化工产业是内蒙古的支柱和传统优势产业,2021年地区所倡导的提质增效使其碳排放效率进一步提高;东北地区属于传统的重工业基地,拥有较好的资源禀赋,在2021年《东北全面振兴“十四五”实施方案》政策的支持下,东北地区化工产业获得了极强的政策效应,驱动了其碳排放效率的进一步改善;而北京和天津则具备经济基础好、技术水平高等优势,因此由低效率类型跃升至高效率类型.对于新疆、宁夏及陕西极低效率区而言,在不断承接化工产业转移的过程中,由于地区本身的经济基础较为薄弱,生产中所带来的碳排放短时间内较难降低;而2021年重庆出台了《重庆市产业投资准入工作手册》,一定程度上影响了该地化工产业生产的扩大,使得其碳排放效率低下.(2)诸多省市的类型变化明显且多以低效率为主.相较于2007年,2021年化工产业碳排放效率的效率类型分布变化明显.其中属于高效率的省份有内蒙古、青海、广东、黑龙江、北京、天津、赣粤湘地区,中度效率类型有山东、浙江和海南3省,其余地区均属于低效率和极低效率类型.从各效率类型数量变动来看(表4),极低效率省份数量随时间的变化而下降并趋于稳定,高效率类型数量也呈现增长趋势,而低效率和中效率分别表现出先下降后上升、先上升后下降的特点,说明需警惕低效率和中效率二者间的类型转换问题.总体而言,中国化工产业碳排放效率仍旧以低效率和极低效率为主,未来需进一步提高整体化工碳排放效率.
基于前文分析,中国化工产业碳排放效率具有明显的空间差异性.因此,进一步运用基尼系数及其分解考察化工产业碳排放效率的总体差异、组内差异、组间差异及其贡献率(图4).由图4(a)可知,2007~2021年化工产业碳排放效率总体基尼系数均值为0.322,处于较高水平,表明中国化工产业碳排放效率总体差异较大,其整体有所降低,呈现“下降-上升”的循环波动过程.组内差异上,其总体表现出“西部(0.398)>东部(0.233)>中部(0.188)”的现象.其中,西部地区总体变化趋势与全国演进态势较为一致,且整体高于全国总基尼系数,而东部和中部地区基尼系数均低于总基尼系数,说明与东中部地区相比,西部地区的空间差异较大.这是因为西部地区拥有青海、内蒙等高效率省份,也有新疆、宁夏、陕西和重庆等化工产业碳排放效率极低的省市.从组间差异来看(图4(b)),基尼系数均值具有“东—西(0.268)>中—西(0.348)>东—中(0.293)”的特点,说明东部和西部地区化工产业碳排放效率的地区间差异最大,东部和中部的空间差异程度最小.考察期内,各地区间差异总体上呈现下降趋势.从空间差异贡献率来看(图4(c)),地区内贡献率均值为30.784%,地区内差异对总体差异的贡献处于中等地位;地区间贡献率均值为29.499%,而超变密度贡献率均值最高为39.716%,且近年超变密度的贡献率有所上升,表明超变密度是中国化工产业碳排放效率总体差异的主要来源,地区内和地区间的交互作用对化工产业碳排放效率的影响逐渐增强.
为系统揭示化工产业碳排放效率在动态上呈现的分布形态和演变进程,进一步运用核密度估计刻画2007~2021年化工产业碳排放效率的非均衡状态演变特征特征(图5).由图5(a)可知,考察期内中国化工产业碳排放效率的核密度曲线整体由“窄小型”向着“宽扁型”变化,且具有右移的特点,这说明我国30个省份的化工产业碳排放效率整体有增长趋势,未来或许也会继续呈现增长态势;其由“一高峰”转变为“低峰”且峰值呈现先迅速下降后缓慢上升的趋势,表明中国化工产业碳排放效率分布在2007~2016年有分散趋势,在2016~2021年具有集中态势,说明在2016年化工产业碳规制政策不断趋紧的背景下,较高的碳排放效率地区对较低效率地区产生了倒逼作用.从拖尾变化来看,2021年核密度曲线的右拖尾与2007年相比有所缩短,表明各省份间的化工产业碳排放效率差距正在缩小,说明化工产业碳排放效率的地区差距并非不能打破,以高效率地区带动中低效率地区碳排放效率的改善或许是一种有效的手段.
