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Soil contamination with phthalate esters (PAEs) is a worldwide environmental issue, and a stable and efficient functional microbial agent could be applied to achieve synergistic PAEs degradation. The review comprehensively compared various methods and pathways of microbial immobilization. The different factors on PAEs elimination such as mass transfer environment, substrate concentration, immobilization conditions, and strain combinations were demonstrated. The metabolic pathways of PAEs driven by enzymatic reactions of functional microbes were elucidated. The biological mechanisms of synergistic degradation of PAEs by microbial communities were clarified, and crucial future research areas may include the construction of microbial composite communities, optimization of immobilization carriers, and creation of microbial agent products. Compared to single-free bacteria, the immobilized PAEs-degrading microbial agents not only resist the interference of complex external environments, but specifically perform well on PAE degradation. In addition, immobilized microbial agents may positively promote crop growth.

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作为一类常见有机新污染物,邻苯二甲酸酯(PAEs)类塑化剂进入土壤后会降低其环境质量,干扰作物生长,威胁农产品安全和人群健康.微生物修复技术具备经济、高效、安全的优点.借助基因组学等手段,国内外已从不同基质中分离并鉴定出多种具有PAEs降解性能的功能菌株.然而针对多种PAEs共存的复杂土壤环境,仍需通过装配功能菌株、构建复合菌群、研制固定化菌剂,来实现不同PAEs协同降解.本文综合比较了多种微生物固定化方法和途径,分析了传质环境、底物浓度、固定条件和菌株复配等因素对PAEs消减的影响,解析了由功能微生物酶促反应驱动发生的PAEs代谢路径,揭示了菌群协同降解PAEs的生物学机制.相较于游离态单菌,经固定化后PAEs降解功能菌剂不仅可以抵御外界复杂环境的干扰,而且能够靶向消减PAEs、提高降解效率,并对作物生长产生正向反馈.指出微生物复合菌群构建、固定化载体优化、菌剂产品创制等本领域未来研究重点方向.

, correspAuthors=高彦征, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 责任作者,教授,
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陈健琴(2002-)女,江西景德镇人,南京农业大学硕士研究生,主要从事土壤有机污染控制方向研究..

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陈健琴(2002-)女,江西景德镇人,南京农业大学硕士研究生,主要从事土壤有机污染控制方向研究..

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陈健琴(2002-)女,江西景德镇人,南京农业大学硕士研究生,主要从事土壤有机污染控制方向研究..

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The characteristics of functional strain degrading PAEs

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菌株名称菌属降解底物温度(℃)pH值消减效率(%)来源参考文献
单功能菌JDC-41Ochrobactrum sp.DBP307.087废水、土壤、活性污泥[29]
JDC-11Pseudomonas sp.DBP308100城市固体废物[30]
WJ4Rhodococcus sp.DEHP28796.4填埋场[31]
0426Glutamicibacter sp.DBP31.76.9100植物[32]
YC-JY1Xanthobacter sp.DBP30794石油污染土壤[33]
多功能菌THF-2Pseudomonas putidaDMP20889.5河流沉积物[34]
LMB-1Rhizobium sp.DMP、DEHP37671.5、88.1污染土壤[35]
W34Bacillus subtitlesDBP、BBP307.2100青菜[36]
M-11Camelimonas sp.DEP、DBP40872、56污染土壤、水体[37]
LUNF1Bacillus sp.DBP、BBP、DEP408.990、59、14污水、污泥[38]
复合菌群WTZ-1+WTZ-R1+WTZ-R2Bacillus sp., Rhodococcus sp., Rhodococcus sp.DEHP307.598.04污染土壤[39]
ZJUTW+LH1+GZ-YC7Glutamicibacter sp., Cupriavidus sp., Gordonia sp.DMP、DEP、BBP、DBP、DEHP、DOP307100河流污泥、垃圾填埋场[40]
DP-2+DP-5+DP-6Acinetobacter bumannii, Acinetobacter bumannii, Citrobacter freundiiDBP30795.35活性污泥[41]
USTB-Y+USTBZA1Microbacterium sp., Comamonas sp.DBP、DEP307.5100、100活性污泥[42]
MJ1+MJ2+MJ3Sphingobacterium sp., Bacillus sp., Paracoccus sp.DMP、DBP、DEHP30797.62、94.29、92.55垃圾堆积场[43]
), ArticleFig(id=1234106404257198973, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1234106391921750910, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

