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Sulfate radical (SO4•−)-based advanced oxidation processes (SR-AOPs) are characterized by in situ generation of SO4•− with strong oxidation capacity, which can effectively degrade a variety of organic pollutants. However, SO4•− can transform nitrite (NO2) and bromide (Br) into toxic nitrated byproducts and halogenated byproducts, respectively. In this study, the mechanisms underlying the formation of nitrated and brominated byproducts on the reaction system in which NO2 and Br coexist were systematically investigated. Results showed that three nitrated byproducts, including 2-nitrophenol, 4-nitrophenol, and 2,4-dinitrophenol were produced during the heat-activated persulfate nitrification process. It was observed that nitrophenols accounted for approximately 34.5% of the phenol transformed under reaction conditions of [phenol]= 50µmol/L, [NO2]=100µmol/L,[PDS]=2mmol/L and temperature of 60℃ C. Once NO2 was co-present, the formation rate of nitrophenol was significantly accelerated. The conversion rate increased to 46.0% under the same conditions. Br can be oxidized by SO4•− to form reactive bromine species, which rapidly react with NO2 to form a strong oxidizing agent, nitryl halide. Then nitryl halide reacts with the phenol and plays a key role in promoting the formation of nitrophenol. Note that, Br is eventually released and acts as a catalyst equivalent. Meanwhile, the presence of NO2 results in an inhibition of the rate of formation of brominated byproducts, such as dibromoacetic acid. Therefore, the transformation mechanisms of NO2 and Br influence each other in SR-AOPs. When they coexist, promote the formation of nitrophenol byproducts but inhibit brominated byproducts.

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硫酸根自由基(SO4•−)高级氧化技术(SR-AOPs)反应体系中含有NO2和Br时,会分别生成具有“三致”毒性的硝基和溴代副产物.本研究探讨了在二者共存条件下,硝基和溴代副产物的生成机制.结果表明:苯酚在SO4•−硝化过程中,产生了3种硝基酚副产物,包括2-硝基酚,4-硝基酚和2,4-二硝基酚.当活化温度为60℃,苯酚,NO2及过二硫酸盐(PDS)初始浓度分别为50µmol/L,100µmol/L及2mmol/L时,硝基酚的总转化率为34.5%.若反应中存在100µmol/L Br,硝基酚的生成速率明显加快,相同条件下转化率增加至46.0%.原位形成的Br2/HOBr迅速与NO2结合,生成了一种强硝化剂—硝酰溴(BrNO2).BrNO2直接进攻苯酚,对促进硝基酚的生成发挥着关键性作用.值得注意的是,Br最终被释放出来,其作用相当于催化剂.同时,存在NO2导致溴代副产物(如二溴乙酸)的生成速率受到抑制.因此,在SR-AOPs中,NO2和Br的转化机制相互影响.二者共存时,促进了硝基酚副产物的生成,但抑制了溴代副产物.

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* 责任作者,教授,
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王露(1989-),女,江苏南京人,讲师,博士,主要研究方向为水处理高级氧化技术.发表论文12篇..

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王露(1989-),女,江苏南京人,讲师,博士,主要研究方向为水处理高级氧化技术.发表论文12篇..

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王露(1989-),女,江苏南京人,讲师,博士,主要研究方向为水处理高级氧化技术.发表论文12篇..

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实验条件:苯酚:50µmol/L,PDS:2.0mmol/L,NO2:100µmol/L,T 60ºC,pH=7.0

, figureFileSmall=axHfrHWYa9yeWicAhOpy3Q==, figureFileBig=hwJ4n4XXzh1Xmv+pzt04zA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1234106408187253643, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1234106391351317214, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Comparison of DBAA formation during the oxidation of phenol in the heat/PDS oxidation process with or without NO2, figureFileSmall=P1sbxrcmtvn5o56kRletfA==, figureFileBig=rHQMfMiJ8R4FkBSNUe/oTQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1234106408321471381, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1234106391351317214, language=CN, label=图2, caption=热/PDS氧化苯酚过程中DBAA的生成

