Article(id=1234106393461052207, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, issueId=1234106384963400440, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1731772800000, receivedDateStr=2024-11-17, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1772163492789, onlineDateStr=2026-02-27, pubDate=1750348800000, pubDateStr=2025-06-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1772163492789, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-02-27, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1772163492789, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1772163492789, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1234106384963400440, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, year='2025', volume='45', issue='6', pageStart='2961', pageEnd='3552', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1772163490763, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1772163969484, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1234108392948682946, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, issueId=1234106384963400440, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1234108392948682947, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, issueId=1234106384963400440, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=3321, endPage=3330, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1234106394232804219, articleId=1234106393461052207, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, language=EN, title=Estimation of non-point source nitrogen and phosphorus loads using an improved export coefficient modeling approach, columnId=1234106388083954308, journalTitle=China Environmental Science, columnName=Environmental Ecology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

This study developed an improved export coefficient model by integrating rainfall and topographic correction factors to estimate non-point source nitrogen and phosphorus pollution loads and identify key pollution sources in the Ganjiang River Basin. The accuracy of the original and modified models was systematically compared, and correlation analysis was performed between nitrogen and phosphorus load intensity and monitored concentration data. The results demonstrated an increasing trend in both total pollution loads and load intensities from 2016 to 2020. Total nitrogen and total phosphorus exports increased by 15.99% and 16.37%, respectively, while corresponding load intensities rose by 15.89% and 16.85%. Spatially, the pollution distribution exhibited a characteristic north-high-south-low pattern with localized concentration, indicating higher contamination risks in downstream areas. Land use emerged as the primary source of nitrogen pollution, contributing 51.65% of total nitrogen exports, whereas livestock farming was identified as the dominant phosphorus source, accounting for 36.82% of total phosphorus outputs. The enhanced export coefficient model demonstrated significantly reduced relative errors compared to the original version. Statistical analysis revealed significant correlations (P<0.05) between annual average nitrogen or phosphorus concentrations and load intensities, confirming the improved model's superior accuracy. The refined model enables more precise assessment of watershed non-point source pollution, facilitates identification of major pollution sources, and supports targeted delineation of critical control zones, thereby providing valuable scientific support for non-point source pollution management and remediation strategies in river basins.

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本文通过引进降雨和地形修正因子,构建改进输出系数模型,开展赣江流域非点源氮磷污染负荷估算和污染来源识别研究.将改进前后输出系数模型进行精度对比,并对氮磷负荷强度与监测氮磷浓度数据进行相关性分析.结果表明研究区非点源氮磷污染负荷总量和负荷强度均呈现上升趋势,2016~2020年TN、TP输出量分别增加15.99%和16.37%,负荷强度分别增加15.89%和16.85%,空间上呈现北高南低,局部集中的特点,下游污染风险更大;土地利用是氮污染主要来源,输出占比为51.65%,畜禽养殖对磷污染的贡献最大,输出占比为36.82%;改进后输出系数模型相对误差比改进前明显降低,年均氮磷浓度与氮磷负荷强度均呈现出显著相关性(P<0.05),模型改进后精度更高.运用改进的输出系数模型,能够更精确地评估流域非点源污染状况,识别主要污染源类型,并据此确定污染控制的关键区域,可为流域非点源污染控制与治理提供参考.

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* 责任作者,讲师,
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李梦冰(2001-),女,江西上饶人,硕士,主要研究方向为土地利用与土地生态.发表论文1篇..

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李梦冰(2001-),女,江西上饶人,硕士,主要研究方向为土地利用与土地生态.发表论文1篇..

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李梦冰(2001-),女,江西上饶人,硕士,主要研究方向为土地利用与土地生态.发表论文1篇..

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C1 in pichia pastoris, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1234106425522312014, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1234106393461052207, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2001, volume=27, issue=4, pageStart=250, pageEnd=252, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[42], rfOrder=70, authorNames=彭刚华, 伍伍伍, journalName=江西水利科技, refType=null, unstructuredReference=彭刚华,伍伍伍.赣江水质现状及污染特征分析[J]. 江西水利科技200127(4):250-252., articleTitle=赣江水质现状及污染特征分析, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1234106425631363925, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1234106393461052207, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2001, volume=27, issue=4, pageStart=250, pageEnd=252, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[42], rfOrder=71, authorNames=Peng G H, Wu H B, journalName=Jiangxi Hydraulic Science & Technology, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Peng G HWu H B. The current situation and pollution feather analysis of water quality of Ganjiang river [J]. 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label=Fig.7, caption=Nitrogen and phosphorus output from pollution sources in 2016 and 2020, figureFileSmall=CIq1MdNnhCnqAxoKGv8pcA==, figureFileBig=9BsNKQwO4tzYBx+EB2BiDA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1234106408933839812, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1234106393461052207, language=CN, label=图7, caption=2016年、2020年各污染源氮磷输出量, figureFileSmall=CIq1MdNnhCnqAxoKGv8pcA==, figureFileBig=9BsNKQwO4tzYBx+EB2BiDA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1234106410393457616, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1234106393461052207, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Export coefficients of nitrogen and phosphorus for various pollution sources

