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This study systematically investigated the synergistic interactions between biochar and the model electroactive microorganism Shewanella oneidensis MR-1 in electron transfer processes through comprehensive electrochemical analyses, kinetic modeling, and electron pathway characterization using chromium(VI)-contaminated soil as the experimental matrix. The biochar-based microbial agents demonstrated effective Cr(VI) bioremediation, with biological reduction mediated by MR-1identified as the predominant mechanism following dual-process kinetics. Optimal remediation performance (96.30% Cr(VI) reduction efficiency) was achieved under conditions of 25mg/kg Cr(VI) contamination, 5% (w/w) biochar-based microbial agents dosage, and 30% soil moisture content. Comparative analysis revealed distinct temporal remediation patterns: adsorption-based biochar-microbial composites exhibited rapid initial Cr(VI) sequestration but limited long-term stability, whereas encapsulation-based formulations showed gradual but sustained reduction capacity. Mechanistic studies demonstrated that biochar functioned as an effective microbial carrier, simultaneously enhancing MR-1proliferation and facilitating extracellular electron transfer from microbial cells to Cr(VI) contaminants through its conductive carbon matrix. Notably, the immobilized system maintained 60.44% reduction efficiency after three operational cycles, highlighting its potential for sustainable in situ remediation of chromium-contaminated soils.

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为了阐明生物炭和典型功能微生物希瓦氏菌MR-1(Shewanella oneidensis MR-1)在电子传递中的协同作用,以Cr(VI)污染土壤为载体,开展了电化学,动力学,电子传递路径识别等研究.结果表明,炭基菌剂对Cr(VI)污染土壤具有较好的修复效果,修复机制以MR-1对Cr(VI)的生物还原为主,符合双过程动力学模型.25mg/kg Cr(VI)含量,5%炭基菌剂投加量,30%土壤含水率时,炭基菌剂还原土壤Cr(VI)的效率最高,可达96.30%.吸附法炭基菌剂还原Cr(VI)迅速,但持续性能差;包埋法炭基菌剂还原Cr(VI)慢,但长期稳定发挥作用.生物炭作为微生物载体促进MR-1生长的同时,将MR-1表面的电子经由碳骨架传递至Cr(VI),提高了Cr(VI)还原效率.3个循环后炭基菌剂对Cr(VI)的还原率仍可达到60.44%,表明炭基菌剂在长期高效修复铬污染土壤方面有一定的应用前景.

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* 责任作者,教授,
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张方(2001-),女,山东曹县人,中国海洋大学硕士研究生,主要从事土壤重金属生物修复工作.发表论文2篇..

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张方(2001-),女,山东曹县人,中国海洋大学硕士研究生,主要从事土壤重金属生物修复工作.发表论文2篇..

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张方(2001-),女,山东曹县人,中国海洋大学硕士研究生,主要从事土壤重金属生物修复工作.发表论文2篇..

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ACS Applied Polymer Materials20235(7):5211-5220., articleTitle=Preparation and application of a natural microspheric soil conditioner based on gelatin,sodium alginate,and zeolite, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1234106412368973953, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1234106392961929995, awardId=42207060, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金青年科学基金资助项目(42207060), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1234106399681204517, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1234106392961929995, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1234106399702176042, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1234106392961929995, companyId=1234106399681204517, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1234106399710564651, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1234106392961929995, companyId=1234106399681204517, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.中国海洋大学环境科学与工程学院,山东 青岛 266000)]), AuthorCompany(id=1234106399815422267, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1234106392961929995, xref=2., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1234106399823810876, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1234106392961929995, companyId=1234106399815422267, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Geological Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1234106399832199485, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1234106392961929995, companyId=1234106399815422267, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.中国海洋大学环境与生态教育部重点实验室,中国海洋大学山东省海洋环境地质工程重点实验室,山东 青岛 266000)]), AuthorCompany(id=1234106399928668492, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1234106392961929995, xref=3., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1234106399932862797, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1234106392961929995, companyId=1234106399928668492, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3.Anji Branch of Huzhou Ecological Environment Bureau in Zhejiang Province, Huzhou 313300, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1234106399949640014, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1234106392961929995, companyId=1234106399928668492, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3.浙江省湖州市生态环境局安吉分局,浙江 湖州 313300)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1234106407398724422, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1234106392961929995, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Morphological and structural properties of biochar and biochar-based microbial agents, figureFileSmall=ueIiSNb1q+5j6cruA4zqBg==, figureFileBig=TqqjkaeYA0nmy+Pg9c8i8A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1234106407511970638, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1234106392961929995, language=CN, label=图1, caption=生物炭和炭基菌剂的形貌结构特性, figureFileSmall=ueIiSNb1q+5j6cruA4zqBg==, figureFileBig=TqqjkaeYA0nmy+Pg9c8i8A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1234106407822349162, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1234106392961929995, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Electrochemical characterization of soil biochar-based microbial agents, figureFileSmall=wRc+1RM6hWqUTEhGd0SUrg==, figureFileBig=eA9Ulb5Rzj63v/RlMTZ5BQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1234106407927206771, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1234106392961929995, language=CN, label=图2, caption=炭基菌剂的电化学特征

