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To investigate the effects of water flow disturbances on the growth and aggregation characteristics of Microcystis blooms, this study conducted controlled indoor experiments in a flume, with disturbance frequencies set at 30, 40, 50, and 60min-1. The growth dynamics and size variation of Microcystis colonies were systematically analyzed under varying disturbance conditions. The results showed that low-intensity water flow disturbances (frequency<40min-1 or velocity<0.026m/s) significantly promote the secretion of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) in Microcystis, with a strong correlation observed between Chlorophyll-a and EPS concentrations (r2>0.85). Conversely, high-intensity disturbances (frequency>50min-1 or velocity>0.034m/s) inhibited EPS secretion, leading to a weakened correlation between Chlorophyll-a and EPS concentrations (r2<0.8). Within the experimental ranges of flow velocity (0~0.08m/s) and turbulent kinetic energy (0~0.004m2/s2), the size of Microcystis colonies exhibited minimal variation (ranging from 0.4~0.6mm). Furthermore, low-intensity disturbances facilitated the formation of surface blooms with shorter durations, whereas higher-intensity disturbances suppressed bloom aggregation while extending algal survival periods.

, correspAuthors=Zhong-yong YANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Yi-ling HU, Zhong-yong YANG, Wei RAN, Jing YANG, Dao-bin JI), CN=ArticleExt(id=1234106403426726697, articleId=1234106391460377461, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, language=CN, title=水流扰动环境中微囊藻群体生长及成群分析, columnId=1234106388268503686, journalTitle=中国环境科学, columnName=环境生态, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为探讨水流扰动对微囊藻水华生长和颗粒成群特征的影响,基于水槽开展室内控制实验,设置频率分别为30,40,50,60min-1的水流扰动环境,分析不同条件下微囊藻的生长和群体尺寸变化过程.结果表明,低强度水流扰动(fb<40min-1或流速<0.026m/s)有助于藻类分泌EPS,此时,叶绿素a浓度(Chl-a)与胞外聚合物(EPS)浓度具有较高相关性(r2>0.85).高强度水流扰动(fb>50min-1或流速>0.034m/s)则抑制藻类分泌EPS,使叶绿素a浓度与EPS浓度的相关性降低(r2<0.8).在本文所设的流速范围(0~0.08m/s)和湍动能范围(0~0.004m2/s2)内,微囊藻群体尺寸变化较小(0.4~0.6mm).实验中还发现,低强度水流扰动有利于藻类形成表面水华层,且水华层的存续时间较短;而较高强度的水流扰动则抑制藻类聚集成群形成水华层,并延长藻类的存活时间.

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* 责任作者,副教授,
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胡怡玲(2000-),女,湖北荆州人,三峡大学硕士研究生,主要从事蓝藻水华发生机制及其控制研究.发表论文2篇. .

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胡怡玲(2000-),女,湖北荆州人,三峡大学硕士研究生,主要从事蓝藻水华发生机制及其控制研究.发表论文2篇. .

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胡怡玲(2000-),女,湖北荆州人,三峡大学硕士研究生,主要从事蓝藻水华发生机制及其控制研究.发表论文2篇. .

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Disturbance frequency and duration of the experiment

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实验组扰动频率(fb,min-1)实验时长(h)平均流速(m/s)平均湍动能(m2/s2)
30440.0170.0006
40980.0260.0014
501200.0460.0013
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扰动频率和实验时长

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实验组扰动频率(fb,min-1)实验时长(h)平均流速(m/s)平均湍动能(m2/s2)
30440.0170.0006
40980.0260.0014
501200.0460.0013
601200.0340.0005
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水流扰动环境中微囊藻群体生长及成群分析
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胡怡玲 1 , 杨忠勇 1, 2, * , 冉薇 3 , 杨京 1 , 纪道斌 1, 4
中国环境科学 | 环境生态 2025,45(6): 3280-3288
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中国环境科学 | 环境生态 2025, 45(6): 3280-3288
水流扰动环境中微囊藻群体生长及成群分析
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胡怡玲1 , 杨忠勇1, 2, * , 冉薇3, 杨京1, 纪道斌1, 4
作者信息
  • 1.三峡大学水利与环境学院,湖北 宜昌 443002
  • 2.三峡大学,三峡水库生态系统湖北省野外科学观测研究站,湖北 宜昌 443002
  • 3.重庆鼎城建设工程质量检测有限责任公司,重庆 409800
  • 4.三峡大学三峡数智研究院,湖北 宜昌 443002
  • 胡怡玲(2000-),女,湖北荆州人,三峡大学硕士研究生,主要从事蓝藻水华发生机制及其控制研究.发表论文2篇. .

