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To investigate the relative importance of the bottom-up versus top-down on phytoplankton biomass in the estuary and its adjacent waters of the Yellow River during the water and sediment regulation scheme (WSRS), the study utilized R2V software to extract historical data (2011~2020) on chlorophyll a (Chl a) concentration, environmental factors, and zooplankton abundance in the estuary and its adjacent waters of the Yellow River from the literature. The spatial distribution and interannual variation of Chl a concentration was analyzed, and regression tree models Chl a with environmental and biological factors at different stages of WSRS were developed to explore the controlling factors. The results showed that Chl a concentrations in the estuary and its adjacent waters of the Yellow River generally decreased from the estuary towards offshore areas from 2011 to 2020. As WSRS progressed, the high-value areas gradually shifted to the nearshore northwest of the estuary. Regions with significant interannual variations in Chl a concentrations largely overlapped with high-value areas at each stage. The regression tree model indicated that, with the progression of water and sediment regulation, there was a notable shift in the dominant effects on Chl a concentration. Before WSRS, the top-down effect of zooplankton grazing was the primary driver of Chl a spatial variability. During the water and sediment regulation period, Chl a concentration was mainly controlled by bottom-up effects. In the early WSRS, temperature was the primary driving factor, while in the later stage of WSRS, dissolved inorganic phosphorus (DIP) became the main driving factor. The changes in salinity fronts caused by freshwater flow during WSRS may be an important factor inducing changes in the dominant effects on Chl a concentration.

, correspAuthors=Jing-jing ZHANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Shao-qing SUN, Jing-jing ZHANG, Rui-ting SHEN, Xiao-min ZHANG, Fan LI, Zhen-bo LV), CN=ArticleExt(id=1234106400008368681, articleId=1234106391246467954, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, language=CN, title=调水调沙期黄河口邻近海域浮游植物影响因素, columnId=1234106388268503686, journalTitle=中国环境科学, columnName=环境生态, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为研究黄河调水调沙期间河口及其邻近海域浮游植物现存量的上、下行效应的相对重要性,利用R2V软件提取2011~2020年黄河口及其邻近海域中叶绿素a(Chl a)浓度、环境因子和浮游动物丰度的历史文献数据,分析了Chl a浓度的空间分布和年际变化特征,并构建不同调水调沙阶段Chl a与环境和生物因子的回归树模型.结果显示:2011~2020年,调水调沙前黄河口及其邻近海域Chl a浓度整体呈现自河口至离岸逐渐降低的趋势,随着调水调沙进行,Chl a高值区逐渐向河口西北部近岸转移,Chl a浓度年际变化显著的区域基本与各阶段Chl a高值区重合.回归树模型显示随着调水调沙进行Chl a主要控制作用发生了转变.调水调沙前,浮游动物摄食的下行效应是驱动Chl a浓度空间变化的主控因素.调水调沙期间,Chl a浓度主要受上行效应控制,前期,温度是主要驱动因子;后期DIP是主要驱动因子.调水调沙期间径流量引起的盐度锋面的变化可能是Chl a主要控制作用变化的重要诱因.

, correspAuthors=张晶晶, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 责任作者,副教授,
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孙绍庆(1999-),男,山东青岛人,鲁东大学硕士研究生,主要研究方向为海洋生态学..

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孙绍庆(1999-),男,山东青岛人,鲁东大学硕士研究生,主要研究方向为海洋生态学..

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孙绍庆(1999-),男,山东青岛人,鲁东大学硕士研究生,主要研究方向为海洋生态学..

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Reviews in Aquatic Sciences19926(2):121-137., articleTitle=Phytoplankton blooms at fronts: patterns,scales,and physical forcing mechanisms, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1234106425534902302, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1234106391246467954, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=224, issue=null, pageStart=11, pageEnd=19, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[50], rfOrder=63, authorNames=Lin L, Wang Y Q, Liu D Y, journalName=Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Lin LWang Y QLiu D Y. Vertical average irradiance shapes the spatial pattern of winter chlorophyll-a in the Yellow Sea [J]. Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science2019224:11-19., articleTitle=Vertical average irradiance shapes the spatial pattern of winter chlorophyll-a in the Yellow Sea, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1234106425639759905, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1234106391246467954, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2009, volume=31, issue=12, pageStart=1475, pageEnd=1492, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[51], rfOrder=64, authorNames=Zervoudaki S, Nielsen T, Carstensen J, journalName=Journal of Plankton Research, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Zervoudaki SNielsen TCarstensen J. Seasonal succession and composition of the zooplankton community along an eutrophication and salinity gradient exemplified by Danish waters [J]. Journal of Plankton Research200931(12):1475-1492., articleTitle=Seasonal succession and composition of the zooplankton community along an eutrophication and salinity gradient exemplified by Danish waters, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1234106425757200421, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1234106391246467954, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2012, volume=416, issue=null, pageStart=314, pageEnd=322, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[52], rfOrder=65, authorNames=Ibanez C, Alcaraz C, Caiola N, journalName=Science of the Total Environment, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Ibanez CAlcaraz CCaiola N,et al. Regime shift from phytoplankton to macrophyte dominance in a large river: top-down versus bottom- up effects [J]. 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横标目表示经度,°E;纵标目表示纬度,°N,下同

