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Packed column experiments and numerical simulations were conducted to investigate the co-transport behavior of nanoscale iron supported on biochar (nFe/BC) pyrolyzed at 500℃ and 800℃, respectively, with arsenic (As) in contaminated soil. The results showed that the mobility of nFe/BC (nFe/BC500 and nFe/BC800) in As-contaminated soil was obviously lower than that of pristine biochars (BC500 and BC800), decreasing by about 57.8% and 45.5% in As-contaminated soil, respectively. This is likely because zeta potentials of nFe/BC became less negative due to the adherence of positively charged Fe onto the BC. Therefore, electrostatic repulsion between nFe/BC and soil grain was weakened, resulting in a lower mobility of nFe/BC. Also the mobility of nFe/BC was reduced with an increase in pyrolysis temperature. This is likely because that the surface charge of nFe/BC produced at high temperature was less negative, due to the lower density of O-containing functional groups. Therefore, the total repulsive interaction energies between nFe/BC and soil grain were reduced. A two-site kinetic retention model was successfully employed to simulate the transport of nFe/BC in soils, further illustrating the co-transport characteristics of nFe/BC. Additionally, pristine BCs facilitated the transport of As due to the competition between BCs and As for the available sorption sites on the soil surface. However, nFe/BC first inhibited the transport of As, and then promoted it. The main reason could be because the iron substance or Fe3O4 on the surface of nFe/BC reacted with As, and then fixed it in soil. Once the reaction between nFe/BC and As was completed, nFe/BC lost its original inhibitory effect, and instead acted as a carrier to promote As transport in soil. This could cause potential risks of As to the groundwater environment.

, correspAuthors=Ming CHEN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Li-mei XIE, Xin-yan HAN, Yi-jia LIU, Zi-yang CHEN, Yu WANG, Ming CHEN), CN=ArticleExt(id=1234106402441056708, articleId=1234106390697005768, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, language=CN, title=纳米铁复合生物炭与砷在土壤中的共迁移行为, columnId=1234106394572550190, journalTitle=中国环境科学, columnName=土壤污染与控制, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

通过柱淋溶实验结合数值模拟,研究不同热解温度(500和800℃)制备的纳米铁复合生物炭(nFe/BC)自身迁移以及与砷(As)在污染土壤中的共迁移行为.结果表明,相较于原始生物炭(BC500和BC800),生物炭复合Fe后在As土壤中的迁移能力显著降低,分别减弱了约57.8%(nFe/BC500)和45.5%(nFe/BC800).这一结果归因于生物炭复合Fe后,颗粒表面Zeta电位变小(负电荷减少),减弱了nFe/BC与土壤颗粒之间的排斥势垒,导致nFe/BC的迁移能力较弱.并且随着热解温度升高,nFe/BC表面含氧官能团减少,颗粒表面负电荷减少,与土壤颗粒之间作用能减弱,颗粒迁移能力降低.两点动力学滞留模型较好地拟合了nFe/BC在污染土壤中的穿透曲线,且进一步说明了nFe/BC的迁移特征.此外,原始生物炭迁移过程中竞争土壤表面吸附位点,促进As迁移;而nFe/BC先抑制As在土壤中迁移,再促进其迁移.分析原因是由于nFe/BC表面的铁单质或Fe3O4与As反应并将其固定,但完全反应后会失去其原本的抑制作用,反而作为载体促进As在土壤中迁移,对地下水环境产生潜在危害.

, correspAuthors=陈明, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 责任作者,讲师,
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谢丽梅(1999-),女,江西赣州人,苏州科技大学硕士研究生,主要从事土壤污染物的迁移转化与归趋等环境化学行为方面研究.发表论文2篇..

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谢丽梅(1999-),女,江西赣州人,苏州科技大学硕士研究生,主要从事土壤污染物的迁移转化与归趋等环境化学行为方面研究.发表论文2篇..

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谢丽梅(1999-),女,江西赣州人,苏州科技大学硕士研究生,主要从事土壤污染物的迁移转化与归趋等环境化学行为方面研究.发表论文2篇..