实验条件:苯酚:50µmol/L,PDS:2mmol/L,Br:100µmol/L,NO2:100µmol/L,T 60ºC,pH=7.0

, figureFileSmall=P1sbxrcmtvn5o56kRletfA==, figureFileBig=rHQMfMiJ8R4FkBSNUe/oTQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1234106408493437854, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1234106391351317214, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Formation of free bromine in heat/PDS system in the presence and absence of NO2, figureFileSmall=zeV7V+D8z3avsIm9pjglLg==, figureFileBig=glBycIlU/PJ+QqFZ0tyTTQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1234106408774456238, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1234106391351317214, language=CN, label=图3, caption=热/PDS体系中Br2/HOBr的形成

实验条件:PDS:2.0mmol/L,Br:100µmol/L,NO2:100µmol/L,T 60ºC,pH=7.0

, figureFileSmall=zeV7V+D8z3avsIm9pjglLg==, figureFileBig=glBycIlU/PJ+QqFZ0tyTTQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1234106408891896763, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1234106391351317214, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Effects of Br on on the formation of 2-NP and 4-NP during the oxidation of phenol in the heat/PDS oxidation process, figureFileSmall=0ppQIzRftPvpLqRsQfyaAA==, figureFileBig=t5TphAhPTVc/fE3FMmgrfA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1234106409042891726, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1234106391351317214, language=CN, label=图4, caption=Br对热/PDS氧化过程中苯酚氧化过程中2-NP和4-NP形成的影响

实验条件:苯酚:50µmol/L,NO2:100µmol/L,PDS:2mmol/L,NH4Cl:1.0mmol/L,T 60ºC,pH=7.0

, figureFileSmall=0ppQIzRftPvpLqRsQfyaAA==, figureFileBig=t5TphAhPTVc/fE3FMmgrfA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1234106410506703830, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1234106391351317214, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=2-NP formation from the reaction between phenol with BrNO2, figureFileSmall=eQFcu0u1BSgZmQ8BBCxmHw==, figureFileBig=92rv70FW0FhDVHyPpEkqbw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1234106410674476006, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1234106391351317214, language=CN, label=图5, caption=苯酚与BrNO2反应生成的2-NP

实验条件:苯酚:50µmol/L,NO2: 100µmol/L,T 25º,pH=7.0

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硫酸根自由基氧化过程中硝基和溴代副产物协同/抑制生成机制
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王露 1, 2 , 石文艳 1 , 陆隽鹤 2 , 胡保卫 1, *
中国环境科学 | 水污染与控制 2025,45(6): 3128-3134
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中国环境科学 | 水污染与控制 2025, 45(6): 3128-3134
硫酸根自由基氧化过程中硝基和溴代副产物协同/抑制生成机制
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王露1, 2 , 石文艳1, 陆隽鹤2, 胡保卫1, *
作者信息
  • 1.绍兴文理学院,浙江 绍兴 312000
  • 2.南京农业大学资源与环境科学学院,江苏 南京 210095
  • 王露(1989-),女,江苏南京人,讲师,博士,主要研究方向为水处理高级氧化技术.发表论文12篇..

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* 责任作者,教授,
Synergistic formation/inhibition of nitrated and brominated byproducts in sulfate radical oxidation process
Lu WANG1, 2 , Wen-yan SHI1, Jun-he LU2, Bao-wei HU1, *
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Life and Environmental Science, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing 312000, China
  • 2.College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
出版时间: 2025-06-20
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硫酸根自由基(SO4•−)高级氧化技术(SR-AOPs)反应体系中含有NO2和Br时,会分别生成具有“三致”毒性的硝基和溴代副产物.本研究探讨了在二者共存条件下,硝基和溴代副产物的生成机制.结果表明:苯酚在SO4•−硝化过程中,产生了3种硝基酚副产物,包括2-硝基酚,4-硝基酚和2,4-二硝基酚.当活化温度为60℃,苯酚,NO2及过二硫酸盐(PDS)初始浓度分别为50µmol/L,100µmol/L及2mmol/L时,硝基酚的总转化率为34.5%.若反应中存在100µmol/L Br,硝基酚的生成速率明显加快,相同条件下转化率增加至46.0%.原位形成的Br2/HOBr迅速与NO2结合,生成了一种强硝化剂—硝酰溴(BrNO2).BrNO2直接进攻苯酚,对促进硝基酚的生成发挥着关键性作用.值得注意的是,Br最终被释放出来,其作用相当于催化剂.同时,存在NO2导致溴代副产物(如二溴乙酸)的生成速率受到抑制.因此,在SR-AOPs中,NO2和Br的转化机制相互影响.二者共存时,促进了硝基酚副产物的生成,但抑制了溴代副产物.