, figureFileSmall=HFJwR+yQB0qvjGuOrNcQdQ==, figureFileBig=faXQ2wfxMKbx5FeoA2VBZQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1234106408648634481, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1234106391246467954, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Spatial and temporal distribution of nutrients in the estuary and its adjacent waters of the Yellow River from 2011 to 2020, figureFileSmall=OEhbQK2PsLNALNhoS1YuUA==, figureFileBig=ZG2uQAcx0uZRDyWsdoMPRA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1234106408799629442, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1234106391246467954, language=CN, label=图3, caption=2011~2020年黄河口及其邻近海域营养盐时空分布, figureFileSmall=OEhbQK2PsLNALNhoS1YuUA==, figureFileBig=ZG2uQAcx0uZRDyWsdoMPRA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1234106408917069964, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1234106391246467954, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Spatial and temporal distribution of zooplankton abundance (ZA) in the estuary and its adjacent waters of the Yellow River from 2011 to 2020, figureFileSmall=XAw1v2NE9McSxWtleqKNjQ==, figureFileBig=DTNDxe65lbCBYPNpo5dmhw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1234106409047093401, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1234106391246467954, language=CN, label=图4, caption=2011~2020年黄河口及其邻近海域浮游动物丰度(ZA)时空分布, figureFileSmall=XAw1v2NE9McSxWtleqKNjQ==, figureFileBig=DTNDxe65lbCBYPNpo5dmhw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1234106410531877028, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1234106391246467954, language=EN, label=Fig. 5, caption=Spatial and temporal distribution of Chl a in the estuary and its adjacent waters of the Yellow River from 2011to 2020, figureFileSmall=61Y9BYHyCzIOErYGqzdkiw==, figureFileBig=Zn6FulHwCq4MG4o5pXVEtg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1234106410670289074, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1234106391246467954, language=CN, label=图5, caption=2011~2020年黄河口及其邻近海域Chl a时空分布, figureFileSmall=61Y9BYHyCzIOErYGqzdkiw==, figureFileBig=Zn6FulHwCq4MG4o5pXVEtg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1234106410796118205, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1234106391246467954, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Regression tree analysis of Chl a at different WSRS stages in the estuary and its adjacent waters of the Yellow River, figureFileSmall=iqc94IV/qAZyBtMvamJbGg==, figureFileBig=eWVP8eQcywAN3rGYQaQ2jA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1234106410955501768, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1234106391246467954, language=CN, label=图6, caption=调水调沙不同阶段黄河口及其邻近海域Chl a回归树分析

T-温度;S-盐度;DIN-可溶性无机氮;DIP-可溶性无机磷;ZA-浮游动物丰度

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Historical observation data and sources in the waters adjacent in the estuary and its adjacent waters of the Yellow River during 2011to 2020

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
年份调水调沙前调水调沙前期调水调沙后期来源
TSDINDIPDSiChl aZATSDINDIPDSiChl aZATSDINDIPDSiChl aZA
201166---66-------------7[28-29]
201266---66-------------7[28-29]
201366---66666666-7777777[23, 28]
20146666666-7777---7----7[28-29]
2015666666677777777777777[28, 30]
2018666666677777777777777[13, 28, 31]
2019-----66-7------7---7[28, 32]
202066---6677---7-77---77[28, 33]
), ArticleFig(id=1234106411270074597, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1234106391246467954, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

2011~2020年黄河口及其邻近海域历史观测数据调查时间及来源

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
年份调水调沙前调水调沙前期调水调沙后期来源
TSDINDIPDSiChl aZATSDINDIPDSiChl aZATSDINDIPDSiChl aZA
201166---66-------------7[28-29]
201266---66-------------7[28-29]
201366---66666666-7777777[23, 28]
20146666666-7777---7----7[28-29]
2015666666677777777777777[28, 30]
2018666666677777777777777[13, 28, 31]
2019-----66-7------7---7[28, 32]
202066---6677---7-77---77[28, 33]
), ArticleFig(id=1234106411416875253, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1234106391246467954, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Environmental factors, Chl a concentration, and zooplankton abundance range and mean values (± sd) of different WSRS stages in the adjacent sea area of the estuary and its adjacent waters of the Yellow River from 2011 to 2020

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数调水调沙前调水调沙前期调水调沙后期One-way ANOVA
范围平均值±标准差范围平均值±标准差范围平均值±标准差FP
温度(℃)15.91~25.2020.90±1.9619.36~27.822.92±1.8520.20~30.5025.04±2.5788.06<0.001
盐度5.65~33.9628.02±4.564.31~32.6125.36±5.295.98~32.2625.00±5.3610.90<0.001
DIN (μmol/L)8.61~54.4828.94±12.391.95~65.9628.44±13.724.94~66.9529.00±13.350.030.97
DIP(μmol/L)0.04~0.350.18±0.090.02~0.290.12±0.070.02~0.430.14±0.089.70<0.001
DSi (μmol/L)0.86~35.6114.20±8.371.73~42.5717.24±10.335.27~91.4627.78±20.1813.83<0.001
Chl a(μg/L)0.39~13.63.06±2.180.62~11.213.50±1.850.88~13.664.76±3.0712.35<0.001
浮游动物丰度(ind/m3)1.77~1432.03152.78±157.605.21~539.12118.63±111.891.23~364.5444.62±56.7220.09<0.001
), ArticleFig(id=1234106411572064517, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1234106391246467954, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

