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The transmission of prions can induce the largely spread of transmissible spongiform encephalopathies, which pose a serious threat to animal and human health. Soil is a natural reservoir for prions. Prions can enter the soil through animal excretion, carcass decomposition, and bind to soil components. The binding of prions to different soil components varies significantly, and their effects are simultaneous and mutual, jointly influencing the spread of prions in the soil. On the one hand, the adsorption of soil particles and humic substances enhances their stability and persistence in the soil, reduces their bioavailability, and thus inhibits the spread of prions. On the other hand, montmorillonite and manganese ions can increase their activity and infectivity to a certain extent, thereby contributing to the spread of prions. The control of prions in the soil can be achieved through biotechnologies such as environmental prevention and control, enzyme treatment and composting technique, based on the improvement of their detection methods. In the future, the research on prions in the soil environment should take more into account the influence of the characteristics of soil compounds and native microorganisms on prions, so as to promote the development of in-situ prion degradation methods to control their spread. This work will provide theoretical support for the development of new technologies for soil prions control.

, correspAuthors=Chao QIN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Xin-yi XU, Hao SUN, Tong WU, Xiao-jie HU, Jian WANG, He-fei WANG, Xian ZHOU, Chao QIN, Yan-zheng GAO), CN=ArticleExt(id=1234106394895511626, articleId=1234106391821087613, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, language=CN, title=土壤中朊病毒的传播与控制, columnId=1234106388545327751, journalTitle=中国环境科学, columnName=农业与农村新污染物, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

朊病毒的传播可导致传染性海绵状脑病的迅速蔓延,对动物和人类健康产生严重威胁.土壤是朊病毒的天然储存库.朊病毒通过动物排泄、尸体分解等途径进入土壤,与土壤组分结合.不同组分与朊病毒的结合差异明显,作用效应是同时且相互的,共同影响着朊病毒在土壤中的传播.一方面,土壤颗粒和腐殖质的吸附作用增强了其在土壤中的稳定性和持久性,降低了生物可利用度,进而抑制了朊病毒传播.另一方面,蒙脱石和锰离子能在一定程度上增加其活性和感染性,从而有助于朊病毒的传播.土壤中朊病毒的控制需在提升其检测方法的基础上,通过环境防治、酶处理以及堆肥等生物技术实现.未来对朊病毒在土壤环境中的研究应更多考虑土壤化合物和原生微生物的特性对朊病毒的影响,从而推动原位朊病毒降解方法的开发,以控制其传播.本研究将为土壤朊病毒防治新技术的研发提供理论支撑.

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* 责任作者,副教授,
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许欣怡(2002-),女,安徽马鞍山人,南京农业大学硕士研究生,从事有机污染控制方向研究..

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许欣怡(2002-),女,安徽马鞍山人,南京农业大学硕士研究生,从事有机污染控制方向研究..

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数据来源:2024年10月9日,Web of Science数据库

, figureFileSmall=qnozF9gv3/k+xbdwW1IkeQ==, figureFileBig=IxidV9xJB+gqsXoVWHZTOQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1234106404269781890, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1234106391821087613, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Soil texture in areas with higher prevalence of CWD

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
国家地区砂粒(%)黏粒(%)粉粒(%)土壤质地
美国怀俄明州641620砂壤土
551530砂壤土
661222砂壤土
加拿大萨斯喀彻温省372142壤土
332344壤土
312841黏壤土
瑞典北博滕省54640砂壤土
85114壤质土
273835黏壤土
挪威南部571231砂壤土
531631砂壤土
54640砂壤土
芬兰北部273538黏壤土
54640砂壤土
66430砂壤土
韩国忠清北道531631砂壤土
431146壤土
), ArticleFig(id=1234106404412388235, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1234106391821087613, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