硫酸根自由基  /  亚硝酸盐  /  溴离子  /  硝酰溴  /  硝基副产物  /  溴代副产物

Sulfate radical (SO4•−)-based advanced oxidation processes (SR-AOPs) are characterized by in situ generation of SO4•− with strong oxidation capacity, which can effectively degrade a variety of organic pollutants. However, SO4•− can transform nitrite (NO2) and bromide (Br) into toxic nitrated byproducts and halogenated byproducts, respectively. In this study, the mechanisms underlying the formation of nitrated and brominated byproducts on the reaction system in which NO2 and Br coexist were systematically investigated. Results showed that three nitrated byproducts, including 2-nitrophenol, 4-nitrophenol, and 2,4-dinitrophenol were produced during the heat-activated persulfate nitrification process. It was observed that nitrophenols accounted for approximately 34.5% of the phenol transformed under reaction conditions of [phenol]= 50µmol/L, [NO2]=100µmol/L,[PDS]=2mmol/L and temperature of 60℃ C. Once NO2 was co-present, the formation rate of nitrophenol was significantly accelerated. The conversion rate increased to 46.0% under the same conditions. Br can be oxidized by SO4•− to form reactive bromine species, which rapidly react with NO2 to form a strong oxidizing agent, nitryl halide. Then nitryl halide reacts with the phenol and plays a key role in promoting the formation of nitrophenol. Note that, Br is eventually released and acts as a catalyst equivalent. Meanwhile, the presence of NO2 results in an inhibition of the rate of formation of brominated byproducts, such as dibromoacetic acid. Therefore, the transformation mechanisms of NO2 and Br influence each other in SR-AOPs. When they coexist, promote the formation of nitrophenol byproducts but inhibit brominated byproducts.