图(b)中不同字母表示差异显著,下同

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Experimental design of factors influencing soil Cr(VI)reduction

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
土壤Cr(VI)还原实验设计取样时间(d)Cr(VI)污染程度(mg/kg)菌剂投加量(质量比)(%)土壤含水率(%)
Cr(VI)污染程度7, 14, 2125, 50, 100330
炭基菌剂投加量7, 14, 21501, 3, 530
土壤含水率7, 14, 2150310, 20, 30
), ArticleFig(id=1234106411106488336, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1234106392961929995, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

影响土壤Cr(VI)还原的因素实验设计

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
土壤Cr(VI)还原实验设计取样时间(d)Cr(VI)污染程度(mg/kg)菌剂投加量(质量比)(%)土壤含水率(%)
Cr(VI)污染程度7, 14, 2125, 50, 100330
炭基菌剂投加量7, 14, 21501, 3, 530
土壤含水率7, 14, 2150310, 20, 30
), ArticleFig(id=1234106411303620640, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1234106392961929995, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Major inhibitory effects of electron inhibitors

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
抑制剂浓度(mmol/L)溶剂主要抑制作用参考文献
鱼藤酮0.1丙酮抑制电子从NADH-泛醌还原酶传递至泛醌[24]
抗霉素A0.1乙醇抑制细胞色素b至细胞色素c的电子传递[25]
双香豆素0.1NaOH抑制醌,氢醌的氧化还原循环[26]
), ArticleFig(id=1234106411496558639, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1234106392961929995, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

电子抑制剂的主要抑制作用

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
抑制剂浓度(mmol/L)溶剂主要抑制作用参考文献
鱼藤酮0.1丙酮抑制电子从NADH-泛醌还原酶传递至泛醌[24]
抗霉素A0.1乙醇抑制细胞色素b至细胞色素c的电子传递[25]
双香豆素0.1NaOH抑制醌,氢醌的氧化还原循环[26]
), ArticleFig(id=1234106411731439681, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1234106392961929995, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Basic physicochemical properties of biochar

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
生物炭产率(%)pH值比表面积(m2/g)灰分(%)元素组成(%)原子比
CHONSO/CH/C
BC70039.828.16170.6950.1431.560.9713.710.722.900.430.03
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生物炭的基本理化性质

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
生物炭产率(%)pH值比表面积(m2/g)灰分(%)元素组成(%)原子比
CHONSO/CH/C
BC70039.828.16170.6950.1431.560.9713.710.722.900.430.03
), ArticleFig(id=1234106412012458075, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1234106392961929995, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Kinetic model fitting of relevant parameters

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类别拟一级动力学模型拟二级动力学模型双过程模型
k1(d-1)R2k2(d-1)R2rs[mg/(kg·d)]rf[mg/(kg·d)]R2
BC7000.0080.9240.0880.7600.1430.9820.995
MR-10.0510.8230.0100.6940.1128.8790.999
AM0.0820.8590.1300.7380.01210.7820.995
EM0.0700.9120.1320.7150.3388.8330.992
), ArticleFig(id=1234106412188618861, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1234106392961929995, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

