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Taking the Pengxi River, a typical tributary bay of the Three Gorges Reservoir, as an example, continuous monitoring of the water flow, water quality, and algal bloom in the bay during the drawdown period in 2023 was carried out. The hydrodynamics, thermal stratification, and water quality evolution patterns of the tributary bay were analyzed, and the occurrence, disappearance, and influencing factors of algal blooms were revealed. The results show that during the observation period, the chlorophyll a of phytoplankton in the Pengxi River bay was positively correlated with water temperature (r=0.43, P<0.05) and euphotic layer depth (r=0.38, P<0.05), and negatively correlated with upstream inflow (r=-0.53), flow velocity (r=-0.54), and mixed layer depth Zmix (r =-0.37). However, nutrients were not the limiting factors for the occurrence and disappearance of algal blooms. When the water temperature was suitable and the thermal stratification was stable, algal blooms began to occur. A gradual water level drawdown (<0.2m/day) fails to notably enhance flow velocity or break thermal stratification in the bay, resulting in minimal suppression of algal blooms in tributary bays. During the drawdown period, rainfall and upstream inflow could significantly affect the hydrodynamic processes and nutrient levels in the bay, which were the key factors determining the occurrence and disappearance of algal blooms in Gaoyang Lake. Increasing the discharge flow from Hanfeng Lake (>80m3/s)could effectively control algal blooms in the Pengxi River bay.

, correspAuthors=Dao-bin JI, Hui XU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Liang-hong LONG, Yu-bo HUANG, Wen-hai GUAN, Xiao-kang XIN, Jian LI, Yu-bo HUANG, Dao-bin JI, Hui XU), CN=ArticleExt(id=1234106398418718877, articleId=1234106392362144488, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, language=CN, title=水动力过程驱动的三峡水库澎溪河水华生消机制, columnId=1234106388268503686, journalTitle=中国环境科学, columnName=环境生态, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

以三峡水库典型支流库湾澎溪河为例,开展2023年消落期库湾水流、水质、水华连续监测,分析支流库湾水动力、热分层、水质演变规律,揭示水华生消过程和影响因素.结果表明:观测期内澎溪河库湾浮游藻类叶绿素a与水温(r=0.43,P<0.05)、真光层深度(r=0.38,P<0.05)正相关,与上游入流(r=-0.53)、流速(r=-0.54)、混合层深度Zmix(r=-0.37)等水动力指标呈负相关,而营养盐不是决定水华生消的限制性因子;当水温适宜、热分层稳定时水华开始暴发;水位缓慢消落(日变幅<0.2m)并不能显著增大库湾流速、打破水温分层,对支流库湾水华抑制作用有限;消落期降雨、上游入流能显著影响库湾水动力过程和营养盐水平,是决定高阳平湖水华生消的关键因素,并且通过增大汉丰湖下泄流量(>80m3/s)能有效防控澎溪河库湾水华.

, correspAuthors=纪道斌, 徐慧, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 责任作者,教授,
** 讲师,
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龙良红(1991-),男,湖北宜昌人,副教授,博士,主要从事梯级水库水环境等方面的研究.发表论文30余篇..

, authorsList=龙良红, 黄宇擘, 关文海, 辛小康, 李建, 黄宇波, 纪道斌, 徐慧)}, authors=[Author(id=1234153439249355246, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1234106392362144488, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=llh_long@163.com, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1234153439354212852, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1234106392362144488, authorId=1234153439249355246, language=EN, stringName=Liang-hong LONG, firstName=Liang-hong, middleName=null, lastName=LONG, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 2, address=1.Hubei Provincial Field Scientific Observation and Research Station of Three Gorges Reservoir Ecosystem, Yichang 443002, China
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龙良红(1991-),男,湖北宜昌人,副教授,博士,主要从事梯级水库水环境等方面的研究.发表论文30余篇..

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龙良红(1991-),男,湖北宜昌人,副教授,博士,主要从事梯级水库水环境等方面的研究.发表论文30余篇..

