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Sulfate radical (SO4•−)-based advanced oxidation processes (SR-AOPs) are characterized by in situ generation of SO4•− with strong oxidation capacity, which can effectively degrade a variety of organic pollutants. However, SO4•− can transform nitrite (NO2−) and bromide (Br−) into toxic nitrated byproducts and halogenated byproducts, respectively. In this study, the mechanisms underlying the formation of nitrated and brominated byproducts on the reaction system in which NO2− and Br− coexist were systematically investigated. Results showed that three nitrated byproducts, including 2-nitrophenol, 4-nitrophenol, and 2,4-dinitrophenol were produced during the heat-activated persulfate nitrification process. It was observed that nitrophenols accounted for approximately 34.5% of the phenol transformed under reaction conditions of [phenol]= 50µmol/L, [NO2−]=100µmol/L,[PDS]=2mmol/L and temperature of 60℃ C. Once NO2− was co-present, the formation rate of nitrophenol was significantly accelerated. The conversion rate increased to 46.0% under the same conditions. Br− can be oxidized by SO4•− to form reactive bromine species, which rapidly react with NO2− to form a strong oxidizing agent, nitryl halide. Then nitryl halide reacts with the phenol and plays a key role in promoting the formation of nitrophenol. Note that, Br− is eventually released and acts as a catalyst equivalent. Meanwhile, the presence of NO2− results in an inhibition of the rate of formation of brominated byproducts, such as dibromoacetic acid. Therefore, the transformation mechanisms of NO2− and Br− influence each other in SR-AOPs. When they coexist, promote the formation of nitrophenol byproducts but inhibit brominated byproducts.

, authors=null, authorsList=Lu WANG, Wen-yan SHI, Jun-he LU, Bao-wei HU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Bao-wei HU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1234106401879019915, articleId=1234106391351317214, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, language=CN, title=硫酸根自由基氧化过程中硝基和溴代副产物协同/抑制生成机制, columnId=1234106386565624579, journalTitle=中国环境科学, columnName=水污染与控制, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

硫酸根自由基(SO4•−)高级氧化技术(SR-AOPs)反应体系中含有NO2−和Br−时,会分别生成具有“三致”毒性的硝基和溴代副产物.本研究探讨了在二者共存条件下,硝基和溴代副产物的生成机制.结果表明:苯酚在SO4•−硝化过程中,产生了3种硝基酚副产物,包括2-硝基酚,4-硝基酚和2,4-二硝基酚.当活化温度为60℃,苯酚,NO2−及过二硫酸盐(PDS)初始浓度分别为50µmol/L,100µmol/L及2mmol/L时,硝基酚的总转化率为34.5%.若反应中存在100µmol/L Br−,硝基酚的生成速率明显加快,相同条件下转化率增加至46.0%.原位形成的Br2/HOBr迅速与NO2−结合,生成了一种强硝化剂—硝酰溴(BrNO2).BrNO2直接进攻苯酚,对促进硝基酚的生成发挥着关键性作用.值得注意的是,Br−最终被释放出来,其作用相当于催化剂.同时,存在NO2−导致溴代副产物(如二溴乙酸)的生成速率受到抑制.因此,在SR-AOPs中,NO2−和Br−的转化机制相互影响.二者共存时,促进了硝基酚副产物的生成,但抑制了溴代副产物.

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王露(1989-),女,江苏南京人,讲师,博士,主要研究方向为水处理高级氧化技术.发表论文12篇..