sulfate radicals  /  nitrite  /  bromide  /  nitryl bromide  /  nitrated byproducts  /  brominated byproducts
王露, 石文艳, 陆隽鹤, 胡保卫. 硫酸根自由基氧化过程中硝基和溴代副产物协同/抑制生成机制. 中国环境科学, 2025 , 45 (6) : 3128 -3134 .
Lu WANG, Wen-yan SHI, Jun-he LU, Bao-wei HU. Synergistic formation/inhibition of nitrated and brominated byproducts in sulfate radical oxidation process[J]. China Environmental Science, 2025 , 45 (6) : 3128 -3134 .
近年来,基于硫酸根自由基(SO4•−)的高级氧化技术(SR-AOPs)在地下水及土壤修复方面的应用广泛.SR-AOPs可以原位产生具有强氧化能力的SO4•−,能有效降解有机污染物.通过活化过硫酸盐可产生SO4•−[1-4].SO4•−不仅具有较高的氧化能力,较长的半衰期,还适用宽泛的pH值环境条件[5-6].然而,当该工艺应用于地下水处理时,容易产生具有致癌,致畸,致突变的硝基和卤代副产物,不仅增加了二次污染风险,还对地下水环境和生态安全构成威胁[7].
研究表明,SO4•−与卤离子(X)反应生成卤自由基(X,X2•−)和自由卤(包括HXO和X2)[8-9].这些活性卤物质(RHS),与溶液中的有机污染物及天然有机质(NOM)发生反应,导致生成了卤代副产物[9-14].卤代副产物具有“三致”毒性,目前已在全球范围内受到严格管控[15].在常见的卤离子中,Br在SR-AOPs过程中导致卤代副产物生成的研究最为广泛[9-10,13,16-21].随后通过自由基链式反应生成了Br2•−,HBrO和Br2等活性溴(RBS)中间体,在SO4•−作用下最终生成具有致癌毒性的溴酸盐(BrO3)[22-23].若反应中存在NOM或酚类分子,生成的HBrO通过取代和/或加成反应与其结合,相继生成2-溴酚,4-溴酚,二溴儿茶酚,2,4,6-三溴酚等一系列溴代酚.进一步开环导致生成溴仿和溴乙酸[9,11,23-24].
近年来,SR-AOPs中硝基副产物的生成引起了广泛关注[25-31].研究表明,SO4•−与NO2能迅速反应,并生成二氧化氮自由基(NO2),这导致目标污染物的降解受到抑制[32].此外,NO2在SR-AOPs过程中会导致NOM中的酚结构单元发生硝化,生成如4-硝基酚,5-硝基水杨酸和2,4-二硝基酚等硝基副产物[28-29].此类化合物具有强“三致”毒性,已被美国环保署列为优先控制污染物[33-35].当存在NO2时,SR-AOPs降解有机溴污染物过程中,会生成大量硝基副产物[36-37].如2,6-二溴-4-硝基酚,30min内的产率高达87%[36].有机溴降解过程中从母体脱除的Br被SO4•−氧化后生成了RBS,NO2与这些RBS反应,产生了新的活性中间体硝酰溴(BrNO2),改变了母体的降解路径和产物分布.
地下水环境中,NO2和卤离子常常共存[11],硝化和卤化反应过程可能相互影响[38-39].推测NO2在导致实际水体及土壤里的NOM发生硝化过程中,由于同时存在Br,可能也会通过类似的途径产生BrNO2,并影响硝基副产物的生成.热活化过二硫酸盐(PDS)是一种产生SO4•−的常见方法,不仅便于操作,还能避免金属离子的干扰.本文使用苯酚作为NOM模型化合物,研究了Br在热活化PDS硝化过程中的影响,阐明硝基副产物及溴代副产物形成过程中的关键反应与生成途径,为进一步评价SR-AOPs应用于实际环境基质的可行性提供依据.