通讯作者:

* 责任作者,副教授,
Growth and aggregation dynamics of microcystis colonies in flow disturbed environments
Yi-ling HU1 , Zhong-yong YANG1, 2, * , Wei RAN3, Jing YANG1, Dao-bin JI1, 4
Affiliations
  • 1.College of Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, China
  • 2.Hubei Field Observation and Scientific Research Stations for Water Ecosystem in Three Gorges Reservoir, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, China
  • 3.Chongqing Dingcheng Construction Quality Testing Co., Ltd, Chongqing 409800 China
  • 4.Three Gorges Digital Intelligence Institute, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, China
出版时间: 2025-06-20
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为探讨水流扰动对微囊藻水华生长和颗粒成群特征的影响,基于水槽开展室内控制实验,设置频率分别为30,40,50,60min-1的水流扰动环境,分析不同条件下微囊藻的生长和群体尺寸变化过程.结果表明,低强度水流扰动(fb<40min-1或流速<0.026m/s)有助于藻类分泌EPS,此时,叶绿素a浓度(Chl-a)与胞外聚合物(EPS)浓度具有较高相关性(r2>0.85).高强度水流扰动(fb>50min-1或流速>0.034m/s)则抑制藻类分泌EPS,使叶绿素a浓度与EPS浓度的相关性降低(r2<0.8).在本文所设的流速范围(0~0.08m/s)和湍动能范围(0~0.004m2/s2)内,微囊藻群体尺寸变化较小(0.4~0.6mm).实验中还发现,低强度水流扰动有利于藻类形成表面水华层,且水华层的存续时间较短;而较高强度的水流扰动则抑制藻类聚集成群形成水华层,并延长藻类的存活时间.

微囊藻水华  /  水体扰动  /  控制实验  /  PIV  /  藻颗粒成群

To investigate the effects of water flow disturbances on the growth and aggregation characteristics of Microcystis blooms, this study conducted controlled indoor experiments in a flume, with disturbance frequencies set at 30, 40, 50, and 60min-1. The growth dynamics and size variation of Microcystis colonies were systematically analyzed under varying disturbance conditions. The results showed that low-intensity water flow disturbances (frequency<40min-1 or velocity<0.026m/s) significantly promote the secretion of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) in Microcystis, with a strong correlation observed between Chlorophyll-a and EPS concentrations (r2>0.85). Conversely, high-intensity disturbances (frequency>50min-1 or velocity>0.034m/s) inhibited EPS secretion, leading to a weakened correlation between Chlorophyll-a and EPS concentrations (r2<0.8). Within the experimental ranges of flow velocity (0~0.08m/s) and turbulent kinetic energy (0~0.004m2/s2), the size of Microcystis colonies exhibited minimal variation (ranging from 0.4~0.6mm). Furthermore, low-intensity disturbances facilitated the formation of surface blooms with shorter durations, whereas higher-intensity disturbances suppressed bloom aggregation while extending algal survival periods.