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参数混合层流量水位变幅水温真光层pH值
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参数混合层流量水位变幅水温真光层pH值
叶绿素a-0.50**-0.63**-0.65**0.60**0.53**0.58**
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Research progress on the mechanism of algal bloom in Pengxi River in the past 10 years

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
研究区域水华时期采样频率水华关键因素文献
高阳3~5月3~5d/次营养盐不是限制性因素;水位波动对水华影响显著,日变幅>0.5m时,藻密度呈指数级减少[33]
平湖
高阳4月下旬~5月中旬间断监测(2~3d)氮磷营养盐、pH值等因素对微囊藻的影响并不显著[34]
断面
库湾4月中旬/7月下旬2次N、P营养不是限制因素,与水体分层密切相关[35]
库湾4月中旬/7月下旬2次营养盐不是限制因子,水体分层对水华的发生至关重要[22]
库湾4月底~5月底每周一次水体分层稳定性和内源磷的供应[37]
库湾5~8月逐日或者间隔监测水位日平均降幅或者升幅在1m以上可有效抑制水华[38]
双江5月初期1d/次,后期4-6d/次氮磷比及流速是水华发生的主要环境影响因素[39]
断面
), ArticleFig(id=1234153444680979122, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1234106392362144488, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

近10年澎溪河水华研究进展

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
研究区域水华时期采样频率水华关键因素文献
高阳3~5月3~5d/次营养盐不是限制性因素;水位波动对水华影响显著,日变幅>0.5m时,藻密度呈指数级减少[33]
平湖
高阳4月下旬~5月中旬间断监测(2~3d)氮磷营养盐、pH值等因素对微囊藻的影响并不显著[34]
断面
库湾4月中旬/7月下旬2次N、P营养不是限制因素,与水体分层密切相关[35]
库湾4月中旬/7月下旬2次营养盐不是限制因子,水体分层对水华的发生至关重要[22]
库湾4月底~5月底每周一次水体分层稳定性和内源磷的供应[37]
库湾5~8月逐日或者间隔监测水位日平均降幅或者升幅在1m以上可有效抑制水华[38]
双江5月初期1d/次,后期4-6d/次氮磷比及流速是水华发生的主要环境影响因素[39]
断面
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水动力过程驱动的三峡水库澎溪河水华生消机制
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龙良红 1, 2 , 黄宇擘 1 , 关文海 2 , 辛小康 3 , 李建 3 , 黄宇波 2 , 纪道斌 1, * , 徐慧 4, **
中国环境科学 | 环境生态 2025,45(6): 3245-3255
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中国环境科学 | 环境生态 2025, 45(6): 3245-3255
水动力过程驱动的三峡水库澎溪河水华生消机制
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龙良红1, 2 , 黄宇擘1, 关文海2, 辛小康3, 李建3, 黄宇波2, 纪道斌1, * , 徐慧4, **
作者信息
  • 1.三峡水库生态系统湖北省野外科学观测研究站,湖北 宜昌 443002
  • 2.中国长江三峡集团有限公司流域枢纽运行管理中心,湖北 宜昌 443000
  • 3.长江水资源保护科学研究所,湖北 武汉 430051
  • 4.湖北三峡职业技术学院建筑工程学院,湖北 宜昌 443002
  • 龙良红(1991-),男,湖北宜昌人,副教授,博士,主要从事梯级水库水环境等方面的研究.发表论文30余篇..

通讯作者:

* 责任作者,教授,
** 讲师,
The mechanism of the algal bloom formation and disappearance driven by hydrodynamic processes in the Pengxi River of the Three Gorges Reservoir
Liang-hong LONG1, 2 , Yu-bo HUANG1, Wen-hai GUAN2, Xiao-kang XIN3, Jian LI3, Yu-bo HUANG2, Dao-bin JI1, * , Hui XU4, **
Affiliations
  • 1.Hubei Provincial Field Scientific Observation and Research Station of Three Gorges Reservoir Ecosystem, Yichang 443002, China
  • 2.Yangtze River Basin Operation Management Center, China Three Gorges, Co. Ltd., Yichang 443133, China
  • 3.Yangtze River Water Resources Protection Scientific Research Institute, Wuhan 430051, China
  • 4.Architectural Engineering Institute, Hubei Three Gorges Polytechnic, Yichang 443002, China
出版时间: 2025-06-20
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以三峡水库典型支流库湾澎溪河为例,开展2023年消落期库湾水流、水质、水华连续监测,分析支流库湾水动力、热分层、水质演变规律,揭示水华生消过程和影响因素.结果表明:观测期内澎溪河库湾浮游藻类叶绿素a与水温(r=0.43,P<0.05)、真光层深度(r=0.38,P<0.05)正相关,与上游入流(r=-0.53)、流速(r=-0.54)、混合层深度Zmix(r=-0.37)等水动力指标呈负相关,而营养盐不是决定水华生消的限制性因子;当水温适宜、热分层稳定时水华开始暴发;水位缓慢消落(日变幅<0.2m)并不能显著增大库湾流速、打破水温分层,对支流库湾水华抑制作用有限;消落期降雨、上游入流能显著影响库湾水动力过程和营养盐水平,是决定高阳平湖水华生消的关键因素,并且通过增大汉丰湖下泄流量(>80m3/s)能有效防控澎溪河库湾水华.