动力学模型拟合相关参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类别拟一级动力学模型拟二级动力学模型双过程模型
k1(d-1)R2k2(d-1)R2rs[mg/(kg·d)]rf[mg/(kg·d)]R2
BC7000.0080.9240.0880.7600.1430.9820.995
MR-10.0510.8230.0100.6940.1128.8790.999
AM0.0820.8590.1300.7380.01210.7820.995
EM0.0700.9120.1320.7150.3388.8330.992
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炭基菌剂高效还原土壤Cr(VI)的电子传递路径
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张方 1 , 陈友媛 1, 2, * , 戴立前 3 , 乔雪琴 1 , 颜雨欣 1 , 杨阳 1 , 刘乐成 1, 2
中国环境科学 | 土壤污染与控制 2025,45(6): 3180-3189
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中国环境科学 | 土壤污染与控制 2025, 45(6): 3180-3189
炭基菌剂高效还原土壤Cr(VI)的电子传递路径
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张方1 , 陈友媛1, 2, * , 戴立前3, 乔雪琴1, 颜雨欣1, 杨阳1, 刘乐成1, 2
作者信息
  • 1.中国海洋大学环境科学与工程学院,山东 青岛 266000
  • 2.中国海洋大学环境与生态教育部重点实验室,中国海洋大学山东省海洋环境地质工程重点实验室,山东 青岛 266000
  • 3.浙江省湖州市生态环境局安吉分局,浙江 湖州 313300
  • 张方(2001-),女,山东曹县人,中国海洋大学硕士研究生,主要从事土壤重金属生物修复工作.发表论文2篇..

通讯作者:

* 责任作者,教授,
Electron transfer pathways for efficient reduction of soil Cr(VI) by biochar-based microbial agents
Fang ZHANG1 , You-yuan CHEN1, 2, * , Li-qian DAI3, Xue-qin QIAO1, Yu-xin YAN1, Yang YANG1, Le-cheng LIU1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1.College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
  • 2.Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Geological Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
  • 3.Anji Branch of Huzhou Ecological Environment Bureau in Zhejiang Province, Huzhou 313300, China
出版时间: 2025-06-20
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为了阐明生物炭和典型功能微生物希瓦氏菌MR-1(Shewanella oneidensis MR-1)在电子传递中的协同作用,以Cr(VI)污染土壤为载体,开展了电化学,动力学,电子传递路径识别等研究.结果表明,炭基菌剂对Cr(VI)污染土壤具有较好的修复效果,修复机制以MR-1对Cr(VI)的生物还原为主,符合双过程动力学模型.25mg/kg Cr(VI)含量,5%炭基菌剂投加量,30%土壤含水率时,炭基菌剂还原土壤Cr(VI)的效率最高,可达96.30%.吸附法炭基菌剂还原Cr(VI)迅速,但持续性能差;包埋法炭基菌剂还原Cr(VI)慢,但长期稳定发挥作用.生物炭作为微生物载体促进MR-1生长的同时,将MR-1表面的电子经由碳骨架传递至Cr(VI),提高了Cr(VI)还原效率.3个循环后炭基菌剂对Cr(VI)的还原率仍可达到60.44%,表明炭基菌剂在长期高效修复铬污染土壤方面有一定的应用前景.

炭基菌剂  /  Cr(VI)还原  /  土壤修复  /  MR-1  /  电子传递

This study systematically investigated the synergistic interactions between biochar and the model electroactive microorganism Shewanella oneidensis MR-1 in electron transfer processes through comprehensive electrochemical analyses, kinetic modeling, and electron pathway characterization using chromium(VI)-contaminated soil as the experimental matrix. The biochar-based microbial agents demonstrated effective Cr(VI) bioremediation, with biological reduction mediated by MR-1identified as the predominant mechanism following dual-process kinetics. Optimal remediation performance (96.30% Cr(VI) reduction efficiency) was achieved under conditions of 25mg/kg Cr(VI) contamination, 5% (w/w) biochar-based microbial agents dosage, and 30% soil moisture content. Comparative analysis revealed distinct temporal remediation patterns: adsorption-based biochar-microbial composites exhibited rapid initial Cr(VI) sequestration but limited long-term stability, whereas encapsulation-based formulations showed gradual but sustained reduction capacity. Mechanistic studies demonstrated that biochar functioned as an effective microbial carrier, simultaneously enhancing MR-1proliferation and facilitating extracellular electron transfer from microbial cells to Cr(VI) contaminants through its conductive carbon matrix. Notably, the immobilized system maintained 60.44% reduction efficiency after three operational cycles, highlighting its potential for sustainable in situ remediation of chromium-contaminated soils.