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污染源总氮输出系数总磷输出系数
农村生活[kg/(人·a)]农村人口2.140.214
畜禽养殖[kg/(头·a)]大牲畜10.210.624
0.740.179
0.40.085
家禽0.040.009
土地利用类型[kg/(hm2·a)]耕地2.20.117
林地0.240.015
草地0.60.08
水域1.50.036
建设用地1.120.214
裸地1.490.151
), ArticleFig(id=1234106410540258271, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1234106393461052207, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

各污染源氮磷输出系数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
污染源总氮输出系数总磷输出系数
农村生活[kg/(人·a)]农村人口2.140.214
畜禽养殖[kg/(头·a)]大牲畜10.210.624
0.740.179
0.40.085
家禽0.040.009
土地利用类型[kg/(hm2·a)]耕地2.20.117
林地0.240.015
草地0.60.08
水域1.50.036
建设用地1.120.214
裸地1.490.151
), ArticleFig(id=1234106410682864618, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1234106393461052207, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Comparison between simulated and measured pollution loads before and after the improvement of the export coefficient model

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
污染物年份实测值(t/a)传统输出系数模拟值(t/a)改进前相对误差(%)改进输出系数模拟值(t/a)改进后相对误差(%)
TN201694530.27107021.9113.21100686.216.51
2020114878.14127386.2110.89119844.954.32
TP20168294.549116.939.918577.213.41
20209877.6810902.0210.3710256.623.84
), ArticleFig(id=1234106410846442487, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1234106393461052207, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

输出系数模型改进前后污染负荷模拟值与实测值结果对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
污染物年份实测值(t/a)传统输出系数模拟值(t/a)改进前相对误差(%)改进输出系数模拟值(t/a)改进后相对误差(%)
TN201694530.27107021.9113.21100686.216.51
2020114878.14127386.2110.89119844.954.32
TP20168294.549116.939.918577.213.41
20209877.6810902.0210.3710256.623.84
), ArticleFig(id=1234106410963883006, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1234106393461052207, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Results of nitrogen and phosphorus output and percentage of each source in 2016 and 2020

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标年份农村生活畜禽养殖土地利用输出量合计(t/a)
输出量(t/a)占比(%)输出量(t/a)占比(%)输出量(t/a)占比(%)
TN201624041.0823.8821353.9421.2155291.1854.91100686.21
202027333.7122.8130605.8125.5461905.4351.65119844.95
TP20162404.1128.032852.4033.263320.7038.728577.21
20202733.3726.653776.2536.823747.0036.5310256.62
), ArticleFig(id=1234106411110682640, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1234106393461052207, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

2016年、2020年各污染源氮磷输出量与占比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标年份农村生活畜禽养殖土地利用输出量合计(t/a)
输出量(t/a)占比(%)输出量(t/a)占比(%)输出量(t/a)占比(%)
TN201624041.0823.8821353.9421.2155291.1854.91100686.21
202027333.7122.8130605.8125.5461905.4351.65119844.95
TP20162404.1128.032852.4033.263320.7038.728577.21
20202733.3726.653776.2536.823747.0036.5310256.62
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基于改进输出系数模型的非点源氮磷负荷估算
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李梦冰 , 周丙娟 , 胡可欣 , 王金亮 *
中国环境科学 | 环境生态 2025,45(6): 3321-3330
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中国环境科学 | 环境生态 2025, 45(6): 3321-3330
基于改进输出系数模型的非点源氮磷负荷估算
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李梦冰 , 周丙娟, 胡可欣, 王金亮*
作者信息
  • 江西农业大学国土资源与环境学院,江西 南昌 330045
  • 李梦冰(2001-),女,江西上饶人,硕士,主要研究方向为土地利用与土地生态.发表论文1篇..