CWD患病率较高地区的土壤质地

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
国家地区砂粒(%)黏粒(%)粉粒(%)土壤质地
美国怀俄明州641620砂壤土
551530砂壤土
661222砂壤土
加拿大萨斯喀彻温省372142壤土
332344壤土
312841黏壤土
瑞典北博滕省54640砂壤土
85114壤质土
273835黏壤土
挪威南部571231砂壤土
531631砂壤土
54640砂壤土
芬兰北部273538黏壤土
54640砂壤土
66430砂壤土
韩国忠清北道531631砂壤土
431146壤土
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土壤中朊病毒的传播与控制
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许欣怡 , 孙浩 , 吴桐 , 胡小婕 , 王建 , 王贺飞 , 周贤 , 秦超 * , 高彦征
中国环境科学 | 农业与农村新污染物 2025,45(6): 3411-3419
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中国环境科学 | 农业与农村新污染物 2025, 45(6): 3411-3419
土壤中朊病毒的传播与控制
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许欣怡 , 孙浩, 吴桐, 胡小婕, 王建, 王贺飞, 周贤, 秦超* , 高彦征
作者信息
  • 南京农业大学土壤有机污染控制与修复研究所,江苏 南京 210095
  • 许欣怡(2002-),女,安徽马鞍山人,南京农业大学硕士研究生,从事有机污染控制方向研究..

通讯作者:

* 责任作者,副教授,
Transmission and control strategies of prions in soil
Xin-yi XU , Hao SUN, Tong WU, Xiao-jie HU, Jian WANG, He-fei WANG, Xian ZHOU, Chao QIN* , Yan-zheng GAO
Affiliations
  • Institute of Organic Contaminant Control and Soil Remediation, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
出版时间: 2025-06-20
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朊病毒的传播可导致传染性海绵状脑病的迅速蔓延,对动物和人类健康产生严重威胁.土壤是朊病毒的天然储存库.朊病毒通过动物排泄、尸体分解等途径进入土壤,与土壤组分结合.不同组分与朊病毒的结合差异明显,作用效应是同时且相互的,共同影响着朊病毒在土壤中的传播.一方面,土壤颗粒和腐殖质的吸附作用增强了其在土壤中的稳定性和持久性,降低了生物可利用度,进而抑制了朊病毒传播.另一方面,蒙脱石和锰离子能在一定程度上增加其活性和感染性,从而有助于朊病毒的传播.土壤中朊病毒的控制需在提升其检测方法的基础上,通过环境防治、酶处理以及堆肥等生物技术实现.未来对朊病毒在土壤环境中的研究应更多考虑土壤化合物和原生微生物的特性对朊病毒的影响,从而推动原位朊病毒降解方法的开发,以控制其传播.本研究将为土壤朊病毒防治新技术的研发提供理论支撑.

朊病毒  /  土壤  /  传播  /  矿物质  /  传染性海绵状脑病

The transmission of prions can induce the largely spread of transmissible spongiform encephalopathies, which pose a serious threat to animal and human health. Soil is a natural reservoir for prions. Prions can enter the soil through animal excretion, carcass decomposition, and bind to soil components. The binding of prions to different soil components varies significantly, and their effects are simultaneous and mutual, jointly influencing the spread of prions in the soil. On the one hand, the adsorption of soil particles and humic substances enhances their stability and persistence in the soil, reduces their bioavailability, and thus inhibits the spread of prions. On the other hand, montmorillonite and manganese ions can increase their activity and infectivity to a certain extent, thereby contributing to the spread of prions. The control of prions in the soil can be achieved through biotechnologies such as environmental prevention and control, enzyme treatment and composting technique, based on the improvement of their detection methods. In the future, the research on prions in the soil environment should take more into account the influence of the characteristics of soil compounds and native microorganisms on prions, so as to promote the development of in-situ prion degradation methods to control their spread. This work will provide theoretical support for the development of new technologies for soil prions control.

