Article(id=1234106390453744466, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, issueId=1234106384963400440, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1730736000000, receivedDateStr=2024-11-05, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1772163492072, onlineDateStr=2026-02-27, pubDate=1750348800000, pubDateStr=2025-06-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1772163492072, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-02-27, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1772163492072, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1772163492072, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1234106384963400440, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, year='2025', volume='45', issue='6', pageStart='2961', pageEnd='3552', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1772163490763, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1772163969484, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1234108392948682946, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, issueId=1234106384963400440, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1234108392948682947, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, issueId=1234106384963400440, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=3235, endPage=3244, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1234106390818648930, articleId=1234106390453744466, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, language=EN, title=Characteristics of endogenous phosphorus pool and migration dynamics in typical lakes in cold and arid regions, columnId=1234106388083954308, journalTitle=China Environmental Science, columnName=Environmental Ecology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

This study focuses on five typical lakes in cold-arid areas, analyzing the phosphorus pool capacity and phosphorus migration dynamics of sediments using methods such as phosphorus fractionation, diffusive gradients in thin films (DGT), and the DGT Induced Fluxes in Sediments model (DIFS). Partial least squares path modeling (PLS-PM) was further employed to identify the key driving factors for the endogenous phosphorus pool capacity and migration dynamics in these lakes. The results showed that the average values of total phosphorus (TPw), total nitrogen (TNw), and nitrogen-to-phosphorus ratio (TNw/TPw) in the water of the five lakes were (0.81 ± 1.31)mg/L, (3.40 ± 1.87)mg/L, and (26.13 ± 22.75), respectively, indicating that these were phosphorus-limited lakes. The average total phosphorus (TPs) content in surface sediments was (763.48 ± 563.70)mg/kg, with calcium-bound phosphorus (Ca-P) accounting for 51.09% of the TPs. The comprehensive pollution index (FF) values for sediments indicate a severe pollution level. The biologically available phosphorus (BAP) dissolved active phosphorus (CDGT-P), and distribution coefficient (Kd) average (193.54 ± 55.94)mg/kg, (0.19 ± 0.14)mg/L, and (11.34 ± 9.29)cm3/g, respectively. All three indicators of phosphorus pool capacity were lower than those in lakes of the eastern plains, reflecting a relatively low phosphorus reservoir capacity in cold and arid lakes. The DIFS model shows that the reaction time (Tc) of the five lakes ranges from 0.004 to 74, 170s, lower than that of lakes in the eastern plains, indicating slower phosphorus migration dynamics and a relatively lower supply rate to the water body. PLS-PM analysis reveals that the primary factor influencing phosphorus reservoir capacity in these lakes was sediment properties (0.64,P<0.05). The main factor influencing phosphorus migration dynamics (0.95, P<0.05) was the environmental conditions of the water bodies, with limited influence from lake trophic state and phytoplankton.

, correspAuthors=Chao HAN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Shao-lin WANG, Yu-gang LI, Xin-yue GUO, Chao HAN, Lei ZHANG, Zhao-de WANG, Cheng LIU, Qiu-shi SHEN, Batdelger Odsuren, Serdyanjiv Narangerel), CN=ArticleExt(id=1234106394878734406, articleId=1234106390453744466, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, language=CN, title=寒旱区典型湖泊内源磷库容量及迁移动力学特征, columnId=1234106388268503686, journalTitle=中国环境科学, columnName=环境生态, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

以5个典型寒旱区湖泊为对象,基于磷形态分级、薄膜梯度扩散(DGT)、DGT诱导的土壤通量的动态数值模型(DIFS)等方法分析沉积物磷库容量水平和磷迁移动力学特征,进一步使用结构方程模型厘清寒旱区湖泊内源磷库容量及迁移动力学的关键驱动因子.结果表明,5湖的水体总磷(TPw)、总氮(TNw)、氮磷比(TNw/TPw)均值为(0.81±1.31) mg/L、(3.40±1.87) mg/L、(26.13±22.75),均为磷限制性湖泊.5湖沉积物TPs的平均含量为(763.48±563.70)mg/kg,钙形态磷(Ca-P)占沉积物中TPs的51.09%,沉积物综合污染指数(FF)整体处于重度污染程度.生物有效磷(BAP)、溶解性活性磷(CDGT-P)、分配系数(Kd)均值为(193.54±55.94) mg/kg、(0.19±0.14) mg/L、(11.34±9.29) cm3/g,三者评估的磷库容量均低于东部平原湖区湖泊,表明寒旱区湖泊磷库容量较低.5湖的DIFS模型参数反应时间(Tc)范围为0.004~74170.00s,低于东部平原湖区湖泊,表明寒旱区磷迁移动力较低,补给到水体中的速率相对较慢.偏最小二乘路径建模(PLS-PM)分析表明,影响寒旱区5湖磷库容量的主要因素是沉积物性质(0.64,P<0.05).影响磷迁移动力学的主要因素(0.95,P<0.05)是5湖水体的环境因子,受湖泊营养状态与浮游植物影响较小.

, correspAuthors=韩超, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 责任作者,副研究员,
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王少林(1999-),男,山西吕梁人,曲阜师范大学硕士研究生,研究方向为环境化学模型..

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王少林(1999-),男,山西吕梁人,曲阜师范大学硕士研究生,研究方向为环境化学模型..

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王少林(1999-),男,山西吕梁人,曲阜师范大学硕士研究生,研究方向为环境化学模型..