microcystis blooms  /  aquatic disturbance  /  controlled experiments  /  PIV  /  algal aggregation
胡怡玲, 杨忠勇, 冉薇, 杨京, 纪道斌. 水流扰动环境中微囊藻群体生长及成群分析. 中国环境科学, 2025 , 45 (6) : 3280 -3288 .
Yi-ling HU, Zhong-yong YANG, Wei RAN, Jing YANG, Dao-bin JI. Growth and aggregation dynamics of microcystis colonies in flow disturbed environments[J]. China Environmental Science, 2025 , 45 (6) : 3280 -3288 .
微囊藻(Microcystis)水华是三峡水库夏季常见的水华类型之一[1-2],其产生的蓝藻毒素对水生态安全及人类健康构成威胁[3].影响微囊藻的生长和群体化的因素主要分为环境因素(如气象和营养盐等)和水动力因素两大类[4-6].然而,环境因素在实际富营养化水体中往往难以人为控制,而水动力条件可以直接或间接影响营养盐、泥沙及沉积物的分布和传输,影响藻类生长及其光能利用率[7-8].此外,微囊藻群体化过程中胞外聚合物(EPS)的分泌在水华形成和群体结构稳定中发挥了关键作用[9].EPS作为藻类群体的重要组成部分,不仅有助于细胞间的黏附和群体的聚集,还影响营养盐的吸收和群体的抗干扰能力[10-11].因此,研究水动力条件对微囊藻水华生长和群体化的影响成为国内外研究的重点方面之一.目前的研究主要分为室内水槽实验[12-15]和野外监测[16-18]或现场原位围隔[19]实验,室内环境相对优越,导致微囊藻的抗干扰能力相对较弱,两者的研究结果差异性较大[20].而不同扰动方式(烧杯搅拌、摇床、风扇、造浪泵等)也会导致不同的阈值.李林等[21]提出适度扰动可增强藻体周围水体的物质交换,有利于营养盐的获取与细胞活性的提升;张冰等[20]发现,轻微扰动促进离子转运并提升吸收效率,而过强扰动则可能破坏微囊藻对光照的适应性,降低其光能转化效率.扰动持续时间的不同也会影响微囊藻的生长和群体化[22-23],间歇扰动能够促进水华微囊藻的生长及群体尺寸增大,而持续扰动则抑制其生长和聚集[24].
目前针对微囊藻与水流扰动关系方面的研究主要聚焦于扰动对微囊藻的影响,在微囊藻群体化与水动力结构的潜在反馈机制方面还比较欠缺.本实验在方形水槽中采用直线式往复电机推动挡板运动,以模拟不同扰动环境,通过粒子图像分析系统(PIV)分析微囊藻群体在不同扰动强度下的生长与群体形成过程,主要以表征藻类生长的叶绿素a浓度和影响群体形成能力的EPS浓度为媒介,分析水动力结构对微囊藻群体的影响,探讨水流扰动强度对微囊藻生长和群体化的响应及影响机制,旨在增加对增强水库水流强度降低水华暴发强度和频率生态调度方法的认识.
2023年8月3日,在湖北省宜昌市香溪河野外固定监测平台(110.78°,31.13°)内,首先采用25号浮游生物网从水表(0~30cm)采集50L,然后将采集的水样利用沉降法浓缩至25L.使用200mm筛网粗筛后,静置2h取上层水样再经95μm筛网进一步过滤.过滤后的藻样放入灭菌处理后的BG11培养基培养,经显微镜观察发现,其主要组成部分为微囊藻,占整个水样中浮游生物的90%,主要包括具缘微囊藻,惠氏微囊藻和水华微囊藻3个藻种.
图1为本实验所采用的实验装置,主要包括水槽、扰动系统和PIV数据采集系统.水槽为方形,长L=800mm,宽B=400mm和高H=400mm.扰动系统主要采用直线往复电机(长23cm,最大伸长距离5cm)推动挡板.通过调节往复电机的振动频率(30,40,50,60min-1)来控制扰动频率.PIV数据采集系统包括激光器、高速相机及分析软件(其中激光器为连续输出,功率为4W,绿色光,波长532nm),拍摄位置设在水面下0~7.5cm深度处.实验过程中的灯光、摄像等操作均采用计算机自动控制.