PAEs功能菌株消减特性

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菌株名称菌属降解底物温度(℃)pH值消减效率(%)来源参考文献
单功能菌JDC-41Ochrobactrum sp.DBP307.087废水、土壤、活性污泥[29]
JDC-11Pseudomonas sp.DBP308100城市固体废物[30]
WJ4Rhodococcus sp.DEHP28796.4填埋场[31]
0426Glutamicibacter sp.DBP31.76.9100植物[32]
YC-JY1Xanthobacter sp.DBP30794石油污染土壤[33]
多功能菌THF-2Pseudomonas putidaDMP20889.5河流沉积物[34]
LMB-1Rhizobium sp.DMP、DEHP37671.5、88.1污染土壤[35]
W34Bacillus subtitlesDBP、BBP307.2100青菜[36]
M-11Camelimonas sp.DEP、DBP40872、56污染土壤、水体[37]
LUNF1Bacillus sp.DBP、BBP、DEP408.990、59、14污水、污泥[38]
复合菌群WTZ-1+WTZ-R1+WTZ-R2Bacillus sp., Rhodococcus sp., Rhodococcus sp.DEHP307.598.04污染土壤[39]
ZJUTW+LH1+GZ-YC7Glutamicibacter sp., Cupriavidus sp., Gordonia sp.DMP、DEP、BBP、DBP、DEHP、DOP307100河流污泥、垃圾填埋场[40]
DP-2+DP-5+DP-6Acinetobacter bumannii, Acinetobacter bumannii, Citrobacter freundiiDBP30795.35活性污泥[41]
USTB-Y+USTBZA1Microbacterium sp., Comamonas sp.DBP、DEP307.5100、100活性污泥[42]
MJ1+MJ2+MJ3Sphingobacterium sp., Bacillus sp., Paracoccus sp.DMP、DBP、DEHP30797.62、94.29、92.55垃圾堆积场[43]
), ArticleFig(id=1234106404429165456, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1234106391921750910, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

The comparison of immobilized microbial methods

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固定方式原理载体优缺点参考文献
吸附法通过物理(范德华力、氢键和离子键等)或化学方式,将微生物固定于特定载体材料表面或孔隙中活性炭、石英砂和纳米材料等优点:操作简单、成本低廉且传质性能好[20,53]
缺点:结合力弱、稳定性差
包埋法将微生物固定在网格结构的多孔介质内部明胶、壳聚糖、海藻酸盐和聚乙烯醇等优点:操作简单、结合度高、稳定性好
缺点:传质效率下降、影响微生物活性
交联法利用特殊功能的交联剂使微生物之间发生交联反应,形成含共价键的网状结构戊二醛等优点:结合度高、稳定性好
缺点:成本高、影响微生物活性
共价结合法通过载体表面的基团与微生物表面的基团反应形成共价键,从而固定微生物多孔载体材料(二氧化硅等)优点:结合度高、稳定性好
缺点:操作复杂、影响细胞活性
复合固定法结合使用2种及以上的固定方法以提高细胞与载体结合度及微生物活性包埋-吸附、包埋-交联、吸附-包埋-交联等优点:最大程度地发挥单个固定方法的优势[53]
缺点:操作复杂、成本增加
), ArticleFig(id=1234106404596937628, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1234106391921750910, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

固定化微生物方法比较

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
固定方式原理载体优缺点参考文献
吸附法通过物理(范德华力、氢键和离子键等)或化学方式,将微生物固定于特定载体材料表面或孔隙中活性炭、石英砂和纳米材料等优点:操作简单、成本低廉且传质性能好[20,53]
缺点:结合力弱、稳定性差
包埋法将微生物固定在网格结构的多孔介质内部明胶、壳聚糖、海藻酸盐和聚乙烯醇等优点:操作简单、结合度高、稳定性好
缺点:传质效率下降、影响微生物活性
交联法利用特殊功能的交联剂使微生物之间发生交联反应,形成含共价键的网状结构戊二醛等优点:结合度高、稳定性好
缺点:成本高、影响微生物活性
共价结合法通过载体表面的基团与微生物表面的基团反应形成共价键,从而固定微生物多孔载体材料(二氧化硅等)优点:结合度高、稳定性好
缺点:操作复杂、影响细胞活性
复合固定法结合使用2种及以上的固定方法以提高细胞与载体结合度及微生物活性包埋-吸附、包埋-交联、吸附-包埋-交联等优点:最大程度地发挥单个固定方法的优势[53]
缺点:操作复杂、成本增加
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固定化微生物对土壤中邻苯二甲酸酯消减作用
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陈健琴 , 刘翔宇 , 吴静 , 丁佳妍 , 高彦征 *
中国环境科学 | 农业与农村新污染物 2025,45(6): 3370-3380
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中国环境科学 | 农业与农村新污染物 2025, 45(6): 3370-3380
固定化微生物对土壤中邻苯二甲酸酯消减作用
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陈健琴 , 刘翔宇, 吴静, 丁佳妍, 高彦征*
作者信息
  • 南京农业大学,土壤有机污染控制与修复研究所,江苏 南京 210095
  • 陈健琴(2002-)女,江西景德镇人,南京农业大学硕士研究生,主要从事土壤有机污染控制方向研究..