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Journal of Hazardous Materials2022440:129691., articleTitle=Biochar colloids facilitate transport and transformation of Cr(VI) in soil: Active site competition coupling with reduction reaction, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1234106413023285432, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1234106390697005768, awardId=42007130; 42407306, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金资助项目(42007130; 42407306), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1234106402755629549, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1234106390697005768, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1234106402768212463, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1234106390697005768, companyId=1234106402755629549, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou 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figureFileBig=d+/7IsdJFM+XY2I6Ap4DGw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1234106412046012511, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1234106390697005768, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Selected characteristics of nFe/BC and BC

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
理化性质nFe/BC500BC500nFe/BC800BC800
pH值9.809.9010.410.3
C (%)57655866
H (%)2.32.81.01.5
O (%)12.511.67.105.60
N (%)0.590.640.000.55
S (%)0.320.230.330.43
水力学半径(nm)170 ± 3.0215 ± 2.3141 ± 2.9187 ± 1.8
), ArticleFig(id=1234106412180230250, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1234106390697005768, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

纳米铁复合生物炭和原始生物炭的理化性质

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
理化性质nFe/BC500BC500nFe/BC800BC800
pH值9.809.9010.410.3
C (%)57655866
H (%)2.32.81.01.5
O (%)12.511.67.105.60
N (%)0.590.640.000.55
S (%)0.320.230.330.43
水力学半径(nm)170 ± 3.0215 ± 2.3141 ± 2.9187 ± 1.8
), ArticleFig(id=1234106412327030907, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1234106390697005768, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Selected characteristics of soils

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
理化性质砷污染土未污染土
pH值7.955.05
砂粒(%)18.425.0
粉粒(%)48.354.2
黏粒(%)33.320.8
Zeta电位(mV)-28.8 ± 1.9-30.7 ± 1.8
As (mg/kg)501.050.103
Al (mg/kg)37.2216.7
Fe (mg/kg)27.6132.3
Ca (mg/kg)2.525.19
Mn (mg/kg)1.110.0861
SOC (g/kg)1.205.24
SON (g/kg)0.5890.550
), ArticleFig(id=1234106412532551820, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1234106390697005768, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

土壤的理化性质

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
理化性质砷污染土未污染土
pH值7.955.05
砂粒(%)18.425.0
粉粒(%)48.354.2
黏粒(%)33.320.8
Zeta电位(mV)-28.8 ± 1.9-30.7 ± 1.8
As (mg/kg)501.050.103
Al (mg/kg)37.2216.7
Fe (mg/kg)27.6132.3
Ca (mg/kg)2.525.19
Mn (mg/kg)1.110.0861
SOC (g/kg)1.205.24
SON (g/kg)0.5890.550
), ArticleFig(id=1234106412654186646, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1234106390697005768, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Mass recovery of nFe/BC and BC and fitting parameters of two-point kinetic model

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
土壤介质颗粒物质量回收率(%)Lmax(cm)Φmax(kBT)k1(min-1)k1d(min-1)k1d/k1k2(min-1)Smax2(mg/g)R2
砷污染土壤nFe/BC50025.039.92440.4210.2050.4880.10823.90.987
BC50059.31063380.4170.2690.6460.06466.570.996
nFe/BC80019.934.21891.3980.6550.4690.12326.80.993
BC80036.554.82833.3061.7510.5300.079716.80.998
未污染土壤nFe/BC50050.180.02670.7190.4190.5830.06979.680.996
BC50060.11093770.3790.2490.6580.06256.270.996
nFe/BC80043.566.42059.955.570.5590.074512.50.993
BC80053.387.83128.815.290.6000.06648.340.994
), ArticleFig(id=1234106412826153123, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1234106390697005768, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

纳米铁复合生物炭和原始生物炭的质量回收率和两点动力学吸附模型拟合参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
土壤介质颗粒物质量回收率(%)Lmax(cm)Φmax(kBT)k1(min-1)k1d(min-1)k1d/k1k2(min-1)Smax2(mg/g)R2
砷污染土壤nFe/BC50025.039.92440.4210.2050.4880.10823.90.987
BC50059.31063380.4170.2690.6460.06466.570.996
nFe/BC80019.934.21891.3980.6550.4690.12326.80.993
BC80036.554.82833.3061.7510.5300.079716.80.998
未污染土壤nFe/BC50050.180.02670.7190.4190.5830.06979.680.996
BC50060.11093770.3790.2490.6580.06256.270.996
nFe/BC80043.566.42059.955.570.5590.074512.50.993
BC80053.387.83128.815.290.6000.06648.340.994
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纳米铁复合生物炭与砷在土壤中的共迁移行为
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谢丽梅 , 韩欣妍 , 刘亦嘉 , 陈子阳 , 王禹 , 陈明 *
中国环境科学 | 土壤污染与控制 2025,45(6): 3199-3208
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中国环境科学 | 土壤污染与控制 2025, 45(6): 3199-3208
纳米铁复合生物炭与砷在土壤中的共迁移行为
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谢丽梅 , 韩欣妍, 刘亦嘉, 陈子阳, 王禹, 陈明*
作者信息
  • 苏州科技大学环境科学与工程学院,江苏 苏州 215009
  • 谢丽梅(1999-),女,江西赣州人,苏州科技大学硕士研究生,主要从事土壤污染物的迁移转化与归趋等环境化学行为方面研究.发表论文2篇..