prion  /  soil  /  transmission  /  minerals  /  transmissible spongiform encephalopathies
许欣怡, 孙浩, 吴桐, 胡小婕, 王建, 王贺飞, 周贤, 秦超, 高彦征. 土壤中朊病毒的传播与控制. 中国环境科学, 2025 , 45 (6) : 3411 -3419 .
Xin-yi XU, Hao SUN, Tong WU, Xiao-jie HU, Jian WANG, He-fei WANG, Xian ZHOU, Chao QIN, Yan-zheng GAO. Transmission and control strategies of prions in soil[J]. China Environmental Science, 2025 , 45 (6) : 3411 -3419 .
朊病毒(Prion)是一种仅由蛋白质组成而不含核酸的感染因子,完整名称为朊病毒蛋白(PrP),可分为细胞型(PrPC)和致病型(PrPSc)两种构象[1].PrPC是人和动物正常细胞基因的编码产物,发生错误折叠后一些α-螺旋变为β-折叠形成PrPSc,从而可诱发致命的传染性海绵状脑病(TSEs)[2].TSEs是一种发生在哺乳动物中的神经退行性疾病,包括鹿慢性消耗性疾病,羊痒病,疯牛病,以及人类克雅氏病等[3].TSEs具有传染性强、潜伏期长等特点,既可以通过个体之间直接传播,也能通过环境间接传播,进而可在受污染地区迅速蔓延,严重威胁人类和动物的生命健康.
朊病毒主要通过受感染动物的唾液、尿液、粪便以及尸体腐烂分解等途径进入土壤环境中.进入到土壤环境中的PrPSc直接沉积于土壤颗粒表面,并与土壤组分相互作用,使土壤成为朊病毒的天然储存库[4].相关研究表明,朊病毒在土壤中的归趋因土壤组成和性质不同而产生差异,如一些金属及其氧化物可以与朊病毒相互作用,从而影响它们在环境中的生物可利用度和持久性[4-5].朊病毒在土壤中的活性可保持长达数10a,并且仍有传播给人类的风险[6].因此,关注朊病毒在土壤中的传播和影响因素对人类预防和应对朊病毒病至关重要.
本文从传播过程、影响因素以及控制技术三方面分析了朊病毒在土壤中的归趋、稳定性与传播性,并在此基础上对未来研究方向做出展望.研究结果将丰富人们对土壤朊病毒传播过程与控制技术的认识,进而为土壤朊病毒防治新技术的研发提供理论支撑.
朊病毒可诱发致命的传染性相关疾病的发现较早.例如,羊痒病的发现时间最早可被追溯至250多年前[7].上世纪80年代英国首次出现牛海绵状脑病,并在1992年初达到顶峰,病例高达37000多例[8].近年来,朊病毒病的致命性和迅速传播引发了全世界人们的广泛关注,许多学者对朊病毒病在各个国家和地区的分布展开调查,并探究了土壤矿物质、有机质等组分对朊病毒在土壤环境中迁移和传播的影响.本研究总结了Web of Science数据库中土壤朊病毒蛋白相关研究的高频词汇(图1).结果表明,慢性消耗性疾病(Chronic wasting disease),朊病毒的传播(Transmission)与归趋(Fate),土壤黏土矿物(Clay-minerals),蒙脱石(Montmorillonite)等是目前土壤中朊病毒的研究热点.在这些文献中,虽然关于朊病毒的传播、归趋和影响因素已经分别得到了一定研究,但是缺乏较为全面的总结概述。
一方面,土壤作为朊病毒的天然储存库,能够为朊病毒的赋存和传播提供环境介质.另一方面,土壤中的重要组成部分可以与传染性朊病毒蛋白相互作用,从而成为影响朊病毒传播的关键因素[5].因此,在这些文献基础上,本文首先总结了土壤中朊病毒的来源和传播概况.
朊病毒常赋存于包括湖泊河流等水体、土壤以及圈养动物的设施等在内的多个环境储存库.其中,土壤是朊病毒传播的最主要介质.土壤中朊病毒的主要来源是患病动物的排泄物以及动物尸体.患病动物排泄朊病毒的主要途径包括皮肤、粪便、尿液、鼻腔分泌物、唾液以及患病母体的相关分泌物(奶和胎盘)等[9].而圈养畜禽的尸体掩埋以及野生动物尸体的自然沉降,甚至于炼油厂和屠宰场不知情状况下屠杀患病动物所产生的固液废物等都是朊病毒进入土壤的重要途径[10-11].