通讯作者:

* 责任作者,教授,
Degradation of phthalate esters in soils with immobilized microorganisms
Jian-qin CHEN , Xiang-yu LIU, Jing WU, Jia-yan DING, Yan-zheng GAO*
Affiliations
  • Institute of Organic Contaminant Control and Soil Remediation, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
出版时间: 2025-06-20
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作为一类常见有机新污染物,邻苯二甲酸酯(PAEs)类塑化剂进入土壤后会降低其环境质量,干扰作物生长,威胁农产品安全和人群健康.微生物修复技术具备经济、高效、安全的优点.借助基因组学等手段,国内外已从不同基质中分离并鉴定出多种具有PAEs降解性能的功能菌株.然而针对多种PAEs共存的复杂土壤环境,仍需通过装配功能菌株、构建复合菌群、研制固定化菌剂,来实现不同PAEs协同降解.本文综合比较了多种微生物固定化方法和途径,分析了传质环境、底物浓度、固定条件和菌株复配等因素对PAEs消减的影响,解析了由功能微生物酶促反应驱动发生的PAEs代谢路径,揭示了菌群协同降解PAEs的生物学机制.相较于游离态单菌,经固定化后PAEs降解功能菌剂不仅可以抵御外界复杂环境的干扰,而且能够靶向消减PAEs、提高降解效率,并对作物生长产生正向反馈.指出微生物复合菌群构建、固定化载体优化、菌剂产品创制等本领域未来研究重点方向.

邻苯二甲酸酯  /  功能微生物  /  固定化  /  消减作用  /  降解机制  /  土壤

Soil contamination with phthalate esters (PAEs) is a worldwide environmental issue, and a stable and efficient functional microbial agent could be applied to achieve synergistic PAEs degradation. The review comprehensively compared various methods and pathways of microbial immobilization. The different factors on PAEs elimination such as mass transfer environment, substrate concentration, immobilization conditions, and strain combinations were demonstrated. The metabolic pathways of PAEs driven by enzymatic reactions of functional microbes were elucidated. The biological mechanisms of synergistic degradation of PAEs by microbial communities were clarified, and crucial future research areas may include the construction of microbial composite communities, optimization of immobilization carriers, and creation of microbial agent products. Compared to single-free bacteria, the immobilized PAEs-degrading microbial agents not only resist the interference of complex external environments, but specifically perform well on PAE degradation. In addition, immobilized microbial agents may positively promote crop growth.