2011~2020年黄河调水调沙不同阶段河口及其邻近海域环境因子、Chl a浓度、浮游动物丰度范围和平均值(±标准差)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数调水调沙前调水调沙前期调水调沙后期One-way ANOVA
范围平均值±标准差范围平均值±标准差范围平均值±标准差FP
温度(℃)15.91~25.2020.90±1.9619.36~27.822.92±1.8520.20~30.5025.04±2.5788.06<0.001
盐度5.65~33.9628.02±4.564.31~32.6125.36±5.295.98~32.2625.00±5.3610.90<0.001
DIN (μmol/L)8.61~54.4828.94±12.391.95~65.9628.44±13.724.94~66.9529.00±13.350.030.97
DIP(μmol/L)0.04~0.350.18±0.090.02~0.290.12±0.070.02~0.430.14±0.089.70<0.001
DSi (μmol/L)0.86~35.6114.20±8.371.73~42.5717.24±10.335.27~91.4627.78±20.1813.83<0.001
Chl a(μg/L)0.39~13.63.06±2.180.62~11.213.50±1.850.88~13.664.76±3.0712.35<0.001
浮游动物丰度(ind/m3)1.77~1432.03152.78±157.605.21~539.12118.63±111.891.23~364.5444.62±56.7220.09<0.001
), ArticleFig(id=1234106411802751256, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1234106391246467954, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Spearman correlation coefficients among environmental factors, Chl a, and zooplankton abundance

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
时段参数TSDINDIPDSiZA
调水调沙前T1.00
S0.171.00
DIP0.33-0.081.00
DSi0.35-0.110.111.00
DIN-0.40-0.710.180.071.00
ZA-0.53-0.47-0.24-0.030.541.00
调水调沙前期T1.00
S-0.081.00
DIP0.28-0.281.00
DSi0.16-0.650.251.00
DIN-0.27-0.43-0.070.351.00
ZA0.13-0.220.31-0.180.171.00
调水调沙后期T1.00
S-0.301.00
DIP0.52-0.331.00
DSi0.33-0.710.461.00
DIN0.08-0.830.120.751.00
ZA-0.21-0.31-0.120.310.471.00
), ArticleFig(id=1234106411949551915, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1234106391246467954, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

环境因子、Chl a、浮游动物间Spearman相关系数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
时段参数TSDINDIPDSiZA
调水调沙前T1.00
S0.171.00
DIP0.33-0.081.00
DSi0.35-0.110.111.00
DIN-0.40-0.710.180.071.00
ZA-0.53-0.47-0.24-0.030.541.00
调水调沙前期T1.00
S-0.081.00
DIP0.28-0.281.00
DSi0.16-0.650.251.00
DIN-0.27-0.43-0.070.351.00
ZA0.13-0.220.31-0.180.171.00
调水调沙后期T1.00
S-0.301.00
DIP0.52-0.331.00
DSi0.33-0.710.461.00
DIN0.08-0.830.120.751.00
ZA-0.21-0.31-0.120.310.471.00
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调水调沙期黄河口邻近海域浮游植物影响因素
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孙绍庆 1 , 张晶晶 1, * , 申瑞婷 2 , 张孝民 3 , 李凡 3 , 吕振波 1
中国环境科学 | 环境生态 2025,45(6): 3299-3310
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中国环境科学 | 环境生态 2025, 45(6): 3299-3310
调水调沙期黄河口邻近海域浮游植物影响因素
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孙绍庆1 , 张晶晶1, * , 申瑞婷2, 张孝民3, 李凡3, 吕振波1
作者信息
  • 1.鲁东大学滨海生态高等研究院,山东 烟台 264025
  • 2.中国中交水运规划设计院,北京 100007
  • 3.山东省海洋资源与环境研究院,山东省海洋生态修复重点实验室,山东 烟台 264006
  • 孙绍庆(1999-),男,山东青岛人,鲁东大学硕士研究生,主要研究方向为海洋生态学..

通讯作者:

* 责任作者,副教授,
Study on the dominant control effects on phytoplankton biomass in the estuary and its adjacent waters of the Yellow River during the water and sediment regulation scheme
Shao-qing SUN1 , Jing-jing ZHANG1, * , Rui-ting SHEN2, Xiao-min ZHANG3, Fan LI3, Zhen-bo LV1
Affiliations
  • 1.The Institute for Advanced Study of Coastal Ecology, Ludong University, Yantai 264025, China
  • 2.China Communications construction Water Transportation Consuliants Co., Ltd, Beijing 100007, China
  • 3.Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Restoration for Marine Ecology, Shandong Marine Resource and Environment Research Institute, Yantai 264006, China
出版时间: 2025-06-20
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为研究黄河调水调沙期间河口及其邻近海域浮游植物现存量的上、下行效应的相对重要性,利用R2V软件提取2011~2020年黄河口及其邻近海域中叶绿素a(Chl a)浓度、环境因子和浮游动物丰度的历史文献数据,分析了Chl a浓度的空间分布和年际变化特征,并构建不同调水调沙阶段Chl a与环境和生物因子的回归树模型.结果显示:2011~2020年,调水调沙前黄河口及其邻近海域Chl a浓度整体呈现自河口至离岸逐渐降低的趋势,随着调水调沙进行,Chl a高值区逐渐向河口西北部近岸转移,Chl a浓度年际变化显著的区域基本与各阶段Chl a高值区重合.回归树模型显示随着调水调沙进行Chl a主要控制作用发生了转变.调水调沙前,浮游动物摄食的下行效应是驱动Chl a浓度空间变化的主控因素.调水调沙期间,Chl a浓度主要受上行效应控制,前期,温度是主要驱动因子;后期DIP是主要驱动因子.调水调沙期间径流量引起的盐度锋面的变化可能是Chl a主要控制作用变化的重要诱因.