水华  /  水动力  /  热分层  /  消落期  /  三峡水库

Taking the Pengxi River, a typical tributary bay of the Three Gorges Reservoir, as an example, continuous monitoring of the water flow, water quality, and algal bloom in the bay during the drawdown period in 2023 was carried out. The hydrodynamics, thermal stratification, and water quality evolution patterns of the tributary bay were analyzed, and the occurrence, disappearance, and influencing factors of algal blooms were revealed. The results show that during the observation period, the chlorophyll a of phytoplankton in the Pengxi River bay was positively correlated with water temperature (r=0.43, P<0.05) and euphotic layer depth (r=0.38, P<0.05), and negatively correlated with upstream inflow (r=-0.53), flow velocity (r=-0.54), and mixed layer depth Zmix (r =-0.37). However, nutrients were not the limiting factors for the occurrence and disappearance of algal blooms. When the water temperature was suitable and the thermal stratification was stable, algal blooms began to occur. A gradual water level drawdown (<0.2m/day) fails to notably enhance flow velocity or break thermal stratification in the bay, resulting in minimal suppression of algal blooms in tributary bays. During the drawdown period, rainfall and upstream inflow could significantly affect the hydrodynamic processes and nutrient levels in the bay, which were the key factors determining the occurrence and disappearance of algal blooms in Gaoyang Lake. Increasing the discharge flow from Hanfeng Lake (>80m3/s)could effectively control algal blooms in the Pengxi River bay.