实验水槽最初装满64L蒸馏水(水深20cm),静置24h后加入80mL BG11培养基和20L过滤后的浓缩藻样(显微镜下估计浓度为5.8×105cell/L),随后加入蒸馏水保持整个实验水深为35cm.本实验设置多个实验组(表1),每组实验时间设定:从藻样加入水槽振荡20min后开始,直至藻样失去活性(叶绿素浓度下降80%)后该组实验结束.整个实验持续30d.各实验组中通过电机振荡营造的流速环境与香溪河实际[25-26]的流速范围相差不大.实验期间光照条件设置为昼夜周期(每日12:12h模拟光照:黑暗周期,其中黑暗从19:00~07:00).水槽内温度基本保持在(23.3±1.0)℃,在水面、中间层和水槽底部之间没有温差.
实验期间每隔8h分别采集深度0,5,10cm处的水样,用于测定叶绿素a(Chl-a)和胞外多糖(EPS)含量.采用分光光度法[27]测定叶绿素a(Chl-a)浓度,具体计算公式如下:
式中:D645D663D750表示相应波长下的吸光度;D750为背景校正值;V1为采集水样定容后保留的体积,mL;V为采集水样的总体积,L;δ=10cm表示比色皿光程.
胞外多糖测定参考Yang等[28]的方法,取10mL藻液放入离心管中,8000r/min下离心15min;取上清液经0.45μm的滤膜过滤,再从滤液中取2mL于试管中,加入1mL苯酚溶液(浓度6%)和5mL浓硫酸(浓度98%)混匀,在室温下放置25min,在分光光度计中测定490nm下溶液的吸光度.通过将样品的吸光度与葡萄糖标准溶液的吸收光谱进行拟合对比,计算样品中的EPS含量.
采用垂直方向的激光照亮水槽的中心平面,相机布置在水槽侧面,实验期间拍摄频率为每20min拍摄2000张照片,拍摄范围为7.5×7.5cm,分辨率为0.7mm/像素.图像处理采用PIVlab软件,通过互相关分析处理采集的图像,得到坐标(x,z)处水平和垂直方向的速度矢量(u,w).利用Python的OpenCV库对图像进行最佳类间距阈值分割,识别图像中运动的微囊藻群体(具体流程见图2).湍流强度采用湍动能(TKE)作为度量,能量传递效率采用ruw表示,能量耗散率用ε表示,具体计算公式为:
式中:水平(u')和垂直(w')流速的波动速度分量通过雷诺分解计算,即瞬时速度和平均速度之差;平均速度通过每组所有照片中微囊藻群体的速度平均值计算得出;σu,σwu'w'的标准差.
图3表明,实验前各组间的差异不显著(P>0.05).随着时间的推移,各实验组Chl-a浓度均呈现先上升后下降的趋势,表明在实验初期,扰动可能促进了微囊藻的生长,但长时间的扰动导致Chl-a浓度逐渐下降,微囊藻群体失去活性.实验组①中各层Chl-a浓度在16h达到最大,分别为实验开始时的2.4、1.9和1.93倍(图3(a)).实验组②各层Chl-a浓度在42h后达到扰动前的2.47、2.03和1.85倍(图3(b)).而实验组③和④各层Chl-a浓度在64h后达到峰值(图3(c、d)).这些结果表明,较低扰动频率时,表层Chl-a浓度高于其他层;但当扰动频率大于40min-1后,各层之间Chl-a浓度差异不再显著(P>0.05).说明在低扰动环境中(fb≤40min-1),微囊藻细胞受外力作用较小,在适宜的光照和营养条件下能够维持稳定的光合作用环境,从而促进Chl-a的积累.而在高扰动环境下(fb>50min-1),由于受到剪切力的作用,影响光合作用速率,Chl-a的生成速率下降[29].同时,微囊藻群体适应扰动的时间逐渐延长,说明微囊藻群体能够逐步调节来应对不断增加的外部扰动[30].