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* 责任作者,讲师,
Co-transport behavior of nanoscale iron supported on biochar and arsenic in contaminated soils
Li-mei XIE , Xin-yan HAN, Yi-jia LIU, Zi-yang CHEN, Yu WANG, Ming CHEN*
Affiliations
  • School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou 215009, China
出版时间: 2025-06-20
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通过柱淋溶实验结合数值模拟,研究不同热解温度(500和800℃)制备的纳米铁复合生物炭(nFe/BC)自身迁移以及与砷(As)在污染土壤中的共迁移行为.结果表明,相较于原始生物炭(BC500和BC800),生物炭复合Fe后在As土壤中的迁移能力显著降低,分别减弱了约57.8%(nFe/BC500)和45.5%(nFe/BC800).这一结果归因于生物炭复合Fe后,颗粒表面Zeta电位变小(负电荷减少),减弱了nFe/BC与土壤颗粒之间的排斥势垒,导致nFe/BC的迁移能力较弱.并且随着热解温度升高,nFe/BC表面含氧官能团减少,颗粒表面负电荷减少,与土壤颗粒之间作用能减弱,颗粒迁移能力降低.两点动力学滞留模型较好地拟合了nFe/BC在污染土壤中的穿透曲线,且进一步说明了nFe/BC的迁移特征.此外,原始生物炭迁移过程中竞争土壤表面吸附位点,促进As迁移;而nFe/BC先抑制As在土壤中迁移,再促进其迁移.分析原因是由于nFe/BC表面的铁单质或Fe3O4与As反应并将其固定,但完全反应后会失去其原本的抑制作用,反而作为载体促进As在土壤中迁移,对地下水环境产生潜在危害.

纳米铁复合生物炭  /  砷  /  污染土壤  /  共迁移  /  数值模拟

Packed column experiments and numerical simulations were conducted to investigate the co-transport behavior of nanoscale iron supported on biochar (nFe/BC) pyrolyzed at 500℃ and 800℃, respectively, with arsenic (As) in contaminated soil. The results showed that the mobility of nFe/BC (nFe/BC500 and nFe/BC800) in As-contaminated soil was obviously lower than that of pristine biochars (BC500 and BC800), decreasing by about 57.8% and 45.5% in As-contaminated soil, respectively. This is likely because zeta potentials of nFe/BC became less negative due to the adherence of positively charged Fe onto the BC. Therefore, electrostatic repulsion between nFe/BC and soil grain was weakened, resulting in a lower mobility of nFe/BC. Also the mobility of nFe/BC was reduced with an increase in pyrolysis temperature. This is likely because that the surface charge of nFe/BC produced at high temperature was less negative, due to the lower density of O-containing functional groups. Therefore, the total repulsive interaction energies between nFe/BC and soil grain were reduced. A two-site kinetic retention model was successfully employed to simulate the transport of nFe/BC in soils, further illustrating the co-transport characteristics of nFe/BC. Additionally, pristine BCs facilitated the transport of As due to the competition between BCs and As for the available sorption sites on the soil surface. However, nFe/BC first inhibited the transport of As, and then promoted it. The main reason could be because the iron substance or Fe3O4 on the surface of nFe/BC reacted with As, and then fixed it in soil. Once the reaction between nFe/BC and As was completed, nFe/BC lost its original inhibitory effect, and instead acted as a carrier to promote As transport in soil. This could cause potential risks of As to the groundwater environment.