黄河口  /  调水调沙  /  上、下行效应  /  浮游植物  /  环境因素

To investigate the relative importance of the bottom-up versus top-down on phytoplankton biomass in the estuary and its adjacent waters of the Yellow River during the water and sediment regulation scheme (WSRS), the study utilized R2V software to extract historical data (2011~2020) on chlorophyll a (Chl a) concentration, environmental factors, and zooplankton abundance in the estuary and its adjacent waters of the Yellow River from the literature. The spatial distribution and interannual variation of Chl a concentration was analyzed, and regression tree models Chl a with environmental and biological factors at different stages of WSRS were developed to explore the controlling factors. The results showed that Chl a concentrations in the estuary and its adjacent waters of the Yellow River generally decreased from the estuary towards offshore areas from 2011 to 2020. As WSRS progressed, the high-value areas gradually shifted to the nearshore northwest of the estuary. Regions with significant interannual variations in Chl a concentrations largely overlapped with high-value areas at each stage. The regression tree model indicated that, with the progression of water and sediment regulation, there was a notable shift in the dominant effects on Chl a concentration. Before WSRS, the top-down effect of zooplankton grazing was the primary driver of Chl a spatial variability. During the water and sediment regulation period, Chl a concentration was mainly controlled by bottom-up effects. In the early WSRS, temperature was the primary driving factor, while in the later stage of WSRS, dissolved inorganic phosphorus (DIP) became the main driving factor. The changes in salinity fronts caused by freshwater flow during WSRS may be an important factor inducing changes in the dominant effects on Chl a concentration.