实验中使用的所有化学品均为试剂级或更高级.苯酚(99%),过二硫酸钠(Na2S2O8,PDS,99%),溴化钾(KBr,99%),亚硝酸钠(NaNO2,99%),次氯酸钠(NaClO,>5%),HPLC级甲醇(MeOH,99.9%),乙酸(CH3COOH,99.5%)和甲基叔丁基醚(MTBE,99.9%)均来自麦克林(上海,中国).2-硝基苯酚(2-NP,99%),3-硝基苯酚(3-NP,99%),4-硝基苯酚(4-NP,99.5%),氯化铵(NH4Cl,99.5%)由阿拉丁公司(上海,China)提供.2,4-二硝基苯酚(2,4-DNP,99%)和N,N-二甲基-1,4-苯二胺单盐酸盐(DPD,99%)购自Sigma-Aldrich(圣路易斯,密苏里州).自由溴溶液的配置:参考Gerritsen的方法,将NaClO和KBr溶液在pH =11下混合(物质的量比为1:1),置于暗处24h后使用.采用DPD法测定使用前游离氯原液的含量.所有溶液均在超纯水(≥18.2MΩ⋅cm,20℃)中制备的,超纯水由Milli-Q(Millipore,MA)系统制备.
反应在200mL的锥形瓶内进行,反应液内包含苯酚(50μmol/L),NO2(100 μmol/L),Br(0~100μmol/L)和10mmol/L磷酸盐缓冲液(pH=7),水浴加热至60℃,然后迅速加入适量PDS启动反应(2.0mmol/L).在预定的时间间隔,取两份样品.一份置于比色皿中,利用紫外−可见光(UV−vis)分光光度计测定其自由溴含量.另一份转移到液相小瓶内,并立即在冰浴中冷却以终止反应,利用高效液相色谱(HPLC)测定硝基酚副产物浓度.对氧化反应过程中形成的Br-DBPs也进行了测定,除了反应在一系列42mL EPA小瓶中顶空进行,其余实验条件均相同.在选定的时间间隔取出两个EPA小瓶,并立即在冰浴中冷却以终止反应.
采用高效液相色谱(LC-20A,岛津,日本)分析硝基酚类副产物的浓度,色谱柱型号为安捷伦HC-C18柱(5μm,250mm×4.6mm),柱温40℃.流速和进样量分别为1.0mL/min和20μL.流动相A:50%甲醇,流动相B:50%,均含有0.1%乙酸.利用Varian Cary 50分光光度计,通过比色法在510nm处测定自由溴的吸光值.采用五点校准曲线法对自由溴进行定量分析.采用气相色谱(7890GC,Agilent,美国)分析Br-DBPs的浓度,参考USEPA标准方法551.1,552.2及前期工作基础,利用MTBE对样品进行液-液萃取及衍生化预处理,通过标准曲线法进行定量分析.GC配有HP-5熔融石英毛细管柱(30m×0.53mm内径1.5m)和电子捕获检测器(ECD).进样器和检测器的温度分别为200℃和260℃.设置升温程序如下:起始温度为50℃,保持1min,以10℃/min升高至150℃,并保持8min,再以20℃/min升高至200℃保持5min.实验均重复进行3次,结果取平均值.
研究表明,NO2被SO4•−氧化,形成了具有中等强度的氧化剂—NO2· (E0=1.03V)[40].进一步氧化可通过形成二聚体N2O4,最终转化为稳定的NO3[28,38].而NO2·作为一种强亲电试剂,和酚类物质反应,能够形成具有潜在生态毒性的硝基酚类化合物[25].如图1所示,在热/PDS氧化苯酚(50μmol/L)过程中,当加入了NO2(100μmol/L)后,形成了一系列硝基酚副产物,包括两种一硝基酚:2-NP,4-NP和一种二硝基酚:2,4-DNP.当PDS初始浓度为2.0mmol/L时,一硝基酚在反应初期逐渐生成.反应至4h时,2-NP和4-NP的浓度达到最大,分别为7.06,6.00μmol/L,之后二者的浓度开始逐渐下降.二硝基酚的生成相对较慢,直到反应进行到3h才逐渐生成,并呈现逐渐增加的趋势,6h后浓度累积至4.22μmol/L.经计算,热/PDS氧化过程中,6h内苯酚向一硝基酚和二硝基酚的转化率分别为26.1%和8.4%.
图1d可见,反应2h后,400nm附近出现了硝基酚的特征吸收峰.加入Br后,该吸收峰强度明显增强,且与Br浓度呈正相关.通过HPLC进一步验证,发现生成了更高浓度的硝基酚.然而,未检测到溴代酚及其他溴代中间体的形成.加入20μmol/L Br后,硝基酚副产物生成的趋势相似,但明显更快.一硝基酚在反应初期迅速生成,3h后2-NP,4-NP的浓度分别达到8.86和6.52μmol/L.随后开始生成二硝基酚.当加入100μmol/L Br后,反应2h内,明显促进了2-NP和4-NP的生成.3h后生成量分别为9.11,7.81μmol/L.类似的,2,4-DNP也出现了加速生成的趋势(3h后),6h后浓度达到6.12μmol/L.经计算,当加入100μmol/L Br后,6h内转化的一硝基酚和二硝基酚转化率分别由26.1%和8.4%,增加至33.8%和12.2%.总的来说,硝基苯酚的加速形成表明,一些与Br相关的反应物种或机制可能参与了该氧化反应过程