nanoscale iron supported on biochar  /  arsenic  /  contaminated soil  /  co-transport  /  numerical simulation
谢丽梅, 韩欣妍, 刘亦嘉, 陈子阳, 王禹, 陈明. 纳米铁复合生物炭与砷在土壤中的共迁移行为. 中国环境科学, 2025 , 45 (6) : 3199 -3208 .
Li-mei XIE, Xin-yan HAN, Yi-jia LIU, Zi-yang CHEN, Yu WANG, Ming CHEN. Co-transport behavior of nanoscale iron supported on biochar and arsenic in contaminated soils[J]. China Environmental Science, 2025 , 45 (6) : 3199 -3208 .
砷在土壤中主要以无机态As(III)和As(V)含氧酸盐的形式存在,其中,As(III)具有更强的迁移性和生物有效性,其毒性是As(V)的60多倍,并且可以通过食物链对人类健康造成威胁,具有高毒性、致癌性和致突变性[1-2].近年来,人们开发了各种土壤砷污染的修复技术,包括固化/稳定化、淋洗、微生物修复、植物修复等[3-6],其中,研究与应用较多的是固化稳定化技术.在过去的几十年里,基于一系列不同固化/稳定化剂的原位修复受到了极大的关注[7].这些固化/稳定化剂中,铁基材料对降低砷的迁移性和毒性表现出显著效果[8].特别是纳米铁的施用可高效减弱砷的毒性,因此受到了广泛研究[9-10].然而,纳米铁的现场应用存在容易发生表面钝化,导致反应性迅速降低,在磁力、静电引力和范德华力的作用下纳米铁颗粒容易团聚形成大颗粒或链状结构的问题[11],大大抑制其效率.使用废弃生物质热解产生的生物炭具有环境友好、稳定性强、比表面积大、多级多孔结构[12]和电子供体容量的特点[13],被视为提升纳米铁的稳定性、有效性及延长使用寿命的良好载体[14].制备得到的纳米铁复合生物炭(nFe/BC)对污染土壤中的砷具有优异的固定能力[15-16].nFe/BC通过材料的吸附作用以及表面的铁氧化物、铁氢氧化物将As(III)氧化为As(V),之后As(V)进一步进行表面络合和沉淀作用固定[17].nFe/BC是一种很有前途的修复砷污染土壤的改良剂.关于nFe/BC在土壤中的迁移行为如何影响砷在土壤中的迁移转化研究甚少.
nFe/BC具有较大的比表面积和良好的吸附性能,可以吸附土壤中的污染物与其协同迁移,改变污染物的形态,促进污染物向地下水转移,对环境存在一定的潜在危害.nFe/BC通过静电吸引、与羟基的络合以及与芳香族络合物的π-π等相互作用增加对污染物的吸附,进一步作为载体促进污染物在多孔介质中迁移[18-20].同时,在不同温度条件下制备的nFe/BC理化性质大不相同.随着热解温度升高,生物炭的pH值逐渐增高,这与其含有大量碱性官盐类、CaCO3及金属有关[21-22],高pH值可能会促进土壤中砷的生物有效性[23-24].此外,热解温度能够影响热解过程中铁的转化,生物质在无氧和高温条件下能够将铁氧化物还原为零价铁[25],当热解温度达到700℃时有Fe3C形成,随着温度进一步升高Fe3C峰消失[26].不同温度下制备的nFe/BC其理化性质的改变可能会进一步影响砷的迁移转化.
本论文通过在不同热解温度下制备的nFe/BC用于砷污染土壤为填充介质的柱实验,研究了nFe/BC对土壤中砷迁移转化的影响,利用X射线粉末衍射仪(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)等光学表征分析不同热解温度制备的nFe/BC表面特性,运用Derjaguin-Landau-Verwey-Overbeek(DLVO)理论结合两点动力学模型揭示nFe/BC和As的共迁移行为与滞留机理.
以秸秆为生物质源,破碎,过2mm筛,秸秆与Fe2O3(按质量比20:1)在翻转式振荡器中预混合2h,使之混合均匀,然后将其置于氮气氛围管式炉中,初始温度设置为25℃,升温速率为15℃/min,设置热解温度分别为500和800℃,恒温保持2h后冷却至室温,制备得到纳米铁复合生物炭材料(nFe/BC500和nFe/BC800);在相同热解条件下制备得到原始生物炭材料(BC500和BC800),对其进行球磨、过筛.在固液比为1:20(wt/wt)条件下测定nFe/BC和BC的pH值、通过元素分析仪(Vario ELIII Elementar,Germany)测试nFe/BC和BC的C、H、O、N和S元素的含量、采用SEM(Quanta FEG 250,FEI,America)对nFe/BC和BC的表面形貌进行分析、使用XRD(D8-Focus,Bruker AXS Co.,Ltd.,Germany)测定nFe/BC和BC的矿物组成、采用马尔文纳米粒度仪(ZetaSizer Nano-ZS analyzer,Malvern Instrument Inc.,UK)测量nFe/BC和BC的水力学直径及Zeta电位.