Yellow River Estuary  /  water and sediment regulation scheme  /  the bottom-up versus top-down control  /  phytoplankton  /  environmental factors
孙绍庆, 张晶晶, 申瑞婷, 张孝民, 李凡, 吕振波. 调水调沙期黄河口邻近海域浮游植物影响因素. 中国环境科学, 2025 , 45 (6) : 3299 -3310 .
Shao-qing SUN, Jing-jing ZHANG, Rui-ting SHEN, Xiao-min ZHANG, Fan LI, Zhen-bo LV. Study on the dominant control effects on phytoplankton biomass in the estuary and its adjacent waters of the Yellow River during the water and sediment regulation scheme[J]. China Environmental Science, 2025 , 45 (6) : 3299 -3310 .
河口是河流-海洋的过渡地带,具有极重要的生态功能[1].近半个世纪以来,由于河流径流量的持续减少和陆源营养物质的不断增多,全球大多数河口呈现不同程度高营养负荷现象[2-3],导致河口及其邻近海域有害藻华持续高频次爆发[4].河口浮游植物变化规律及其驱动机制研究,对于藻华早期预警和防控意义重大[5].黄河口及其邻近海域是渤海最重要的产卵场[6],也是黄河流域高质量发展国家战略重点保护的生态环境区[7].近年来,黄河口及其邻近海域藻华呈逐年上升趋势,虽然其爆发频次和规模仍低于长江口、珠江口和渤海其他海域,但极大危害了渤海渔业资源可持续发展[8-9].黄河口及其邻近海域的藻华具有明显季节性,径流输入较多的夏季是藻华高发期[9].夏季亦是黄河实施调水调沙,冲刷下游河道泥沙淤积的时间[10].调水调沙期间,黄河径流量在短时间内激增[11],超过60%的年输沙量和50%的年营养盐通量伴随径流输送到河口[12],显著影响浮游植物高值区时空分布[13].
叶绿素a(Chl a)浓度往往与浮游植物生物量呈现显著的正相关性[14],因此Chl a浓度在生态学中常常用于指示浮游植物生物量[15].河口浮游植物生物量通常通过Chl a浓度来表征,且主要受到环境因子的上行控制(Bottom-up control)和摄食者引起的下行控制(Top-down control)的影响[16-18].上行效应指浮游植物的生长受温度、营养盐水平和光照等环境条件影响;下行效应主要是指浮游动物通过摄食作用影响浮游植物生物量累积,浮游动物选择性摄食则会改变浮游植物群落结构[19-20].
目前,针对黄河口浮游植物的研究主要针对上行控制开展[21-24].目前普遍认为调水调沙携带的大量营养物质[12]、泥沙引起的光照可利用率的降低[23,25]和强烈湍流引起的藻细胞的损伤是影响Chl a浓度的主要原因.下行效应是调控浮游植物群落另一个决定因素,在许多沿海生态系统中,超过80%的日初级生产力是被浮游动物捕食消耗[26].调水调沙期间也是浮游动物大量繁殖的时间[27],但下行控制对黄河口浮游植物的影响一直以来却鲜有研究.黄河调水调沙驱动河口浮游植物的主要影响因素尚不清楚,且先前的研究多针对特定年份开展,受随机因素影响较大.
鉴于此,本研究利用高级光栅图像矢量化软件Raster2Vector提取2011~2020年黄河口及其邻近海域文献资料的环境、浮游动物和Chl a数据,分析了黄河调水调沙期间黄河口及其邻近海域环境因子、浮游动物和Chl a的时空分布特征;并构建回归树模型,明确调水调沙时期河口Chl a的影响因素及其关键驱动因子,旨在阐释浮游植物响应调水调沙的内在规律,为河口高营养海域赤潮预防和生态环境保护提供基础资料.
黄河调水调沙是通过水库联合调度的方式进行,黄河干流小浪底水库水沙流量能够较好反映调水调沙开始结束时间,调水调沙开始小浪底水库径流会突然由小于1000m3/s升高至2000~4000m3/s,并一直维持至调水调沙结束,小浪底的水沙大约经过3~4d到达距河口最近的利津水文站,利津站的水沙流量通常略低于小浪底.根据黄河网(http://www.yrcc.gov.cn/)2010~2020年小浪底水库水沙日变化数据进行分析确定了调水调沙的起始时间.根据距河口最近的利津站水沙日变化数据,结合Zhang等[13]对调水调沙期间径流量与输沙量变化规律的研究结果,发现调水调沙存在三个明显的过程:调水调沙前,黄河口水沙流量表现为径流量小、输沙量小(径流量通常<1000m3/s、输沙量<5kg/m3);调水调沙前期,径流量大、输沙量小(径流量>2000m3/s、5kg/m3<输沙量<10kg/m3);调水调沙后期径流量大、输沙量大(径流量>2000m3/s、输沙量>10kg/m3)的特点.根据这个时期水沙流量的特征,将调水调沙过程分为3个时期:调水调沙前,调水调沙前期和调水调沙后期.分别收集黄河口及其邻近海域2011~2020年调水调沙前和调水调沙前期、调水调沙后期环境因子、浮游动物和Chl a的历史观测数据,数据来源见表1.历史数据内容主要包括:温度、盐度、可溶无机氮(DIN)浓度、可溶无机磷(DIP)浓度、硅酸盐(DSi)浓度、Chl a浓度、浮游动物丰度.