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实验条件:苯酚:50µmol/L,PDS:2.0mmol/L,NO2−:100µmol/L,T 60ºC,pH=7.0

, figureFileSmall=axHfrHWYa9yeWicAhOpy3Q==, figureFileBig=hwJ4n4XXzh1Xmv+pzt04zA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1234106408187253643, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1234106391351317214, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Comparison of DBAA formation during the oxidation of phenol in the heat/PDS oxidation process with or without NO2−, figureFileSmall=P1sbxrcmtvn5o56kRletfA==, figureFileBig=rHQMfMiJ8R4FkBSNUe/oTQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1234106408321471381, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1234106391351317214, language=CN, label=图2, caption=热/PDS氧化苯酚过程中DBAA的生成

实验条件:苯酚:50µmol/L,PDS:2mmol/L,Br−:100µmol/L,NO2−:100µmol/L,T 60ºC,pH=7.0

, figureFileSmall=P1sbxrcmtvn5o56kRletfA==, figureFileBig=rHQMfMiJ8R4FkBSNUe/oTQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1234106408493437854, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1234106391351317214, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Formation of free bromine in heat/PDS system in the presence and absence of NO2−, figureFileSmall=zeV7V+D8z3avsIm9pjglLg==, figureFileBig=glBycIlU/PJ+QqFZ0tyTTQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1234106408774456238, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1234106391351317214, language=CN, label=图3, caption=热/PDS体系中Br2/HOBr的形成

实验条件:PDS:2.0mmol/L,Br−:100µmol/L,NO2−:100µmol/L,T 60ºC,pH=7.0

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实验条件:苯酚:50µmol/L,NO2−:100µmol/L,PDS:2mmol/L,NH4Cl:1.0mmol/L,T 60ºC,pH=7.0

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实验条件:苯酚:50µmol/L,NO2−: 100µmol/L,T 25º,pH=7.0

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硫酸根自由基氧化过程中硝基和溴代副产物协同/抑制生成机制
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王露 1, 2 , 石文艳 1 , 陆隽鹤 2 , 胡保卫 1, *
中国环境科学 | 水污染与控制 2025,45(6): 3128-3134
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中国环境科学 |水污染与控制 2025 , 45 (6) : 3128 -3134
硫酸根自由基氧化过程中硝基和溴代副产物协同/抑制生成机制
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王露(1989-),女,江苏南京人,讲师,博士,主要研究方向为水处理高级氧化技术.发表论文12篇..

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王露1, 2 , 石文艳1, 陆隽鹤2, 胡保卫1, *
作者信息
  • 1.绍兴文理学院,浙江 绍兴 312000
  • 2.南京农业大学资源与环境科学学院,江苏 南京 210095
通讯作者:
* 责任作者,教授,
Synergistic formation/inhibition of nitrated and brominated byproducts in sulfate radical oxidation process
Lu WANG1, 2 , Wen-yan SHI1, Jun-he LU2, Bao-wei HU1, *
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Life and Environmental Science, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing 312000, China
  • 2.College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
出版时间: 2025-06-20
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硫酸根自由基(SO4•−)高级氧化技术(SR-AOPs)反应体系中含有NO2−和Br−时,会分别生成具有“三致”毒性的硝基和溴代副产物.本研究探讨了在二者共存条件下,硝基和溴代副产物的生成机制.结果表明:苯酚在SO4•−硝化过程中,产生了3种硝基酚副产物,包括2-硝基酚,4-硝基酚和2,4-二硝基酚.当活化温度为60℃,苯酚,NO2−及过二硫酸盐(PDS)初始浓度分别为50µmol/L,100µmol/L及2mmol/L时,硝基酚的总转化率为34.5%.若反应中存在100µmol/L Br−,硝基酚的生成速率明显加快,相同条件下转化率增加至46.0%.原位形成的Br2/HOBr迅速与NO2−结合,生成了一种强硝化剂—硝酰溴(BrNO2).BrNO2直接进攻苯酚,对促进硝基酚的生成发挥着关键性作用.值得注意的是,Br−最终被释放出来,其作用相当于催化剂.同时,存在NO2−导致溴代副产物(如二溴乙酸)的生成速率受到抑制.因此,在SR-AOPs中,NO2−和Br−的转化机制相互影响.二者共存时,促进了硝基酚副产物的生成,但抑制了溴代副产物.