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* 责任作者,讲师,
Estimation of non-point source nitrogen and phosphorus loads using an improved export coefficient modeling approach
Meng-bing LI , Bing-juan ZHOU, Ke-xin HU, Jin-liang WANG*
Affiliations
  • College of Land Resources and Environment, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
出版时间: 2025-06-20
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本文通过引进降雨和地形修正因子,构建改进输出系数模型,开展赣江流域非点源氮磷污染负荷估算和污染来源识别研究.将改进前后输出系数模型进行精度对比,并对氮磷负荷强度与监测氮磷浓度数据进行相关性分析.结果表明研究区非点源氮磷污染负荷总量和负荷强度均呈现上升趋势,2016~2020年TN、TP输出量分别增加15.99%和16.37%,负荷强度分别增加15.89%和16.85%,空间上呈现北高南低,局部集中的特点,下游污染风险更大;土地利用是氮污染主要来源,输出占比为51.65%,畜禽养殖对磷污染的贡献最大,输出占比为36.82%;改进后输出系数模型相对误差比改进前明显降低,年均氮磷浓度与氮磷负荷强度均呈现出显著相关性(P<0.05),模型改进后精度更高.运用改进的输出系数模型,能够更精确地评估流域非点源污染状况,识别主要污染源类型,并据此确定污染控制的关键区域,可为流域非点源污染控制与治理提供参考.

非点源污染  /  改进的输出系数模型  /  氮磷负荷  /  赣江流域

This study developed an improved export coefficient model by integrating rainfall and topographic correction factors to estimate non-point source nitrogen and phosphorus pollution loads and identify key pollution sources in the Ganjiang River Basin. The accuracy of the original and modified models was systematically compared, and correlation analysis was performed between nitrogen and phosphorus load intensity and monitored concentration data. The results demonstrated an increasing trend in both total pollution loads and load intensities from 2016 to 2020. Total nitrogen and total phosphorus exports increased by 15.99% and 16.37%, respectively, while corresponding load intensities rose by 15.89% and 16.85%. Spatially, the pollution distribution exhibited a characteristic north-high-south-low pattern with localized concentration, indicating higher contamination risks in downstream areas. Land use emerged as the primary source of nitrogen pollution, contributing 51.65% of total nitrogen exports, whereas livestock farming was identified as the dominant phosphorus source, accounting for 36.82% of total phosphorus outputs. The enhanced export coefficient model demonstrated significantly reduced relative errors compared to the original version. Statistical analysis revealed significant correlations (P<0.05) between annual average nitrogen or phosphorus concentrations and load intensities, confirming the improved model's superior accuracy. The refined model enables more precise assessment of watershed non-point source pollution, facilitates identification of major pollution sources, and supports targeted delineation of critical control zones, thereby providing valuable scientific support for non-point source pollution management and remediation strategies in river basins.