algal blooms  /  hydrodynamics  /  thermal stratification  /  drainage period  /  Three Gorges Reservoir
龙良红, 黄宇擘, 关文海, 辛小康, 李建, 黄宇波, 纪道斌, 徐慧. 水动力过程驱动的三峡水库澎溪河水华生消机制. 中国环境科学, 2025 , 45 (6) : 3245 -3255 .
Liang-hong LONG, Yu-bo HUANG, Wen-hai GUAN, Xiao-kang XIN, Jian LI, Yu-bo HUANG, Dao-bin JI, Hui XU. The mechanism of the algal bloom formation and disappearance driven by hydrodynamic processes in the Pengxi River of the Three Gorges Reservoir[J]. China Environmental Science, 2025 , 45 (6) : 3245 -3255 .
三峡水库蓄水后支流库湾水华频发[1],尤其在香溪河、神农溪、大宁河、小江等一级支流库湾内最为严重,且藻类水华优势种已逐渐由蓄水初期的硅藻、甲藻为主的河道型藻类向以蓝藻、绿藻为主的湖泊型藻类演替[2].针对不同支流库湾的水华问题,大量学者[3-6]从流速大小、水温分层、营养盐、水体掺混等角度分析了三峡水库水华的影响因素和形成机制.目前普遍认为,三峡水库蓄水前后营养盐浓度、自然光照条件及水温变化不大,蓄水导致的水动力改变才是诱发支流库湾水华的主要原因[7-8].
三峡水库蓄水后最直观的水动力改变就是流速减缓,但是现场监测并未找到流速大小与藻类水华之间的显著关系,以“临界流速”为理论并不能合理解释支流库湾水华的暴发情势[9].大量学者从水动力的角度出发,通过多年野外监测发现了三峡水库普遍存在的水动力过程—分层异重流[10],以及近期新发现的支流振荡现象,基于水动力过程进一步探讨了其对支流库湾水温分层、营养盐输移补给、浮游藻类演替等生态环境的影响,并形成了基于“临界层理论”的支流库湾水华生消机理[11].分层异重流的存在,一方面强迫支流水体分层,呈现靠近河口的深水分层较弱、远离河口的浅水分层反而更强的特殊分层状态[12],为浮游藻类增殖提供了有利的水流条件;其次,倒灌异重流对支流库湾水体的补给,为藻类生长提供了源源不断的生源物质[13];在支流库湾的上游,当光照适宜、水温合适时,藻类便能大量繁殖形成水华,这也是这一区域成为水华敏感区的重要原因[14].
近年来,很多现场监测也进一步证实了基于临界层理论的水华生消机理能够合理解释三峡水库水华消亡规律[15-16].例如,在暴雨、温度骤降、水位突变等环境变化时,库湾混合层深度大于真光层能很快抑制藻类生长[17],水华随之消失.然而,因不同支流库湾水动力过程(风、雨、降温、异重流、振荡等)复杂多样,且受水库不同调度过程(消落、蓄水等)的影响,支流库湾不同水华(蓝藻、绿藻、硅藻等)表现出较强的时空异质性[18],不同支流库湾的水华过程及影响因素也差异较大,这些都加大了对深水水库水华机制研究的难度.
本研究以三峡水库水华最严重的支流之一的澎溪河为研究对象,于2023年4~6月在澎溪河中游高阳平湖开展流速、水质、水华以及气象过程的连续监测,分析消落期的水流特性、热分层特征及水华消退过程,探讨不同环境因素对水华消退的影响,揭示水库消落调度对支流库湾水动力、水质、水华的影响,旨在加深对三峡水库特殊水动力背景下水库生消过程的理解,从而为水库生态调度提供参考.
三峡水库位于长江流域腹心地带,其年均径流量达4510亿m3,约占长江年总径流量的49%,坝址断面多年平均流量14300m3/s.三峡工程位于长江三峡西陵峡河段,正常蓄水位高程175m,防洪库容为221.5亿m3,为季调节水库.澎溪河地理位置如图1所示,地处30°49′N~31°42′N,107°56′E~108°54′E,地跨万州、开州、云阳等地,流域总面积5173km,是三峡库区北岸最大的一级支流.
澎溪河回水区河段蜿蜒曲折,高阳平湖(31°03′N~31°07′N,107°39′E~108°42′E)位于澎溪河中游,是支流河道最宽的河段.根据多年水质监测结果,当地流速整体偏低(<0.05m/s),营养盐物质丰富[19],水环境特征适宜浮游藻类生长繁殖,水华暴发风险较高[20].前期相关监测表明,澎溪河水华暴发多集中于4~5月,蓝绿藻为其常见优势种,高阳平湖是澎溪河水华最严重的河段,同时也是整个三峡库区水华最严重的区域之一[21-22].