土壤介质采自湖南省某矿区砷(As)污染农田表层土(0~20cm).将土样自然晾晒风干,去除其中树根、杂草等杂物,压碎后过筛,得到粒径在600~710μm(平均直径650μm)范围的土壤颗粒.土壤介质的性质表征包括:(1)将土壤介质按固液比为1:2.5与去离子水混合,在160r/min条件下震荡24h,静置1h后,用酸度计测定pH值;(2)土壤质地根据ASTM方法分析;(3)取部分土壤用HNO3-HF-H2O2消解,使用电感耦合等离子发射光谱仪(ICP-OES,7500A,Agilent Co.,USA)测定土壤中金属元素的含量.
采用玻璃层析柱进行柱淋溶实验,柱内径为1.2cm,干法将土壤颗粒分层装入填充柱中,装填高度为8cm,柱子两端放入孔径为80µm的尼龙膜作为支撑材料,填充柱的平均孔隙率约为4.84.用蠕动泵自下而上泵入背景溶液(1mmol/L KCl)预饱和24h,期间缓慢增加蠕动泵的流速,直到调节蠕动泵的流速稳定至0.25mL/min.预饱和结束后,继续泵入1mmol/L的示踪剂NaBr溶液,使用CXTFIF软件拟合示踪剂的穿透曲线获得填充柱的平均孔隙水流速度和水动力弥散系数[27].继续向饱和土柱中泵入30PVs的200mg/L的纳米铁复合生物炭悬浮液(nFe/BC500和nFe/BC800,背景溶液为1mmol/L KCl),然后泵入50PVs的1mmol/L KCl溶液.相同条件下,原始生物炭悬浮液(BC500和BC800)的柱迁移实验作为对照.迁移实验至少重复3次.悬浮液泵入填充柱前预先超声30min,并在迁移过程中不断搅拌,使入流液保持分散.出流液采用自动部分收集器收集于10mL的玻璃试管中,每40min收集一次.采用紫外分光光度计(UV, TU-1800,普析通用)测试出流液中nFe/BC500、nFe/BC800、BC500和BC800的浓度,同时将部分出流液用H2SO4-H2O2消解测定总As浓度,分别绘制出流液中胶体颗粒物和总As的穿透曲线.
迁移实验结束后,土柱在-50℃条件下冷冻干燥24h,然后将柱中土壤分8组取出,研磨,混合均匀.每段分别称取0.05g土样,加入HNO3/HF/H2O2消解,测试消解液中As浓度,得到每段土柱中滞留的As浓度.
结合经典的DLVO理论半定量计算nFe/BC-水-土壤颗粒之间的相互作用能[28-29].颗粒间总的作用势能由范德华引力势能和双电层静电势能组成,计算公式如下[30-32]:
式中:ϕTotal是总势能;ϕvdW是范德华引力势能;ϕEDL是静电排斥势能.
式中:A是nFe/BC(nFe/BC500和nFe/BC800)-水-土壤体系的Hamaker常数(4.41×10-21和3.94×10-21J);ap是nFe/BC的水力学半径m;h是nFe/BC与土壤颗粒间的距离m;λ是特征波长,通常为100nm[33];A11(nFe/BC500:6.91×10-20J和nFe/BC800:6.52×10-20J)、A22(6.5×10-20J)、A33(3.7×10-20J)分别为nFe/BC、土壤和水的Hamaker常数[18,34-36];ε0是真空介电常数,8.854×10-12F/M;εr是水的相对介电常数,78.5[37];ψ1ψ2是nFe/BC与土壤颗粒的Zeta电位,mV;κ为德拜-休克尔参数,m-1;e是电子的电荷量,1.6×10-19C;NA是阿佛加德罗常数,6.02×10-23mol-1;kB是玻尔兹曼常数,1.38×10-23J/K[38];T是热力学温度,293K;Mi是电解质浓度,mol/L;Zi是电解质离子价态.
选用基于一维对流弥散扩散公式的两点动力学吸附模型拟合nFe/BC在土柱中的穿透曲线,计算公式如下[39-40]:
式中:C是水相中nFe/BC的浓度,mg/L;θ是体积含水量;x是垂直方向的距离,cm;S1S2分别为滞留在位点1和位点2上nFe/BC的浓度,mg/g;D是水动力弥散系数,cm2/min;q是达西速率,cm/min;k1k2分别为位点1和位点2上的一阶沉降速率常数,min-1;k1d为位点1上的一阶解吸速率常数,min-1;Smax2为位点2上nFe/BC的最大滞留量,mg/g.