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在与箭头相同方向上标记标准化路径系数,用箭头粗细代表标准化路径系数的相对大小;显著性水平用*P<0.05,**P<0.01,***P<0.001

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在与箭头相同方向上标记标准化路径系数,用箭头粗细代表标准化路径系数的相对大小;显著性水平用*P<0.05,**P<0.01,***P<0.001

, figureFileSmall=zvW2W2atIyZlwyVH6uPwJQ==, figureFileBig=qUNs5mgmqjIe7wvEuS8ujw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1234106408329867356, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1234106390453744466, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Standards of comprehensive pollution levels in lake sediments

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
污染程度STNSTPFF等级
未受污染<1.0<0.5≤1.0清洁
轻度污染1.0~1.50.5~1.01.0~1.5轻度污染
中度污染1.5~2.01.0~1.51.5~2.0中度污染
重度污染≥2.0≥1.5≥2.0重度污染
), ArticleFig(id=1234106408493445216, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1234106390453744466, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

沉积物综合污染程度分级标准

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
污染程度STNSTPFF等级
未受污染<1.0<0.5≤1.0清洁
轻度污染1.0~1.50.5~1.01.0~1.5轻度污染
中度污染1.5~2.01.0~1.51.5~2.0中度污染
重度污染≥2.0≥1.5≥2.0重度污染
), ArticleFig(id=1234106408594108524, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1234106390453744466, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Characteristics of nitrogen and phosphorus pollution in different types of lakes

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类型湖泊TPw(mg/L)TNw(mg/L)TNw/TPwFF
寒旱区湖泊5湖均值0.81±1.313.40±1.8726.13±22.755.46
博斯腾湖[27]0.0140.9165.00-
呼伦湖[28-29]0.212.1810.38≥2.0
非寒旱区湖泊太湖[30-31]0.0751.2716.932.00
巢湖[32-33]0.110.766.911.32
鄱阳湖[34]0.272.147.93-
), ArticleFig(id=1234106408732520567, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1234106390453744466, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

不同类型湖泊的氮磷污染特征

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类型湖泊TPw(mg/L)TNw(mg/L)TNw/TPwFF
寒旱区湖泊5湖均值0.81±1.313.40±1.8726.13±22.755.46
博斯腾湖[27]0.0140.9165.00-
呼伦湖[28-29]0.212.1810.38≥2.0
非寒旱区湖泊太湖[30-31]0.0751.2716.932.00
巢湖[32-33]0.110.766.911.32
鄱阳湖[34]0.272.147.93-
), ArticleFig(id=1234106408841572483, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1234106390453744466, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

The phosphorus storage characteristics and release potential of different lakes

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
湖泊TPs(mg/kg)BAP(mg/kg)CDGT-P(mg/L)
5湖均值763.48±563.70193.54±55.940.19±0.14
太湖[31,37]532601.610.09
巢湖[33,37-38]585120.991.23
洞庭湖[37,39]609.84524.650.17
鄱阳湖[37]385.26258.490.32
洪泽湖[37]642.07317.27-
), ArticleFig(id=1234106408942235794, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1234106390453744466, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

不同湖泊的磷赋存特征和释放潜力

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
湖泊TPs(mg/kg)BAP(mg/kg)CDGT-P(mg/L)
5湖均值763.48±563.70193.54±55.940.19±0.14
太湖[31,37]532601.610.09
巢湖[33,37-38]585120.991.23
洞庭湖[37,39]609.84524.650.17
鄱阳湖[37]385.26258.490.32
洪泽湖[37]642.07317.27-
), ArticleFig(id=1234106410410242205, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1234106390453744466, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Kinetic parameters of phosphorus migration in sediments of the five lakes

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采样点RKd(cm3/g)Tc(s)logk1(d-1)logk-1(d-1)
W10.29.436666.00-3.87-4.79
W20.1119.3058210.00-4.79-6.01
W30.095.4614870.00-4.26-4.93
HS10.094.1112670.00-4.21-4.76
HS20.084.1050030.00-4.81-4.36
DH10.142.507451.00-4.04-4.37
DH20.317.681.42-0.21-1.04
DH30.258.90716.20-2.91-3.80
DH40.1311.1218740.00-4.32-5.30
DL10.388.680.0042.321.45
DL20.4626.210.230.62-0.74
DL30.3228.321551.00-3.21-4.60
DL40.4330.200.230.63-0.79
HJN10.113.4660460.00-4.91-5.38
HJN20.16.2274170.00-4.94-4.68
HJN30.265.721.45-0.24-0.94
), ArticleFig(id=1234106410573820075, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1234106390453744466, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

5湖沉积物中磷的迁移动力学参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
采样点RKd(cm3/g)Tc(s)logk1(d-1)logk-1(d-1)
W10.29.436666.00-3.87-4.79
W20.1119.3058210.00-4.79-6.01
W30.095.4614870.00-4.26-4.93
HS10.094.1112670.00-4.21-4.76
HS20.084.1050030.00-4.81-4.36
DH10.142.507451.00-4.04-4.37
DH20.317.681.42-0.21-1.04
DH30.258.90716.20-2.91-3.80
DH40.1311.1218740.00-4.32-5.30
DL10.388.680.0042.321.45
DL20.4626.210.230.62-0.74
DL30.3228.321551.00-3.21-4.60
DL40.4330.200.230.63-0.79
HJN10.113.4660460.00-4.91-5.38
HJN20.16.2274170.00-4.94-4.68
HJN30.265.721.45-0.24-0.94
), ArticleFig(id=1234106410745786548, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1234106390453744466, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Kinetic parameters of phosphorus migration in sediments of other lakes