biochar-based microbial agents  /  reduction of Cr(VI)  /  soil remediation  /  MR-1  /  electron transport
张方, 陈友媛, 戴立前, 乔雪琴, 颜雨欣, 杨阳, 刘乐成. 炭基菌剂高效还原土壤Cr(VI)的电子传递路径. 中国环境科学, 2025 , 45 (6) : 3180 -3189 .
Fang ZHANG, You-yuan CHEN, Li-qian DAI, Xue-qin QIAO, Yu-xin YAN, Yang YANG, Le-cheng LIU. Electron transfer pathways for efficient reduction of soil Cr(VI) by biochar-based microbial agents[J]. China Environmental Science, 2025 , 45 (6) : 3180 -3189 .
自然状态下,土壤中的铬主要以稳定的Cr(VI)和Cr(III)存在,Cr(VI)的毒性是Cr(III)的100~1000倍,对人体有致癌,致畸,致突变的作用[1].希瓦氏菌MR-1(Shewanella oneidensis MR-1)广泛分布于土壤,水体和沉积环境[2],可利用环境中的电子将Cr(VI)还原为Cr(III),降低Cr(VI)的环境风险[3-4].然而,暴露在Cr(VI)污染环境中,MR-1细胞膜受损,酶活性降低,还原Cr(VI)的效果不佳[5-6].
固定化菌剂通过吸附,包埋,共价结合等方式,将微生物固定在载体材料上,保护微生物免受外界环境的干扰,可提高微生物的活性[7-8].生物炭是在限氧环境下热解产生的稳定碳质材料[9],其多孔结构可以为微生物的生长和繁殖提供理想的生存空间,官能团能够固定微生物,碳骨架等组分能够介导生物电子快速传递,是固定微生物的优良载体[10].炭基菌剂具有环境友好,成本低,效果显著等优势,已广泛应用于重金属还原[11],有机农药分解[12],增塑剂降解[13]等领域.一方面,生物炭作为载体,促进微生物生长,从而增加反应体系中生物电子的数量[14];另一方面,生物炭的官能团,碳骨架将微生物产生的电子快速传递给污染物,提高了电子的利用率[15].然而,当前主要关注炭基菌剂的宏观修复效果,生物炭如何影响微生物产生的电子运输到Cr(VI)的具体路径尚不清楚.
基于此,本文通过分析炭基菌剂的特征及其还原土壤Cr(VI)的动力学特性,探究环境因素对炭基菌剂还原土壤Cr(VI)的影响,阐明炭基菌剂还原土壤Cr(VI)的电子传递路径,了解炭基菌剂的作用机制.
污染土壤的Cr(VI)浓度设定参考其他实验研究[16].本底土取自青岛市某农田表层0~20cm,未检出Cr(VI)和总铬,自然风干一周,过10目筛储存.将3份1kg本底土与1L浓度分别为25,50和100mg/L的K2Cr2O7溶液混合,风干混合物至恒重,所得污染土壤Cr(VI)含量分别为25,50和100mg/kg,实验前对铬污染土壤灭菌.
花生壳生物炭的制备采用限氧慢速热解法.花生壳购自商丘市宁陵县.称取70g花生壳于200mL瓷坩埚中,置于气氛炉(GR.AF80/14,上海),以5℃/min的速率升温至700℃并停留2h,冷却至室温后,研磨过100目筛,记作BC700.利用比表面积分析仪(ASAP2460,美国)测定生物炭的比表面积;利用pH计以1:20的固水比测定生物炭悬浮液的pH值;利用元素分析仪(Elementar UNICUBE,德国)测定生物炭的C,H,O,N和S元素;利用傅里叶变换红外光谱仪(Tensor 27,德国)表征生物炭的官能团;采用电化学工作站(Gamry reference 600+,美国)测定生物炭和炭基菌剂的循环伏安曲线.