基于沉积动力学假设,由nFe/BC的穿透曲线计算净床渗透系数:
式中:λ0为净床渗透系数;L为柱长,cm;Ci/C0为nFe/BC出流比,无量纲.
nFe/BC的沉积速率系数计算公式如下:
式中:vp为土柱中孔隙水流速度,m/d;k为时间和距离相关的系数.nFe/BC的最大迁移距离定义为当99.9%的nFe/BCs被截留时所迁移距离,cm:
图1(a,b,e,f)所示,纳米铁复合生物炭呈管状片层结构,对比于原始生物炭,在纳米铁复合生物炭的孔道内部分布着小颗粒(图1(b)和(f)),进一步对其进行扫描电子显微镜和能谱(SEM-EDS)分析,如图1(c,d,g,h)所示,可以发现,对于nFe/BC500,Fe元素的占比为59.34%,O的元素占比为23.12%,C元素的占比为17.54%,说明孔道内部小颗粒为铁氧化物.根据原子百分比,铁氧之比约为3:4,说明铁的主要存在形态可能为Fe3O4.而对于nFe/BC800,C和Fe是nFe/BC800上主要的元素,说明800℃下热解制备的纳米铁复合生物炭上的铁可能是Fe(0).由XRD(图2)可以看出,原始生物炭的矿物组成主要为SiO2、KCl、CaCO3.nFe/BC500和nFe/BC800表面还分别存在Fe3O4和Fe(0)的特征吸收峰.进一步表明,Fe3O4是nFe/BC500上Fe的主要形态;Fe(0)是nFe/BC800上Fe的主要存在形态.这是因为生物质在限氧高温热解条件下会产生还原气氛,可以将金属氧化物还原为金属单质,并且热解温度越高,对金属氧化物的还原程度越高[2541].因此,随着热解温度的升高,Fe的形态从Fe2O3转化为Fe3O4后,再进一步还原成Fe(0),当热解温度为500和800℃时,生物炭上分别形成Fe3O4和Fe(0)[1634].
表1所示,随着热解温度升高,nFe/BC的pH值从9.80升高至10.4,说明随热解温度增加,nFe/BC的碱度相应增加.而相同热解温度的原始生物炭和纳米铁复合生物炭的pH值变化不大,说明负载铁后对生物炭的pH值影响不大.此外,随着热解温度升高,nFe/BC的C含量基本不变,O、H和N含量减少,说明随着热解温度的升高,nFe/BC表面含氧官能团减少[42].但是,相较于原始生物炭,nFe/BC的C含量减少,氧含量增多,例如,热解温度为500℃时,C元素含量从65%(BC500)降低到57%(nFe/BC500);O元素含量从11.6%(BC500)增加至12.5%(nFe/BC500).
零电荷点(PZC)定义为净质子电荷等于零的pH值,是表征胶体稳定性的重要参数[31].当胶体分散在pH值接近PZC时,胶体的表面电荷趋近于零,静电力减弱,胶体之间易形成团聚/聚集.由图3可以发现,随着溶液pH值降低,nFe/BC表面的电位相应减小(绝对值减小),这是由于氢离子中和nFe/BC表面负电荷使其所带的净负电荷减少,从而Zeta电位降低[43].此外,在pH值为2~10的范围内nFe/BC均带负电,且相同pH值时低温制备的nFe/BC表面电荷明显多负于高温制备的nFe/BC和BC,说明随着热解温度升高,nFe/BC的Zeta电位降低.主要是因为随热解温度升高,nFe/BC表面的含氧官能团减少.先前文献同样报道随热解温度增加,生物炭纳米颗粒表面的含氧官能团减小,颗粒表面的Zeta电位随之降低[44].相较于BC,在相同pH值条件下负载纳米铁之后nFe/BC的表面电荷减少,例如,当pH值为7时,复合纳米铁后,BC的Zeta电位分别从-47.6mV(BC500)降低至-38.1mV(nFe/BC500),从-43.1mV(BC800)降低至-34.5mV(nFe/BC800),因此颗粒间相互作用会减弱,颗粒间更容易发生团聚.说明BC负载纳米铁后会降低其在环境中的稳定性.
表2所示,砷污染土壤的pH值为7.95,为碱性土壤,一般而言,As的迁移能力随着土壤pH值的增加而增加,弱碱性的土壤性质有利于As的迁移[45].砷污染土壤中粉粒和粘粒含量较高,占比达到48.3%和33.3%,砂粒含量较低仅占18.4%,属于粉粘壤土.污染土壤中As的浓度高达501.05mg/kg,为中国农用地土壤污染风险管控标准(BG15618-2018)的4倍(120mg/kg);除As外,污染土壤中还存在着丰富的矿物元素,如Al(37.22%)、Fe(27.61%)、Ca(2.52%)、Mn(1.11%)等;这些矿物元素的存在可能会影响As的形态,例如,氧化铁对As具有很强的吸附作用,As(III)或As(V)在氧化铁表面能够形成单齿状或双齿状的螯合物[31,46-47];铝矿与As能够发生络合反应生成内球络合物[48],从而降低As在土壤中的迁移性和有效态.此外,污染土壤中有机碳(SOC)和有机氮(SON)的含量分别为1.20和0.589g/kg.研究表明在还原条件下,土壤有机物(包括有机碳和有机氮)矿化会促使含As铁氧化物还原溶解,导致As在土壤中重新迁移[49-50].同时,生物炭的添加也会对土壤中氮的流失及砷的阻控存在影响[51].
