Article(id=1234106390084637362, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, issueId=1234106384963400440, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1730822400000, receivedDateStr=2024-11-06, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1772163491984, onlineDateStr=2026-02-27, pubDate=1750348800000, pubDateStr=2025-06-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1772163491984, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-02-27, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1772163491984, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1772163491984, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1234106384963400440, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, year='2025', volume='45', issue='6', pageStart='2961', pageEnd='3552', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1772163490763, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1772163969484, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1234108392948682946, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, issueId=1234106384963400440, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1234108392948682947, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, issueId=1234106384963400440, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=3225, endPage=3234, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1234106392592831219, articleId=1234106390084637362, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, language=EN, title=Distribution and ecological environmental effects of BTEX in seawater and atmosphere of the East China Sea during autumn, columnId=1234106388083954308, journalTitle=China Environmental Science, columnName=Environmental Ecology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The distribution characteristics of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylene (BTEX) concentrations in seawater and the atmosphere in the East China Sea in October 2020 were investigated, the sea-air exchange fluxes were evaluated, and the ecological risks and environmental effects were analyzed. The results showed the average concentrations of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, m/p-xylene and o-xylene were (136.8±76.8), (321.3±279.0), (530.3±530.0), (336.2±453.6) and (493.7±814.7) pmol/L in the surface seawater, respectively, and were (122.3±84.2), (217.1±162.4), (423.8±399.0), (236.8±215.1) and (344.3±288.5) pmol/L in the bottom seawater. The high values were found in the nearshore and the eastern part of the investigated sea area, of which the high values in the nearshore indicated they were influenced by land-based inputs, and the high values in the eastern part might be related to the petroleum extraction activities. The average atmospheric concentrations of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, m-/p-xylene and o-xylene were (110.5±45.3),(410.1±384.4), (139.5±108.8), (128.3±123.9) and (108.9±97.6) ×10-12, and the backward trajectories showed they were affected by the input from land-based sources. The mean sea-air fluxes of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, m-/p-xylene and o-xylene were (25.6±13.1),(73.1±78.2), (179.9±194.5), (146.3±185.4), and (216.3±358.7) g/(km2⋅d), indicating that the investigated sea area is an important source of atmospheric. In terms of ecological risk, the concentrations of BTEX in seawater were far below the acute toxicity median effect concentration (EC50) and the half-lethal concentration (LC50) for marine organisms, indicating that BTEX posed relatively low direct harm to segmental marine life. In the atmosphere, the calculated carcinogenicity risk value (R), the non-carcinogenicity risk hazard quotient (HQ), and the non-carcinogenicity risk index (HI) were much lower than the reference values, indicating that the direct threat of atmospheric BTEX to human health was low. The analysis of O3 and SOA generation potentials revealed that toluene and xylene were the key active components of BTEX and had the most significant impact on environmental effects.

, correspAuthors=Li-min ZHOU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Jin-guo LI, Hao QIAO, Feng XU, Jian WANG, Jing-wei WU, Li-min ZHOU, Hong-hai ZHANG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1234106398368387225, articleId=1234106390084637362, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, language=CN, title=秋季东海海水和大气中BTEX分布及生态环境效应, columnId=1234106388268503686, journalTitle=中国环境科学, columnName=环境生态, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

研究了2020年10月中国东海海域海水和大气中苯、甲苯、乙苯和二甲苯(BTEX)的浓度分布特征,评估了其海-气交换通量,并分析了其生态风险及环境效应.结果表明,研究海域表层和底层海水中苯、甲苯、乙苯、间/对二甲苯和邻二甲苯的平均浓度分别为(136.8±76.8),(321.3±279.0),(530.3±530.0),(336.2±453.6)和(493.7±814.7)pmol/L,以及(122.3±84.2),(217.1±162.4),(423.8±399.0),(236.8±215.1)和(344.3±288.5)pmol/L,整体呈现出近岸和调查海域东部高的分布特征,其中近岸高表明受陆源输入影响显著,调查海域东部高值可能与石油开采活动有关.大气中苯、甲苯、乙苯、间/对二甲苯和邻二甲苯的平均浓度分别为(110.5±45.3),(410.1±384.4),(139.5±108.8),(128.3±123.9)和(108.9±97.6)×10-12,后向轨迹显示其受陆源输入的显著影响.东海海域苯、甲苯、乙苯、间/对二甲苯和邻二甲苯的海-气通量平均值分别为(25.6±13.1),(73.1±78.2),(179.9±194.5),(146.3±185.4)和(216.3±358.7)g/(km·d),表明调查海域是大气中BTEX的重要来源.生态风险方面,海水中,BTEX浓度远低于海洋生物的急性毒性半数效应浓度(EC50)和半数致死浓度(LC50),表明BTEX对部分海洋生物的直接危害较低;大气中,通过计算致癌风险值(R)、非致癌风险危害商(HQ)和非致癌风险指数(HI)均远低于参考值,表现出BTEX对人体健康的直接威胁较低.通过O3和SOA生成潜势的分析发现,甲苯和二甲苯是大气中BTEX的关键活性成分,对环境效应的影响最为显著.