本研究澎溪河高阳平湖水环境监测点(PXMD)和气象站地理位置如图1所示(31°05′46′N,107°40′17′E和31°05′50′N, 107°40′22′E),监测时间为2023年4月29日~2023年6月10日.监测数据主要包括高阳平湖剖面流速、水温、水质,近表层浮游藻种组成和当地气象指标(气温,风速,风向等).垂向流场使用声学多普勒流速剖面仪(ADCP)现场测定,ADCP固定于河床底部,采用仰视观测收集断面流速,垂向分辨率为0.5m,数据采集时间间隔为10min,并根据河道走势将南北向流速分解到沿河道方向.垂向分层水质数据采用YSI-EXO2多参数水质分析仪原位监测获取,每日采集数据时间在上午9:00.垂向剖面水温数据由温度链(HOBO TidbiT v2,垂向分辨率为1m)获取,监测频率为10min/次.表层水体营养盐和浮游藻类变化通过水样采集并送检的方式获取,每日9:00采用聚乙烯瓶在PXMD收集近表层(0.5m)含藻水样2L,其中1L水样经预处理后于实验室测定水体总氮、总磷等营养盐浓度,营养盐测定方法参考《水和废水监测分析方法(第四版)》.另1L水样现场加入鲁哥试液混合、固定,避光静置24h后,经虹吸法将水样浓缩至50mL.充分摇匀后取浓缩液0.1mL到计数框,立即盖上盖玻片,保证无气泡产生后在电子显微镜下以目镜行格法计数,由ToupView软件拍摄100张照片后万深Algae C浮游生物计数检定系统进行计数[23-24],每个样品重复计数2次取平均值.在高阳镇布置集成式气象站(PH-HB-CJ2),长期跟踪监测气象条件的高频变化过程,监测指标包括风速、风向、太阳辐射、气温、湿度、降雨量等,监测时间间隔:15min.逐日水位数据由三峡集团官网获取.
图2所示,2023年三峡水库消落期水位调度过程大致包括3个阶段:一阶段为4月29日~5月6日,大坝出入流量基本持平(约5000m3/s),水位稳定在157.1m;二阶段为5月7日~5月26日,日平均出库流量增加至约10000m3/s,出库流量始终大于入库流量(日均差值:~1800m3/s),水位由157.1m持续降低至152.4m,最大日消落0.41m,平均日消落0.23m/s;三阶段为5月27日~6月10日,出库/入库流量同步增加至15000~20000m3/s,水位基本稳定在152m左右.澎溪河上游为汉丰湖,其节制闸下泄流量如图2所示,基本可代表澎溪河上游主要来流.上游来流主要有两个阶段,从5月2日开始入库流量逐渐增加至273m3/s(5月6日),7日之后逐渐减小至20m3/s左右;5月26日之后迅速增加,5月31日达到最大值709m3/s,之后逐渐减小至100m3/s.
监测期间,澎溪河高阳平湖气温在17.2~36.7℃之间波动,平均气温22.6℃最大昼夜温差达近20℃;表层水温波动范围较小(20.3~28.4℃),昼夜温差在5℃以内.观测期间,风速(逐小时)在0~5m/s,日均风速0.81m/s,整体呈下降趋势.消落期主要经历了两次较大强度的降雨,分别发生在5月上旬(3日~7日,最大雨量达17.6mm)和5月底6月初(5月31日~6月5日,最大降雨量达63.2mm).降雨过程与汉丰湖出流基本一致,并且降雨期间高阳气温、水温显著较低,昼夜变化基本消失.库湾总太阳辐射日最大值基本在800~1200W/m2,降雨期间降低至200W/m2.
图3(a)所示,高阳平湖东西向流速为主流方向,剖面流速整体表现为正值(代表上游来流流出库湾),流速大小在0~0.3m/s;垂向没有明显的流速分层,但时间差异性较大.观测初期(4月28日~5月3日)整个断面流速很小,水体基本处于静止状态,5月4日开始上层水体流速增大至0.1m/s,断面最大流速在7日之后下移至下层水体;水位持续消落期间(5月7日~26日),高阳断面流速始终较小(<0.05m/s);5月27日之后上层水体流速再次增大,并在5月28日、6月1日、6月5日左右出现全断面流速增大(0.25~0.3m/s),该时间节点刚好对应库湾强降雨时期;观测末期(6月8日~10日),库湾水位快速消落1.3m,高阳断面上层水体流速(平均0.18m/s)显著高于下层(平均0.02m/s).