相比于其他卤离子,Br在SR-AOPs中的转化研究更为广泛.研究表明,Br在SO4•−作用下最终转化为BrO3.反应过程中,形成RBS,包括Br/Br2•−和Br2/HOBr.这些RBS和天然水体中的NOM进一步作用,可导致溴化副产物(Br-DBPs)的形成,如溴仿(CHBr3)和溴乙酸等[9,17,41].酚类常用来做NOM的模型化合物,本文在热/PDS氧化苯酚过程中,加入了100μmol/L Br,验证了Br-DBPs的形成.结果如图2所示,反应10h内,形成了以二溴乙酸(DBAA)为主的Br-DBPs,(CHBr3,一溴乙酸和三溴乙酸均低于检测限).DBAA在前2h积累缓慢,浓度仅为6.1μg/L.之后,浓度持续升高,10h后达到93.5μg/L.然而,当加入100μmol/L NO2后,形成的DBAA明显减少,特别是在4~8h期间.这一结果表明,NO2抑制了热/PDS氧化过程中DBAA的形成.
如式(1)~(2),SO4•−分别氧化NO2和Br的二级反应速率常数相当[928].当含有Br和NO2时,有相当一部分SO4•−会被Br迅速消耗,NO2的产生受到抑制,从而不利于硝基苯酚的形成.然而,这种影响似乎被NO2(或NO2)和RBS之间的反应所抵消.Br很容易被SO4•−氧化,形成Br/Br2•−,自由溴(Br2/HOBr)和BrO3.如图3所示,热/PDS氧化Br过程中,迅速生成了Br2/HOBr.在反应约2.5h达到最大值(6.67μmol/L),随后,其浓度逐渐下降.这可能是由于Br进一步被SO4•−氧化为BrO3.然而,当加入100μmol/L NO2时,Br2/HOBr的形成明显减少,最大生成量下降至2.90μmol/L.Br和NO2与SO4•−的二级反应速率常数相当.受NO2的影响,SO4•−对Br的氧化效率降低,从而产生的Br2/HOBr相对较少.然而,NO2竞争了部分SO4•−并不是抑制Br2/HOBr形成的唯一因素.尽管NO2不能直接与Br反应,但可能与Br2/HOBr直接发生反应.如图3所示,反应前20min内,Br2/HOBr的生成明显受到抑制.游离氯可以迅速与NO2反应生成硝酰氯(ClNO2)(式(3))[42],这一过程在大气或海盐气溶胶化学[5]中已经被广泛认可.在本实验中,NO2的加入导致Br2/HOBr生成量减少,可能原位形成了硝酰溴(BrNO2).BrNO2作为一种强硝化剂,与天然有机质直接反应,可形成多种硝基取代副产物[43].推测在热/PDS氧化苯酚过程中,BrNO2一旦形成,就立即与苯酚反应,从而促进了硝基酚副产物的生成.另外,需要注意的是,Br2/HOBr在Br-DBPs的形成中也发挥着重要的作用[11].加入NO2后,由于产生的Br2/HOBr明显减少,导致DBAA的形成也相对较慢(图2).
热/PDS氧化Br过程中,Br不仅转化成Br2/HOBr,还能形成Br/Br2•−.当Br和NO2共存时,通过淬灭实验进一步揭示了BrNO2的转化途径,如图4所示,在热/PDS氧化苯酚过程中,随着Br浓度的增加,2h内明显促进了2-NP和4-NP的生成,特别是在Br浓度达到100μmol/L时,两种硝基酚的浓度分别增加了3.56μmol/L和3.17μmol/L.NH4Cl能够有效淬灭Br2/HOBr,生成化合态溴物质.SO4•−与NH4+二级反应速率常数为3.5×105M-1s-1,远低于其与Br和NO2的反应速率常数.因此,加入NH4Cl并不会干扰SO4•−与Br和NO2反应.当加入1.0mmol/L的NH4Cl后,不含有Br的对照组中,2-NP和4-NP的生成量由3.65,2.85μmol/L减少到3.00,2.10μmol/L.这可能是由于引入的Cl消耗了部分SO4•−,使硝基酚形成的关键中间产物受到轻微抑制所致.而Br浓度为分别为20,50μmol/L时,对两种硝基酚形成的促进作用完全消失且有一定抑制.将Br浓度分别增加至80,100μmol/L时,这种促进作用明显减弱.上述结果表明Br2/HOBr在硝基酚的形成过程中起着至关重要的作用.原位生成的BrNO2,很可能是由Br2/HOBr转化而来.