, correspAuthors=周立敏, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 责任作者,高级实验师,
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李进国(2001-),男,湖南衡阳人,中国海洋大学硕士研究生,主要从事海洋苯系物研究..

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李进国(2001-),男,湖南衡阳人,中国海洋大学硕士研究生,主要从事海洋苯系物研究..

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改自文献[15]

, figureFileSmall=ey9tT1fbP+AaBrm4ZXl+Yg==, figureFileBig=KIo/P7FI+aKTVD4iHUD3Kw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1234106407499387726, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1234106390084637362, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Horizontal distributions of BTEX and dissolved oxygen in the surface and bottom seawaters of the East China Sea in autumn, figureFileSmall=389KEmvWCncTR7NVOIuosw==, figureFileBig=Q0HSIjdsbVwwnc4pWiBfng==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1234106407641994071, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1234106390084637362, language=CN, label=图2, caption=秋季东海表层和底层海水中BTEX和溶解氧分布, figureFileSmall=389KEmvWCncTR7NVOIuosw==, figureFileBig=Q0HSIjdsbVwwnc4pWiBfng==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1234106407767823205, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1234106390084637362, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Horizontal distributions of BTEX in the atmosphere over the East China Sea in autumn, figureFileSmall=2AQp2F/xhaHkh15Mcnnt2A==, figureFileBig=9CI900XthglpbzGZDm9LnA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1234106407889458033, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1234106390084637362, language=CN, label=图3, caption=秋季东海大气中BTEX浓度分布, figureFileSmall=2AQp2F/xhaHkh15Mcnnt2A==, figureFileBig=9CI900XthglpbzGZDm9LnA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1234106408044647294, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1234106390084637362, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Backward trajectories of air masses at different stations for 48h calculated based on NOAA HYSPLIT model, figureFileSmall=KPwXMD+CETAyu575XND9TA==, figureFileBig=svqsMISuQ7J+vkU83wiTDA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1234106408199836558, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1234106390084637362, language=CN, label=图4, caption=基于NOAA HYSPLIT模型计算得到不同站位48h的气团后向轨迹, figureFileSmall=KPwXMD+CETAyu575XND9TA==, figureFileBig=svqsMISuQ7J+vkU83wiTDA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1234106408308888467, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1234106390084637362, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Contributions of BTEX components to OFP and SOAFP in the atmosphere over the East China Sea in autumn, figureFileSmall=I+8ySE4vuxzTR5a0eFiJpw==, figureFileBig=SvhioQ4EAkFjud/uzp7cZw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1234106408640238501, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1234106390084637362, language=CN, label=图5, caption=秋季东海大气中BTEX各组分对OFP和SOAFP的贡献占比, figureFileSmall=I+8ySE4vuxzTR5a0eFiJpw==, figureFileBig=SvhioQ4EAkFjud/uzp7cZw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1234106408816399286, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1234106390084637362, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Results of BTEX safety coefficients for selected organisms LC50(pmol/L)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
种类时间(h)甲苯乙苯间二甲苯参考文献
中华新米虾487.3×1052.9×1055.2×105[45]
965.4×1051.8×1052.3×105
裸盖鱼965.4×104[46]
斑马鱼961.3×1072.4×1062.6×107[47]
), ArticleFig(id=1234106408942228422, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1234106390084637362, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

BTEX对部分生物的安全系数LC50(pmol/L)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
种类时间(h)甲苯乙苯间二甲苯参考文献
中华新米虾487.3×1052.9×1055.2×105[45]
965.4×1051.8×1052.3×105
裸盖鱼965.4×104[46]
斑马鱼961.3×1072.4×1062.6×107[47]
), ArticleFig(id=1234106410406040531, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1234106390084637362, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Results of the health risk assessment of atmospheric BTEX over the East China Sea in autumn

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
物质CDI(×10-6mg/(kg·d))R(×10-8)HQ(×10-6)HI(×10-4)
2.727.85317
甲苯11.952.368.32
乙苯4.666.5316.3
间对二甲苯4.296.43142
邻二甲苯3.644.73
BTEX4.83
), ArticleFig(id=1234106410573812708, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1234106390084637362, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