non-point source pollution  /  improved export coefficient model  /  nitrogen and phosphorus load  /  Ganjiang River Basin
李梦冰, 周丙娟, 胡可欣, 王金亮. 基于改进输出系数模型的非点源氮磷负荷估算. 中国环境科学, 2025 , 45 (6) : 3321 -3330 .
Meng-bing LI, Bing-juan ZHOU, Ke-xin HU, Jin-liang WANG. Estimation of non-point source nitrogen and phosphorus loads using an improved export coefficient modeling approach[J]. China Environmental Science, 2025 , 45 (6) : 3321 -3330 .
非点源污染大多由氮、磷等营养物质组成,这些物质在释放后,通过降雨和径流等方式被运送到河流中[1].非点源污染的形成是一个复杂和随机的过程,具有广泛性、不确定性和时间延迟等特征[2],准确量化非点源污染氮磷负荷具有一定困难.
模型模拟是估算非点源氮磷污染的有效方法,根据模型复杂度和时空尺度差异性主要分为机制模型和经验模型[3].常见的机制模型有SWAT[4]、HSPF[5]、AnnAGNPS[6]等,这些模型结果精度较高,但因其参数和实测数据多,难以推广[7-8].经验模型最常用的为输出系数模型,输出系数模型利用污染物排放系数和容易获取的土地利用数据,直接构建土地使用与氮磷污染之间的模型,因具备数据需求低、操作便捷以及模拟精度较高的优势被广泛运用[9].最经典的传统输出系数模型由Johnes等[10]构建,该模型将区域输出污染物负荷等于区域内各个污染源的损失之和,通过建立受纳水体非点源污染负荷与土地利用之间的关系,模拟非点源污染空间分布特征.尽管该模型输入参数少、结构简单,但也存在一定局限性,难以在环境条件差异性较大的研究区域推广应用[11].随着对流域非点源污染研究的深入,学者们不断对传统输出系数模型进行优化改进以提升非点源氮磷负荷预测精度.例如通过引入污染负荷系数[12]、产污系数和截留系数[13]以及空间修正的入河系数[14]等关键参数改进输出系数模型,量化非点源氮磷污染输出强度;将输出系数模型与SLURP[15]、SWAT[16]等水文模型相结合,实现对非点源污染“产生-流失-入河”过程的耦合;进行多因子整合,综合考虑降雨、地形、地表径流、土壤淋溶及景观截留等环境要素[3,17]的影响改进输出系数模型.这些改进显著提高了输出系数模型对非点源污染形成机制的解释力和负荷预测的准确性.
传统输出系数模型主要通过多元线性回归分析建立土地利用类型与污染负荷输出之间的联系,利用污染物的输出系数,将各种污染源的负荷进行累加,估算整个流域的面源污染负荷总量[18].其具有操作过程便捷,需要参数少的特点,模拟精度在一定程度上能满足要求,已经成为在数据资料不足的流域进行污染负荷估算的常用模型.但该模型的一个明显缺陷在于,它所采用的输出系数仅代表流域内污染负荷的一个大致水平,没有考虑降雨、地形因素对污染负荷模拟结果[19]的影响,并未体现在污染物迁移过程中,地形起伏变化和降雨量差异带来的影响,仅适用于降雨均匀的平原地区.降雨因子是流域非点源污染过程中的内在驱动,地形因子是污染物迁移的外在驱动力[20].降雨径流和土壤侵蚀是影响面源污染产生的重要的驱动因子,地形的坡度差异可以影响营养物的传输过程[14],忽略降雨和地形因素的影响会降低模型的精度,难以准确定量评估污染物的负荷.
赣江作为鄱阳湖流域最大的水系,水土流失和水体污染问题日益突出.赣江流域以山地和丘陵为主要地形,其中山地丘陵地区占据了流域总面积的64.7%.这种地形特征使得赣江流域非点源污染在产生和运输过程中更容易受到降水和地形条件的影响.因此本文针对赣江流域地区因降雨和地形差异性而造成的传统输出系数模型不适用问题,引入降雨和地形修正系数改进输出系数模型,选取土地利用类型、农村生活、畜禽养殖三类污染源,模拟赣江流域TN、TP污染负荷量及其强度,研究流域内氮磷负荷的时空分布特征,识别主要的污染源类型,以期为改善赣江流域水质问题提供相应防治依据,为非点源污染控制与治理提供参考.
赣江是鄱阳湖流域第一大河,河流长度约766km,自南向北流经江西省.流域位于113°30E′~116°40′E、24°29N′~29°11′N之间,覆盖范围为83500km2,流经赣州、吉安、宜春等市所辖的44个县(市、区).赣江流域年均降水量为1400~1800mm,属于亚热带湿润季风气候.流域内呈现山地丘陵多平原少、水系密但分布不均衡的地形格局.赣江流域生态环境面临诸多挑战,主要表现为:森林生态系统功能退化,林分结构失衡;水土流失问题突出,水体污染日益严峻.