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
湖泊RKd(cm3/g)Tc (s)K-1(d-1)
5湖均值0.22±0.1311.34±9.290.004~74170.000.000001~27.88
呼伦湖[14]0.186~0.734179.9854~110700.07~172.2
滇池[40]0.164~0.774261.621.4~426600.02~179.3
南湖[6]0.188~0.751357.9438~205200.10~3.09
太湖[41]0.35649.91.270.022
Wellington[42]0.40~1.0055~1494000.60~1558
Victoria[42]0~0.404128~1834000.30~21
), ArticleFig(id=1234106410917753027, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1234106390453744466, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

其他湖泊沉积物中磷的迁移动力学参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
湖泊RKd(cm3/g)Tc (s)K-1(d-1)
5湖均值0.22±0.1311.34±9.290.004~74170.000.000001~27.88
呼伦湖[14]0.186~0.734179.9854~110700.07~172.2
滇池[40]0.164~0.774261.621.4~426600.02~179.3
南湖[6]0.188~0.751357.9438~205200.10~3.09
太湖[41]0.35649.91.270.022
Wellington[42]0.40~1.0055~1494000.60~1558
Victoria[42]0~0.404128~1834000.30~21
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寒旱区典型湖泊内源磷库容量及迁移动力学特征
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王少林 1, 2 , 李玉刚 1 , 郭心月 2 , 韩超 2, * , 张雷 2 , 王兆德 2 , 刘成 2 , 申秋实 2 , Batdelger Odsuren 3 , Serdyanjiv Narangerel 3
中国环境科学 | 环境生态 2025,45(6): 3235-3244
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中国环境科学 | 环境生态 2025, 45(6): 3235-3244
寒旱区典型湖泊内源磷库容量及迁移动力学特征
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王少林1, 2 , 李玉刚1, 郭心月2, 韩超2, * , 张雷2, 王兆德2, 刘成2, 申秋实2, Batdelger Odsuren3, Serdyanjiv Narangerel3
作者信息
  • 1.曲阜师范大学工学院,山东 日照 276826
  • 2.中国科学院南京地理与湖泊研究所,湖泊与流域水安全重点实验室,江苏 南京 211135
  • 3.蒙古科学院地理与地质生态研究所,乌兰巴托 15170
  • 王少林(1999-),男,山西吕梁人,曲阜师范大学硕士研究生,研究方向为环境化学模型..

通讯作者:

* 责任作者,副研究员,
Characteristics of endogenous phosphorus pool and migration dynamics in typical lakes in cold and arid regions
Shao-lin WANG1, 2 , Yu-gang LI1, Xin-yue GUO2, Chao HAN2, * , Lei ZHANG2, Zhao-de WANG2, Cheng LIU2, Qiu-shi SHEN2, Batdelger Odsuren3, Serdyanjiv Narangerel3
Affiliations
  • 1.College of Engineering, Qufu Normal University, Rizhao 276826, China
  • 2.Key Laboratory of Lake and Watershed Science for Water Security, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
  • 3.Institute of Geography and Geoecology, Mongolian Academy of Science, Ulaanbaatar 15170, Mongolia
出版时间: 2025-06-20
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以5个典型寒旱区湖泊为对象,基于磷形态分级、薄膜梯度扩散(DGT)、DGT诱导的土壤通量的动态数值模型(DIFS)等方法分析沉积物磷库容量水平和磷迁移动力学特征,进一步使用结构方程模型厘清寒旱区湖泊内源磷库容量及迁移动力学的关键驱动因子.结果表明,5湖的水体总磷(TPw)、总氮(TNw)、氮磷比(TNw/TPw)均值为(0.81±1.31) mg/L、(3.40±1.87) mg/L、(26.13±22.75),均为磷限制性湖泊.5湖沉积物TPs的平均含量为(763.48±563.70)mg/kg,钙形态磷(Ca-P)占沉积物中TPs的51.09%,沉积物综合污染指数(FF)整体处于重度污染程度.生物有效磷(BAP)、溶解性活性磷(CDGT-P)、分配系数(Kd)均值为(193.54±55.94) mg/kg、(0.19±0.14) mg/L、(11.34±9.29) cm3/g,三者评估的磷库容量均低于东部平原湖区湖泊,表明寒旱区湖泊磷库容量较低.5湖的DIFS模型参数反应时间(Tc)范围为0.004~74170.00s,低于东部平原湖区湖泊,表明寒旱区磷迁移动力较低,补给到水体中的速率相对较慢.偏最小二乘路径建模(PLS-PM)分析表明,影响寒旱区5湖磷库容量的主要因素是沉积物性质(0.64,P<0.05).影响磷迁移动力学的主要因素(0.95,P<0.05)是5湖水体的环境因子,受湖泊营养状态与浮游植物影响较小.