MR-1购自中国典型培养物保藏中心,编号为CCTCC AB 2013238.菌株活化后接种至LB培养基,在30℃,180r/min的振荡箱中培养12h至对数增长期,于30℃,4500r/min条件下离心10min收获MR-1悬浮液,用无机盐培养基洗涤2次后,调节菌液细胞密度(OD600)至1.0,4℃保存备用[13].
LB培养基的配制:10g蛋白胨,5g酵母浸粉和10g NaCl用去离子水定容至1L,用0.1mol/L NaOH或0.1mol/L HCl调节pH值至7.2~7.4,于灭菌锅(BXM-30R,上海)121℃灭菌30min.
无机盐培养基的配制:11.91g HEPES,0.46g NaCl,0.225g (NH4)2SO4,0.117g MgSO4·7H2O,0.225g K2HPO4,0.225g KH2PO4,10mL微量元素和20mmol/L乳酸钠用去离子水定容至1L,用0.1mol/L NaOH调节pH值为7.2.使用高纯氮气(N2)曝气1h除尽氧气后密封,于灭菌锅(BXM-30R,上海)121 ℃灭菌30min.微量元素的配制:0.1g NaSeO4,0.1g MnCl2,0.04g CuSO4,0.17g CoCl2,0.3g FeSO4,0.1g ZnCl2,0.005g H2BO3,0.09g Na2MoO4,0.005g KAl(SO4)2·12H2O,0.12g NiCl2和0.02g NaWO4用去离子水定容至1L.
称取2.5g灭菌生物炭于100mL锥形瓶中,加入50mL MR-1悬浮液于30℃,180r/min的振荡箱培养8h,用无菌去离子水清洗2次后,常温风干,获得吸附法炭基菌剂[17-18],记作AM.2.5g灭菌生物炭,50mL MR-1悬浮液和50mL 20g/L的海藻酸钠混合于150mL锥形瓶,30℃,180r/min振荡培养2h后,使用注射器将混合物均匀滴至2% CaCl2(m:v)溶液中形成3~4mm的固定化微球,4℃条件下固定4h,用无菌去离子水清洗,获得包埋法炭基菌剂[19-20],记作EM.制备的2种炭基菌剂均置于无菌血清瓶中,4℃保存备用.采用扫描电子显微镜(SU8010,日本)观察炭基菌剂的表面形貌.
通过还原2-(对碘苯基)-3-(对硝基苯基)-5-苯基四氮唑氯化物(INT)为三苯基甲烷,测定反应体系的电子传递系统活性(ETSA)[21].将5mL MR-1悬浮液,0.25g生物炭和1mL 0.2%的INT溶液在35℃,140r/min条件下振荡培养30min,加入1mL 37%的甲醇终止酶反应,8000r/min离心分析5min,加入5mL甲醇重新悬浮收集的细胞,再次进行振荡培养,离心分离.于485nm波长处测定三苯基甲烷的吸光度,由式(1)计算ETSA:
式中:ETSA为电子传递系统活性,µg/(mg·h);D485为485nm波长下的吸光度,无量纲;V为萃取剂的体积,mL;k为标准曲线斜率,mL/µg;W为微生物量,mg;t为反应时间,h.
为探究BC700,MR-1,2种炭基菌剂还原土壤Cr(VI)的动力学特征,在Φ90 mm×20mm的无菌聚苯乙烯培养皿中进行动力学实验.称取20g,30%含水率的50mg/kg Cr(VI)污染土壤于无菌聚苯乙烯培养皿,均匀加入1g BC700,1mL MR-1悬浮液,1g AM,1g EM,每个处理组设置3个平行样,置于厌氧手套箱(COY-8304265,美国)常温黑暗培养,分别于1,2,3,4,6,9,13,18和21d取样,测定反应体系Cr(VI)的含量.
采用拟一级动力学模型,拟二级动力学模型,双过程模型拟合Cr(VI)还原动力学,探究MR-1,AM和EM的Cr(VI)还原特性[22-23].
双过程动力学模型:
式中:t为反应时间,d;Ct,C0分别为t时刻和初始Cr(VI)含量,mg/kg;rsrf为慢速、快速反应速率常数,mg/(kg·d);为类似于一阶失活常数的系数,无量纲.
为探究土壤Cr(VI)污染程度,菌剂投加量,土壤含水率在炭基菌剂还原土壤Cr(VI)过程的作用,设置MR-1组,AM组和EM组3个实验组,在Φ90mm×20mm的无菌聚苯乙烯培养皿中进行影响因素实验,实验条件同上.具体参数如表1所示.