由于东中西地区化工产业碳排放效率在时空维度均具有差异性,其动态演变规律理论上也存在着不同.图5(b)、5(c)和5(d)分别刻画了东、中、西部地区的化工产业碳排放效率核密度估计结果.总体而言,三大区域的演变规律共性与个性并存.相同的是,东中西部地区的核密度曲线整体上均有右移趋势,表明三大区域的化工产业碳排放效率整体上均有上升趋势,继续保持各地区化工产业碳排放效率的提升是大势所趋.不同的是,东部地区核密度曲线由“窄小型”向“窄扁型”转变,且由“两峰”有拖尾转变成“一低峰”无拖尾,表明该地区各省份间化工产业碳排放效率差距随时间的变化而缩小,应当继续缩小东部地区的内部差距.中部地区核密度曲线也由“窄小型”向“宽扁型”转变,且由“一高峰”无拖尾变化成“无峰”有拖尾,这也说明中部地区化工产业碳排放效率差距正在缩小,需持续推进该地区各省份化工产业碳排放效率的协同改善.对于西部地区而言,与2007年相比,该地区核密度曲线的“多峰”现象越来越突出,表明西部地区化工产业碳排放效率在逐步提升的同时,也伴随着省域间差距逐渐加大的趋势,其分化现象越来越明显,说明谨慎防范西部地区分化趋势的进一步加大是当前亟待解决的重要问题.
在进行回归估计前,需要对各变量进行共线性检验(表5).结果可知,各变量的VIF值均远小于10,其平均值也小于10,表明变量间不存在共线性,可以对其进行回归估计.为此,运用面板Tobit模型识别化工产业碳排放效率的影响因素,同时,由于三大区域化工产业碳排放效率空间差异明显,进一步论证三大区域化工产业碳排放效率影响因素的异质性,具体回归结果见表5.
表6中,模型(1)结果显示,化工产业碳排放效率是化工产业内部和外部因素共同塑造的结果.内部环境上,化工产业能源结构回归系数最大,为0.9942且在1%水平上显著为正,电力能源相较于石油、煤炭等化石燃料而言,具有转化效率高、清洁能力强的特点,一定程度上可以调整能源消费结构,降低化工能源消费强度,从而推动化工产业碳排放效率的提高,因此调整产业能源结构是改善碳排放效率的最主要手段.就产业集聚而言,其影响系数为0.1919且在1%水平上显著,随着化工产业在特定空间的不断汇聚,由人才、资金、技术聚集所带来的正向效应逐渐凸显,能够以相同的投入获得更高的产业经济效益,且使得碳排放在技术革新过程中逐步降低,因此增强产业集聚效应将有利于碳排放效率的提升.化工产业规模影响系数为0.0132但不显著,说明产业规模并非是驱动化工产业碳排放效率提升的重要因素,其原因可能在于以资产总额衡量的产业规模并不能真正衡量产业的规模经济,以市场份额表征的产业规模或许才能真正体现规模效应,因此,未来在产业规模的衡量上应当更加注重化工产业的市场需求,以便更好的论证规模效应对其碳排放效率的影响.外部环境上,经济发展的影响系数为0.3086且在1%程度上显著,说明地区经济发展总体上可为化工产业碳排放效率的提升具有显著正向影响,能够为其提供资金、技术等要素,进而驱动产业碳排放效率的提高,这一定程度上证实了经济发展对工业碳排放效率具有积极效应这一观点[27].政府干预回归系数为-0.0337且不显著,其原因在于地方财政支出是有限的,政府在财政投入过程中更加倾向于精细化高端行业[23],而诸如化工产业等高能耗高污染产业所获得的资金、技术支持则会有所相应的减少;人口密度回归系数为-0.0001且不显著,说明地区人口要素对化工产业碳排放效率的影响极小,但仍需防范人口过度集聚所带来的负面效应;环境规制回归系数较大,为4.1102却不显著,表明地区环境规制并不能显著促进化工产业碳排放效率的提高,其原因可能在于以地区工业环境治理投资衡量的环境规制并不能全面表征环境管制程度,未来需综合采用部门执法、污染处理、公众监督等方面的指标全面评估环境规制这一要素[23];外商投资的影响系数为0.3261且不显著,中外双方合作虽然能够产生一定的技术效应,但是由于外商对核心技术严格保密,因此不能显著促进化工产业碳排放效率的提升,这与部分学者的结论相一致[22];产业结构对化工产业碳排放效率的回归系数为0.0912且不显著,在经济发展进入新常态化的当下,需持续推进化工产业的高端化和清洁化生产,进而驱动化工产业结构的转型.