磷库  /  磷迁移动力学  /  寒旱区湖泊  /  结构方程模型  /  DIFS模型

This study focuses on five typical lakes in cold-arid areas, analyzing the phosphorus pool capacity and phosphorus migration dynamics of sediments using methods such as phosphorus fractionation, diffusive gradients in thin films (DGT), and the DGT Induced Fluxes in Sediments model (DIFS). Partial least squares path modeling (PLS-PM) was further employed to identify the key driving factors for the endogenous phosphorus pool capacity and migration dynamics in these lakes. The results showed that the average values of total phosphorus (TPw), total nitrogen (TNw), and nitrogen-to-phosphorus ratio (TNw/TPw) in the water of the five lakes were (0.81 ± 1.31)mg/L, (3.40 ± 1.87)mg/L, and (26.13 ± 22.75), respectively, indicating that these were phosphorus-limited lakes. The average total phosphorus (TPs) content in surface sediments was (763.48 ± 563.70)mg/kg, with calcium-bound phosphorus (Ca-P) accounting for 51.09% of the TPs. The comprehensive pollution index (FF) values for sediments indicate a severe pollution level. The biologically available phosphorus (BAP) dissolved active phosphorus (CDGT-P), and distribution coefficient (Kd) average (193.54 ± 55.94)mg/kg, (0.19 ± 0.14)mg/L, and (11.34 ± 9.29)cm3/g, respectively. All three indicators of phosphorus pool capacity were lower than those in lakes of the eastern plains, reflecting a relatively low phosphorus reservoir capacity in cold and arid lakes. The DIFS model shows that the reaction time (Tc) of the five lakes ranges from 0.004 to 74, 170s, lower than that of lakes in the eastern plains, indicating slower phosphorus migration dynamics and a relatively lower supply rate to the water body. PLS-PM analysis reveals that the primary factor influencing phosphorus reservoir capacity in these lakes was sediment properties (0.64,P<0.05). The main factor influencing phosphorus migration dynamics (0.95, P<0.05) was the environmental conditions of the water bodies, with limited influence from lake trophic state and phytoplankton.