图3(b)所示,在观测期内高阳平湖出现了分层-混合-分层-混合交替性变化过程.观测初期,水温分层开始形成,表层(0~2m)水体逐渐升温,5月3日热分层最强,表底温差达到4℃.5月5日之后,水体混合显著增强,热分层逐渐减弱,整个水柱温差在1℃以内(5月7日~10日),5月11日开始表层水温迅速升温,热分层再一次加剧(5月15日~5月22日),表层水温升高到25℃,表底温差达5℃左右,垂向最大温度梯度出现在2m水深处(5月18日2.1℃/m).22日之后中下层水温也逐渐升高.6月1日开始,库湾水体混合再一次增强,整个水柱基本同温,水温从25℃迅速跌落到20℃.观测末期(6月9日~10日),表层水温略有升高,但表底温差仍在2℃以内.
图3(c)所示,消落期高阳平湖断面水体透明度在0~2.5m以内波动,整体呈下降趋势,6月初水体透明度几乎为0.水体真光层深度变化趋势与透明度基本一致,观测前中期(4月29日~5月26日)真光层深度在3~7m之间波动,平均值4.6m;之后暴雨导致水体含沙量很大,水体十分浑浊,透明度迅速降低,6月初下降到1m以内,末期泥沙下沉真光层又有一定程度增加(1~2m).
图3(d)所示,水体TN(DTN)浓度在降雨之后呈上升趋势,在水华期(5月中旬)TN/DTN有下降趋势.5月27日之前,整体在1~1.5mg/L之间波动,平均值1.23mg/L,DTN略低在1mg/L左右;27日之后,水体TN/DTN浓度显著增加,最大达到2.35mg/L(5月28日),均值在1.63mg/L.水体TP(DTN)浓度大致也分为两个阶段,5月26日之前TP浓度始终在0.1以内(平均0.04mg/L),27日开始迅速增大,最大达到0.41mg/L,平均值在0.35mg/L;6月7日开始降低至0.1mg/L左右.
图4(a)所示,监测期间高阳平湖水华暴发以蓝藻门为主(平均占比78%),可采用叶绿素a浓度代表水华严重程度.由图4(b)可见,观测期间出现了2次严重的水华过程(4月29日~5月5日,5月16日~5月28日);浮游藻类主要聚集在表层水体3m以内,尤其是0~1m水体内.观测初期(4月29日~5月5日),表层水体叶绿素a浓度达到31~82μg/L,均值45μg/L,藻密度达到2.5×108~3.0×108cells/L,蓝藻占比达73%~95%,其次是硅藻(18%);5月6日~14日叶绿素浓度明显降低至20µg/L以下(均值13µg/L),藻密度在0.9×108cells/L,蓝藻占比达96%;之后(5月15日~27日)藻类迅速增殖,叶绿素a浓度急剧上升,藻密度超过109cells/L,蓝藻占比达78%以上,其次是硅藻、甲藻和绿藻.水华期间表层叶绿素a出现短暂下降(例如5月18日、19日),但整体上都高于水华阈值(30μg/L).28日后,在强降雨(Pmax=63.2mm)和汉丰湖大下消落量(Qmax = 886m3/s)的共同作用下,流速增大到0.3m/s,混合层增加到15m,叶绿素急剧降低至5μg/L以下,水华彻底消失.
三峡水库蓄水后,支流由自由出流的河流型水体转变为湖库-河流的过度型水体,水文水质条件发生极大变化[25],支流藻类群落优势种由硅藻、甲藻向蓝藻、绿藻演替[26].国内外诸多专家学者从水文、营养及混合条件等多因素[27-30]深入探究水华生消的驱动机制与防控策略.本研究以三峡水库典型支流澎溪河为例,通过开展系统的水华消退过程及环境要素监测,尝试揭示消落期藻类水华影响因素及消退机制.
Mantel test分析主要用于对两个矩阵相关关系进行检验,Mantel Test的偏分析可排除环境因子之间自相关的干扰,因此多用于生态学的相关研究中,Mantel Test的相关性系数越大,P越小,则说明两个距离矩阵之间存在统计上显著的正相关关系.从图5中可以看,各环境因子之间存在一定的关联.在气象指标中,气温与水温的关联最强(P<0.01),风速与近表层流速显著相关(P<0.01);在水动力指标中,混合层与流量、水位变幅、真光层正相关,与水温、pH值显著负相关,而流速仅与汉丰湖下泄流量正相关.与水库调度相关的三个指标,流量、水位、水位变幅则与库湾众多理化因子有一定关联性,尤其是汉丰湖下泄流量对库湾水温、真光层、溶解氧、pH值都有显著影响.而营养盐TN、TP仅与库湾水位高低有关,水位越高,浓度越低,同时水体理化因子之间也存在较强的相关性,例如,水温与水体溶解氧和pH值都保持着较高的相关性.其次,图5结果也表明:库湾水动力指标(混合层)、水库调度指标(流量、水位变幅)、水体理化因子指标(水温、真光层、pH值)是影响浮游藻类生物量的重要环境因素,而气象、营养盐等环境因子在本研究中的影响不大.氮磷等生源要素是藻类生长代谢必不可少的物质基础,是富营养化水体水华暴发的本质原因[31-32].