phthalate ester  /  functional microorganisms  /  immobilization  /  elimination effect  /  degradation mechanism  /  soils
陈健琴, 刘翔宇, 吴静, 丁佳妍, 高彦征. 固定化微生物对土壤中邻苯二甲酸酯消减作用. 中国环境科学, 2025 , 45 (6) : 3370 -3380 .
Jian-qin CHEN, Xiang-yu LIU, Jing WU, Jia-yan DING, Yan-zheng GAO. Degradation of phthalate esters in soils with immobilized microorganisms[J]. China Environmental Science, 2025 , 45 (6) : 3370 -3380 .
邻苯二甲酸酯(PAEs)是一类常见的人工合成增塑剂,根据其侧链数量及与酯基基团连接的烷基与芳基差异,呈现出多种结构和性质[1-2].研究已证实,PAEs具有肝毒性、生殖毒性及内分泌干扰性等毒理性质,对人体健康构成严重威胁,甚至引发癌变和死亡[3].由于PAEs能够显著提升塑料的柔韧性和可加工性,因此被广泛应用于农业、工业、食品行业和医药行业等领域[4-5].然而,PAEs与塑制品基体之间主要通过较弱的氢键或范德华力结合,极易在生产、使用及处置过程中从母体材料中释放,迁移并渗透至环境介质中,从而引发污染[6].例如,塑料市场周边土壤中Σ22PAE浓度范围为2131~27805ng/g,并向周围环境扩散[7],这一现象已引起世界各国政府和公众的广泛关注.2011年的一项调查显示,在中国农业种植地区,耕地面积达1980万hm2,塑料薄膜使用量为125万t[8],其中PAEs可达20~60%[9-10],导致农作物在生长过程中通过根系吸收并高度积累PAEs,含量达到几个mg/kg至几十个mg/kg[11-14],最后沿食物链传递至人体.因此,明确农田中PAEs的污染路径,探索一种稳定且高效的消减技术,对于保障农业生态安全和人体健康具有重要意义.
目前,国内外科学家已多次报道PAEs在土壤中的暴露途径、作物吸收积累及其生态风险等.然而,关于如何加速驱动PAEs在农田生态系统和作物体内的降解仍然是国际讨论热点.大量研究表明,环境友好型的微生物技术在PAEs降解方面具有巨大潜力[15-16].近年来,借助基因组学及高通量测序等技术,已从土壤、污泥及植物等基质中富集筛选出多种具有降解PAEs能力的功能细菌,例如内生枯草芽孢杆菌菌株N-1[17]、假单胞菌菌株DNB-S1[18]和戈登氏菌菌株Lff[19]等,其中菌株N-1的接种还可以强化菌株DNBS-1在黄瓜体内DBP降解能力[17],而Lff菌株降解DEHP效率高达91.43%.然而,已鉴定出的功能菌株通常以游离态形式存在,其降解活性和适应性易受外界复杂环境胁迫[20].
为了靶向高效消减土壤中多种PAEs污染,本文采用固定化微生物菌群的方法,重点概述了PAEs降解功能菌株类型,复合菌株的构建及固定化方式,比较了不同固定条件下影响功能微生物对污染土壤中PAEs的消减效应和规律,并梳理了其降解PAEs的途径及生物学机制.研究结果有望为复合菌群降解PAEs和修复土壤生产力等相关研究做出科学指导与技术支持.
美国环境保护署已将6种PAEs (DMP、DEP、DBP、BBP、DnOP和DEHP)列入优先污染物[4-5],其中DEHP和DBP是目前污染水平最严重、潜在致癌风险最大的两种污染因子,其控制标准分别为0.08和4.35mg/kg[21].Dorney等[22]研究发现,在600mg/ kg的PAEs污染的粉质土壤中生长40d的小麦、玉米和豆类,其体内检测PAEs积累量高达23mg/kg.因此,控制土壤中PAEs的污染至关重要.在PAEs污染土壤中,功能降解菌株能够以PAEs作为唯一碳源和能源,将其完全矿化为CO2和H2O的过程中不产生二次污染.
众多文献研究指明,污泥和污染土壤中PAEs降解菌株富集度达半数以上.另外,部分功能降解菌株能够作为内生菌存在于植物组织内部,促进植物生长,增强植物抗病能力,并与植物形成互利共生关系[23].污染土壤PAEs降解功能菌株和植物组织中的分离方法存在显著区别:后者需从植物组织(根、茎、叶)中进行提取、分离,并可采用Feng等[24]介绍的“过氧化氢(3%,3min)-乙醇(70%,3min)-次氯酸钠(5%,2min)”灭菌法,依次对组织进行灭菌.降解菌株在含PAEs的无机盐液体培养基中可利用PAEs作为其生长的碳源和能源.因此,将液体培养基中的微生物经连续富集驯化、划线纯化,最终筛选出一株能够降解PAEs的功能菌株.Liu等[17]也通过类似方法从污染土壤和植物样本中完成DBP降解菌株N-1的分离,并鉴定菌株N-1在100mg/L的DBP胁迫下5d内降解率达99.7%.同时,研究发现N-1可以促进变形菌门、拟杆菌门和厚壁菌门等优势门在土壤中相对丰度的增加,这对研究优化复配菌种的选择以提高降解效率具有指导意义.