硫酸根自由基  /  亚硝酸盐  /  溴离子  /  硝酰溴  /  硝基副产物  /  溴代副产物

Sulfate radical (SO4•−)-based advanced oxidation processes (SR-AOPs) are characterized by in situ generation of SO4•− with strong oxidation capacity, which can effectively degrade a variety of organic pollutants. However, SO4•− can transform nitrite (NO2−) and bromide (Br−) into toxic nitrated byproducts and halogenated byproducts, respectively. In this study, the mechanisms underlying the formation of nitrated and brominated byproducts on the reaction system in which NO2− and Br− coexist were systematically investigated. Results showed that three nitrated byproducts, including 2-nitrophenol, 4-nitrophenol, and 2,4-dinitrophenol were produced during the heat-activated persulfate nitrification process. It was observed that nitrophenols accounted for approximately 34.5% of the phenol transformed under reaction conditions of [phenol]= 50µmol/L, [NO2−]=100µmol/L,[PDS]=2mmol/L and temperature of 60℃ C. Once NO2− was co-present, the formation rate of nitrophenol was significantly accelerated. The conversion rate increased to 46.0% under the same conditions. Br− can be oxidized by SO4•− to form reactive bromine species, which rapidly react with NO2− to form a strong oxidizing agent, nitryl halide. Then nitryl halide reacts with the phenol and plays a key role in promoting the formation of nitrophenol. Note that, Br− is eventually released and acts as a catalyst equivalent. Meanwhile, the presence of NO2− results in an inhibition of the rate of formation of brominated byproducts, such as dibromoacetic acid. Therefore, the transformation mechanisms of NO2− and Br− influence each other in SR-AOPs. When they coexist, promote the formation of nitrophenol byproducts but inhibit brominated byproducts.