秋季东海大气中BTEX的健康风险评估结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
物质CDI(×10-6mg/(kg·d))R(×10-8)HQ(×10-6)HI(×10-4)
2.727.85317
甲苯11.952.368.32
乙苯4.666.5316.3
间对二甲苯4.296.43142
邻二甲苯3.644.73
BTEX4.83
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秋季东海海水和大气中BTEX分布及生态环境效应
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李进国 1, 2 , 乔浩 2 , 徐锋 2 , 王健 2 , 吴谨巍 2 , 周立敏 2, * , 张洪海 1, 2
中国环境科学 | 环境生态 2025,45(6): 3225-3234
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中国环境科学 | 环境生态 2025, 45(6): 3225-3234
秋季东海海水和大气中BTEX分布及生态环境效应
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李进国1, 2 , 乔浩2, 徐锋2, 王健2, 吴谨巍2, 周立敏2, * , 张洪海1, 2
作者信息
  • 1.中国海洋大学,深海圈层与地球系统前沿科学中心,海洋化学理论与工程技术教育部重点实验室,山东 青岛 266100
  • 2.中国海洋大学化学化工学院,山东 青岛 266100
  • 李进国(2001-),男,湖南衡阳人,中国海洋大学硕士研究生,主要从事海洋苯系物研究..

通讯作者:

* 责任作者,高级实验师,
Distribution and ecological environmental effects of BTEX in seawater and atmosphere of the East China Sea during autumn
Jin-guo LI1, 2 , Hao QIAO2, Feng XU2, Jian WANG2, Jing-wei WU2, Li-min ZHOU2, * , Hong-hai ZHANG1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1.Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
  • 2.College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
出版时间: 2025-06-20
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研究了2020年10月中国东海海域海水和大气中苯、甲苯、乙苯和二甲苯(BTEX)的浓度分布特征,评估了其海-气交换通量,并分析了其生态风险及环境效应.结果表明,研究海域表层和底层海水中苯、甲苯、乙苯、间/对二甲苯和邻二甲苯的平均浓度分别为(136.8±76.8),(321.3±279.0),(530.3±530.0),(336.2±453.6)和(493.7±814.7)pmol/L,以及(122.3±84.2),(217.1±162.4),(423.8±399.0),(236.8±215.1)和(344.3±288.5)pmol/L,整体呈现出近岸和调查海域东部高的分布特征,其中近岸高表明受陆源输入影响显著,调查海域东部高值可能与石油开采活动有关.大气中苯、甲苯、乙苯、间/对二甲苯和邻二甲苯的平均浓度分别为(110.5±45.3),(410.1±384.4),(139.5±108.8),(128.3±123.9)和(108.9±97.6)×10-12,后向轨迹显示其受陆源输入的显著影响.东海海域苯、甲苯、乙苯、间/对二甲苯和邻二甲苯的海-气通量平均值分别为(25.6±13.1),(73.1±78.2),(179.9±194.5),(146.3±185.4)和(216.3±358.7)g/(km·d),表明调查海域是大气中BTEX的重要来源.生态风险方面,海水中,BTEX浓度远低于海洋生物的急性毒性半数效应浓度(EC50)和半数致死浓度(LC50),表明BTEX对部分海洋生物的直接危害较低;大气中,通过计算致癌风险值(R)、非致癌风险危害商(HQ)和非致癌风险指数(HI)均远低于参考值,表现出BTEX对人体健康的直接威胁较低.通过O3和SOA生成潜势的分析发现,甲苯和二甲苯是大气中BTEX的关键活性成分,对环境效应的影响最为显著.