近50a国内外研究报道,已从不同环境介质中分离、驯化80多种降解功能菌株[25-26],其中已鉴定出的主要菌属有红球菌(Rhodococcus sp.)、假单胞菌(Pseudomonas sp.)、戈登氏菌(Gordonia sp.)、鞘氨醇单胞菌(Sphingobium)、苍白杆菌(Ochrobactrum)、不动杆菌(Acinetobacter sp.)等[27-28](表1).通过形态学观察、生理生化试验及分子生物学鉴定,可进一步确定分离菌株的种属.经形态学观察分析微生物细胞形态和结构特征[44-45].此外,参照《伯杰氏鉴定细菌学手册》鉴定手段,对筛选菌株进行需氧性试验、过氧化氢酶试验、淀粉水解试验、β-半乳糖甘酶试验、苯丙氨酸酰氢酶试验、动力试验和硝酸盐还原试验等生理生化试验[45-47],判断其氧关系和运动特点.基于以上两种方式可初步鉴定微生物种类.借助PCR扩增细菌16S rRNA基因、Illumina高通量测序分析等技术,进一步追溯菌株同源性,并在NCBI的GenBank基因数据库中进行同源性比对,从而实现分子生物学鉴定[48-49]. Wu等[29]采用16S rRNA基因序列技术成功鉴定DBP降解菌株苍白杆菌JDC-41,其可在70h内完全降解500mg/L的DBP.此外,Ogawa等[50]驯化出19种DBP降解菌株,鉴定为Acinetobacter sp.、OchrobactrumTsukamurella(冢村氏菌)等菌属,且在污染土壤中相对丰度存在显著差异.
目前,已筛选出的降解菌对不同类型的PAEs具有不同的降解能力,通常可达60%,为PAEs污染的生物修复提供理论基础和潜在的生物资源.
土壤生态受不同PAEs种类干扰.目前筛选、鉴定出的大多数微生物属于仅能降解特定PAEs的单功能菌,而具有多种PAEs降解功能的多功能菌较为罕见,这使得彻底消减环境中PAEs面临一定壁垒.复合菌群是由多种种间或种内功能微生物菌株构成的生态共同体.功能菌群通过生化作用协同降解PAEs,当一种菌株产生的中间代谢产物能够作为其他菌株的营养源而开始新的代谢路径,或者多种菌株联合参与代谢复杂大分子污染物质,从而形成降解基因的共表达体系,显著提高整个菌群的功能性和高效性.
由于微生物菌株种属之间存在差异,因此,在构建复合菌群的过程中,为了确保复合菌群的谢效能,应当考虑装配不同单菌之间是否产生拮抗反应,并通过正交试验优化菌群配比.陆雯逸[51]通过将2G、A4、W34这3种菌株在固体LB培养基上进行两两交叉划线培养,在30℃环境中恒温培养3d后观察平板上细菌交叉划线处的菌落生长状况.结果表明,这3种菌株之间不存在拮抗反应,且构建成的复合菌群在第5d时对长短链PAEs降解效率分别为39.7%、97.39%,而单菌株独立作用时对长链DEHP和DnOP降解率相对较低,如A4对其仅有17.76%.由此可知,菌群的共培养克服了单菌在污染复杂的土壤环境中代谢的局限性,具备更好的降解活性和广谱性,突破了单功能菌株无法同时降解多种PAEs的局限性,高效促进生态系统恢复平衡.
目前研究发现,若将功能菌群单独施用,菌体在复杂污染环境中仍存在靶向性攻击不稳定、易失活且时效短的问题,阻碍了其应用于实际场地污染修复中的应用.微生物固定化技术已在治理PAHs等有机物污染方面取得显著的修复效果.Karamanev等[52]指出土壤微生物固定化可以有效促进持久性有机污染物的降解.此外,国内研究表明,PAEs降解菌株M11在保存20d后仍具有约80%的活性[47].
微生物固定化技术通过将游离态功能微生物固定在特殊载体内部或表面,屏蔽外界环境对微生物生长及酶活性的干扰,同时通过载体对污染物的吸附作用,促进微生物的降解效果[20].常见的微生物固定化方法可分为吸附法、交联法、包埋法、共价结合法和复合固定法等(表2).张小红等[54]以海藻酸钠为载体,通过包埋法制成DMP和DnBP等降解固定化微球,结果表明固定化微球完全降解效率(第7、10d)是游离菌降解效率(第15、20d)的2倍.这充分体现固定化不仅提高了菌群细胞密度,同时增强其耐受性,从而促进PAEs的消减.
然而,单一固定化技术仍存在明显的不足.例如,吸附法仅将微生物吸附在特定材料表面,存在吸附不稳定、结合强度低等问题;包埋法会使微生物的活性受到影响,可能阻碍微生物的物质交换,导致传质效率下降.而微生物复合固定化法结合使用2种及以上的固定化方法,有效综合多个技术优势,在“载体-微生物”稳定结合的前提下,确保功能微生物细胞更大的代谢活性.同时,针对污染复杂的土壤,人工构建多种功能微生物菌群协同降解PAEs是必然趋势.例如,Gordonia sp. strain JDC-2可以迅速将邻苯二甲酸二辛酯(DOP)降解为邻苯二甲酸(PA),JDC-32则进一步将PA完全消减[55].此外,由DNYB-S1、DNB-S2和DNHP-S2复合装配的菌群YJ-1在30℃、pH值11的环境条件下,PAEs(DBP: DEHP=1:1)降解能力可达91.23%,比单一菌株DNB-S2对DBP的降解率高18.92%[56].基于以上研究,针对土壤污染特征对功能微生物组进行优化,并结合固定化技术,制备具有降解稳定性、高效性及广谱性的固定化菌剂.这不仅突破当前单一固定化方法与单功能菌降解能力的局限,还为复杂PAEs污染土壤的修复提供更高效可行的解决方案.