图4(a)所示,出流液中nFe/BC的出流比随着泵入nFe/BC悬浮液的增加而逐渐增加,最终nFe/BC500和nFe/BC800最大出流比分别为0.326和0.261.这一结果说明随着热解温度升高,nFe/BC的迁移能力有所降低.这与Wang等[27]报道随着热解温度增加,生物炭的迁移能力显著下降的结果一致.比较图4(a)和4(b),nFe/BC在砷污染土壤中的迁移能力明显低于其在未污染土壤中的迁移能力.例如,nFe/BC500和nFe/BC800在未污染土柱出流液中的质量回收率分别为50.1%和43.5%,而在砷污染土柱出流液中的质量回收率仅为25.0%和19.9%(表3),分别减少了50.1%和54.3%.主要由于砷污染土壤中砂粒含量较少,黏粒含量较多,nFe/BC在迁移过程中会堵塞孔隙,滞留在土柱中.此外,砷污染土壤中含有较高的铁铝氧化物(表2),为nFe/BC在土柱中提供较多的有利滞留位点,导致nFe/BC在砷污染土中的迁移能力较弱.两点动力学滞留模型很好地拟合了nFe/BC在土壤中的穿透曲线(R2>0.985)(表3).拟合得到nFe/BC500和nFe/BC800在砷污染土壤中的最大滞留量分别为23.9,26.8mg/g,分别是其在未污染土壤中最大滞留量(9.68,12.5mg/g)的2.5和2.1倍.这一结果进一步说明nFe/BC更容易在砷污染土壤中发生滞留.
比较纳米铁复合生物炭和原始生物炭,可以发现,在相同热解温度条件下,生物炭复合Fe后的迁移能力显著降低(P<0.05),例如,出流液中BC500和BC800的质量回收率分别为59.3%和36.5%,而当生物炭复合Fe后,分别降低至25.0%(nFe/BC500)和19.9%(nFe/BC800)(表3).最大迁移距离(Lmax)也能说明nFe/BC和BC在砷污染土柱中的迁移情况.当生物炭负载Fe后,其Lmax分别从106cm(BC500)减小到39.9cm(nFe/BC500),从54.8cm(BC800)减小到34.2cm(nFe/BC800)(表3).主要是因为生物炭复合Fe后,颗粒表面的Zeta电位变小(负电荷减少),导致nFe/BC与土壤介质之间总的相互作用能减弱,如图4(c,d).例如,复合Fe后,BC500和BC800与砷污染土颗粒之间的最大相互作用能分别从338kBT降低至244kBT,从283kBT降低至189kBT(表3).因此,nFe/BC在砷污染土壤中迁移能力较弱.这与Wang等[52]报道的关于Fe3O4复合碳纳米管的迁移行为一致.结合两点动力学滞留模型进一步解释nFe/BC和BC的迁移特征,如表3所示,原始生物炭BC500和BC800在污染土柱中位点1上k1d/k1值为0.646和0.30,均大于相同热解温度下nFe/BC在位点1上的k1d/k1值(0.488和0.469),说明生物炭复合Fe后,其在位点1上的解吸速率降低,导致其在位点1上的滞留量增加,迁移性降低.同样,生物炭复合Fe后,位点2上k2Smax2均增加,例如,BC500在污染土柱中最大滞留量Smax2为6.57mg/g,而相同条件下nFe/BC500在污染土柱中Smax2达到23.9mg/g,增加了264%,表明nFe/BC更容易在土柱中滞留,导致其迁移能力减弱.
图5可以发现,当体系中没有nFe/BC或BC存在时,出流液中As的浓度随着泵入背景溶液的增加先下降,而后保持不变,在23PVs左右又开始上升,在50PVs左右达到峰值(1.8mg/L)后基本保持不变.主要因为刚泵入KCl背景溶液时,体系离子强度增加促进了土壤中水溶态As的释放;但由于水溶态As的含量较低,所以出流液As的浓度很快下降并趋于稳定.随着背景溶液的继续泵入(离子强度增加),一方面Cl-竞争土壤表面砷酸根和亚砷酸根非专性吸附位点的作用[53],另一方面体系离子强度增加使土壤中的铁铝氧化物对As(III)的吸附能力下降,促进了As以溶解态的形式释放[54].当体系中存在nFe/BC或BC时,相较于空白对照,随着BC悬浮液的泵入,土壤中水溶态As的穿透提前至19PVs(BC500)和21PVs(BC800),并且最终出流液中As的平衡浓度达到2.2mg/L.