研究数据包括土地利用、地形、水系、降水、统计年鉴、河流断面氮磷监测数据.(1)地表覆盖数据来源于2016年和2020年的30m全球地表覆盖数据GlobeLand30,精度为85.72%,Kappa系数0.82.(2)DEM数据获取于地理空间数据云(http://www.gscloud.cn),为30m空间分辨率.(3)水系数据通过ArcGIS水文工具对DEM数据进行填洼,再进行流向分析,生成河流栅格网络.(4)赣江流域边界矢量数据于中国科学院环境科学与数据中心(https://www.resdc.cn),基于DEM提取的中国流域数据集.(5)水文数据获取自江西省水文监测中心(http://www.jxssw.gov.cn),数据来自赣江流域28个水文站点(如图1所示).具体为赣江流域2016年、2020年的逐月月均径流量数据,单位为m3.(6)水质数据来源于江西省生态环境监测中心(http://sthjt.jiangxi.gov.cn),数据来自赣江流域28个河流断面监测点(如图1所示).具体为2016年、2020年平均总氮、总磷浓度数据,单位为mg/L.(7)降水数据获取自中国气象数据网(http://data.cma.cn/),覆盖赣江流域及其周边区域的气象站点为15个,利用克里金协同空间插值方法获取2010~2020年年降雨量栅格数据.(8)统计数据收集于统计年鉴和分县的国民经济与社会发展统计公报等,从中收集到2016年、2020年赣江流域内各县农村人口及大牲畜、生猪、羊、家禽的数量.
传统的输出系数模型往往未能充分考虑降水和地形对非点源污染的影响.降水作为非点源污染物扩散的关键驱动力[21],而地形则在污染物的迁移和转化过程中起重要作用[22].为了更准确地反映非点源污染的分布和动态,将降水和地形这两个关键因素纳入模型中,以修正传统的输出系数模型[23-24].模型表达式为:
式中:L为营养物质的流失量,kg;α为降雨因素;β为地形因素;Ei为第i种污染源的输出系数,农村人口、畜禽养殖与土地利用的输出系数单位分别是Kg/(人·a), kg/(头·a), kg/(hm2·a);Ai为第i类土地利用类型面积,km2或第i种畜禽的数量、人口数量;Ii为第i种营养源物质的输入量,kg;P为由降水输入的营养物质量,kg,参考相关研究[23,25],故本文未考虑此项的影响.
降雨影响因子α可以反映污染物负荷的年际变化以及降雨特性对产物的影响,是非点源污染产污的直接驱动力.降雨的侵蚀和冲刷使得污染物随土壤颗粒及其他悬浮固体进入河道,非点源污染由此发生[26],对降雨侵蚀力值的正确估算是非点源污染负荷量的基础.降雨侵蚀力值采用月降雨量模型[27]计算,其表达式如下:
式中:Ri为第i年降雨侵蚀力因子;为多年平均降雨侵蚀力因子;ri,j为第i年第j月降雨侵蚀力因子;FIi,j为Fournier指数;Pi,j为第i年第j月降雨量,mm;Pi为第i年降雨量,mm.本文利用研究区内2010~2020年间月降雨量数据计算出2016和2020年降雨影响因子分别为0.96和1.05.
地形影响因子β是非点源污染产污的外在驱动力.地形坡地差异通过影响径流流量和流速进而影响污染物的迁移,对非点源污染物产生和运移具有重要影响[26].根据文献[23],β定义如下:
式中:cd都为常量;θj为研究区内空间单元的坡度,°;θ为整个研究区域的平均坡度,°.通过文献[23,28]确定d为0.6104,根据赣江流域DEM数据,计算出研究区域的平均坡度为8.73°,可以得到本研究区的地形影响因子为0~3.14(图2).
获取输出系数的主要途径包括进行现场监测或查阅文献[29].现场监测精度高,适合小流域,查阅文献法适用于大流域和实验条件不足的地区.本研究区流域面积大,特征差异明显,现场监测工作量大,难以快速得到结果.因此采用查阅文献的方式获得输出系数,畜禽养殖参考中国畜禽粪便排泄系数与江西省规模猪场污染物系数[30-31],人口输出系数参考生态环境部发布的污染物排放量的排污系数[32]和鄱阳湖区域相关研究[33],畜禽养殖业和农村人口的总氮和总磷输出系数分别取为各自排泄系数的10%[34];不同土地利用类型的输出系数参考我国平均水平和前人在国内典型区域的研究成果[35-36],结合赣江流域自然、气候、地形等实际情况,确定非点源污染输出系数,本研究的输出系数见表1.
采用流域出口实测氮磷总量检验改进前后输出系数模型的计算精度.在精度验证中需要用到TN、TP年总负荷量,将实测TN、TP浓度数据进行TN、TP年总负荷量转换.计算公式如下:
式中:Lo为年总负荷量,t;Ci为实测氮磷浓度指标,mg/L,Qi为实测月平均径流量,m3/s.通过分析实测TN、TP负荷量与模型模拟值的相关误差,验证改进输出系数模型精度.相对误差的计算公式为:
式中:Re为相对误差;Rt为输出系数模型模拟值;Ot为实测值.
基于改进的输出系数模型对赣江流域进行非点源污染负荷的评估,为验证改进前后模型精度,将赣江流域28个水文站实测月均径流量和28个断面监测点实测氮磷浓度数据根据式(5)计算得出的2016年、2020年TN、TP实测值与改进前后输出系数模型2016年、2020年TN、TP模拟值进行相对误差计算,结果见表2.采用28个断面监测点实测2016年、2020年年均TN、TP浓度数据与计算出的2016年、2020年TN、TP输出负荷强度进行Pearson相关性分析,结果见图3.通过引入基于降雨和地形的改进输出系数模型,TN、TP负荷的模拟误差得到了显著降低.具体来说,2016年TN负荷模拟值与实测值的误差由改进前的13.21%下降至6.51%,2020年从10.89%下降至4.32%;TP负荷模拟值与实测值的误差2016年由改进前的9.91%下降至3.41%,2020年从10.37%下降至3.84%,这表明通过改进输出系数模型使得模拟精度具有明显提升.此外,估算的2016年TN输出负荷强度、2020年TN输出负荷强度与2016年年均TN浓度、2020年年均TN浓度Pearson相关系数分别为0.7与0.76,均呈现显著的正相关关系;估算的2016年TP输出负荷强度、2020年TP输出负荷强度与2016年年均TP浓度、2020年年均TP浓度Pearson相关系数分别为0.88与0.87,同样呈现显著的相关性.由此可见,改进后的输出系数模型估算的非点源氮磷负荷与实际监测结果一致,可为赣江流域及环鄱阳湖区域的非点源污染控制研究提供定量化依据.
根据改进输出系数模型公式,以县级行政区为单元,如图4所示,赣江流域2016年TN负荷量为100686.21t/a,2020年TN负荷量为119844.95t/a,2016~2020年间,TN负荷量增加了19158.74t/a,增幅为15.99%.在2016年,研究区域内各县TN输出负荷量在151.16~4669.984t/a, 2020年赣江流域各县市TN输出负荷量在201.16~6402.27t/a.在2016~2020年间,TN负荷量增加最多的是于都县,增加了2483.44t/a,增幅为63.37%.总体来说,从2016~2020年,赣江流域TN输出负荷量呈现明显上升趋势.赣江流域2016年TP负荷量为8577.21t/a,2020年TP负荷量为10256.62t/ a,2016~2020年间,TP负荷量增加了1679.41t/a,增幅为16.37%.在2016年,TP输出负荷量在13.15~ 436.15t/a,2020年,赣江流域各县市TN输出负荷量在17.15~609.26t/a.总体来说,2016~2020年,赣江流域TP输出负荷量也呈现增加趋势.在2016~2020年间,不同县之间TN与TP负荷量高低趋势一致,TN负荷量较大的县市,TP负荷量也较大.TN与TP负荷量变化趋势总体一致,TN负荷量上升的县市,TP负荷量也呈上升趋势.
将2016年、2020年各县级行政区单元TN、TP输出负荷量除以各县级行政区单元面积,计算得出各县级行政区单元TN、TP输出负荷强度(图5).赣江流域2016年TN负荷强度为1.27t/(km2.a),2020年TN负荷强度为1.51t/(km2.a),TN单位面积污染量增加了0.24t/(km2.a),增幅为15.89%. 2016年各县市非点源TN输出负荷强度在0.71~1.99t/(km2.a),2020年赣江流域TN输出负荷强度在0.9~2.31t/ (km2.a).2016~2020年间,赣江流域内各县TN负荷强度总体呈现上升趋势.结果显示TN输出负荷强度与TN输出量变化趋势总体一致.赣江流域2016年TP负荷强度为0.11t/(km2.a),2020年TP负荷强度为0.13t/(km2.a),增幅为16.85%.2016年各县非点源TP输出负荷强度在0.06~019t/(km2.a),2020年赣江流域TP输出负荷强度在0.06~0.21t/(km2.a). 2016~ 2020年间,赣江流域内各县TP负荷强度呈现上升趋势.
总体来说,赣江流域在2016~2020年间,TN、TP负荷强度呈现上升趋势,变化趋势与TN、TP输出变化趋势保持一致.从非点源污染TN、TP输出强度空间分布总体特征来看,赣江流域呈现北高南低,局部集中的特点.TN、TP负荷强度高的县多位于赣江流域下游,表明下游面临着更大的N、P污染风险,需要加强治理.