朊病毒进入土壤后可以存活数年并保持较强的传染性[12].研究表明,土壤可能通过强化环境中少量传染源的传播性来促进朊病毒病的环境传播[13].鹿慢性消耗性疾病(CWD)是一种致命的朊病毒传染性疾病,正在蔓延整个北美,且地理分布一直在扩大.根据美国地质勘探局发布的信息,截至2024年4月,已经在美国33个州、加拿大5个省、韩国、挪威、瑞典和芬兰等6个国家的鹿科动物种群中发现CWD病例.美国的野生鹿和圈养鹿CWD疫情常年持续发生并迅速蔓延.根据各州狩猎与渔业部门信息报道,马里兰州1999~2023年期间监测的14394头鹿中阳性病例高达223头,阿色肯州牛顿县北部2016年白尾鹿的CWD总患病率高达23%.2000~2001年加拿大CWD疫情出现小高峰,2000年10月加拿大政府迅速采取扑杀行动使得疫情得到有效遏制,但2020~2023年加拿大报告的圈养鹿病例达40例,间接说明了环境污染对朊病毒病传播的影响[14].研究表明,羊痒病病毒在土壤中至少可以存在16a.1978年,为阻止羊痒病在冰岛的传播,政府实施了扑杀计划,并对相关场所进行消毒,在2a后重新放养来自无羊痒病地区的羔羊.然而,此后的6a内33个农场再次出现羊痒病,其中9个农场在宰杀患病羊后的14~21年后依旧出现患病病例.同样说明了朊病毒在土壤中可以保持稳定性和传染性[6].研究表明,造成慢性消耗性疾病的朊病毒蛋白(PrPCWD)在牧场中至少可以保持传染性2a,并且相关流行病学模型表明,环境传播途径是圈养骡鹿爆发两次CWD疫情的原因[9,15-16].土壤柱试验表明,PrPSc在土壤中可以保持长达18个月的稳定性[17].另有研究发现,将感染羊痒病的仓鼠脑匀浆上清液与土壤混合3a后,发现其依然具有传染性[18].土壤矿物质和一些金属离子可以与朊病毒结合将其固定在土壤中,吸附在土壤中的朊病毒保持其生物可利用度和持久性,且部分金属矿物结合朊病毒可以使感染性增强[19-20].
进入土壤中的朊病毒,部分与金属矿物等结合固定在土壤表层,少数游离的朊病毒沿土壤剖面向下垂直迁移,进入土壤深层[7].动物通过觅食、舔舐矿物以及领土标记等行为,将朊病毒摄入体内,经过肠道的吸收消化在动物体内扩散传播,从而形成了从环境中吸收朊病毒-朊病毒在体内扩散传播-朊病毒排泄-朊病毒在环境中持续存在的循环[9,21].
此外,植物可以从土壤中积累、转移朊病毒,从而成为朊病毒在环境中传播的载体.研究发现,朊病毒可与小麦草的根结合,并被运输到地上部分的茎和叶中,其被野生仓鼠摄入后,在稀释的脑匀浆或排泄物(尿液和粪便)中均检测到少量的PrPSc,进一步导致野生仓鼠被有效地感染[22].前人检测了冷冻10a之久的植物样品,证实了朊病毒仍具有较强的传染性,且不同植物对朊病毒的吸收和生物可利用度的影响差异明显[23].植物可以吸收、转运、积累并输送足够的朊病毒,从而使得仓鼠、鹿等食草动物经口暴露感染朊病毒病,因而植物也成为传播朊病毒的重要组成部分[3].
土壤的不同组成部分可通过对朊病毒的吸附、持久性、复制效率产生显著影响,从而使得不同土壤中的朊病毒传播特性存在差异[5].本文重点总结了土壤矿物质、有机质、痕量金属、微生物等对朊病毒在土壤中持久性和传播性的影响.