phosphorus pool  /  phosphorus migration kinetics  /  cold-arid lakes  /  structural equation model  /  DIFS model
王少林, 李玉刚, 郭心月, 韩超, 张雷, 王兆德, 刘成, 申秋实, Batdelger Odsuren, Serdyanjiv Narangerel. 寒旱区典型湖泊内源磷库容量及迁移动力学特征. 中国环境科学, 2025 , 45 (6) : 3235 -3244 .
Shao-lin WANG, Yu-gang LI, Xin-yue GUO, Chao HAN, Lei ZHANG, Zhao-de WANG, Cheng LIU, Qiu-shi SHEN, Batdelger Odsuren, Serdyanjiv Narangerel. Characteristics of endogenous phosphorus pool and migration dynamics in typical lakes in cold and arid regions[J]. China Environmental Science, 2025 , 45 (6) : 3235 -3244 .
磷是控制湖泊生态系统藻和浮游植物等生物生长必需的营养因子,在调控水体生物群落结构和元素地球化学循环方面具有至关重要作用[1].沉积物是湖泊生态系统最大的磷蓄积库,在当外源磷输入得到了有效控制背景下,内源磷向水体迁移释放仍能使水体富营养化持续几十年[2].因此内源磷素循环逐渐成为影响湖泊生态系统的关键过程.内源磷形态复杂多变,其生物有效性取决于有效的磷库容量负荷以及有效态磷在沉积物-间隙水界面之间的吸附/解析、沉淀/溶解、扩散等动力学过程[3].因此,控制内源磷迁移是影响治理成效的关键.全面认识寒旱区典型湖泊的磷库容量及释放动力学特征,对阐释寒旱区湖泊沉积物与间隙水之间磷的相互作用过程和机理,以及科学评估湖泊沉积物中的磷释放风险和流动性具有重要意义.
在传统的内源磷研究中,通常采用磷分级的方法来评估沉积物中磷的生物可利用性,但是这种方法缺乏对磷释放动力学过程的深入了解[4].DGT(Diffusive Gradients in Thin-films)技术是一种原位被动采样技术,可以表征营养盐和污染物有效态,已被广泛用于水体、沉积物和土壤中磷、重金属和有机物等污染物有效态含量的测定[5].DIFS(DGT Induced Fluxes in Sediments)模型已被成功地用于研究沉积物和间隙水之间营养物质的交换动力学,以及从沉积物活性磷库容量和再补给动力学参数角度解释沉积物中的DGT测量结果[6].
中国北方寒旱区具有特殊的地理位置和大陆性气候,区域内的湖泊生态系统非常脆弱[7].受人类活动和全球气候变化影响,旱寒区湖泊由于气候干旱,蒸发作用强烈,导致水体中的离子浓度增加,显著影响底泥内源磷库容量和迁移转化动力学过程,并导致区域内多数湖泊呈现出不同程度的富营养化等问题[8].当前针对寒旱区湖泊磷素的研究集中在针对独立的湖泊水质[9-11]、沉积物污染状况调查研究[12-13]以及单个湖泊沉积物磷迁移动力的研究[14].到目前为止,对中国北方寒旱区湖泊内源磷库容量和磷迁移动力学特征及二者的驱动因素的相关研究缺乏系统、全面和深入的认识,极大地限制了寒旱区湖泊水环境保护与管理.本研究选择寒旱区的5个典型湖泊为研究对象,利用传统的连续提取法和较先进的DGT动态信息表征技术,分析表层沉积物磷赋存形态及其含量变化差异特征,评估沉积物活性磷库和内源释放潜力,并探讨寒旱区湖泊磷库容及动力学的关键驱动因子,以期为我国旱寒区湖泊水环境管理提供参考.
选择乌梁素海、哈素海、岱海、达里诺尔湖、红碱淖湖5个典型寒旱区湖泊为研究对象,这些湖泊地处蒙新高原,该区域冰封期长,气候干旱,与其他地区形成鲜明对比.5湖都属北温带半干旱大陆性气候,年降雨量在50~400mm之间,年蒸发量在1000~2000mm之间.5个湖泊整体平均水深为3.83m,乌梁素海和红碱淖湖湖泊面积分别为293、238km2,其余湖泊面积均小于50km2.
于2023年9月进行野外调查,采集5湖表层水样(图1).并利用重力式柱状采泥器(φ90mm×500mm)采集约30cm深度的沉积物柱芯,包裹黑色塑料袋运回实验室,采样及运输过程中缓慢稳定操作,并使用采样器自带的橡胶顶塞将顶部完全密封,保证沉积物柱芯在运输过程中顶部悬浮层不会晃动而产生扰动.现场使用抓斗式采样器采集表层沉积物,样品分别放在酸洗过的聚乙烯塑料袋中冷藏保存作进一步分析.
采用ZrO-Chelex DGT同步测定PO43--P(CDGT-P)、Fe2+(CDGT-Fe),用AgI DGT测定S2-(CDGT-S),其中固定膜制备参照文献[5],扩散膜制备参照文献[15].两种膜制备完成后,将其依次叠加放置在固定外壳的底板上,从下到上依次为固定膜、扩散膜和滤膜(Whatman,孔径0.45µm).轻轻排出膜间的气泡后,将盖板固定在装置上.最后,将组装好的装置浸泡在浓度为0.01mol/L的NaCl溶液中,并连续通入氮气曝气16h后备用.
投放时,将ZrO-Chelex DGT和AgI-DGT缓慢垂直插入稳定1d后的各个沉积物柱芯,记录水温,平衡24h后取出DGT装置.然后用超纯水冲洗去除膜表面附着物后,将DGT装置拆解,并取出DGT固定膜,使用记号笔标记沉积物-间隙水界面位置后装入封口袋密闭冷藏保存,最后带回实验室进一步分析.DGT测定活性P、Fe和S浓度分析方法主要参考文献[16].最终选取沉积物-间隙水界面下2cm的CDGT-PCDGT-FeCDGT-S(DGT测定的P、Fe、S浓度均值)进行分析.