根据改进输出系数模型公式,以县级行政区为单元分别计算出农村生活、畜禽养殖和土地利用氮磷负荷量(图6),再得出这3类污染源氮磷负荷量与TN、TP负荷量的比值(图7表3),2016年赣江流域中,不同污染源对TN负荷量的贡献为:土地利用>农村生活>畜禽养殖.2020年为:土地利用>畜禽养殖>农村生活.氮污染负荷,从2016~2020年,农村生活产生的负荷量呈现了上升的趋势,增加了3292.63t/a,增幅为12.05%,农村生活TN负荷量占比呈现下降趋势,由23.88%下降为22.81%.畜禽养殖TN负荷量呈现上升趋势,增加了9251.87t/a,增幅为30.23%,畜禽养殖TN负荷量占比呈现上升趋势,由21.21%上升为25.54%.土地利用TN负荷量也呈现上升趋势,输出量增加了6614.25t/a,增幅为10.68%.不同土地利用类型贡献率顺序为耕地>建设用地>水域>林地>草地>裸地,2016~2020年耕地TN负荷量都最高,且呈现上升趋势,由38715.06t/a增加到43743.85t/a.
在2016年,赣江流域中,各污染源对TP负荷量的输出占比顺序为:土地利用>畜禽养殖>农村生活.2020年为畜禽养殖>土地利用>农村生活.磷污染负荷,从2016~2020年,农村生活产生的负荷量有小幅度增长,增加了329.26t/a,增长幅度为12.05%,农村生活TP负荷量占比呈现下降趋势,由28.03%下降为26.65%.畜禽养殖TP负荷量呈现上升趋势,增加了923.85t/a,增幅为24.46%,畜禽养殖TP负荷量占比呈现上升趋势,由33.26%上升为36.82%.2016~2020年间,猪的TP负荷量最大.土地利用TP负荷量也呈现上升趋势,输出量增加了426.3t/a,增幅为11.38%,土地利用TP负荷量占比呈现下降趋势,由38.72%下降为36.53%.不同土地利用类型贡献率顺序为耕地>建设用地>水域>林地>草地>裸地,2016~2020年耕地TP负荷量都最高,是主要的污染源,且呈现上升趋势,由2058.94t/a增加到2326.38t/a.
研究表明,鄱阳湖点源污染少且治理效果好,当前主要以非点源污染为主,陈武权等[33]利用产排污系数法计算鄱阳湖周边地区污染排放量,点源排放占1.31%,非点源占98.69%.赣江作为鄱阳湖最大水系,对鄱阳湖非点源贡献占比最大.赣江流域农业发达,由于化肥农药大量施用,畜禽业蓬勃发展,农村排污量大,非点源污染成为流域的主要污染源[33].
由于参数需求少且结构简化,传统输出系数模型在流域污染负荷评估中得到了普遍应用[37].尽管传统输出系数模型在估算非点源污染负荷方面具有一定价值,但它也面临着一些局限性,主要包括环境因素的忽视和区域差异性等[38].对于地形、降雨属性等环境背景差异较大的流域,运用传统输出系数计算的氮磷污染负荷与实测值存在较大误差,因此对于地形、降水条件等其他因素差异较大的地区,应对该模型作相应的修正[14].本文引入地形、降雨修正因子,进而改进输出系数模型,通过改进前后的输出系数模型与实测值的相对误差对比以及估算的氮磷负荷强度与年均氮磷浓度指标的相关性分析,验证了改进后的输出系数模型能够更准确的模拟赣江流域的非点源污染.
改进后的输出系数模型相对误差下降,精度更高,这主要是由于改进后输出系数融合了地形修正因子,更加突出降雨作用下地形产流的空间影响,考虑污染源和受纳水体之间的污染物迁移过程中的迁移损失.当前研究的热点在于优化输出系数的确定方法和调整环境因素的校正机制.通过这些模型的持续改进,旨在提升其在模拟污染负荷方面的精确度,并拓展其应用范围.例如Guo等[39]在输出系数模型改进中,引入大气沉降因子,考虑迁移和下渗作用,模拟入河过程,计算保留率;段阳等[35]引入流域损失系数,对输出系数模型改进后评估流域非点源污染.非点源污染物在进入收纳水体的迁移物理过程是十分复杂的,需要分析各种空间参数对其产生的阻力和动力机制,使得非点源污染负荷模拟更加准确.在进行赣江流域非点源氮磷污染模拟的研究中,采用改进的输出系数模型是一种有效的方法.这种模型通过引入降雨因子和地形因子来模拟非点源污染的输出,但其也具有一定的局限性,如忽略了距离和大气沉降等影响因素,同时在以后的研究中还需引入其他空间参数,以提高模型的精度.
根据输出系数模型估算的TN、TP污染输出负荷量、负荷强度及不同污染源的贡献率,分别从土地利用、禽畜养殖和农村生活角度对研究区域的非点源污染来源进行分析并针对不同污染物来源类型,提出相应的治理措施和防治策略.
土地利用是影响研究区域非点源污染的关键因素,不同土地利用类型对非点源氮磷污染贡献占比耕地>建设用地>水域>林地>草地>裸地.农业种植生产活动是产生非点源污染的重要原因,非点源污染高负荷区集中分布在赣抚平原、吉泰盆地农业主产区.赣抚平原、吉泰盆地农业主产区主要以种植水稻为主,而目前国内氮肥的平均利用率为30%~35%,磷肥为10%~20%[40],化肥利用率低和施肥不当加剧非点源污染.对此应强化农业教育,推广科学施肥,倡导测土配方,优化施肥比例.同时对农药进行减量控制,合理轮作,减少污染.针对赣南丘陵盆地果树种植加剧非点源污染问题,应科学规划、合理划定禁止开发、限制开发、可开发区域,充分发挥生态自然修复能力,保留原生植被,设置植被隔离带,采取水土保持措施.