单环苯系物  /  分布  /  海-气通量  /  生态风险  /  环境效应  /  东海  /  秋季

The distribution characteristics of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylene (BTEX) concentrations in seawater and the atmosphere in the East China Sea in October 2020 were investigated, the sea-air exchange fluxes were evaluated, and the ecological risks and environmental effects were analyzed. The results showed the average concentrations of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, m/p-xylene and o-xylene were (136.8±76.8), (321.3±279.0), (530.3±530.0), (336.2±453.6) and (493.7±814.7) pmol/L in the surface seawater, respectively, and were (122.3±84.2), (217.1±162.4), (423.8±399.0), (236.8±215.1) and (344.3±288.5) pmol/L in the bottom seawater. The high values were found in the nearshore and the eastern part of the investigated sea area, of which the high values in the nearshore indicated they were influenced by land-based inputs, and the high values in the eastern part might be related to the petroleum extraction activities. The average atmospheric concentrations of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, m-/p-xylene and o-xylene were (110.5±45.3),(410.1±384.4), (139.5±108.8), (128.3±123.9) and (108.9±97.6) ×10-12, and the backward trajectories showed they were affected by the input from land-based sources. The mean sea-air fluxes of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, m-/p-xylene and o-xylene were (25.6±13.1),(73.1±78.2), (179.9±194.5), (146.3±185.4), and (216.3±358.7) g/(km2⋅d), indicating that the investigated sea area is an important source of atmospheric. In terms of ecological risk, the concentrations of BTEX in seawater were far below the acute toxicity median effect concentration (EC50) and the half-lethal concentration (LC50) for marine organisms, indicating that BTEX posed relatively low direct harm to segmental marine life. In the atmosphere, the calculated carcinogenicity risk value (R), the non-carcinogenicity risk hazard quotient (HQ), and the non-carcinogenicity risk index (HI) were much lower than the reference values, indicating that the direct threat of atmospheric BTEX to human health was low. The analysis of O3 and SOA generation potentials revealed that toluene and xylene were the key active components of BTEX and had the most significant impact on environmental effects.