土壤质地(即黏粒-砂粒含量)影响朊病毒在土壤中的传播.通常,蛋白质与固体表面之间的静电和疏水相互作用会导致被吸附蛋白质的结构发生变化.而黏土上可以发生由静电相互作用驱动的吸附,具有高柔性的蛋白质会被强烈地吸附在此类具有电负性的矿物表面,并发生较大的构象重排[24].有研究表明,较砂粒含量多的土壤而言,富含黏粒的土壤更易增强朊病毒的传播性[13].在此基础上,前人在分析科罗拉多北部鹿群CWD患病率时发现,土壤中黏粒含量每增加1%,其感染几率就会增加高达8.9%[19].但也有研究结果与之相反,其发现感染CWD高风险地区的土壤黏粒较少而砂粒较多,且回归模型表明了土壤中黏粒含量较少地区的CWD预测值通常较高[25].表1总结了目前全球出现CWD病例的6个国家的主要患病地区,包括美国怀俄明州、加拿大萨斯喀彻温省、瑞典的北博滕省等的主要土壤质地及黏粒-砂粒含量.由表1可知,几个地区的主要土壤类型为砂壤土,且砂粒含量均明显高于黏粒含量,这一结果与前人的结论一致,但并不能直接证明黏粒-砂粒含量与患病率之间的关系.
大量研究表明,黏土与CWD有关,但其对感染性的影响存在争议.以往[26]研究认为朊病毒病的发病率随着黏粒的丰度而增加的结论是在平均黏粒含量低于18%的地区进行的研究,而当黏粒含量大于18%时,预测CWD持续存在的概率较低,黏粒含量高于18%的土壤可能反映了由于黏粒含量较高的地方对朊病毒具有良好的吸附固定效果,进而导致的朊病毒生物可利用度降低.值得注意的是,黏粒含量和朊病毒之间的相互作用受pH值、离子强度和存在的特定离子的影响.例如pH值的变化会改变朊病毒的大小和聚集程度、土壤矿物质和有机物的表面电荷,以及控制吸附-解吸行为的土壤-水界面的大小[26-27].因此,黏土确实对朊病毒在土壤中的活性和传播性存在影响,但由于与其他土壤组分的相互作用和互相影响,黏粒含量和患病率之间不存在显著相关性.
此外,不同土壤矿物质类型对朊病毒传播的影响差异明显.朊病毒与土壤矿物质结合是其在土壤中保持稳定性和传染性的一个重要原因[4,28].前期研究[29]比较了纯化的PrPSc在3种常见土壤矿物(石英、蒙脱石和高岭石)的吸附作用,发现对PrPSc吸附效果差异明显:蒙脱石>石英>高岭石.黏土矿物表面细胞外酶吸附相关试验结果证明了朊病毒与土壤矿物吸附的主要机制为静电和疏水相互作用.此外,还有一种假设认为朊病毒蛋白和土壤矿物质的结合机制主要涉及有机分子官能团黏附在矿物表面发生的表面络合作用[4,7,30].但这一机制并不能解释不同矿物之间的吸附能力差异.以往研究[4]认为矿物结合朊病毒蛋白能力的差异主要是由于其不同的结晶结构和物理性质造成.例如,蒙脱石和伊利石都是2:1层状结构但伊利石的吸附能力较差,这可能是因为伊利石的层间K+使得层间结合能力强,层间空间固定,而蒙脱石的层间连结是较弱的分子间力,当水分子沿硅氧层进入层间时,层间距离增大.这一观点也解释了上文中提及的一些研究认为黏土易促进朊病毒病传播的结果.以蒙脱石为主要矿物成分的黏土出现层间膨胀后导致黏土体积增加,相当数量的有机分子可以穿过2:1膨胀型黏土混合区,而朊病毒会被富含层状硅酸盐的黏土强烈吸附,间接增强了朊病毒病在环境中的水平传播[4,31].
蒙脱石对朊病毒蛋白的强吸附能力引发众多学者关注.研究发现,蒙脱石吸附朊病毒主要通过蛋白质的N端结构域进行,这种吸附在很大程度上是不可逆的,并且结合后的复合物本质上比未结合的蛋白质具有更强的感染性[4,28].研究表明,与蒙脱石性质相似的云母与重组绵羊朊病毒蛋白之间的吸附也是不可逆的[31].因此,有效解吸或洗脱矿物结合朊病毒蛋白的技术将成为控制朊病毒土壤传播的重要手段之一.电洗脱技术可在天然土壤中进行灵敏的朊病毒检测,适用于不同质地的土壤和纯黏土,克服了基于洗涤剂的方法所遇到的困难,且操作简单、环保高效,但回收率因土壤类型而异,还需进一步研究来确认哪些土壤特性决定了可提取性[28].
综上所述,土壤颗粒与朊病毒的结合,降低了其口服生物利用度,从而导致土壤成为感染性朊病毒的汇,在一定程度上限制了朊病毒的传播.而蒙脱石等矿物质的结合与吸附限制了朊病毒在土壤剖面垂直迁移的同时,保持了一定的感染性并且结合物进入动物胃肠道后不易被降解,从而增加了疾病传播的可能性,使得一些以蒙脱石为主要土壤矿物的地区出现了较高的患病率[29].