模型(2)、(3)和(4)分别是化工产业碳排放效率在东部、中部和西部地区的影响因素回归结果.总体而言,影响三大区域化工产业碳排放效率的因素既存在共性,也具有差异性.相同的是,化工产业能源结构均呈现正向的显著性,产业结构均无显著关系,反映出化工产业能源结构的改善依旧有利于地区产业碳排放效率的提升.尤其是就东部和中部地区而言,其化工产业能源结构系数分别为187.2947和142.1462,影响程度最高,因此优化产业能源结构是二者改善产业碳排放效率最为有效的手段.
不同的是,内部环境上,化工产业规模在中部地区呈现显著的负面效应,其回归系数为-0.4819,中部地区化工产业发展虽不及东西部,其碳排总量却在很长一段时间居于高位,盲目的规模扩大会带来过量的化工碳排;化工产业集聚在东部和西部地区表现出明显的正面效应,其回归系数分别为0.1919和0.1513,在中部地区并不显著,中国化工产业本身具有“东西强,中间弱”的空间集聚特征[44],为此中部地区的化工产业尚不足以形成足够的集聚效应.外部环境上,经济发展在中部地区回归系数为0.7884且在1%水平上显著,说明经济发展的正向作用更多体现在中部地区;政府干预在中部地区显著为正,却在西部地区具有明显的负面效应,其原因是政府在扶持中西部地区的过程中,针对化工产业的政策干预虽然一定程度上可促进化工行业的发展,而西部地区由于存在技术、市场等方面的差距,造成了投入和产出之间的不平衡,因此产生了明显的负面作用;人口密度在中部地区的作用系数为0.0009且在1%水平显著,在西部地区的回归系数为-0.0033且在5%程度上显著,说明过高的人口密度容易打破西部地区化工产业投入与产出间的平衡,反而不利于碳排放效率的提高,而人口红利在中部地区凸显,形成了较强烈的规模效应;环境规制在中部地区具有明显的负面效应,且回归系数为-64.8304,表明环境规制的加大反而降低了中部地区化工产业碳排放效率,其原因可能在于该地区当前依旧面临较为严重的经济转型及生态环境压力,且伴随着严重的“绿色悖论”现象[45],同时,中部地区部分省份发展亦存在显著的梯度差异,而经济发展差异越大的地区“逐底竞争”现象越明显,这种竞争会削弱环境规制的环境改善作用[46];外商投资在中部地区的作用系数为8.6824且在1%水平显著,在西部地区存在明显的负面效应且回归系数为-5.5875,其原因在于随着外商投资者在经济欠发达进行投资,在西部地区容易产生“污染避难所”效应,因此不利于西部地区的化工产业碳排放效率提升.
应尽快提高整体化工产业碳排放效率,以保障效率改善对节能减排效益的最大实现.我国化工产业碳排放效率总体效率均值为0.629,具有较大的进步空间.围绕化工产业碳排放效率诸影响因素,应将以清洁能源替代传统化石燃料置于首位,进而压缩传统化石燃料消耗占比,充分优化产业能源消费结构才是提升其碳排放效率的当行之道;其次,推动地区的经济发展,强化化工产业资金、人才、技术等要素的物质支撑,进而促进化工新材料和新技术的迭代更新;此外,也需加快推动化工产业集聚,驱动化工企业有序进园,有效增强集聚效应.
基于东中西部化工产业碳排放效率的区域异质性,应当采取针对性的碳排放效率提升策略.各区域的政策共通点仍在于控制传统化工能源消耗上,由于产业能源结构依旧是东部和中部的最主要影响因子,二者需始终将优化产业能源结构作为最主要手段.此外,东部地区也需压缩规模以下化工企业数量,有序开展化工产业的“腾笼换鸟”和升级转型.除提升绿色电力等清洁能源外,中部地区的工作着力点应在于采取有效的碳减排环境管制政策,防止化工产业在搬迁时在中部形成“污染避难所”;其次,关注大规模化工企业的扩张问题,谨防由规模扩大而带来过多的化工碳排;同时,促进地区经济发展,加强政府对化工企业的资金投入,加大精准外商投资力度,强化人口规模释放人口红利.就西部地区而言,其重心应在严格设置外商投资门槛上,坚持绿色引资,同时需继续推动化工产业集聚,加大政府投入在化工产业中的占比,以及规划合理的地区人口容量.
建立健全化工产业碳减排区域协作机制,形成产业碳排放效率提升的区域合力.一方面,考虑到地区间存在明显的空间分异,需加强东中西部地区化工产业协作与交流,推动资金、人才和技术要素的跨地区和跨省流动,着力破除地区行政壁垒,促进东部地区化工产业知识技术向中西部地区扩散,以东部带动中西部碳排放效率的提升.另一方面,由于东部和西部地区差异最大,且西部地区极化现象最为突出,为此应特别注重东部对西部地区资金、技术等要素的帮扶效应,同时聚焦于西部地区低效率省份化工产业碳排放效率的提升.