 为探究炭基菌剂促进Cr(VI)还原的电子传递路径,以AM为代表,使用3种典型的电子抑制剂:鱼藤酮,双香豆素和抗霉素A进行电子抑制剂实验.以不加电子抑制剂为对照(CK),分别向无菌聚苯乙烯培养皿中加入0.2mL 0.1mmol/L的鱼藤酮,双香豆素和抗霉素A,其他反应条件同还原动力学实验.21d后,测定反应体系Cr(VI)含量.各抑制剂的主要作用位点见表2.
为评估炭基菌剂的循环使用效能,设计MR-1,AM和EM 3个处理组,实验条件同上.每隔21d向反应体系补充Cr(VI),使污染土壤Cr(VI)含量恢复50mg/kg,定时取样测定反应体系Cr(VI)含量.
所有数据都显示为平均值±标准偏差,采用Microsoft Excel 2016计算标准偏差,SPSS 27.0进行单因素分析,图中不同字母表示差异显著(P<0.05).Origin 2021和Adobe Illustrator 2021绘图.
表3所示,700℃限氧热解条件下,生物炭的产率为39.82%,pH值为8.16,呈弱碱性.其比表面积为170.69m2/g,较大的比表面积为微生物的生长提供了更多的附着位点和生存空间[27].生物炭富含营养元素,其中,碳,氢,氧,氮,硫的含量分别为31.56%,0.97%,13.71%,0.72%和2.90%,能够为微生物的生长提供碳源和营养,促进微生物的生长[28].BC700的O/C比为0.43,表明生物炭表面可能含有-OH,-COOH等多种含氧官能团,H/C比仅为0.03,意味着生物炭具有较强的芳香性[29].
图1 (a)所示,生物炭在波数1100,1430,1640,2900和3650cm-1处有较强的吸收峰,分别对应着醚键(C−O−C),脂肪烃(−CH,−CHn−),羰基(C=O),饱和碳氢键(C−H)和羟基(−OH)的伸缩振动,这些官能团与MR-1表面的分子形成范德华力,氢键等相互作用,增强了MR-1在生物炭表面的吸附稳定性.此外,MR-1代谢过程中会产生乙酸,碳酸等酸性产物,含氧官能团能够与代谢物中H+结合,调节因细菌代谢而逐渐酸化的微环境pH值,为MR-1营造有利的生存环境[13].
图1 (b)~(d)所示,生物炭表面凹凸不平,孔隙率较高,有利于长时间保持水分和养分,维持微生物的生长[28].吸附法制备的炭基菌剂,MR-1附着在生物炭凹凸不平的褶皱处;包埋法炭基菌剂外形似黑色小球,MR-1镶嵌在微球的内部.2种炭基菌剂MR-1形态均圆润饱满,在生物炭表面稳定生长.
图2所示,生物炭的循环伏安曲线类似矩形,吸附法炭基菌剂和包埋法炭基菌剂的循环伏安曲线类似梭形.理想电极材料的循环伏安曲线呈标准矩形,通过双电层电容储存和释放电子,由于生物炭疏松多孔,存在分散电容效应,导致其循环伏安曲线偏离理想矩形[30].生物炭,吸附法炭基菌剂,包埋法炭基菌剂的循环伏安曲线面积分别为5.81×10-6,6.49×10-6和6.01×10-6mA V.炭基菌剂的循环伏安曲线面积高于生物炭,具有更好的电化学活性,可能是因为MR-1分解有机物产生的电子传递至生物炭的表面,增加了电流响应[31].吸附法炭基菌剂和包埋法炭基菌剂的电子传递系统活性分别为96.10和93.24 µg/(mg·h),是MR-1处理组的1.39和1.35倍,这可能是因为生物炭的官能团,碳骨架等组分作为电子穿梭体,介导MR-1产生的电子快速转移,提高了反应体系的电子利用效率[32].
图3所示,反应的初始阶段,土壤Cr(VI)被快速去除,随后,Cr(VI)还原速率减缓.21d后,生物炭,MR-1,吸附法炭基菌剂和包埋法炭基菌剂对土壤Cr(VI)的还原率分别为15.68%,68.00%,83.40%和79.00%.MR-1对Cr(VI)还原率的贡献高于生物炭.生物炭对Cr(VI)的还原率低主要因为生物炭表面带负电,与阴离子Cr2O72-静电排斥,抑制了后续的还原过程[33].2种炭基菌剂的Cr(VI)还原率高于单独MR-1处理组和单独生物炭处理组,这一方面是因为生物炭改善了MR-1的生存空间,促进MR-1的生长和繁殖,使得参与Cr(VI)还原的生物量更多;另一方面由于生物炭的官能团,碳骨架等结构快速、高效地传导MR-1分解有机物产生的电子,提高了电子利用效率[15,34].