利用高级光栅图像矢量化软件Raster2Vector 5.x(R2V)和ArcMap程序提取历史文献资料的水文、环境因子和浮游生物数据.首先,用R2V软件数字化文献中的实测站点的经纬度信息,再将文献中对应的环境数据和浮游生物数据的等值线图数字化,得到每条等值线的经纬度及对应的数值.然后,利用ArcMap按照辐射状站位布设法于黄河口区域布设历史数据提取点位(图1),将数字化后的等值线上的数值进行空间插值到点位,以此获得历史文献详细数值,将坐标信息及点位上的环境和生物数据提取至Excel表格中.最后,将得到的点位数据重新绘成等值线图与原图进行对比验证,以减少数字化过程所造成的误差.
利用Surfer 15软件绘制黄河口及其邻近海域2010~2020年环境因子、Chl a和浮游动物丰度均值和标准差的等值线图.
由于生态调查数据常常呈现非线性动力系统的特征[34-35],采用线性方法分析研究变量之间的因果关系,可能因为变量共享行列式而产生假阳性的结果;也可能由于变量之间相关性不显著忽略重要因果关系而产生假阴性结果,使识别上行、下行控制带来困难[36-37].本文利用非线性回归树分析来评估分析黄河口及其邻近海域浮游植物上、下行效应的相对重要性[38].
利用RStudio软件rpart包构建回归树.首先,对环境因子和浮游动物丰度数据进行Spearman相关性分析,剔除存在较强相关性的因子(|ρ|>0.5),确保最终选定的驱动因子之间没有显著相关性(|ρ|<0.5),避免影响回归树分析的准确性.然后对筛选出的不符合正态分布的驱动因子进行lg(x+1)转换,以转换后的环境因子和浮游动物丰度分别作为指示上、下行效应驱动因子,以Chl a(指示浮游植物生物量)作为响应变量,对调水调沙前、调水调沙前期、调水调沙后期分别进行回归树分析,回归树的根节点处第一次分裂的因子,对数据集的划分影响最大,为驱动因子,其所属的效应(上行或下行)为影响因素.调水调沙不同阶段环境因子、浮游动物、Chl a差异性利用单因素方差分析(one-way ANOVA)进行分析.
2011~2020年,调水调沙期间存在一个明显的升温过程.调水调沙前,黄河口及其邻近海域表层水温范围为15.91~25.20℃,平均值为(20.90±1.96)℃(表2),整体呈现由南向北递减的趋势,多年均值高值区出现在黄河口南部(图2(a));黄河口以北10~12km处年际变化较为明显(图2(b)).调水调沙前期,黄河口表层水温范围为19.36~27.8℃,平均值为(22.92±1.85)℃(表2),整体呈现由东南向西北梯度递减,高值出现在黄河口东南部(图2(c));黄河口以西5~10km处年际变化较为明显(图2(d)).调水调沙后期,表层水温范围为20.20~30.50℃,平均值为(25.04±2.57)℃(表2),温度空间变化趋势与调水调沙前期类似,整体呈现由南向北递减的趋势,高值区出现在黄河口东南部(图2(e));年际变化较调水调沙前、调水调沙前期更明显(图2(f)).
2011~2020年,调水调沙前,表层盐度范围介于5.65~33.96之间,平均值为(28.02±4.56)(表2),低值区主要位于黄河口北部5~10km海域(图2(g));年际变化较明显区域位于黄河口北部,与盐度低值区基本重合(图2(h)).调水调沙前期,表层盐度明显降低,范围为4.31~32.61,平均值为(25.36±5.29)(表2),河口周围海域盐度整体降低,低盐区范围明显扩大(图2(i));黄河口区域年际变化与调水调沙前类似(图2(j)).调水调沙后期,表层盐度范围为5.98~32.26,平均值为(25.00±5.36)(表2),河口低盐区范围进一步扩大(图2(k));黄河口年际变化较为明显的区域范围较调水调沙前、调水调沙前期明显扩大,扩展至莱州湾一侧海域(图2(l)).
2011~2020年,黄河口及其邻近海域整体呈现高氮硅低磷的特征.调水调沙前DIN范围为8.61~54.48µmol/L,平均值为(28.94±12.39)µmol/L(表2),整体呈现自河口至离岸逐渐减小的趋势(图3(a));黄河口至莱州湾海域年际变化较为明显(图3(b)).调水调沙前期DIN范围为1.95~65.96µmol/L,平均值升至(28.44±13.72)µmol/L(表2),高值区位于河口以北2~5km(图3(c));年际变化于黄河口西部沿岸海域较为明显(图3(d)).调水调沙后期DIN明显升高,范围为4.94~66.95µmol/L,平均值升至(29.00±13.35)µmol/L(表2),高值区向河口西南部转移(图3(e));年际变化明显的区域缩小,集中在河口附近(图3(f)).2011~2020年,调水调沙前,DIP范围为0.04~0.35µmol/L,平均值为(0.18±0.09)µmol/L(表2),高值区位于黄河口至西北部约25km海域内大片海域(图3(g));黄河口西北部沿岸海域年际变化较为明显(图3(h)).调水调沙前期,DIP浓度明显降低((0.12±0.07)µmol/L,表2),高值区向入海口附近收缩(图3(i));黄河口东侧近岸海域年际变化较为明显(图3(j)).调水调沙后期,DIP范围为0.02~0.43µmol/L,平均值略有回升,为(0.14±0.08)µmol/L(表2),高值区再次扩展至黄河口近岸海域(图3(k));黄河口西侧近岸海域年际变化较为明显(图3(l)).
与DIN和DIP不同,2011~2020年调水调沙不同阶段DSi高值区均在口门附近.年际变化较为明显的区域主要出现在调水调沙后期河口附近(图3(m~r)).调水调沙前,DSi范围为0.86~35.61µmol/L,平均值为(14.20±8.37)µmol/L.调水调沙前期,DSi出现小幅升高,范围为1.73~42.57µmol/L,平均值为(17.24±10.33) µmol/L.调水调沙后期,DSi显著升高,平均值为(27.78±20.18)µmol/L,大约是调水调沙前的2倍,是调水调沙前期的1.6倍(表2).