水温(WT)、水深(WD)、pH值、溶解氧(DO)、氧化还原电位(Eh)等用多参数水质测量仪(日本,Horiba)现场测量.水体中TNw、TPw含量、叶绿素a(Chl a)的处理和测定方法参照《水和废水监测分析方法》[17].对于混匀的表层2cm沉积物,取一部分采用烘干法测定沉积物的孔隙度(Porosity),有机质选择油浴加热法进行分析[18],另取部分用过硫酸钾联合消解法测定TNs、TPs含量[19].沉积物磷赋存形态(Ex-P、Fe-P、Al-P、Org-P、Ca-P、Res-P)采用连续分级提取法[20].
沉积物的污染评价采用了综合污染指数(FF)进行评定.单项污染指数(Si)为评价因子i的实测值与i的标准值的比值,其中TNs、TPs的标准值分别为670,440mg/kg.FF计算见式(1),其中SAVESi平均值;SMAXSi最大值.
沉积物氮磷污染物污染程度分级标准见表1.
DIFS模型可以定量表征磷从沉积物固相到间隙水液相的补给能力(R),模拟影响磷在沉积物中迁移的动力学特征和R随DGT装置部署时间的变化情况.CDGT-P是利用DGT装置测定的间隙水中的溶解态磷浓度,R为CDGT-P与沉积物间隙水中磷含量(Csol)之比,R越大,沉积物中磷从固相补充到液相能力越大.Kd为分配系数,是沉积物可交换态磷浓度与间隙水可溶性磷酸盐含量的比值,用于表征磷在沉积物固相与水相之间的分配平衡.Kd侧面表明沉积物固相可以向间隙水液相再补给能力的大小,反映了沉积物固相向液相中释放磷的潜在能力,本文使用Kd研究磷库容量. DIFS模型所求参数吸附、解吸速率常数(K1K-1),K1代表磷从间隙水液相吸附到沉积物固相的速率,其值越大,表明间隙水液相中吸附到沉积物固相的速率越大,K-1与之相反.Tc代表当沉积物系统受到扰动时,重新达到固液平衡位置63%的特征时间,可用来研究磷迁移动力.Tc为1与K1K-1之和的比值.KdTc分别决定沉积物固相对液相短期和长期的补给能力.
磷库容量变化的原因较复杂,磷动力学的变化也是多个因素相互作用的结果.为阐明寒旱湖泊沉积物中活性磷库容量及复杂的迁移动力特征,采用偏最小二乘结构方程模型(PLS-PM)来估算潜在变量之间的复杂关系.结构方程模型综合了方差分析、回归分析、因子分析及路径分析,可以同时分析揭示包含多个变量块的系统的结构关系,从而反映各变量间的影响路径,如:研究水体理化参数对氮磷迁移转化的驱动机制[21].本研究将环境因子(WT、WD、Alk、DO、pH值、Eh、HCO3-)、浮游植物(Chl a)、营养状态(TNw/TPw、NO3--N)、沉积物(Porosity、OM、CDGT-SCDGT-Fe及FF)作为独立变量,并设定潜在路径:(1)环境因子、浮游植物、营养状态、沉积物对磷库容量和磷动力学均有直接影响;(2)环境因子、沉积物能直接影响营养状态;(3)环境因子、营养状态能直接影响浮游植物.PLS-PM的拟合优度(GOF)指数可以解释测量模型和结构模型的模型质量[22].
本研究所有数据图使用Origin 2021软件绘制.使用ArcGIS 10.8软件绘制研究区样点分布图.使用R(4.3.0)中“plspm”包进行沉积物磷库容量及动力学分析,设置Bootstrap 1000次检验确定路径系数的显著性.
中国北方寒旱区5湖水体的TNw、TPw浓度及氮磷比(TNw/TPw)具有较大差异(图2).水体TNw含量为0.44~5.17mg/L,平均值为(3.40±1.87) mg/L,TPw含量为0.03~3.20mg/L,平均值为(0.81±1.31) mg/L,乌梁素海和哈素海TNw含量较低,TPw含量最高出现在达里诺尔湖.达里诺尔湖水体表现出较高的盐度、碱度、pH值及Na+含量,这些水化学特点为水体富营养化的发生与发展提供了重要的生物学基础.在富营养化过程中,藻类大量繁殖并随之死亡,其分解释放出的营养盐被再次吸收利用,从而形成了营养盐的自我循环.这种循环机制不仅促进了藻类的进一步繁殖,还使营养盐在湖泊水体中持续累积,导致富营养化问题的长期化和不断加剧[23].整体来看,5湖水体TPw和TNw含量远高于东部平原湖区湖泊(表2).近代以来人类活动加速了干旱与半干旱地区内陆闭塞湖泊咸化、萎缩的过程.高盐环境下,湖泊生物多样性减少,湖体有机、无机污染物累积严重、水环境持续恶化,水质变差[24],这可能是寒旱区湖泊氮磷含量较高的原因.TNw/TPw是用于评估河流水体营养盐限制因素及调节浮游植物群落的重要指标,同时也是影响藻类水华爆发的关键因素之一[25].依据Guildford等[26]提出的水中营养物限制标准.5湖的TNw/TPw整体介于1.56~68.80,均值为(26.13±22.75),差异性较大,但总体上为磷限制状态.我国干旱半干旱地区最具代表性的内陆湖泊博斯腾湖也是磷限制湖泊(表2).北方寒旱区湖泊的呼伦湖,近年来处于氮磷共同限制状态.整体来看,5湖TNw/TPw远高于东部平原湖区湖泊,表明相比于人类活动更多的东部平原湖区,近代以来人类活动导致寒旱区发生了富营养化风险,而通过有效调控湖泊中的磷浓度,可以减轻湖泊的富营养化污染.
5湖所有点位表层沉积物综合污染指数如图3,单项评价指数STN均为重度污染,STP的中度及重度污染比例为82%.其中,达里诺尔湖和岱海多数采样点的STP为重度污染.FF值在3.43~11.18之间,均值为(5.46±1.86),变异系数为35.19%,等级为重度污染.寒旱区呼伦湖沉积物综合污染指数也是重度污染(表2).整体来看,5湖表层沉积物营养盐污染严重,远高于东部平原湖区湖泊.东部平原湖区湖泊人类活动较多,农业径流(氮磷)、工业废水(重金属)、生活污水等外源污染较多,持续输入污染物导致沉积物累积污染.而寒旱区FF值仍然很高,表明内源污染,如沉积物中的磷释放是重要污染来源,未来可能会对水生态系统造成威胁污染.因此对沉积物活性磷库和内源释放潜力的评估研究十分必要.