固定化功能微生物发挥消减功能仍具备对污染物的亲和性、吸附能力与生物有效性,同时显著加快反应启动时间.这可能是因为如炭基材料在为微生物生长提供K+、Na+、Mg+等营养元素的同时,通过吸附污染物缩短与微生物的传质距离.结合众多研究结果来看,张小红等[54]驯化出的DMP、DnBP和DEHP微小杆菌经固定化后,DMP、DnBP分别在7, 10d内即可降解完全,DEHP在20d内可消减63.37%,而游离菌对其降解效率仅为48.77%.借助高效液相色谱技术测定植物体内积累浓度,可以发现暹罗芽孢杆菌(Bacillus siamensis)T7减低了植物对DBP的吸收[57],同时诱导内生菌启动酶促反应来催化体内积累污染物的代谢.张帅[58]在土培体系中发现固定化菌剂经接种7d,土壤和水稻中∑PAEs明显下降,且水稻生物量显著增加.此外,Guan等[59]通过对DEHP降解菌节杆菌(Arthrobacter sp.)JQ-1进行炭基固定化,研究表明生物炭自身可以同时吸附和降解DEHP,使其消减作用较自由态细菌明显提高30.9%.以上结果有力证实了固定化微生物在消除土壤和植物中PAEs的有效性.
值得注意的是,微生物经固定化后只在局部污染土壤中表现出明显的密度和活性.固定化载体限制了功能菌株向外迁移、扩散的能力,且富集在土壤中的多种污染因子存在不确定性与难迁移性等问题,导致只有与固定化菌剂接触的污染土壤能够得到有效修复.因此,为确保固定化菌剂的实际应用效果,需根据现场污染情况,采取多次翻耕土壤、施加固定化微生物等措施,以确保土壤生态环境的有效修复.
污染土壤中PAEs的降解依赖于微生物相关代谢酶的表达活性,如过氧化氢酶(CAT)和过氧化物酶(POD).pH值是影响微生物消减效率及固体载体与微生物结合力的重要因素之一.极端酸碱环境均对微生物细胞膜选择透性产生显著影响,阻碍对营养物质的正常吸收,并改变相关降解酶活性,进而降低降解效果.同时,温度变化通过调节酶活性间接影响微生物生长活性和降解能力.Wu等[29]从活性污泥中筛选出DBP降解菌株JDC-41,其最佳降解环境测试为pH值7.0,温度30℃,其降解效率可达87%.然而,菌株LV-1热稳定性较差,在25~35℃温度范围内表现出有效降解能力,当培养温度降至20℃时,DBP降解率仅在40%左右[60].此外,土壤中低分子有机酸和腐殖酸通过自身氧化还原作用,能够降低有毒有机污染物的含量,并为特定降解菌提供营养物质.同时,腐殖酸还提高氧化酶活性,在一定程度上促进微生物对目标污染物的降解.因此,优化pH值、温度等环境条件,并结合土壤天然有机质的作用,将有助于提高微生物对PAEs的传质效率与降解能力.
功能微生物接触的PAEs底物浓度不同,其生长速度达到稳定期的时间会受到不同程度的影响.极端的污染浓度会不断在微生物细胞内积累,甚至导致细胞死亡、酶活性丧失而中断微生物代谢反应.在微生物正常生长的情况下,为了得到其对目标控制物显著降解效果,Ren等[61]采用系列污染浓度测试功能微生物消减效能.试验发现,菌株RL-HY01具有在不同污染浓度下PAEs的降解效率,即当底物浓度低于1000mg/L时,PAEs可实现完全消解;而当底物浓度增加至1500mg/L时,功能菌生长和代谢能力受到显著抑制.然而,大多实际场地中污染水平通常低于mg/L,这无法达到多数菌株细胞功能性酶正常表达的诱导阈值;同时PAEs处于较低浓度时,其生物可利用率过低导致其无法维持菌群正常生长,两者原因都增加了PAEs污染地块生物降解的难度[62-63].因此,环境中PAEs富集浓度水平同样影响功能菌株酶代谢活性.为应对这一问题,需调节PAEs浓度使其维持在微生物降解活性的最佳范围内,采用固定化技术和营养强化手段提升微生物对低浓度PAEs的响应能力,同时优化微生物菌群结构,增强其在低污染浓度下的生长和降解效率,从而有效提升功能微生物在不同污染环境下对PAEs的降解能力.
固定化菌剂对PAEs的降解效能主要受固定化方法、固定化时间、菌料比接种量及固定化温度等因素影响.表2显示,不同的固定化方法各有优劣之处,且在选择无害、固定化细胞载体上存在难度.蒋宇红[64]通过对比琼脂、明胶、海藻酸钙、聚乙烯醇和丙烯酰胺凝胶这几种常见的包埋固定载体,其结果表明,海藻酸钙和聚乙烯醇较其他三者具有更好的传质性能和更低的生物毒性等优势,这为功能微生物降解提供更稳定、安全的缓冲环境.竹炭、桦木屑等作为一种潜在的优良固定化附载载体,一方面利用自身孔隙介质富集微生物并为其提供附着和生存空间与养分,另一方面增大了菌剂与环境中污染物的可接触性,促进有益菌更加高效地发挥降解功能,实现“富集-降解一体化”.在固定化菌剂的投菌量方面,若菌料比过高,则复合菌群可能为了保障自身生长的营养需求而相互竞争固定化材料中的营养物质,影响菌株之间的生化协作,导致其降解效率与菌料比过低产生的结果相似.此外,固定化时间与温度对微生物降解活性也具有重要影响.固定化时间决定了载体上微生物的附载浓度、结合程度及菌剂的稳定性与活性.一项研究发现,在固定化时间为2d,固定温度维持30℃,菌料比为1:30(V/M)的条件下,固定化菌剂对6种PAEs消减效率达到96.60%,且对短链PAEs的消减效率高达99%,对长链PAEs的消减效率也能达到93%以上[51].由此可见,调控适合菌群发挥降解功效的固定化条件对修复污染土壤至关重要.