2011~2020年,随着调水调沙进行,黄河口及其邻近海域浮游动物丰度整体呈现下降的趋势.调水调沙前浮游动物丰度变化范围为1.77~1432.03ind/m3,平均值为(152.78±157.60) ind/m3(表2),高值区位于黄河口及西北部约5~10km海域(图4(a));此处年际变化也较明显(图4(b)).调水调沙前期,浮游动物丰度小幅降低,变化范围为5.21~539.12ind/m3,平均值为(118.63±111.89) ind/m3(表2),高值区位于黄河口以西10~20km近岸海域(图4(c));年际变化较明显区域位于口门西部近岸海域(图4(d)).调水调沙后期,浮游动物丰度明显降低,变化范围为1.23~364.54ind/m3,平均值为(44.62±56.72) ind/m3(表2),高值区位于口门西部近岸海域(图4(e));与年际变化较明显区域基本重合(图4(f)).
与浮游动物丰度相反,2011~2020年,黄河口及其邻近海域Chl a浓度整体呈现随着调水调沙进行升高的趋势.调水调沙前,Chl a浓度范围为0.39~13.6µg/L,平均值为(3.06±2.18)µg/L(表2),高值区位于河口附近海域(图5(a));河口西北部约10km海域年际变化较明显(图5(b)).调水调沙前期,Chl a浓度小幅升高,变化范围为0.62~11.21µg/L,平均值为(3.50±1.85)µg/L(表2),高值区位于黄河口北部8~12km海域(图5(c));同时该区域年际变化也较明显(图5(d)).调水调沙后期,Chl a浓度明显升高,变化范围为0.88~13.66µg/L,平均值为(4.76±3.07)µg/L(表2),高值区范围较调水调沙前、调水调沙前期显著扩大,位于黄河口西北部近岸海域(图5(e));同时该区域年际变化也较明显(图5(f)).
环境因子和生物因子进行Spearman相关性分析显示,调水调沙前,DIN与盐度呈现强负相关(ρ=−0.71),与浮游动物丰度呈现强正相关关系(ρ=0.54),温度与浮游动物丰度呈现强负相关关系(ρ=−0.53).调水调沙前期,DSi与盐度呈强负相关(ρ=−0.65).调水调沙后期,温度与DIP呈现强正相关(ρ=0.52),盐度与DSi和DIN呈现强负相关(ρ=-0.71,-0.83),DIN与DSi呈现强正相关(ρ=0.75)(表3).为避免共线性影响回归树模型分析的准确性,构建模型时剔除部分显著相关的因子.最终,调水调沙前保留盐度、DIP、DSi代表环境上行效应,浮游动物丰度代表下行效应;调水调沙前期保留温度、盐度、DIN、DIP代表环境上行效应,浮游动物丰度代表下行效应;调水调沙后期,保留DIP、DSi代表环境上行效应,浮游动物丰度代表下行效应,分别构建回归树模型.
图6所示,调水调沙前,回归树模型以浮游动物丰度为根节点(阈值为2),表明浮游动物丰度是该回归树模型的主要驱动因素,即调水调沙前浮游动物摄食下行效应是驱动Chl a浓度变化的控制因素(图6(a)).调水调沙前期,回归树以温度为根节点(阈值为1.3),表明温度是影响该回归树模型的主要驱动因素,即调水调沙前期环境上行效应是驱动Chl a浓度变化的控制因素(图6(b)).调水调沙后期,回归树以DIP为根节点(阈值为0.066),表明DIP是影响该回归树模型的主要驱动因素,由于DIP与温度呈现强相关关系,因此温度可能也是调水调沙后影响Chl a分布的重要因素.说明调水调沙后,环境上行效应是驱动Chl a浓度的控制因素(图6(c)).
本研究发现,随着调水调沙进行,Chl a浓度整体呈现缓慢升高的趋势,这与先前调水调沙期间Chl a略高于调水调沙前,但并未出现明显藻类暴发的研究结果类似[23].与Chl a相反,随着调水调沙进行,浮游动物生物量逐渐降低至调水调沙后期,浮游动物生物量不足调水调沙前的30%.回归树模型显示,调水调沙期间,Chl a上、下控制的相对重要性是动态变化的.调水调沙前,Chl a浓度主要受浮游动物捕食的下行效应控制,这证实了下行效应在湿季调控河口浮游植物丰度中起着重要作用[13,20].这可能是由于调水调沙前,温度较适宜于浮游动物生长,高营养盐水团团聚在河口附近区域,促进了河口浮游植物的生长[39],为浮游动物的繁殖提供了充足食物,而盐度梯度限制了大多数物种的迁移[40-42],因此,浮游动物集聚在低盐度区域,反过来影响浮游植物的存量.调水调沙期间,Chl a浓度由下行效应主控转变为上行效应主控.这可能是由于大量淡水在短时间内涌入河口,研究区域盐度显著降低,浮游动物对盐度敏感[43-44],无法在短期内适应盐度的快速变化,丰度降低,对浮游植物的控制作用逐渐减弱[45].这与姜会超等研究发现的浮游动物丰度与盐度存在明显正相关关系的结果一致[46].
尽管调水调沙期间,浮游植物主要受上行效应控制,但不同水沙条件下,驱动Chl a浓度变化的主要环境因子不同.在径流量大、输沙量较少的前期,温度是驱动河口Chl a浓度变化的主要因子,这可能是由于径流量增大使营养物质可以扩散到距河口更远的区域,而输沙量较小没有使大范围内水体浊度升高,因此,黄河口附近营养物质和光照充足条件下,温度升高有利于浮游植物增长[25,47].这说明调水调沙虽然并未直接影响温度这一主控因子,但通过改善黄河口及其邻近海域浮游植物的营养环境,间接地增强了温度升高对浮游植物生长的促进作用.但该阶段,浮游动物生物量仍在较高水平,因此,Chl a浓度升高的程度有限.在径流量高,输沙量高的后期,DIP是驱动调水调沙后期浮游植物生长的主要因素,这与王英等[30]研究发现的DIP是调水调沙后期限制浮游植物生长的主要因素之一的结果一致.这可能是由于后期浮游动物迅速下降,捕食压力减小,浮游植物迅速生长消耗了大量DIP,而DIP浓度在整个渤海海域偏低,因此DIP成为Chl a的限制因素.