关注不同省市效率类型差异,因地制宜实施差异化策略.具体而言,内蒙古、广东和青海等高效率地区需继续平衡化工产业的投入与产出占比,继续优化产业能源结构,延长化工产业链,推动产业向绿色化发展,保持碳排放效率的持续增长;对于山东、江苏、福建等中效率和低效率地区,谨防中低效率类型之间的转变现象,需采取诸多手段稳定效率类型,如继续调整产业能源结构,以经济带动化工产业技术、资金等要素的正向效应,促进化工产品工艺的迭代更新等;对于新疆、宁夏、陕西和重庆极低效率地区,应在保障绿色电力等清洁能源供应的基础上,重点推进化工产业集聚,鼓励化工产业绿色入园,实现化工产业的精细化发展,同时需坚持外商引资与绿色发展相结合的原则,严格设置外商投资门槛.
当然,囿于数据的可获得性,本研究也存在一定的局限性.其一,在化工产业碳排放效率测算上,仅考虑资本、劳动力和能源的投入或许难以全面衡量其投入水平,这使得核算结果与实际结果可能存在一定差异,未来需进一步考虑科技研发和绿色技术等投入要素的影响;其二,模型的设定和影响因素的选择往往会影响最终的回归结果,本文从内外部两个角度论证了影响化工产业碳排放效率的要素,但化工产业碳排放效率可能会受到数字及低碳技术等其他因素的影响,后期可进一步拓展和丰富当前实证结果.其三,随着新兴技术的不断发展,应当注重大数据、互联网等技术对化工产业碳排放效率的监测和管理,提升化工产业的能耗管控,充分发挥数字化对产业低碳转型的赋能作用.在“双碳”战略持续推进的过程中,化工产业依旧面临诸如低碳零碳技术亟待突破等挑战,未来需重点关注关键技术“卡脖子”问题,寻求产业绿色转型路径的进一步深化.
3.1 中国化工产业碳排放效率整体上具有波折上升的趋势,均值处于[0.4,0.9]之间,呈现“低效率—中效率”的循环转换过程;各地区化工产业碳排放效率具有不同演变趋势,且大部分时间有“东部(0.750)>西部(0.584)>中部(0.530)”的特点.
3.2 化工产业碳排放效率分布重心表现出“东北—东部—东北”向迁移的规律,随着时间的推演逐渐形成内蒙古—东北、青海、赣粤湘“三足鼎立”,而宁夏—陕西—重庆成为效率“洼地”的空间格局.其总体基尼系数均值为0.322,地区差异较大,且存在“西部(0.398)>东部(0.233)>中部(0.188)”的空间分异现象,尤其是东西部地区差异最大.
3.3 化工产业碳排放效率整体趋势良好,整体效率差距逐渐缩小;就不同区域而言,各地区效率提升趋势较好,但要特别注意西部地区极化趋势加大的现象.
3.4 总体上,化工产业集聚及能源结构、经济发展对化工产业碳排放效率存在显著的正向影响,其中化工产业能源结构的影响程度最高为0.9942.分区域看,化工产业能源结构的调整均有利于各地区产业碳排放效率的提升.此外,东部地区还会受到化工产业规模的正向影响;就中部地区而言,化工产业规模、环境规制存在明显的负面作用,而经济发展、政府干预、人口密度和外商投资具有显著促进作用;对西部地区而言,其还会受到化工产业集聚的正向效应,以及政府干预、人口密度和外商投资的负面效应影响.
  • 福建省自然科学基金重点项目(2021J02030)
  • 福建省社科基金项目(FJ2021B042)
  • 国家社会科学基金重大项目(20&ZD092)
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2025年第45卷第6期
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  • 接收时间:2024-11-07
  • 首发时间:2026-02-27
  • 出版时间:2025-06-20
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  • 收稿日期:2024-11-07
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福建省自然科学基金重点项目(2021J02030)
福建省社科基金项目(FJ2021B042)
国家社会科学基金重大项目(20&ZD092)
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    1.福建师范大学,湿润亚热带生态地理过程教育部重点实验室,福建 福州 350117
    2.福建师范大学地理科学学院,碳中和未来技术学院,福建 福州 350108
    3.福建师范大学地理研究所,福建 福州 350117
    4.生态环境部环境规划院 北京 100044

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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genus
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species
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total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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