菌株的选择与配比是制备高效固定化菌剂的难点,尤其在修复复杂污染土壤时,需要多种微生物协同发挥降解功能.一些功能菌株仅能代谢低分子量PAEs,如Camelimonas sp. M11,在与底物接触时,对于亲水性较好的短链DPP(邻苯二甲酸二戊酯)、DEP、DBP在60h内效率分别可达90%、70%、60%,而无法降解水溶性较差、分子结构复杂的长链PAEs(>C6)[47].部分微生物兼具对长链、短链PAEs的催化效果,如可同时降解DBP、DEP、DMP、DPrP(邻苯二甲酸二丁酯)、BBP、DEHP、DnOP和DiNP(苯甲壬酯)等8种PAEs的红球菌Rhodococcus sp. AH-ZY2[65].此外,复合菌群的构建还需考虑菌群之间的相对优势种群,因为优势微生物在生长空间和营养物质的争夺上更具竞争力,这可能影响同一介质中其他单菌的生存与代谢效率.因此,在装配复合菌群前,需验证菌株之间是否存在拮抗作用,确认菌株间的共生关系,合理配比,最终组合形成高效能的复合菌群,从而最大程度发挥微生物固定化的降解功能.
由此可知,传质条件(pH值、温度、腐殖酸等)、PAEs底物浓度、固定条件(固定化方法、固定化时间、菌料比接种量、固定化温度等)及菌群的选择、配比等条件影响固定化功能菌剂降解PAEs效能,平衡、优化各因素对制备高效功能降解菌剂至关重要.
环境中的PAEs首先吸附在固定材料的多孔介质中,随后通过炭基材料产生的羧基自由基进行降解.此后,微生物通过酶解作用使PAEs转化为PA,这一途径涉及多个酶促反应,包括β-氧化、转酯化作用和脱脂化(去甲基化)作用[66-67].PAEs生物酶水解途径可以总结为以下两步:(1)酯基水解.此过程在酯酶的催化作用下,通过去酯化过程将酯基降解形成邻苯二甲酸单烷基酯(MAPs)以及相应的醇;(2)酯键水解.酯键经微生物好氧或厌氧途径最终水解形成PA.
具体来说(图1),在邻苯二甲酸酯水解酶和邻苯二甲酸单酯水解酶组合系统的催化下,PAEs单侧或双侧酯基去酯化(去甲基化)转化成MAPs或直接生成PA;或通过β-氧化途径多次氧化PAEs,使其依次脱落侧链上的1个乙烷基产生短链DEP和DMP,随后进一步脱脂化生成产物PA,酯键彻底水解.同时,DEP-EMP-DMP途径涉及单侧烷基的脱落,在此过程中发生的代谢方式属于转酯基作用.之后,在好氧条件和3,4或4,5-邻苯二甲酸酯双加氧酶参与下,PA发生羟基化、氧化、脱氢等反应生成3,4-二羟基邻苯二甲酸或4,5-二羟基邻苯二甲酸,进一步脱羧生成PCA等双酚化合物[28].PCA在内/外二醇环裂解双加氧酶介导下发生内/外环裂解,分别产生3-羧基粘康酸、4-羧基-2-羟基粘康酸半醛.在内环裂解途径中,3-羧基粘康酸再经过酶促反应转化为β-酮己二酸.而经外环裂解途径,4-羧基-2-羟基粘康酸半醛代谢为草酰乙酸和丙酮酸,最终进入三羧酸(TCA)循环.需要指出的是,在厌氧条件下,PA发生脱羧作用生成苯甲酸(BAc),随后部分BAc仍转化为PCA进一步代谢,另一部分经β-氧化转化为己二酸,最终己二酸被分解产生乙酸盐、CO2和H2[68],如Gordonia sp. MTCC 4818实现了BAc的己二酸代谢路径[69].
PAEs消减效应与固定化微生物群落结构、降解基因组表达水平及代谢酶催化活性有关,且在此过程中会出现不同程度的响应.
微生物因降解基因组、水解蛋白酶有所差异而具有不同的降解功能性,且基因的表达与相关细菌的丰度密切相关[70].因此复合菌群之间存在相对优势菌种,这些菌种是PAEs降解过程中的主要贡献者.范琳琳[71]指出含有DBP胁迫的土壤Shannon指数和chao1指数明显下降,即DBP降低了土壤微生物群落多样性和物种丰富度.在此基础上,固定化功能微生物的添加可以极大程度地提高变形菌门的相对丰度,从18%~61%,这可能与多数降解DBP的功能菌属于变形菌门有关.同样,Wang等[72]发现在菌剂DK-P3加入土壤后,鞘氨醇单胞菌属的相对丰度得到提高,还产生有益于植物生长的激素,如鞘氨醇等.此外,土壤、植物根系及茎叶中分布的功能菌株相对丰度不同,因此其攻击目标污染物时产生的群落效应并不一致.Liu等[17]指出在100mg/L的DBP胁迫下,菌株N-1-gfp的定植使得一些降解菌所属门相对丰度增加,如变形菌门表现出绝对的优势,土壤中相对丰度为43.3%~ 53.4%,植物中为58.2%~62.5%;土壤中拟杆菌门相对丰度为10.7%~18.6%,植物体内为14.2%~23.9%;厚壁菌门也有不同程度的响应.Roseblueth等[73-74]研究发现内生细菌降解植物体内PAEs的同时,通过加速土壤中固氮、磷酸盐的溶解与铁螯合速率,促进了植物对营养物质的吸收.这表明功能菌不仅能够降解污染物,还可通过改善土壤环境和植物营养吸收,进一步提高植物对PAEs污染的耐受性与修复能力.
PAEs通过激发降解菌细胞内多种酶促反应共同参与代谢.复合菌群分泌的相关酶活性位点密度高,其催化活性中心Ser-His-Glu/Asp三联体能够特异性识别并结合细胞周围积累的PAEs.通过与PAEs酯键形成氢键、疏水相互作用等分子间作用力,酶促反应得以高效进行.相关研究发现,与PAEs侧链芳基或烷基结构相连的酯键的存在是毒性的来源,且PAEs侧链产生的空间位阻效应显著影响酶促反应的启动时间.因此,微生物细胞基因编码、表达的降解酶对短链PAEs更具明显消减效能.