5湖表层沉积物中TPs含量为212.12~2565.79mg/kg,平均含量为(763.48±563.70) mg/kg,其中,岱海和达里诺尔湖表层沉积物TPs平均含量为1251.99, 888.47mg/kg,远高于其他湖泊,可能与两湖年蒸发远高于降水量,近年来在气候和人类活动的双重影响下,湖泊水位逐渐下降、湖面不断萎缩,水质恶化[35],引起表层沉积物物理、化学和生物特征的变化,导致TPs含量升高.与东部平原湖区的湖泊相比(表3),5湖表层沉积物中TPs含量较高,而5湖沉积物综合污染指数均为重度污染,更加说明沉积物中的磷释放可能是5湖富营养化的重要污染来源.寒旱区人口较少,农业及废水污染较少,但寒旱区的湖泊存在更为显著的自然过程如地质风化过程、岩石和土壤中的磷释放等来源的磷输入,不断累积,汇积到湖泊沉积物中,导致沉积物中磷含量较高.在图4中,5湖沉积物磷形态含量变化趋势为Ca-P(51.09%±0.07%)>Res-P(25.70%±0.05%)>BD-P(20.7%±0.06%)>Org-P(1.32%±0.06%)>Ex-P(1.19%±0.01%).其中无机磷超过90%,且Ca-P占比超过50%,这可能与湖泊流域的岩石风化和土壤侵蚀导致的磷输入有关.近代以来寒旱区部分湖泊水体咸化,pH值较高,湖泊面积不断减小,而5个湖泊水体属于碳酸钙镁型水且碱性程度较高,极易与外源磷素共沉淀形成难溶磷酸钙并蓄积在沉积物,因而沉积物中磷主要以Ca-P为主.
5湖磷分级结果中,除达里诺尔湖外,Ex-P占比仅为0.64%,这有可能与寒旱区沉积物中磷主要以Ca-P为主,而Ca-P具有很强的吸附能力,导致高活性的Ex-P很难迁移释放.BAP通常被认为是评估沉积物中潜在的容易释放出来被水生生物直接利用的或可通过自然过程转化为有效形式的磷,其含量根据各形态磷的活性大小,以Ex-P、Al-P、Fe-P、Org-P之和计算[36].与绝大多数东部平原湖区湖泊(表3)相比,寒旱区湖泊沉积物中BAP含量明显较低,BAP含量范围为136.35~366.04mg/kg,平均含量为(193.54±55.94)mg/kg(图5),BAP占TPs的比例为12.11%~41.96%,平均占比为23.51%,表明沉积物中大部分磷是稳定的赋存形态,实际可以被藻类和植物直接利用的磷很少,5湖沉积物磷释放风险相对较低.
沉积物中CDGT-P可以反映固相磷的解吸或溶解对局部溶解态离子的补给缓冲能力[40].5湖表层沉积物CDGT-P的变化范围为0.06~0.50mg/L,平均浓度为(0.19±0.14) mg/L.5湖CDGT均值含量依次为:达里诺尔湖(0.41mg/L)>岱海(0.15mg/L)>红碱淖湖(0.14mg/L)>乌梁素海(0.09mg/L)>哈素海(0.06mg/L),表明达里诺尔湖沉积物内源磷活化较强,释放潜力较高,结合之前达里诺尔湖的TPw含量是5湖中最高,表明达里诺尔湖内源释放磷潜力较强,未来需重点关注达里诺尔湖水质变化.5湖CDGT-P低于东部平原湖泊(表3),这与寒旱区沉积物中磷主要以Ca-P为主,水体pH值较高,导致沉积物-间隙水界面有效态磷迁移能力不强有关.本研究中CDGT-P空间变化趋势基本上与BAP变化趋势一致,进一步证实CDGT-P可以反映沉积物有效磷水平.
表4所示,Kd比传统的基于总磷的评估方法能够更好的反映沉积物固相向间隙水释放潜在有效磷容量的大小.5湖泊表层沉积物的Kd范围为2.50~30.20cm3/g,均值为(11.34±9.29) cm3/g.表明参与再补给的固相磷相对含量偏低.其中,达里诺尔湖Kd为23.35cm3/g,远高于其他湖泊,说明达里诺尔湖表层沉积物对磷的吸附能力较高,即沉积物固相中的磷容易被吸附固定,较难释放到间隙水中,磷库容量较高.另外,很明显各湖泊间和同湖泊不同监测区域存在较大的差异,这反映了研究沉积物中活性磷库容量的大小差异.与东部平原湖区的湖泊相比(表5),5湖的Kd较低,磷库容量较低,沉积物对磷的吸附能力较弱,即沉积物固相中的磷不易被吸附固定,更容易释放到间隙水中,从而增加了磷的生物可利用性.可能的原因是寒旱区沉积物中磷主要以Ca-P为主,Ca-P在沉积物中主要以惰性形式存在,在碱性条件下,更不易释放到水体中.Kd的结果与5湖表层沉积物中Ex-P、BAP及CDGT-P含量趋势在5湖整体一致,表明使用DIFS模型在评估内源磷库容量的方法是非常可靠的.因而本文使用DIFS模型计算的其它参数(RTcK-1)进一步分析5湖的磷迁移动力特征.
CDGT-P和间隙水SRP计算获得R可以反应沉积物磷从固相到间隙水的补给能力,即磷的迁移能力.5湖表层沉积物再补给系数R介于0.08~0.46,均值为(0.22±0.13).其中乌梁素海、哈素海和红碱淖湖沉积物R整体都小于0.20,沉积物中磷由固相向间隙水补给过程普遍较慢.达里诺尔湖沉积物R最高(0.40±0.06),表明达里诺尔湖沉积物中磷向间隙水补给能力较强,与达里诺尔湖Ex-P、BAP、CDGT-PKd含量最高均一致,可能的原因是达里诺尔湖沉积物磷活性较强,向湖泊水体释放磷的风险更大.TcK-1直接影响其再补给的速率,寒旱区5湖沉积物Tc值范围为0.004~74170.00s. 5湖的吸(解)附响应时间均值依次为:红碱淖湖(44877.15s)>哈素海(31350.00s)>乌梁素海(26582.00s)>岱海(6727.16s)>达里诺尔湖(387.87s).其中,达里诺尔湖表层沉积物的Tc最小,K-1K1更大,即达到吸附/解吸速率和平衡更快,磷迁移能力最强.从整体来看,寒旱区湖泊与东部平原湖区湖泊相比(表5),R显著较低,Tc值较高,表明磷从固相到间隙水补充缓慢,DGT再补给量较低,沉积物颗粒具有惰性,磷不容易通过扩散或吸附过程进入间隙水.这与寒旱区湖泊沉积物中磷主要以Ca-P和Res-P惰性形式存在有关,这两种形态的磷对磷的吸附能力较强,不易释放到水体中.此外,近代以来寒旱区部分湖泊水体咸化,pH值较高,碱性环境也不利于Ca-P转化为可释放的形态,从而限制了内源磷向水体的释放和利用,因此寒旱区沉积物磷迁移能力较低.