sulfate radicals  /  nitrite  /  bromide  /  nitryl bromide  /  nitrated byproducts  /  brominated byproducts
王露, 石文艳, 陆隽鹤, 胡保卫. 硫酸根自由基氧化过程中硝基和溴代副产物协同/抑制生成机制. 中国环境科学, 2025 , 45 (6) : 3128 -3134 .
Lu WANG, Wen-yan SHI, Jun-he LU, Bao-wei HU. Synergistic formation/inhibition of nitrated and brominated byproducts in sulfate radical oxidation process[J]. China Environmental Science, 2025 , 45 (6) : 3128 -3134 .
近年来,基于硫酸根自由基(SO4•−)的高级氧化技术(SR-AOPs)在地下水及土壤修复方面的应用广泛.SR-AOPs可以原位产生具有强氧化能力的SO4•−,能有效降解有机污染物.通过活化过硫酸盐可产生SO4•−[1-4].SO4•−不仅具有较高的氧化能力,较长的半衰期,还适用宽泛的pH值环境条件[5-6].然而,当该工艺应用于地下水处理时,容易产生具有致癌,致畸,致突变的硝基和卤代副产物,不仅增加了二次污染风险,还对地下水环境和生态安全构成威胁[7].
研究表明,SO4•−与卤离子(X−)反应生成卤自由基(X•,X2•−)和自由卤(包括HXO和X2)[8-9].这些活性卤物质(RHS),与溶液中的有机污染物及天然有机质(NOM)发生反应,导致生成了卤代副产物[9-14].卤代副产物具有“三致”毒性,目前已在全球范围内受到严格管控[15].在常见的卤离子中,Br−在SR-AOPs过程中导致卤代副产物生成的研究最为广泛[9-10,13,16-21].随后通过自由基链式反应生成了Br2•−,HBrO和Br2等活性溴(RBS)中间体,在SO4•−作用下最终生成具有致癌毒性的溴酸盐(BrO3−)[22-23].若反应中存在NOM或酚类分子,生成的HBrO通过取代和/或加成反应与其结合,相继生成2-溴酚,4-溴酚,二溴儿茶酚,2,4,6-三溴酚等一系列溴代酚.进一步开环导致生成溴仿和溴乙酸[9,11,23-24].
近年来,SR-AOPs中硝基副产物的生成引起了广泛关注[25-31].研究表明,SO4•−与NO2−能迅速反应,并生成二氧化氮自由基(NO2•),这导致目标污染物的降解受到抑制[32].此外,NO2−在SR-AOPs过程中会导致NOM中的酚结构单元发生硝化,生成如4-硝基酚,5-硝基水杨酸和2,4-二硝基酚等硝基副产物[28-29].此类化合物具有强“三致”毒性,已被美国环保署列为优先控制污染物[33-35].当存在NO2−时,SR-AOPs降解有机溴污染物过程中,会生成大量硝基副产物[36-37].如2,6-二溴-4-硝基酚,30min内的产率高达87%[36].有机溴降解过程中从母体脱除的Br−被SO4•−氧化后生成了RBS,NO2−与这些RBS反应,产生了新的活性中间体硝酰溴(BrNO2),改变了母体的降解路径和产物分布.
地下水环境中,NO2−和卤离子常常共存[11],硝化和卤化反应过程可能相互影响[38-39].推测NO2−在导致实际水体及土壤里的NOM发生硝化过程中,由于同时存在Br−,可能也会通过类似的途径产生BrNO2,并影响硝基副产物的生成.热活化过二硫酸盐(PDS)是一种产生SO4•−的常见方法,不仅便于操作,还能避免金属离子的干扰.本文使用苯酚作为NOM模型化合物,研究了Br−在热活化PDS硝化过程中的影响,阐明硝基副产物及溴代副产物形成过程中的关键反应与生成途径,为进一步评价SR-AOPs应用于实际环境基质的可行性提供依据.
实验中使用的所有化学品均为试剂级或更高级.苯酚(99%),过二硫酸钠(Na2S2O8,PDS,99%),溴化钾(KBr,99%),亚硝酸钠(NaNO2,99%),次氯酸钠(NaClO,>5%),HPLC级甲醇(MeOH,99.9%),乙酸(CH3COOH,99.5%)和甲基叔丁基醚(MTBE,99.9%)均来自麦克林(上海,中国).2-硝基苯酚(2-NP,99%),3-硝基苯酚(3-NP,99%),4-硝基苯酚(4-NP,99.5%),氯化铵(NH4Cl,99.5%)由阿拉丁公司(上海,China)提供.2,4-二硝基苯酚(2,4-DNP,99%)和N,N-二甲基-1,4-苯二胺单盐酸盐(DPD,99%)购自Sigma-Aldrich(圣路易斯,密苏里州).自由溴溶液的配置:参考Gerritsen的方法,将NaClO和KBr溶液在pH =11下混合(物质的量比为1:1),置于暗处24h后使用.采用DPD法测定使用前游离氯原液的含量.所有溶液均在超纯水(≥18.2MΩ⋅cm,20℃)中制备的,超纯水由Milli-Q(Millipore,MA)系统制备.