目前,许多研究先后揭示了降解菌相关基因簇功能.例如,Zhang等[75]在嗜酸硫化杆菌Sulfobacillus acidophilusz DSM10332得到编码新型嗜热酯酶的基因EstS1,已验证其可表达具有降解PAEs的蛋白酶.此外,从地杆菌属Terrabacter sp. DBF63中已克隆出pht操纵子(phtA1A2BA3A4CR)[76],实现了PA到PCA的转化.此外,通过基因组文库筛选、转录组测序等方式鉴定,功能细菌水解单酯键时,酶GTW28_09400与酶GTW28_13725表现出较高活性,而二酯键水解酶GTW28_17760的存在,实现了DBP和DEHP等多种共性邻苯二甲酸酯的矿化[77].这些研究表明,在污染环境中搭载多种功能菌剂具有重要的实际意义.
值得一提的是,DBP胁迫会诱导功能细菌分泌的脱氢酶(dehydrogenase)、催化酶(catalase)和蛋白酶(protease)等代谢酶的活性显著增强[78].人工试验表明,固定化复合菌剂的共代谢作用可有效增强邻苯二甲酸-3, 4-双加氧酶的活性,驱动DBP的加速消减[1].相关研究进一步证实,在污染胁迫下,定植于植物体内的功能内生菌群通过迅速提高POD、CAT等相关酶活性,有效缓解PAEs的胁迫效应[79].这表明种群数量变化与PAEs的降解效率之间并无显著关联.且功能菌株在降解过程中,PAEs诱导效应一方面增加了代谢功能种群的相对丰度,使其成为环境中的优势菌群,另一方面增强相关酶活性,从而确保微生物对土壤和植物中PAEs的有效降解.因此,内生菌群在自然生态系统中具有“降污”和“促生”双重功能,对于污染修复和生态保护具有重要意义.
PAEs作为塑料制品生产过程中主要的塑化剂,在环境中分布广且难消减.针对传统修复技术在复杂环境中的局限性,本文通过利用固定化功能微生物,实现污染土壤中PAEs的高效降解和植物的正向生长,并对功能微生物消减PAEs的途径及微生物协同机制进行系统解析,构架出固定化微生物技术的实际应用前景,对保障生态安全和人类健康方面具有深远意义.
PAEs与塑料聚合物骨架依靠结合力较弱的氢键或范德华力连接,使其易于释放进入环境.在未来生产过程中能否探索安全、易降解的塑化剂替代品以减少PAEs释放值得探索.同时,研究如何增强PAEs与塑料母体之间的结合力,如通过化学改性或新型连接手段,减少PAEs在环境中释放,是解决PAEs污染的突破点.
PAEs的彻底降解,尤其是长链PAEs,通常需要微生物菌群的协作完成.未来可综合宏基因组学、宏转录组学、蛋白质组学及高通量测序等多种分子生物学技术,探讨调控PAEs不同降解路径及机制的关键诱导基因,识别相关酶、鉴定潜在功能酶、修饰酶结构,进而有望架构广谱、高效降解多种PAEs的复合菌群.
固定化微生物技术的核心在于载体材料的选择与优化,载体的性质直接影响微生物降解PAEs的稳定性与长期修复效果.然而,长期使用过程中,固定载体可能发生老化而致使菌群暴露于污染环境中,影响修复效率.因此,强化固定化微生物的适应性,提升其在复杂污染环境下的稳定性和修复能力值得探索.
针对实际污染土壤,开发基于固定化技术的PAEs降解功能菌剂,创制相关产品,有望填补我国该领域市场中缺乏“有形”产品的不足,揭示固定化菌剂在多污染物复合实际环境中作用机制,跟踪其在降解PAEs过程中的特殊途径,拓展其应用潜力.
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(42430703; U22A20590)
  • 国家重点研发计划资助项目(2023YFE0110800; 2023YFC3708100)
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2025年第45卷第6期
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  • 接收时间:2024-12-15
  • 首发时间:2026-02-27
  • 出版时间:2025-06-20
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  • 收稿日期:2024-12-15
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国家自然科学基金资助项目(42430703; U22A20590)
国家重点研发计划资助项目(2023YFE0110800; 2023YFC3708100)
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    南京农业大学,土壤有机污染控制与修复研究所,江苏 南京 210095

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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