主要是因为BC迁移过程中会竞争土壤表面砷酸根和亚砷酸根有限的吸附位点,促进了As的释放.此外,与BC500相比,BC800的迁移能力较弱,能更多的滞留在土柱中,因此其对As吸附位点竞争作用更强.并且由于BC具有给电子能力,会降低体系的Eh值,因此可能将砷酸根还原成H3AsO3[55],不带电的H3AsO3在土壤中具有更强的迁移能力.同时,在还原性环境中,土壤中的胶体和黏土矿物变为电负性,吸附于这些物质上的砷会被解吸下来,进而促进As的迁移[56].不同的是,nFe/BC延迟了污染土柱中As的迁移,例如,nFe/BC500和nFe/BC800存在时,出流液中As的穿透发生在25PVs左右.主要是因为nFe/BC在土柱中的迁移能力较弱,滞留在土柱中的nFe/BC表面的铁单质和Fe3O4能够与砷酸根和亚砷酸根反应形成沉淀,进而抑制土壤中As的迁移[57-58].但当出流液中As穿透曲线达到平衡浓度(1.9mg/L)时,其值稍大于空白对照,说明nFe/BC对出流液中As的平衡浓度也具有促进作用.这主要是因为nFe/BC表面的铁单质和Fe3O4的含量有限,完全与As反应之后,就失去了原本的抑制作用,反而作为载体促进了As的迁移.综上所述,原始生物炭可以促进As在土壤中的迁移转化,而滞留在土柱中的nFe/BC虽然可以短时间内抑制As的迁移,起到固定As的作用,但在失去活性之后仍然存在载体促使As进一步迁移的风险,对地下水环境产生潜在危害.
图6所示,污染土中As的浓度分布随土柱深度的增加而不断增加.例如,当体系中存在nFe/BC500时,土柱入口处(0~1cm)As的量为0.491mg/L,而在出口处(7~8cm)As的含量增加至0.545mg/L.这一结果与前人报道关于胶体颗粒物对污染物在土柱中滞留结果不一致[59-60].主要因为前人开展柱迁移实验使用的土壤介质为未污染土壤,当污染物和胶体悬浮液同时泵入土柱后,污染物首先会通过静电吸附、沉淀等作用被土壤介质吸附,当吸附饱和后,污染物会继续向深层土壤迁移,因此泵入特定量污染物后,随着土柱深度的增加,污染物浓度不断降低;而本文柱迁移实验使用的土壤介质为As污染土壤,当入流液泵入土柱后,入流液中背景电解质Cl-起到竞争土壤表面砷酸根和亚砷酸根非专性吸附位点的作用,并且随着泵入土柱中离子强度的增加使土壤中铁、铝氧化物对As(III)的吸附能力下降,此外,当入流液中含有nFe/BC时,泵入土柱的nFe/BC也起到竞争土壤表面砷酸根和亚砷酸根吸附位点的作用,因此促进了As向深层土壤中迁移,增加其对地下水环境的危害.
3.1 热解温度为500和800oC条件下制备的纳米铁复合生物炭nFe/BC500和nFe/BC800中Fe的主要存在形态分别为Fe3O4和Fe(0).
3.2 相同热解温度下,生物炭复合Fe后的迁移能力显著减弱,并且热解温度越低,其迁移能力减弱更明显,BC800复合Fe后迁移能力降低了45.5%,而BC500复合Fe后的迁移能力降低了57.8%.
3.3 纳米铁复合生物炭虽短时间内抑制As在土壤中迁移,起到沉淀固定的作用,但是在失去活性之后仍然存在促使As进一步迁移的风险,对地下水环境产生潜在危害.
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(42007130; 42407306)
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2025年第45卷第6期
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  • 接收时间:2024-11-16
  • 首发时间:2026-02-27
  • 出版时间:2025-06-20
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  • 收稿日期:2024-11-16
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国家自然科学基金资助项目(42007130; 42407306)
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    苏州科技大学环境科学与工程学院,江苏 苏州 215009

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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