畜禽养殖是非点源磷污染的主要来源,其中生猪养殖污染贡献占比最大.虽然当前养猪场逐步规模化,但散户养殖数量也呈上升趋势,且许多生猪散养户没有配备环保设施,部分规模养殖场的环保设施标准也较低,未能达到标准排放要求.局部地区生猪养殖密度较大,对环境造成较大压力.猪难以消化饲料中的植酸磷[41],粪便中含有大量的磷,如果处理不当,粪便中的磷会通过地表径流进入水体.因此应对畜禽养殖应实施种养结合,提高资源的循环利用效率,并减少环境污染,即通过将粪便资源化,建立粪便收集机制,将畜禽排泄物集中处理,转化为可利用资源,利用畜禽粪便作为农业肥料,通过还田方式提升土壤肥力,促进作物生长;推动畜牧业与种植业的深度融合,形成相互支持的生态循环系统;加强对畜禽养殖环境污染的监管,确保粪便处理和利用符合环保标准.
农村生活是非点源污染的重要来源,研究表明农村生活非点源氮磷负荷量占比呈现下降趋势,2016~2020年农村生活TN负荷量占比由23.88%下降为22.81%,TP负荷量由28.03%下降为26.65%.农村生活污水处理相关配套设施的完善是其污染占比下降的重要原因.赣江流域农村生活污水覆盖范围已建成污水处理设施约3500个,占全省比例47%,其中赣州市农村生活污水处理设施1695个,覆盖行政村比例达43%,建成数和覆盖村庄数均居全省第一[42].虽然农村生活非点源氮磷负荷量占比下降,但是其仍然占有重要比例,还需采取完善农村生活污染物收集体系、制定针对性处理标准、加强生活垃圾处理设施建设、引进无害化处理技术、科学引导农村居民环境行为等措施.
4.1 2020年TN输出量与TP输出量分别较2016年增加15.99%和16.37%,总体呈现上升趋势;2020年TN负荷强度与TP负荷强度分别较2016年增加15.89%和16.85%,变化趋势与TN、TP输出量变化趋势总体一致.
4.2 从非点源污染TN、TP输出强度空间分布总体特征来看,赣江流域呈现北高南低,局部集中的特点.TN、TP负荷强度高的县多位于赣江流域下游,表明下游面临着更大的N、P污染风险,需要加强治理.
4.3 从非点源污染来源看,土地利用是氮污染的主要来源,农业活动是导致非点源污染的主要原因,负荷高区域主要分布在赣抚平原、吉泰盆地;畜禽养殖对磷污染贡献最大,其中猪的TP负荷量最大,应加强监管,促进粪便资源化.
4.4 对比改进前后输出系数模型氮磷负荷模拟值与实测值相对误差,改进后输出系数模型精度更高,相对误差更小;年平均TN、TP浓度与其负荷强度相关性P<0.05,均呈现出显著相关性,表明了改进后的输出系数模型估算的赣江流域非点源氮磷污染负荷与实际相符,精度较高.
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(42207416)
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2025年第45卷第6期
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  • 接收时间:2024-11-17
  • 首发时间:2026-02-27
  • 出版时间:2025-06-20
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  • 收稿日期:2024-11-17
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国家自然科学基金资助项目(42207416)
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    江西农业大学国土资源与环境学院,江西 南昌 330045

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
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genus
种数
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species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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