本研究中,水华期高阳平湖TN(平均1.23mg/L)、TP(平均0.04mg/L)远高于水华暴发的营养盐阈值,因此营养盐在消落期并不是限制水华消退的关键因素,这一结论也与之前的研究一致[33-35].为了进一步明确不同环境因子对水华的影响,又进行了Pearson相关性分析,结果如表1所示.其结果也进一步说明,水位变幅和下泄流量是影响高阳平湖水华的关键因素.水位变幅和下泄流量越大,库湾水体掺混作用越强,混合层越大,进而抑制了水华的暴发.真光层不仅体现了藻类生长的光环境,藻类生物量也反过来影响了水体的透光性,藻浓度越大,真光层深度越小.
相关性分析结果也表明,水温、pH值对藻类叶绿素a变化的正面影响.观测期间3次降温过程(5月6日~11日,5月21日~24日,6月1~5日)与藻类叶绿素a降低保持较好的同步性.例如,5月3日开始降雨,随后一周内气温骤降,加上上游来流增大,高阳平湖水体流速增大(>0.1m/s)、混合层剧增(>15m)、水温降低(<21℃).一方面,流速增大将携带近表层藻类向下游运移;另一方面,在降雨降温和垂向掺混增强影响下,原本适宜藻类生长的水温分层消失,藻类生长得到有效控制,如图4(b).5月12日以后,近表层水温开始升高(25℃),水温分层逐渐加剧.尽管期间水位持续降低,但库湾流速仍相对降低,藻类迅速增殖,叶绿素a浓度持续增加,整个水华过程持续到28日.这期间虽出现了一次小幅降温,水温分层有所减弱,但在表层叶绿素短暂降低之后,当气温回升时水华又持续暴发,如图4(b).28日之后,上游汉丰湖下泄流量剧增,导致高阳水平流速增大到0.3m/s,如图3(a),一方面藻类可能被水平水流携带至下游;另一方面来流量增大也导致垂向混合增强、水温分层逐渐消失,如图3(b),并且降雨携带的泥沙使得水体浑浊、光照减弱以及水温降低,这些条件变化不适宜藻类生长,共同导致水华消退.因此,在本次监测过程中,高阳平湖的水动力变化是决定水华消亡的关键因素,而上游来流增大及降雨过程具有重塑高阳平湖水动力状态的能力.
通过本研究进一步证实:在富营养化水体中,水动力(光混比)在藻类水华消退过程中起着决定性作用,准确认识水体的热分层、垂向混合及其变化过程对于揭示湖库藻类水华消退机理至关重要.目前,虽然针对三峡水库澎溪河“水华机理”已开展了大量研究[33-39],也得到了一些普遍性和差异性的认识,如表2所示.但随着全球气候变暖以及水体富营养化程度的加剧,水华问题并没有得到根本解决.水动力过程作为决定藻类水华消退的关键因素,深入认识水库的水动力过程及其演变规律,仍是开展水库水华研究的重要内容.
三峡水库蓄水后支流库湾水华是最严重的水环境问题[40],大量学者从水动力[41]、热分层[42]、生源物质[43]以及浮游藻类生物功能[44]等角度探讨了三峡水库水华的影响因素和形成机制普遍认为:三峡水库蓄水前后支流营养盐浓度、光照及水温都能满足水华暴发的条件,但蓄水导致的水动力改变才是诱发支流库湾水华的重要原因.基于“临界层”理论[45],有学者[46-48]也提出了通过水位波动,改变分层异重流的形态、打破水温分层模式、增加混合层深度,通过营造抑制水华生长的混光比条件来防控水华.如图6所示,本研究通过连续监测,对比了消落期叶绿素a浓度对混光比变化的响应关系,也进一步证实了临界层理论的适用性.
自生态调度提出以来,许多学者[49-52]通过多次生态调度试验和数值模拟研究证实了不同水位波动方式和幅度对不同支流水华的影响.有研究表明[53],三峡水位抬升使得香溪河倒灌异重流从中层转变至表层,可打破表层水温分层,进而抑制藻类生长;当水位抬升速率>0.5m/d、持续时间>5d时,香溪河库湾叶绿素a能显著下降.在澎溪河的研究中,胡莲等[33]发现当日水位下降幅度在0.5m以上时,浮游植物平均密度会呈指数级减少;黄宇波等[38]也发现当水位日变幅大于1m时,即水位日平均降幅或者升幅在1m以上可使藻类生物量维持在较低水平,并指出水位抬升的方式对水华抑制效果更好.概括而言,水位抬升降低库湾叶绿素a浓度主要体现在两个方面,一是蓄水的稀释作用[38],其次是水位抬升营造了抑制藻类生长的环境条件,进而减缓其生长,甚至导致藻类消亡.相比于水位抬升,水位消落的影响则具有不确定性.大幅的消落能拉大库湾表层含藻水体的流速,导致表层藻类流向河口并迅速消退,而小幅消落也可能因顶托作用在库湾末端形成稳定的水流条件而促进藻华暴发.