图4表明,扰动前各实验组EPS含量无显著差异(P>0.05),且5和10cm深度处的EPS含量大于0cm深度.扰动条件下各实验组EPS含量先增后减,与Chl-a浓度的变化趋势一致.实验组①中各层EPS含量在16h后达到峰值,分别为扰动前的3.02、1.46和1.47倍(图4(a)).实验组②中42h后各层EPS含量分别为扰动前的3.61、2.15和2.00倍(图4(b)).实验组③中各层EPS含量表现出均匀分布,并在56,48和56h后达到峰值,分别为扰动前的2.36、1.74和1.82倍(图4(c)).而实验组④中各层EPS含量在72,64和80h后达到峰值,分别为扰动前的2.60、1.88和1.84倍(图4(d)).这些结果表明扰动能够刺激EPS的分泌,其分泌速率因深度不同有所差异.同时,EPS达到峰值的时间也随扰动频率的增加而延迟.在实验后期,各实验组的Chl-a浓度均迅速下降,而在30和40min-1的扰动频率下,EPS含量下降速度较快,而在50和60min-1时下降速度相对缓慢.这表明EPS含量与扰动频率之间存在一定关系,可能是微囊藻应对外界扰动环境的一种防御机制[31].具体而言,较低的扰动频率导致微囊藻群体对EPS的需求较低,使得后期EPS含量快速下降;而当扰动频率增加时,微囊藻群体需分泌更多EPS来应对环境压力,导致后期EPS含量下降速度减缓.
图5k表示EPS浓度与叶绿素a的比例系数,r2表示二者的决定系数(或拟合优度),P表示显著性差异.不同扰动频率和采样深度下EPS和Chl-a之间呈现显著正相关关系(P<0.01),这表明两者的分泌和生成密切相关,且两者在微囊藻聚集和水华形成过程中存在协同作用[32].同一扰动频率下,随着采样深度的增加,EPS和Chl-a的相关性略有波动,但总体变化不大.表明在所研究的深度范围内扰动对不同深度的微囊藻的影响相似.低扰动频率时,EPS和Chl-a之间的相关性较高(r2>0.85),可能由于低扰动促进EPS分泌,且此时藻细胞的代谢活性较强,光合作用强度较高,Chl-a生成加快.EPS含量和Chl-a同时增加,此时叶绿素a浓度和EPS含量呈现出一定协同性,且群体趋于稳定.当扰动频率增加到60min-1,各深度处EPS和Chl-a的相关系数和比例系数显著减小(r2<0.8),表明在高扰动水体中,虽然藻细胞依然在生长和增殖,但高剪切力会破坏EPS的黏附作用,使微囊藻群体难以稳定存在,削弱两者的协同作用[33-34].结合图3图4可以看出,Chl-a浓度和EPS含量均可反映微囊藻群体的生长状态,但各自的侧重点不同.Chl-a主要关注藻类细胞数量(或生物量)与光合作用,而EPS则更多反映微囊藻群体适应外界环境、促进群体形成的能力[35].实验中发现在光照和营养条件充足的情况下,适度的环境扰动能够促进微囊藻的生长和成群,但当扰动频率进一步增加时,藻类光合作用受到限制,Chl-a含量逐渐降低,同时微囊藻群体会分泌更多的EPS来促进群体的形成来维持细胞的完整度并抵抗外部的损伤[36].这种防御机制表现在EPS含量的增加与Chl-a浓度减少的权衡关系之中,表明微囊藻在应对环境压力时优先分泌EPS,使微囊藻聚集成更大的群体来保证结构的稳定.然而,在强扰动条件下微囊藻群体面临更大的环境压力,其分泌EPS的能力降低,导致聚集成团的难度增大,此时EPS的保护作用难以抵消环境对微囊藻的损伤,从而抑制藻类群体生长和聚集作用.
图6显示,不同深度下,各实验组中微囊藻群体尺寸范围主要集中在0.25~0.5mm之间.如图6(a)所示,在深度为0~5cm的浅层时,扰动频率对微囊藻群体的尺寸分布具有显著影响.随着扰动频率从30min-1增加到60min-1,不同尺寸的微囊藻群体比例发生显著变化.在30min-1的扰动频率下,尺寸在0~0.25mm的微囊藻群体占比相对较高,约为0.20.而随着扰动频率的增加,这一小尺寸群体的比例逐渐减少.而中等尺寸的微囊藻群体(0.25~0.5mm)的比例逐渐上升.在扰动频率为30min-1下,其占比为0.30,并在40~50min-1时增加至0.4~0.5,在60min-1时达到峰值,这表明中等尺寸的微囊藻群体对较高扰动具有更强的适应能力.相比之下,大尺寸群体(0.5~0.75,>0.75mm)在低扰动下占比增加,但在高扰动时则减小,特别是在扰动频率为40min-1时其比例明显高于其他实验组.这可能与其对物理扰动的较强耐受性有关,但在更高强度的扰动下,这些大尺寸群体的生长受到显著抑制.