反应在200mL的锥形瓶内进行,反应液内包含苯酚(50μmol/L),NO2−(100 μmol/L),Br−(0~100μmol/L)和10mmol/L磷酸盐缓冲液(pH=7),水浴加热至60℃,然后迅速加入适量PDS启动反应(2.0mmol/L).在预定的时间间隔,取两份样品.一份置于比色皿中,利用紫外−可见光(UV−vis)分光光度计测定其自由溴含量.另一份转移到液相小瓶内,并立即在冰浴中冷却以终止反应,利用高效液相色谱(HPLC)测定硝基酚副产物浓度.对氧化反应过程中形成的Br-DBPs也进行了测定,除了反应在一系列42mL EPA小瓶中顶空进行,其余实验条件均相同.在选定的时间间隔取出两个EPA小瓶,并立即在冰浴中冷却以终止反应.
采用高效液相色谱(LC-20A,岛津,日本)分析硝基酚类副产物的浓度,色谱柱型号为安捷伦HC-C18柱(5μm,250mm×4.6mm),柱温40℃.流速和进样量分别为1.0mL/min和20μL.流动相A:50%甲醇,流动相B:50%,均含有0.1%乙酸.利用Varian Cary 50分光光度计,通过比色法在510nm处测定自由溴的吸光值.采用五点校准曲线法对自由溴进行定量分析.采用气相色谱(7890GC,Agilent,美国)分析Br-DBPs的浓度,参考USEPA标准方法551.1,552.2及前期工作基础,利用MTBE对样品进行液-液萃取及衍生化预处理,通过标准曲线法进行定量分析.GC配有HP-5熔融石英毛细管柱(30m×0.53mm内径1.5m)和电子捕获检测器(ECD).进样器和检测器的温度分别为200℃和260℃.设置升温程序如下:起始温度为50℃,保持1min,以10℃/min升高至150℃,并保持8min,再以20℃/min升高至200℃保持5min.实验均重复进行3次,结果取平均值.
研究表明,NO2−被SO4•−氧化,形成了具有中等强度的氧化剂—NO2· (E0=1.03V)[40].进一步氧化可通过形成二聚体N2O4,最终转化为稳定的NO3−[28,38].而NO2·作为一种强亲电试剂,和酚类物质反应,能够形成具有潜在生态毒性的硝基酚类化合物[25].如图1所示,在热/PDS氧化苯酚(50μmol/L)过程中,当加入了NO2−(100μmol/L)后,形成了一系列硝基酚副产物,包括两种一硝基酚:2-NP,4-NP和一种二硝基酚:2,4-DNP.当PDS初始浓度为2.0mmol/L时,一硝基酚在反应初期逐渐生成.反应至4h时,2-NP和4-NP的浓度达到最大,分别为7.06,6.00μmol/L,之后二者的浓度开始逐渐下降.二硝基酚的生成相对较慢,直到反应进行到3h才逐渐生成,并呈现逐渐增加的趋势,6h后浓度累积至4.22μmol/L.经计算,热/PDS氧化过程中,6h内苯酚向一硝基酚和二硝基酚的转化率分别为26.1%和8.4%.
由图1d可见,反应2h后,400nm附近出现了硝基酚的特征吸收峰.加入Br−后,该吸收峰强度明显增强,且与Br−浓度呈正相关.通过HPLC进一步验证,发现生成了更高浓度的硝基酚.然而,未检测到溴代酚及其他溴代中间体的形成.加入20μmol/L Br−后,硝基酚副产物生成的趋势相似,但明显更快.一硝基酚在反应初期迅速生成,3h后2-NP,4-NP的浓度分别达到8.86和6.52μmol/L.随后开始生成二硝基酚.当加入100μmol/L Br−后,反应2h内,明显促进了2-NP和4-NP的生成.3h后生成量分别为9.11,7.81μmol/L.类似的,2,4-DNP也出现了加速生成的趋势(3h后),6h后浓度达到6.12μmol/L.经计算,当加入100μmol/L Br−后,6h内转化的一硝基酚和二硝基酚转化率分别由26.1%和8.4%,增加至33.8%和12.2%.总的来说,硝基苯酚的加速形成表明,一些与Br−相关的反应物种或机制可能参与了该氧化反应过程