为了进一步阐明BrNO2在硝基酚形成中的促进作用,借助自制的BrNO2溶液进行了验证.根据文献中ClNO2及BrNO2的制备方法[44],自合成了BrNO2溶液.实验中,将20μmol/L的Br2/HOBr与100μmol/L的NO2混合,成功制备了所需的BrNO2.随后,将该溶液加入含有50μmol/L苯酚的溶液中,观察到溶液颜色迅速由无色变为浅黄色.通过HPLC分析,发现在1min后形成了约1μmol/L的2-NP(图5),其浓度在随后的5min内基本保持稳定.当把Br2/HOBr的浓度分别提升至50和100μmol/L,并将以此制备的BrNO2与苯酚进行反应时,观察到生成的2-NP浓度相应增加.然而,并未检测到溴代酚类物质.这一结果对SR-AOPs中原位生成的BrNO2如何促进硝基酚的形成,提供了更为直接的证据.
综合以上分析,在热/PDS氧化苯酚过程中,当Br和NO2共存时,硝基酚副产物的转化路径如图6所示.首先,NO2在SO4•−作用下被氧化成NO2,NO2迅速与酚氧自由基反应,生成了包括2-NP,4-NP及2,4-DNP在内的3种硝基酚副产物.然而,当体系中还含有Br时,NO2向硝基酚的转化明显加速.Br被SO4•−氧化,通过电子转移,生成Br及Br2/HOBr.Br2/HOBr与NO2立即发生反应,原位生成了关键的中间体BrNO2(式(4)~(5)). BrNO2作为一种强硝化剂,直接与苯酚反应,进一步生成硝基酚.另一方面,BrNO2与剩余的NO2反应,形成稳定的NO3,同时释放出Br.Br在热/PDS体系的转化过程中,当含有NO2时,反应12h内Br浓度一直保持不变[38].因此,Br可能相当于硝化过程中的催化剂.而溴化过程可能在NO2彻底完成硝化之后发生.在SO4•−作用下,Br2/HOBr不断积累.然而,苯酚在硝化阶段已经被部分消耗,导致随后生成的Br-DBP浓度明显减少.
值得注意的是,Cl对硝基酚副产物生成的影响研究中,并未发现3种硝基酚的生成量有明显增加.Cl较难被SO4•−氧化生成Cl,其二级速率常数为3.0×108mol/(L·s).同时,Cl很不稳定,形成后迅速与水反应,并生成羟基自由基(k=1.8×1010mol/(L·s).推测Cl2/HOCl在氧化体系内无法积累,进一步形成ClNO2受到限制,这可能是Cl对硝基酚副产物生成没有影响的主要原因.
3.1 存在Br明显促进了SO4•−氧化过程中硝基酚的形成.
3.2 Br经SO4•−氧化形成了溴自由基和自由溴,NO2迅速捕获这些活性溴物质,并与其结合,原位产生了BrNO2.BrNO2直接进攻酚类,对促进硝基酚的生成发挥着关键性作用.
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(22306122)
  • 浙江省一般科研项目(Y202351427)
  • 绍兴市科技计划项目(2022A13005)
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  • 接收时间:2024-09-09
  • 首发时间:2026-02-27
  • 出版时间:2025-06-20
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  • 收稿日期:2024-09-09
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国家自然科学基金资助项目(22306122)
浙江省一般科研项目(Y202351427)
绍兴市科技计划项目(2022A13005)
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    1.绍兴文理学院,浙江 绍兴 312000
    2.南京农业大学资源与环境科学学院,江苏 南京 210095

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