图6(b)显示,尽管扰动在深层依然对微囊藻群体存在影响,但其程度明显弱于浅层.在深度5~7.5cm处,尺寸范围在0~0.25mm微囊藻群体的比例随扰动频率的增加逐渐减少.在扰动频率为30min-1时,该群体的比例接近0.1,而在60min-1时下降至接近0.中等尺寸微囊藻的比例同样表现出随扰动频率增加而逐渐下降趋势.在30min-1时其比例接近0.20,而在50和60min-1时分别降至0.17和0.12.较大尺寸的微囊藻群体比例总体较低,且随着扰动频率的增大变化不明显.这表明深层环境中,较大尺寸的微囊藻群体对扰动的耐受性较强[37-38].这种差异可能与水体深度对光照、温度以及营养物质的分布影响有关,深层水体的物理环境相对更加稳定,因此扰动的影响明显减弱.
以上结果表明,扰动频率对不同深度微囊藻群体的整体分布具有显著影响.较大尺寸的微囊藻群体倾向于分布在浅层,而深层则以小尺寸群体为主.在低扰动频率下,小尺寸的微囊藻群体占主导地位,但随着扰动频率增加,中等和大尺寸群体逐渐增多,特别是在40min-1的扰动频率下,浅层微囊藻群体更容易聚集成群.表明适度的扰动有助于中等和大尺寸微囊藻群体在浅层的生长和分布,而高强度的扰动则可能对群体结构产生抑制作用.
图7(a)可以看出,扰动频率为30min-1时平均流速较低,仅为0.017m/s.随着扰动频率的增加,流速明显提升,特别是在扰动频率为40,50min-1时,平均流速分别达到0.026,0.046m/s.然而,当扰动频率达到60min-1时,平均流速略有下降,约为0.034m/s,且变化幅度较小.图7(b)显示,低扰动频率(30min-1)下,平均TKE较小,约为0.001m2/s2.当扰动频率增大至40min-1,TKE显著上升并达到峰值,此时水体中的湍流活动最为活跃.然而,扰动频率进一步增加至50,60min-1时,TKE开始下降,波动范围逐渐减小,表明湍流受到一定抑制.图7(c)显示,在扰动频率为30和40min-1时能量传递效率较低,接近10-4,表明此时能量传递效率较低且缓慢.然而,当扰动频率增加到50和60min-1值上升至10-3量级,表明此时能量传递效率提高,水中垂直和水平方向之间的相互作用更加明显,能量传递更加有效.图7(d)中湍流耗散率ε反映了湍流能量在水体中消耗的速度.在低扰动频率30min-1下,耗散率较高且波动范围较大,意味着湍流稳定性较低且能量损失较快.随着扰动频率的增加,ε逐渐下降,在扰动频率50min-1时达到最低值,此时能量耗散最小,湍流稳定性相对较高.
以上结果表明,随着扰动频率的增加,水槽内的流速和湍动能逐渐上升,但在50min-1时,虽然流速增加,但湍动能反而减小,说明扰动频率50min-1时可能是系统最佳频率,此时能量传递更加高效,水平和垂直流动的耦合效应显著增强.虽然流速增加,但流场趋于有序化,能量更多地传递到有序流动,从而抑制湍流的生成.当扰动频率进一步增加至60min-1时,水槽内流速、湍动能、能量传递效率均下降,而耗散率则增加,这表明此时小尺度涡流增多,能量通过粘性效应迅速耗散.
图8(a)显示,在深度0~50cm下,所有流速范围内微囊藻群体尺寸的平均值约为0.4~0.6mm,箱体的上四分位数和下四分位数表明,不同流速条件下微囊藻群体的尺寸分布较为一致.随着流速的增加,浅层微囊藻群体尺寸略有增加,但当流速进一步增加至0.06~0.08m/s,微囊藻尺寸变化趋于平稳,未显示出明显差异.这表明,在浅层水环境中,流速对微囊藻群体尺寸的影响相对有限.在深度50~75cm时,如图8(b)所示,尽管在不同流速条件下,群体尺寸的极大值略有上升,但在流速达到0.06~0.08m/s后,群体尺寸的极大值有所下降,整体分布范围和平均值仍与浅层保持一致,约为0.04~0.06mm.这表明在所研究的深度范围内,流速对于微囊藻群体尺寸的影响并不显著,进一步说明流速并非是影响微囊藻群体大小的主导因素.图8(c~d)显示,无论在浅层还是深层,微囊藻群体尺寸分布范围和平均值均保持一致.在所有TKE范围(<0.004m2/s2)内,群体尺寸的平均值大约在0.4~0.6mm之间,极大值约为1.2~1.4mm,极小值接近0mm.表明无论深度和湍动能如何变化,微囊藻群体尺寸的分布范围相对稳定,进一步表明在所研究的深度范围内,湍流强度未对微囊藻的群体结构产生显著的深度依赖性影响.