相比于其他卤离子,Br−在SR-AOPs中的转化研究更为广泛.研究表明,Br−在SO4•−作用下最终转化为BrO3−.反应过程中,形成RBS,包括Br•/Br2•−和Br2/HOBr.这些RBS和天然水体中的NOM进一步作用,可导致溴化副产物(Br-DBPs)的形成,如溴仿(CHBr3)和溴乙酸等[9,17,41].酚类常用来做NOM的模型化合物,本文在热/PDS氧化苯酚过程中,加入了100μmol/L Br−,验证了Br-DBPs的形成.结果如图2所示,反应10h内,形成了以二溴乙酸(DBAA)为主的Br-DBPs,(CHBr3,一溴乙酸和三溴乙酸均低于检测限).DBAA在前2h积累缓慢,浓度仅为6.1μg/L.之后,浓度持续升高,10h后达到93.5μg/L.然而,当加入100μmol/L NO2−后,形成的DBAA明显减少,特别是在4~8h期间.这一结果表明,NO2−抑制了热/PDS氧化过程中DBAA的形成.
如式(1)~(2),SO4•−分别氧化NO2−和Br−的二级反应速率常数相当[9,28].当含有Br−和NO2−时,有相当一部分SO4•−会被Br−迅速消耗,NO2•的产生受到抑制,从而不利于硝基苯酚的形成.然而,这种影响似乎被NO2−(或NO2•)和RBS之间的反应所抵消.Br−很容易被SO4•−氧化,形成Br•/Br2•−,自由溴(Br2/HOBr)和BrO3−.如图3所示,热/PDS氧化Br−过程中,迅速生成了Br2/HOBr.在反应约2.5h达到最大值(6.67μmol/L),随后,其浓度逐渐下降.这可能是由于Br−进一步被SO4•−氧化为BrO3−.然而,当加入100μmol/L NO2−时,Br2/HOBr的形成明显减少,最大生成量下降至2.90μmol/L.Br−和NO2−与SO4•−的二级反应速率常数相当.受NO2−的影响,SO4•−对Br−的氧化效率降低,从而产生的Br2/HOBr相对较少.然而,NO2−竞争了部分SO4•−并不是抑制Br2/HOBr形成的唯一因素.尽管NO2−不能直接与Br−反应,但可能与Br2/HOBr直接发生反应.如图3所示,反应前20min内,Br2/HOBr的生成明显受到抑制.游离氯可以迅速与NO2−反应生成硝酰氯(ClNO2)(式(3))[42],这一过程在大气或海盐气溶胶化学[5]中已经被广泛认可.在本实验中,NO2−的加入导致Br2/HOBr生成量减少,可能原位形成了硝酰溴(BrNO2).BrNO2作为一种强硝化剂,与天然有机质直接反应,可形成多种硝基取代副产物[43].推测在热/PDS氧化苯酚过程中,BrNO2一旦形成,就立即与苯酚反应,从而促进了硝基酚副产物的生成.另外,需要注意的是,Br2/HOBr在Br-DBPs的形成中也发挥着重要的作用[11].加入NO2−后,由于产生的Br2/HOBr明显减少,导致DBAA的形成也相对较慢(图2).
热/PDS氧化Br−过程中,Br−不仅转化成Br2/HOBr,还能形成Br•/Br2•−.当Br−和NO2−共存时,通过淬灭实验进一步揭示了BrNO2的转化途径,如图4所示,在热/PDS氧化苯酚过程中,随着Br−浓度的增加,2h内明显促进了2-NP和4-NP的生成,特别是在Br−浓度达到100μmol/L时,两种硝基酚的浓度分别增加了3.56μmol/L和3.17μmol/L.NH4Cl能够有效淬灭Br2/HOBr,生成化合态溴物质.SO4•−与NH4+二级反应速率常数为3.5×105M-1s-1,远低于其与Br−和NO2−的反应速率常数.因此,加入NH4Cl并不会干扰SO4•−与Br−和NO2−反应.当加入1.0mmol/L的NH4Cl后,不含有Br−的对照组中,2-NP和4-NP的生成量由3.65,2.85μmol/L减少到3.00,2.10μmol/L.这可能是由于引入的Cl−消耗了部分SO4•−,使硝基酚形成的关键中间产物受到轻微抑制所致.而Br−浓度为分别为20,50μmol/L时,对两种硝基酚形成的促进作用完全消失且有一定抑制.将Br−浓度分别增加至80,100μmol/L时,这种促进作用明显减弱.上述结果表明Br2/HOBr在硝基酚的形成过程中起着至关重要的作用.原位生成的BrNO2,很可能是由Br2/HOBr转化而来.
为了进一步阐明BrNO2在硝基酚形成中的促进作用,借助自制的BrNO2溶液进行了验证.根据文献中ClNO2及BrNO2的制备方法[44],自合成了BrNO2溶液.实验中,将20μmol/L的Br2/HOBr与100μmol/L的NO2−混合,成功制备了所需的BrNO2.随后,将该溶液加入含有50μmol/L苯酚的溶液中,观察到溶液颜色迅速由无色变为浅黄色.通过HPLC分析,发现在1min后形成了约1μmol/L的2-NP(图5),其浓度在随后的5min内基本保持稳定.当把Br2/HOBr的浓度分别提升至50和100μmol/L,并将以此制备的BrNO2与苯酚进行反应时,观察到生成的2-NP浓度相应增加.然而,并未检测到溴代酚类物质.这一结果对SR-AOPs中原位生成的BrNO2如何促进硝基酚的形成,提供了更为直接的证据.