有机质是土壤的重要成分,其特性与土壤矿物明显不同,有助于吸附或截留进入土壤的大分子[32].朊病毒与土壤有机质的相互作用可能与富含腐殖质(HS)的土壤环境高度相关.在富含有机质的土壤中,朊病毒会被HS吸附,形成的复合体不易被天然蛋白酶降解,从而稳定存在于环境中[33].以往研究[34]观察到HS在不改变PrP二级结构的情况下增强其吸附的能力,从而认为HS和PrP的相互作用有助于朊病毒免受生物和非生物降解,导致它们在环境中积累.然而,将PrPCWD与土壤腐殖酸(HA)孵育后发现,较低水平的HA对朊病毒蛋白的影响较小[35],但高浓度的HA(>2.5g/L)能明显降低PrPCWD的感染性.土壤有机质降低朊病毒传播的同时,也对土壤提取和检测朊病毒蛋白的过程产生干扰.土壤中提取病理性朊病毒蛋白(PrPTSE)的常用方法会释放大量有机质,而有机质会抑制PrPTSE的免疫印迹信号,干扰程度随着有机质浓度的增加和极性的降低而增加[36].
此外,前人[32]还研究了朊病毒蛋白与有机质-矿物质复合物之间的相互作用,发现不同种类的萃取剂都无法从形成的固体聚集体中解吸/萃取出PrP,说明了蛋白质-有机质-矿物复合物的高度稳定性,这种高稳定性使得朊病毒蛋白强烈保留在富含有机质的土壤中,随后在土壤中传播的风险非常低.
朊病毒具有与各种金属结合的能力,与金属的相互作用可能会影响其在土壤中的稳定性和抗降解性[37].PrP可以与铜、锌、锰和镍等二价离子结合并参与细胞代谢过程,调节细胞中痕量重金属浓度并保护细胞免受重金属过载和随后的氧化应激[38].目前,关于朊病毒蛋白和土壤中痕量金属的研究主要集中在铜和锰两种元素.朊病毒是一种金属结合蛋白,对铜具有高度选择性和高亲和性,一些研究表明,朊病毒需要铜来保持其结构,缺少铜时朊病毒会吸收锰(Mn2+)来代替[39-40].另有研究[41]发现TSEs患病率较高的地区的Mn2+含量成倍高于周边无TSEs病例地区,但铜、锌、硒和铁含量不足,而这种低金属含量会促进Mn2+的过度吸收.对比重金属锰和铜对朊病毒在土壤中稳定性的差异,表明锰显著提高了土壤中朊病毒的存活率并降低了其感染细胞所需的有效剂量,从而增强朊病毒的感染性[40].但锰氧化物(MnO2)是土壤中最强的天然氧化剂,能有效降低致病型朊病毒蛋白的活性和传染性,且酸性的土壤条件能有效地促进这一过程[42].
土壤和肠道中都有大量的微生物,其中微生物群在调节有害生物方面发挥着至关重要的作用[43].然而,目前有关微生物群落对朊病毒蛋白的作用机制大多集中在肠道微生物代谢活动对朊病毒病的发病机制和影响,对于患病地区微生物群落的种类和丰度以及对土壤中朊病毒蛋白的影响机制却少有研究.土壤中含有丰富的细菌和真菌物种,对其他环境中细菌降解PrPTSE的能力进行调查后发现,一些土壤细菌具有降解这种蛋白质的能力,但尚未有研究探讨土壤中原生微生物对PrPTSE的降解作用[44].
此外,土壤的pH值、水份状况等其他理化性质也被作为影响土壤朊病毒活性的关键因素与其他因子一同被研究讨论.由于土壤的复杂性,每种化合物的影响重叠,各种物质之间也相互牵制、互相影响,因此难以清晰地区分它们的影响效应.但是这些研究有助于我们理解土壤-朊病毒相互作用的复杂性,了解土壤性质对朊病毒蛋白的影响,从而为今后的朊病毒病防控和管理提供重要依据[35].
随着时间的推移,土壤中朊病毒检测工作的开展难度也随之增大.因此检测环境中的PrPSc,监测土壤中的相关PrPSc水平,对评估朊病毒病在环境中的持久性和开展控制计划具有重要意义[45].在朊病毒基础研究以及临床诊断领域,免疫印迹以及免疫组织化学方法是检测朊病毒的常用技术,但这些方法也存在灵敏性较差,难以运用于早期检测以及无法筛选环境样本等局限性[46-47].蛋白质错误折叠循环扩增(PMCA)和实时震动诱导蛋白扩增(RT-QuIC)技术的出现和运用,提高了朊病毒检测的速度和灵敏度,同时使得各种组织和排泄物中朊病毒得以检测[46,48].PMCA和RT-QuIC两者都依赖于正常细胞或重组朊病毒蛋白向异常折叠亚型的周期性、胁迫转化[49].PMCA方法用于了解朊病毒的独特生物学特性并筛选干扰朊病毒形成的分子,但该方法仅能检测朊病毒病变体中的接种活性.