上述结果与已有文献的研究一致,例如Feng等[39]的研究发现,微囊藻群体的尺寸变化更可能受到营养物质浓度和光照强度的影响,而非水流速度.在一定的湍流范围内,藻类群体对湍流的响应主要体现在形态的稳定性和整体结构上,而非群体尺寸的显著变化.Peters等[40]的研究表明,当湍流处于ε=10-3m2/s3时,藻类群体的尺寸变化较为有限,主要受到营养物质吸收的影响.同样,Xu[41]和Le[42]的研究也表明,湍动能对藻类群体的影响依赖于其与其他环境变量的交互作用,如光照和营养物质浓度.因此,本研究中湍动能(<0.004m2/s2)和流速(<0.08m/s)对微囊藻群体尺寸的影响不显著的结论是合理的.
实验还发现在低扰动的水流环境中,实验期间能够明显看见水面产生明显水华层,但其存续时间短.相比之下,高强度扰动环境并未有明显水华层,但水槽内微囊藻的存活时间显著长于低扰动环境.主要原因可能是,当藻类处于适宜的生长环境(如充足的营养盐、光照和适宜的水温等)时,会大量生长并且形成群体,群体形成后则会加速上浮形成水华覆盖层.然而,漂浮在水体表面的藻群体由于暴露在水面,其活性逐渐减弱.同时,水面水华层的遮光效应也会抑制水体中藻类的光合作用,从而导致其逐渐死亡.随着水体扰动增加,藻类难以形成稳定的水华覆盖层,藻群体在水体中持续分散,导致其长期存活在水体中,缓慢消亡[43].
3.1 低强度的水流扰动环境(fb<40min-1或流速<0.026m/s)微囊藻群体更容易分泌EPS,此时叶绿素a浓度(Chl-a)和EPS相关性较好(r2>0.85),且两者都能表示藻类的生物量.
3.2 高强度的水流扰动环境(fb>50min-1或流速>0.034m/s)会抑制EPS的分泌,使叶绿素a和EPS的相关性降低(r2<0.8),此时采用EPS估计生物量可能会低于实际水平.
3.3 在本文设计的流速范围(0~0.08m/s)和湍动能范围(0~0.004m2/s2)内,微囊藻群体平均尺寸较小(0.4~0.6mm).然而,低强度水流扰动有利于藻类形成表面水华层,且水华层的存续时间较短;而较高强度的水流扰动则抑制藻类聚集形成水华层,并延长了藻类的存活时间.
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(U24A20180; 42477086; 52379069)
  • 水利部重大科技项目(SKS-2022077)
  • 湖北省中央引导地方科技发展专项(2024CFA022)
  • 水资源高效利用与工程安全国家工程中心开放基金(GJGCZX-JJ-202418)
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2025年第45卷第6期
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  • 接收时间:2025-11-08
  • 首发时间:2026-02-27
  • 出版时间:2025-06-20
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  • 收稿日期:2025-11-08
基金
国家自然科学基金资助项目(U24A20180; 42477086; 52379069)
水利部重大科技项目(SKS-2022077)
湖北省中央引导地方科技发展专项(2024CFA022)
水资源高效利用与工程安全国家工程中心开放基金(GJGCZX-JJ-202418)
作者信息
    1.三峡大学水利与环境学院,湖北 宜昌 443002
    2.三峡大学,三峡水库生态系统湖北省野外科学观测研究站,湖北 宜昌 443002
    3.重庆鼎城建设工程质量检测有限责任公司,重庆 409800
    4.三峡大学三峡数智研究院,湖北 宜昌 443002

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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