图6(c)中可以发现,当水位日变幅超过0.5m时,水华基本很难形成,这一结论也与胡莲等[33]学者的基本相似,但考虑到本研究样本量有限,其限值的可靠性仍有待进一步验证.其次,在低水位变幅区间(WLF<0.2m),水位日变幅和叶绿素a浓度并没有明显的负相关关系,消落期水位缓慢消落并未显著增大澎溪河库湾流速、打破水温分层,5月中旬水华持续暴发反而说明缓慢的水位消落能为水华暴发提供有利条件.基于水位波动防控支流库湾水华的生态调度方法[54],其本质是通过频繁的水位上下波动营造极不稳定的扰动条件,增强支流水体混合、打破水温分层,进而起到抑制水华的目的.然而,因三峡水库支流众多、流域面积广,不同支流及不同河段的水动力及水华对大坝水位调节的响应程度和响应时间都存在较大差异.整体上,根据空间的差异,水华调度河段可分为敏感区(坝前-巴东)、较敏感区(巫山-丰都)、次敏感区(涪陵以上).本研究对象澎溪河正处于生态调度的次敏感区,如何有效且快速的通过生态调度防控水华仍有待进一步深入研究.其难点在于,针对不同时期、不同河段、不同程度、不同类型的水华,其有效的调度方式、方法不尽相同;在什么时候启动、持续多长时间最有效,在复杂的变化条件下有效的调度方式仍很难明确;其次,调度目标和约束太复杂,如何衡量水华、鱼类、泥沙、发电以及航运等众多约束,实现多目标的最优化仍困难重重.而在本研究中,我们也发现:在消落期,澎溪河上游汉丰湖下泄流量大小决定了高阳平湖的水动力过程,也是影响高阳平湖水华消退的关键因素.如图6(b)所示,以统计结果来看,当上游来流>80m3/s时,高阳平湖水华基本消退(Chl.a<30µg/L).这也预示着增大汉丰湖下泄流量可能是缓解高阳平湖水华的另一种有效手段.
4.1 消落期澎溪河库湾上层水体营养物质充足(TPavg=0.04mg/L,TNavg=1~1.5mg/L)、水流缓慢(V<0.05m/s),在水温适宜(Temp>20℃)、热分层稳定(Zmix=3~7m)时水华暴发风险较大.叶绿素a与水温(r=0.6)、真光层(r=0.53)深度正相关,与上游入流(r=-0.63)、混合层深度(r=-0.5)等水动力指标呈负相关.
4.2 水位波动是防控三峡水库水华的生态调度方法之一,但澎溪河消落期水位缓慢消落(Elv=0.2m/d)并不能显著增大库湾流速、打破水温分层,对支流库湾水华抑制效果有限.
4.3 在澎溪河,消落期降雨、上游入流及其影响下的水动力过程变化是决定高阳平湖水华消退的关键因素(P<0.01).通过合理调控汉丰湖下泄流量也将是澎溪河水华防控的有效方法之一.
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(52409096; 52379069)
  • 湖北省自然科学基金资助项目(2024AFC010)
  • 中国长江三峡集团有限公司科研资助项目(0711612)
  • 水利部重大科技资助项目(SKS-2022077)
  • 遥感科学国家重点实验室开放基金资助项目(OFSLRSS202413)
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2025年第45卷第6期
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  • 接收时间:2024-11-03
  • 首发时间:2026-02-27
  • 出版时间:2025-06-20
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  • 收稿日期:2024-11-03
基金
国家自然科学基金资助项目(52409096; 52379069)
湖北省自然科学基金资助项目(2024AFC010)
中国长江三峡集团有限公司科研资助项目(0711612)
水利部重大科技资助项目(SKS-2022077)
遥感科学国家重点实验室开放基金资助项目(OFSLRSS202413)
作者信息
    1.三峡水库生态系统湖北省野外科学观测研究站,湖北 宜昌 443002
    2.中国长江三峡集团有限公司流域枢纽运行管理中心,湖北 宜昌 443000
    3.长江水资源保护科学研究所,湖北 武汉 430051
    4.湖北三峡职业技术学院建筑工程学院,湖北 宜昌 443002

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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