表4所示,土壤Cr(VI)的还原更符合双过程模型(R2>0.99),即炭基菌剂对Cr(VI)的生物还原由快速生物还原阶段和慢速生物还原阶段2个过程组成,快速生物还原阶段速率较高,但易衰减;慢速生物还原阶段速率较低,但能够长期发挥作用.吸附法炭基菌剂的快速生物还原阶段的速率常数是MR-1处理组的1.21倍,而慢速生物还原阶段的速率常数无明显增加,这说明生物炭主要通过影响快速生物还原阶段,加快反应体系Cr(VI)还原[23].
图4 (a)~(c)所示,随着土壤Cr(VI)污染程度的加剧,Cr(VI)还原率逐渐降低.100mg/kg时,MR-1组Cr(VI)还原率仅为32.09%,吸附法炭基菌剂和包埋法炭基菌剂的Cr(VI)还原率为68.80%和69.05%.暴露于高Cr(VI)污染环境,MR-1的代谢活性和生理功能受到的损伤更严重,修复能力变弱[5].吸附法炭基菌剂和包埋法炭基菌剂的Cr(VI)还原率分别降低了26.81%和18.48%,吸附法炭基菌剂的Cr(VI)还原率减弱幅度更大是因为MR-1吸附在生物炭的表面,与土壤Cr(VI)直接接触,而包埋法炭基菌剂表面有海藻酸钠,避免了Cr(VI)直接毒害MR-1[35].
图4 (d)~(f)所示,Cr(VI)还原率随着炭基菌剂投加量增加而上升.菌剂投加量从1%提升至5%,吸附法炭基菌剂对Cr(VI)的还原率从76.70%提升至96.00%,包埋法炭基菌剂从65.50%升高至83.10%.投加到反应体系的炭基菌剂越多,生物炭的多孔结构,芳香碳和灰分对土壤理化性质的调节作用愈发显著.其中,多孔结构改变了土壤微观孔隙分布格局,增大了土壤孔隙度;芳香碳促进了土壤有机碳的分解;灰分中的无机矿物质增加了土壤的电导率和pH值,促进电荷传导[36].同时,土壤中MR-1的微生物量增加,微生物与Cr(VI)的接触几率升高,显著增强了土壤Cr(VI)的还原效果[19].
图4 (g)~(i)所示,土壤水分含量越高,Cr(VI)的还原率越高.随着土壤含水率从10%升至30%,MR-1组,吸附法炭基菌剂和包埋法炭基菌剂对土壤Cr(VI)的还原率分别升高至67.99%,95.50%和96.30%.土壤含水率较低时,不利于MR-1的生长,且土壤颗粒之间粘结紧密,Cr(VI)和炭基菌剂被限制在局部范围内,减少了Cr(VI)和炭基菌剂直接接触的机会[37-38].土壤含水率较高时,流动的孔隙水促进了炭基菌剂表面的活性位点和Cr(VI)的充分接触,提高了从炭基菌剂到Cr(VI)的电子传递效率.此外,随着土壤含水率的增加,土壤氧化还原电位降低,有利于Cr(VI)的还原[39].
图5所示,无电子抑制剂时,MR-1和吸附法炭基菌剂对Cr(VI)的还原率分别为64.80%和69.44%.鱼藤酮加入后,MR-1组和吸附法炭基菌剂的Cr(VI)还原率降低至57.95%和60.07%,从NADH-泛醌还原酶传递至醌池的电子传递路径受到抑制[24],因生物炭富含有机物,可被MR-1的多种酶分解,为醌池提供电子[23],而鱼藤酮只能作用于NADH脱氢酶,故鱼藤酮对反应体系的Cr(VI)还原抑制作用不明显.
双香豆素作用下,电子无法经由醌池的氧化还原循环传递至下游的细胞色素和纳米导线,MR-1和吸附法炭基菌剂处理组的Cr(VI)还原率仅为10.84%和20.26%,表明醌池在MR-1电子传递过程中发挥着关键作用[40],而生物炭可能增强了醌池电子转移相关基因的表达,缓解了抑制剂的作用[41-42].此时Cr(VI)的还原可能发生在胞内铬还原酶,细胞膜外和生物炭表面[43].