本研究中基于PLS-PM揭示各个因素之间相互影响的程度大小,发现5湖磷库容量及动力学的GOF均为0.62(图6图7),表明磷库容量及动力学的模型质量很好,能够反应各个潜变量之间的影响大小.
寒旱区5湖的4个潜在变量对磷库容量的直接效应系数为环境因子(0.54,P<0.05)、浮游植物(0.20)、营养状态(0.09)、沉积物性质(0.64,P<0.05),对磷动力学的直接效应系数为环境因子(0.95,P<0.05)、浮游植物(0.35)、营养状态(0.29)、沉积物性质(-0.50).5湖磷库容量主要环境因子、营养状态等的影响,而磷迁移动力学过程主要受环境因子的影响,与湖泊营养状态与浮游植物影响较小,可能的原因是寒旱区湖泊近年来水位下降、湖面萎缩,水体咸化,pH值较高等环境变化有关.在沉积物性质指标中,Porosity、CDGT-S、OM等路径系数较高,表明5湖沉积物的粒径结构、有机质组成、还原性物质的含量均会直接影响界面磷迁移[43-44].5湖的沉积物性质与营养状态的路径系数在磷库容量模型中为-0.70(P<0.001),而在磷动力学模型中的路径系数为-0.58(P<0.05),可能的原因是沉积物可以长期吸附大量的磷,从而对湖泊营养状态及磷库容量影响较大.磷的迁移动力,受限于湖泊中沉积物的化学性质,寒旱区的湖泊存在地质风化过程、岩石和土壤中的磷输入,汇合累积到湖泊沉积物中.随着全球气候变化影响,蒸发作用强烈,5湖咸化,而沉积物中磷又以Ca-P和Res-P为主,而Ca-P和Res-P对磷的结合程度较强,磷不容易释放,且DIFS模型中Tc值较高,磷迁移动力较小.在磷库容量及动力学模型中营养状态均会直接显著影响浮游植物(路径系数为均≥0.7,P<0.01),这是由于水体中氮和磷会推动浮游植物的生长和繁殖[45].5湖的营养状态与磷库容量的路径系数为0.09,而与磷迁移动力的路径系数为0.29,可能的原因是寒旱区气候干旱,蒸发作用强烈,湖泊水体离子浓度增加,结合5湖FF值很高,表明沉积物中的内源磷释放是重要污染来源,加剧湖泊富营养化.且在磷限制性湖泊中,磷库容量较大时,沉积物中的磷会以稳定的形式存在,而迁移到水体中的速率相对较慢.这种湖泊稳定化过程与磷库容量有较大影响,但迁移动力对短期内的磷补给影响较小.
3.1 5湖水体的TNw、TPw含量及TNw/TPw均值分别为(3.40±1.87) mg/L、(0.81±1.31) mg/L、(26.13±22.75),从整体来看,5湖是磷限制性湖泊.5湖所有采样点表层沉积物整体综合污染程度为重度污染.5湖沉积物TPs平均含量为(763.48±563.70) mg/kg,其中各形态磷空间分布差异性较小,与寒旱区存在更为显著的自然过程如地质风化过程、岩石和土壤中的磷释放等来源的磷输入,不断汇积到湖泊沉积物中等地质背景有关.各赋存形态磷的含量的相对比例大小顺序依次为:Ca-P>Res-P>BD-P>Org-P>Ex-P.沉积物磷赋存形态中Ca-P(51.09%±0.07),可能与湖泊流域的岩石风化和土壤侵蚀导致的磷输入有关.
3.2 5湖沉积物BAP、CDGT-PKd均值分别为(193.54±55.94) mg/L、(0.19±0.14) mg/L、(11.34±9.29)cm3/g,5湖磷库容量显著低于东部平原湖区的湖泊.可能的原因是沉积物对磷的吸附能力较弱,导致寒旱区5湖沉积物中活性磷库容量较低.DIFS模型中Kd结果与利用CDGT-P、Ex-P及BAP传统磷库容量评估结果一致,更加证明了DIFS模型的可靠性.DIFS模型进一步分析,磷释放速率Tc范围为0.004~74170.00s,高于东部平原湖区湖泊,可能是寒旱区部分湖泊水体咸化,pH值较高,碱性环境也不利于Ca-P转化为可释放的形态,导致寒旱区5湖沉积物中活性磷库容量较低,导致寒旱区湖泊磷迁移能力较弱.
3.3 基于PLS-PM模型分析表明,寒旱区湖泊磷库容量的主要因素是湖泊沉积物性质(0.64,P<0.05).影响磷迁移动力学的主要因素(0.95,P<0.05)是5湖水体的环境因子,与湖泊营养状态与浮游植物影响较小,寒旱区湖泊水位下降、湖面萎缩,水体咸化,pH值较高等环境因子有关.
  • 国家重点研发项目(2023YFE0100500)
  • 日照市自然科学基金资助项目(RZ2022ZR18)
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2025年第45卷第6期
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  • 接收时间:2024-11-05
  • 首发时间:2026-02-27
  • 出版时间:2025-06-20
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  • 收稿日期:2024-11-05
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国家重点研发项目(2023YFE0100500)
日照市自然科学基金资助项目(RZ2022ZR18)
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    1.曲阜师范大学工学院,山东 日照 276826
    2.中国科学院南京地理与湖泊研究所,湖泊与流域水安全重点实验室,江苏 南京 211135
    3.蒙古科学院地理与地质生态研究所,乌兰巴托 15170

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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