而RT-QuIC技术则是通过使用重组朊病毒蛋白和超声取代摇动,提高了检测速度和实用性[50].在此基础上,通过比较多种提取液从污染土壤中恢复PrP活性的能力发现,使用含十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)的缓冲液能获得最佳的PrPCWD回收率[45],该研究表明在不同质地的矿物和土壤中,先用高效的提取液提取再进行PMCA和RT-QuIC技术检测,能高效检测到环境土壤样本中的PrPCWD,是土壤中朊病毒检测的重大进步.此外,前人[51-52]还报道了一种称为终点震动诱导转化(EP-QuIC)的方法,该方法由RT-QuIC修改而来,试验证明两种方法的敏感性和特异性几乎完全一致,但EP-QuIC反应发生得更快,并且低成本和高通量等优势使得其有望应用于朊病毒病的快速检测.另有学者开发了一种基于免疫的新方法,可以原位观察吸附在农业土壤颗粒上的PrPSc[53],该方法无需从土壤中提取蛋白质,而是通过细胞模型进行感染性检测.虽然这种方法目前只能测试少数几种小鼠朊病毒,但与传统的动物生物测定法相比,细胞法检测受污染土壤中的朊病毒具有速度更快、价格更低的特点.
针对羊痒病在欧洲的爆发情况,为了可靠地了解每个成员国的流行病学情况,欧盟采取了年度监测计划和引入育种计划以选择绵羊种群对TSEs抗性,自实施控制措施以来,欧盟所有国家的羊痒病病例不断下降[54].对于CWD在美国的迅速蔓延,美国各州积极采取各项监测和管理措施.例如2019年伊利诺伊州北部首次野生白尾鹿CWD病例后,为降低传播率和受感染鹿对环境的污染实施了一项两级适应性管理策略,包括收集信息和实施疾病管理计划(局部集中扑杀,LFC)[55].
因需要考虑患病率、种群类型、遗传学和地理传播等因素,朊病毒病的管理和控制难以开展和实施[56].目前最有效地对抗朊病毒的方法应当是环境防治,即降低朊病毒的环境间接传染的可能性[57].除了上文提及的HA和MnO2能有效降低PrPSc的活性和传染性,更多学者研究发现了其他能有效抑制土壤中朊病毒蛋白活性的过程.为模拟真实的环境条件,研究者将未结合和结合土壤的朊病毒暴露在反复的干燥和湿润循环中,发现了部分朊病毒失活[58].另有研究对埋藏患病羊羔尸体的土壤进行一年的观察后发现[59],尸体上方的土壤和蛋白水解能力较低,相反在尸体下方的土壤中,蛋白质分解受到了刺激,表现出降解朊病毒蛋白的能力.这些研究表明,土壤中自然发生的环境过程可以在一定程度上降解朊病毒,而这个过程与土壤性质和朊病毒的来源密切相关.
显然土壤中的自发过程难以完全抑制朊病毒的活性,因此研究开发实际的原位处理方法来净化朊病毒污染土壤和其他环境表面至关重要[60].目前朊病毒的净化方法,如焚烧和高压灭菌等,虽然有一定成效但对大多数环境应用而言并不实际.在环境条件(22℃,pH 7.4)下使用枯草杆菌蛋白酶处理土壤结合朊病毒,发现了酶处理可以有效降解朊病毒并降低感染性[61].因此,局部应用枯草杆菌蛋白酶溶液可能是一种限制朊病毒的环境水平传播的有效处理方法[62].此外,有研究[60]使用2N氢氧化钠和2%次氯酸钠溶液等消毒剂对受污染土壤表面和设备进行净化发现2N氢氧化钠能显著降低农场朊病毒的感染性.还有研究[63]使用饲养场粪便进行实验室规模的堆肥,发现堆肥中添加一些如羽毛等可以富集微生物量的物质可以有效降低朊病毒蛋白的活性.这些研究为朊病毒污染土壤的处理和净化工作提供了依据和建议,但大多数是基于实验室基础且条件严苛,例如许多酶降解朊病毒需要高温和较高的pH值条件,所以应用到实际环境的可行性和有效性还需进一步研究[44].