抗霉素A阻断电子在细胞色素上的传递后,流出醌池的电子只能经由纳米导线传递至胞外,此时Cr(VI)还原率为38.63%和46.17%,即MR-1和吸附法炭基菌剂2个处理组中电子经由纳米导线传递至细胞表面,最终对Cr(VI)还原的贡献率分别为27.79%和25.91%,而电子经由细胞色素传递至细胞表面对Cr(VI)还原的贡献率分别为26.17%和23.27%.MR-1完整的电子传递链涉及细胞质膜,细胞膜的多种成分,细胞色素和纳米导线是MR-1胞外电子传递的必经路径[44].
推导炭基菌剂还原土壤Cr(VI)的电子传递机制如图6所示,厌氧条件下,生物炭孔隙中稳定生长的MR-1分解乳酸等有机物产生H+和高能电子.其中,H+回流至ATP合成酶,驱动ATP的合成,为细胞供能;高能电子流向醌池.醌池接受电子后,利用醌和氢醌的氧化还原循环将电子传递至下游的细胞色素系统和纳米导线.纳米导线将电子直接传递至胞外,细胞色素处的电子借助膜蛋白转运至细胞外[45].细胞外表面的电子部分直接还原Cr(VI),部分经由生物炭的碳骨架长距离传输,既能促进距MR-1较远处Cr(VI)的还原,又减少了Cr(VI)和MR-1直接接触对MR-1造成的细胞损伤[46].此外,生物炭的C-H,C=O和C-OH等官能团也可直接作为电子供体将Cr(VI)还原为Cr(III),提高反应体系的Cr(VI)还原率[47].
图7所示,3个循环后,MR-1组,吸附法炭基菌剂组和包埋法炭基菌剂组对Cr(VI)的还原率分别为11.44%,27.28%和60.44%.炭基菌剂中,生物炭为MR-1提供必需的营养物质和生存空间,缓冲了不利环境对MR-1的影响[48].因此,炭基菌剂处理组Cr(VI)还原率高于单独MR-1处理组.3个处理组中,包埋法炭基菌剂受反应时间的影响最小,Cr(VI)还原率稳定在60%以上,可能是由于包埋法炭基菌剂的交联剂海藻酸钠具有良好的包封和缓释微生物的能力,从而实现了长期高效的修复作用[49].
3.1 炭基菌剂还原土壤Cr(VI)的过程符合双过程模型(R2>0.99),生物炭的导电特性能够将MR-1快速生物还原阶段的速率提高1.21倍,促进Cr(VI)的还原.
3.2 炭基菌剂还原土壤Cr(VI)和多种环境因素有关.其中,炭基菌剂投加量,土壤含水率和Cr(VI)的还原率呈正相关,炭基菌剂投加量为5%时,土壤Cr(VI)还原率最高为96.00%;土壤Cr(VI)污染程度和Cr(VI)还原率呈负相关.实际工程中,若需在短时间内大幅降低Cr(VI)含量,吸附法炭基菌剂是更优选择;若聚焦于长期的Cr(VI)污染土壤治理工程,包埋法炭基菌剂更具潜力.
3.3 炭基菌剂还原土壤Cr(VI)的机制为:MR-1分解有机物产生的电子经由脱氢酶,醌池,纳米导线或细胞色素和膜蛋白到达细胞膜表面后,部分直接还原Cr(VI),部分经由生物炭的碳骨架传导后还原Cr(VI).
  • 国家自然科学基金青年科学基金资助项目(42207060)
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2025年第45卷第6期
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  • 接收时间:2024-11-17
  • 首发时间:2026-02-27
  • 出版时间:2025-06-20
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  • 收稿日期:2024-11-17
基金
国家自然科学基金青年科学基金资助项目(42207060)
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    1.中国海洋大学环境科学与工程学院,山东 青岛 266000
    2.中国海洋大学环境与生态教育部重点实验室,中国海洋大学山东省海洋环境地质工程重点实验室,山东 青岛 266000
    3.浙江省湖州市生态环境局安吉分局,浙江 湖州 313300

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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