近年来,国内外许多学者就黄河调水调沙驱动河口浮游植物变化的机制提出了假设.Liu[12]认为,调水调沙期间从黄河输入的大量营养物质能够弥补浮游植物春季峰消耗的营养物质,促使夏季浮游植物迅速生长,导致浮游植物秋季峰提前,大量淡水的输入将会增加河口区域淡水藻的比例[22].随后的研究发现,黄河口海域Chl a的季节变化与邻近受调水调沙影响较小的莱州湾和渤海中部相似,Chl a峰值仍出现在9月,而不是6月和7月(调水调沙期间)[23].Wang等[23]和Song等[48]认为,调水调沙期间,水体浑浊度增加引起的光照可利用性降低和强烈的水体湍流对藻类细胞的机械损伤等上行效应抵消了高营养盐可能带来的浮游植物爆发性生长,降低了夏季爆发藻华的可能性.Zhang等[13]首次提出,黄河调水调沙会诱导浮游动物短暂的快速增殖,其摄食的下行效应可能使浮游植物丰度远小于未调水调沙年份.
本研究发现Chl a主要控制作用是动态变化的,很难用单一的作用解释黄河口浮游植物变化.但是,在调水调沙不同阶段,盐度与营养盐均呈现显著的相关关系(表3),并且与主要营养盐、浮游动物丰度和Chl a浓度的分布存在空间对应关系.此外,尽管盐度不是调水调沙各阶段回归树模型根节点的因子,但是在调水调沙前和调水调沙前期,盐度S≥1.5(盐度对数转换后,图6(a)、(b))均是重要的次分裂节点,说明不同盐度水体Chl a含量有明显差异.这表明调水调沙期间,黄河径流变化引起的盐度羽状锋面变化可能是驱动黄河口主要控制作用变化的重要诱因.一方面,盐度锋面处浮游植物处水团辐聚过程可以促进浮游植物聚集,有利于藻类高值区的形成[49-50].调水调沙前,盐度锋面主要位于河口附近,盐度锋面处水团辐聚过程使低盐高营养的水团主要聚集在河口[49-50],促进了河口浮游植物的生长[1239],Chl a高值区主要聚集在河口.浮游植物大量繁殖为浮游动物的繁殖提供了足够的食物,锋面限制了浮游动物的迁移[40-42].因此,浮游动物在河口低盐区迅速繁殖并聚集,反过来影响河口浮游植物存量,河口呈现下行控制主导.另一方面盐度锋面能够通过影响环境因子的时空分布,间接影响浮游植物及其摄食者生长繁殖和浮游植物群落结构分布格局.例如,调水调沙前期,河口径流激增,淡水大量涌入河口,盐度锋面向外海扩展,大量的养分随着羽状峰向外输送,改善了浮游植物的营养环境,Chl a高值区随着羽状峰逐渐从河口向外海移动.此外,河口及其邻近海域盐度进一步降低,浮游动物很难迅速适应羽状锋面变化引起的河口附近强烈的盐度变化[4151],高值区退缩至北部近岸盐度变化较小的海湾处(图4c、e),调查区域总体捕食压力减小,浮游植物由下行控制转为上行控制.
综上,浮游植物生物量的变化受多种环境因子共同影响,且浮游植物主要控制作用是动态变化的,不同年份、不同采样时间点、河口不同区域浮游植物主要控制作用可能存在较大差别.由于历史数据中,可供提取的总悬浮物数据较少,本研究对可利用光对河口浮游植物分布的影响未进行深入研究.此外,浮游植物群落分布会迅速响应河口水团性质的变化,而总生物量变化往往滞后[52].因此,黄河调水调沙对近海浮游植物丰度及其群落结构影响及其调控机制仍有待进一步研究.
4.1 调水调沙输入大量高氮硅低磷的淡水,会使河口盐度明显降低,营养盐含量明显升高,盐度与营养盐、浮游动物生物量和Chl a浓度的分布存在空间对应关系.
4.2 随着调水调沙进行Chl a浓度缓慢升高,调水调沙前,Chl a高值区主要集聚在河口;调水调沙前期,Chl a高值区逐渐向外海扩散;调水调沙后期,河口附近Chl a显著降低,高值区移至河口西北部近岸海域.
4.3 回归树模型显示,随着调水调沙进行,Chl a浓度的主要控制作用和驱动因子发生了变化.调水调沙前,Chl a主要受下行效应控制,浮游动物生物量是主要驱动因子.调水调沙期间,Chl a浓度主要受上行效应控制,前期,温度是主要驱动因子;后期DIP是主要驱动因子.
4.4 黄河径流变化引起的盐度羽状锋面变化可能是驱动黄河口主要控制作用变化的一个重要诱因.
  • 国家自然科学基金青年基金资助项目(42306163; 42201061)
  • 山东省自然科学基金面上项目(ZR2022MD079)
  • 山东省自然科学基金青年项目(ZR2022QD093)
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2025年第45卷第6期
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  • 接收时间:2024-11-07
  • 首发时间:2026-02-27
  • 出版时间:2025-06-20
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  • 收稿日期:2024-11-07
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国家自然科学基金青年基金资助项目(42306163; 42201061)
山东省自然科学基金面上项目(ZR2022MD079)
山东省自然科学基金青年项目(ZR2022QD093)
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    1.鲁东大学滨海生态高等研究院,山东 烟台 264025
    2.中国中交水运规划设计院,北京 100007
    3.山东省海洋资源与环境研究院,山东省海洋生态修复重点实验室,山东 烟台 264006

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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