土壤作为朊病毒的天然存储库和传播的主要介质,研究朊病毒在土壤中的活性与归趋对人类预防和控制朊病毒病具有重要意义.患病动物通过排泄物、分泌物等将致病型朊病毒蛋白输送进入土壤中,含有大量蒙脱石等矿物质的黏土更容易将朊病毒吸附固定在土壤表面并保留一定的感染性.植物也可以吸收朊病毒并将其迁移到地上部分,动物通过觅食以及不经意地咀嚼土壤矿物等行为将朊病毒摄入体内从而导致患病.土壤颗粒和腐殖质结合朊病毒能有效降低生物利用度,导致其在环境中积累,从而抑制朊病毒的传播.而蒙脱石以及锰离子等能够增加朊病毒的活性和感染性,在一定程度上促进了朊病毒的传播.土壤中各类组分关系密切,与朊病毒的结合作用是同时且相互的,共同影响着朊病毒在土壤中的归趋.环境防治是有效对抗朊病毒的方法之一,各个国家和地区针对相应的情况采取了不同的应对措施,在一定程度上遏制了朊病毒病的传播.此外,土壤中一些自发的过程可以降解朊病毒但效果甚微.而酶处理以及堆肥微生物等可以有效抑制朊病毒活性,但能否应用到实际环境还需进一步研究.
土壤中各种组分相互联系、相互转化,例如土壤矿物和有机质复合物在土壤中含量丰富,黏附在矿物表面的有机质对矿物的朊病毒结合能力的影响,以及这种复合物是否为决定朊病毒在土壤中归趋的主要因素,都需要进一步研究来验证.因此在考虑土壤因子对朊病毒的影响时,不应只局限于单一因素,考虑多种物质以及复合物的影响对探究朊病毒在土壤中的归趋更具有实际意义.目前关于土壤微生物和朊病毒之间的相互作用研究较少,分析土壤中能够有效降解或抑制朊病毒活性的菌种,以及探究朊病毒对土壤微生物群落和丰度的影响能帮助我们更好地理解朊病毒在土壤环境中的传播.此外,由于患病动物尸体深埋地底并且会随着降雨等因素在土壤中横向或纵向迁移,因此开发能在多种环境中检测和降解朊病毒的方法对于朊病毒病的控制至关重要.未来的研究还应关注可以应用到实际土壤环境中的朊病毒消减技术,为人类防控治理朊病毒病提供理论依据.
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(42477419; 42107221)
  • 中国博士后科学基金面上项目(2023M741738)
  • 中央高校基本科研业务费(QTPY2025004)
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2025年第45卷第6期
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  • 接收时间:2024-12-15
  • 首发时间:2026-02-27
  • 出版时间:2025-06-20
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  • 收稿日期:2024-12-15
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国家自然科学基金资助项目(42477419; 42107221)
中国博士后科学基金面上项目(2023M741738)
中央高校基本科研业务费(QTPY2025004)
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    南京农业大学土壤有机污染控制与修复研究所,江苏 南京 210095

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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种数
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占总种数比例
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total species (%)

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种数
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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