综合以上分析,在热/PDS氧化苯酚过程中,当Br−和NO2−共存时,硝基酚副产物的转化路径如图6所示.首先,NO2−在SO4•−作用下被氧化成NO2•,NO2•迅速与酚氧自由基反应,生成了包括2-NP,4-NP及2,4-DNP在内的3种硝基酚副产物.然而,当体系中还含有Br−时,NO2−向硝基酚的转化明显加速.Br−被SO4•−氧化,通过电子转移,生成Br•及Br2/HOBr.Br2/HOBr与NO2−立即发生反应,原位生成了关键的中间体BrNO2(式(4)~(5)). BrNO2作为一种强硝化剂,直接与苯酚反应,进一步生成硝基酚.另一方面,BrNO2与剩余的NO2−反应,形成稳定的NO3−,同时释放出Br−.Br−在热/PDS体系的转化过程中,当含有NO2−时,反应12h内Br−浓度一直保持不变[38].因此,Br−可能相当于硝化过程中的催化剂.而溴化过程可能在NO2−彻底完成硝化之后发生.在SO4•−作用下,Br2/HOBr不断积累.然而,苯酚在硝化阶段已经被部分消耗,导致随后生成的Br-DBP浓度明显减少.
值得注意的是,Cl−对硝基酚副产物生成的影响研究中,并未发现3种硝基酚的生成量有明显增加.Cl−较难被SO4•−氧化生成Cl•,其二级速率常数为3.0×108mol/(L·s).同时,Cl•很不稳定,形成后迅速与水反应,并生成羟基自由基(k=1.8×1010mol/(L·s).推测Cl2/HOCl在氧化体系内无法积累,进一步形成ClNO2受到限制,这可能是Cl−对硝基酚副产物生成没有影响的主要原因.
3.1 存在Br−明显促进了SO4•−氧化过程中硝基酚的形成.
3.2 Br−经SO4•−氧化形成了溴自由基和自由溴,NO2−迅速捕获这些活性溴物质,并与其结合,原位产生了BrNO2.BrNO2直接进攻酚类,对促进硝基酚的生成发挥着关键性作用.
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(22306122)
  • 浙江省一般科研项目(Y202351427)
  • 绍兴市科技计划项目(2022A13005)
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2025年第45卷第6期
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  • 接收时间:2024-09-09
  • 首发时间:2026-02-27
  • 出版时间:2025-06-20
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  • 收稿日期:2024-09-09
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国家自然科学基金资助项目(22306122)
浙江省一般科研项目(Y202351427)
绍兴市科技计划项目(2022A13005)
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    1.绍兴文理学院,浙江 绍兴 312000
    2.南京农业大学资源与环境科学学院,江苏 南京 210095

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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属数
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种数
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species
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Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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