BTEX  /  distribution  /  sea-air flux  /  ecological risk  /  environmental effect  /  East China Sea  /  autumn
李进国, 乔浩, 徐锋, 王健, 吴谨巍, 周立敏, 张洪海. 秋季东海海水和大气中BTEX分布及生态环境效应. 中国环境科学, 2025 , 45 (6) : 3225 -3234 .
Jin-guo LI, Hao QIAO, Feng XU, Jian WANG, Jing-wei WU, Li-min ZHOU, Hong-hai ZHANG. Distribution and ecological environmental effects of BTEX in seawater and atmosphere of the East China Sea during autumn[J]. China Environmental Science, 2025 , 45 (6) : 3225 -3234 .
以苯、甲苯、乙苯和二甲苯(BTEX)为代表的单环芳烃类挥发性有机化合物(VOCs)是大气中重要组分[1],其主要的来源包括石油开采与加工、燃烧过程和工业生产[2-3].石油开采和加工过程中的采出水和废气等会向环境中释放BTEX[4];燃烧过程是指汽油、柴油、煤炭和植物等燃烧产生BTEX[5];工业排放则指化工生产中排放BTEX[6].BTEX具有生物毒性,能够致癌或致突变,特别是对人类的皮肤、肺部和膀胱等器官产生健康危害[7-8].此外,BTEX在大气中化学反应活性较强,与氮氧化物发生光化学反应生产臭氧(O3),在高氧化性条件下还能形成二次有机气溶胶(SOA)[9].
目前,关于BTEX在水体环境中的研究主要集中于河流、湖泊和地下水等[10],而大气中的研究则主要集中于陆地区域[11].关于海洋尤其是中国近海区域BTEX的研究较为有限.东海是中国的重要陆架海域,受长江、钱塘江、闽江等径流输入工业废水和生活污水的影响,BTEX污染物常常汇入东海[12].此外,东海海域船舶活动频繁[13],船舶尾气排放及燃油泄漏会对海洋环境造成威胁.东海丰富的油气资源及其开采活动也可能对水体环境带来一定的负面影响[14].因此,陆源输入、船舶活动以及石油开采等因素都可能对东海区域BTEX的浓度、分布特征及生态和环境效应产生影响.为此,本研究通过现场调查,探究东海海域海水和大气中BTEX的分布特征及其影响因素,评估BTEX的海-气交换通量、生态风险及环境效应,旨在为中国近海VOCs的监测与陆海统筹协同管理提供科学依据.
主要仪器包括:Seabird 911plus直读式温盐深仪CTD(Sea-Bird Scientific,美国),气相色谱仪-质谱联用(GC-7890A配有MSD-5975C型质谱仪,Agilent Technologies,美国),DB-624毛细管色谱柱(60m×0.25mm×1.4µm,Agilent Technologies,美国),8900D三级低温预浓缩系统(Nutech,美国),2101DS采样罐清洗系统(Nutech,美国),2202A动态稀释仪(Nutech,美国),3.0L不锈钢苏玛罐(Restek,美国),4552水/土壤自动进样器(OI Analytical,美国),stratum purge & trap吹扫捕集装置(Teledyne Tekmar,美国),Trap捕集阱(#9,Agilent Technologies,美国),100mL气密性注射器(上海安谱实验科技股份有限公司,中国),TD10-AU荧光计(Turner Designs,美国).
试剂包括:臭氧预成混合气体/PAMS(57组分)(Linde Electronics and Specialty Gases,德国),苯系物液标(北京海岸鸿蒙标准物质技术有限责任公司,中国),液氮、高纯N2和高纯He(青岛豪森新能源有限公司,中国),丙酮(国药,中国).
于2020年10月13日~27日搭载向阳红18号科学调查船对东海海域进行了现场调查.采样站位及调查海域范围如图1所示.本研究的调查范围为120°~126°E、26°~33°N,共设有36个站位和7个断面.每个站位均采集表层和底层海水样品,并且在10个站位同时采集了大气样品.
海水样品由12L Niskin Rosette采水器采集,采集表层和底层水样.表层取样深度约为3m,底层取样深度为站位底部上方约2m.采集时,将海水样品注入125mL棕色钳口瓶,先用样品润洗瓶子2次,然后将采水器连接的硅胶管插入瓶底,缓慢注入海水,避免产生气泡和涡流.当海水溢出至瓶体积的一半时,缓慢移出硅胶管,并滴加0.3mL 1:1体积比的盐酸溶液抑制微生物活动.随后,用四氟乙烯衬垫的铝盖压盖密封,并在4℃下保存.
大气样品使用3.0L惰性不锈钢苏玛罐采集.苏玛罐用高纯N2清洗3次并抽真空密封.船舶到达站位前减速时进行采样,确保迎风采集以避免人体和船体排放对样品的污染.采集的样品在返回陆地实验室后,在1个月内完成测定.现场海洋环境参数通过直读式温盐深仪(CTD)同步获取.
海水样品中BTEX测定:25mL海水样品用气密性注射器注入40mL棕色采样瓶,拧紧四氟乙烯衬垫的塑料盖密封.样品在自动进样器中60℃预热2min,并用高纯N2(流速40mL/min)将样品中的BTEX吹扫至捕集阱,吹扫时间为11min.之后,将#9捕集阱加热至250℃解吸,保持2min,用高纯He作为载气将BTEX转移至气相色谱-质谱联用仪分析.该方法的检测限为1.5~5.6ng/L,精密度为3.3%~ 5.0%.
大气样品中BTEX测定:将苏玛罐与预浓缩仪连接,捕集流速为60mL/min.利用微型泵精确抽取200mL气体样品转移至-120℃的一级冷阱中,除去水蒸气.随后,一级冷阱加热至10℃并保持2min,将样品转移至初始温度为-40℃的二级冷阱(Tenax冷阱)进行二次预浓缩,除去CO2和N2等干扰气体.二级冷阱升温至160℃,保持3min以完全解析吸附气体,并将其转移至-175℃的三级冷阱(无填充冷阱).最终,三级冷阱升温至220℃,解吸时间2min,使用高纯He作为载气将样品转移至气相色谱-质谱联用仪测定.该方法的检出限为(0.02~0.04)×10-9,精密度优于10%.
BTEX的海-气通量通过逸度模型推导计算[16-17],计算公式见式(1)~(5).
式中:F为海-气通量,g/(km2⋅d);D21为大气和海水两相之间的扩散迁移速率,105mol/(h⋅Pa);f1f2分别为大气和海水的逸度,105Pa;Mi为物质i的摩尔质量,g/mol;A为单位传输面积,m2;K为质量传输系数,对于BTEX,假定大气的K12为10m/h,海水的K21为0.1m/h;Z1Z2分别为大气和海水的逸度容量;C为物质浓度,mol/m3;f为物质逸度,105Pa;Z为逸度容量,105mol/(m3⋅Pa);R为摩尔气体常数,取值为8.314Pa⋅m3/(mol⋅K);T为气温,K;H为亨利常数,105Pa⋅m3/mol.本研究中BTEX采用Dewulf等[18]报道的HT的线性回归方程进行计算.
HYSPLIT模型是一种用于计算和分析大气污染物输送、扩散轨迹的模型.采用HYSPLIT模型(https://ready.arl.noaa.gov/HYSPLIT_traj.php)对每个大气采样站不同高度的气团进行了48h的后向轨迹模拟,以追踪海洋上方气团的来源.模拟高度选择50,500和1000m分别代表大气边界层近地层、中层和上层[19],能够较为全面地反映气团在大气边界层的输送过程.
生态风险评价方法包括潜在生态风险指数法、风险商值法和毒性当量因子法等.其中,依托急性毒性实验,借助EC50或LC50等可对生物毒性进行表征,EC50能引起50%受试生物某种效应变化的浓度;LC50是在一定暴露时间内,能使半数实验个体死亡的物质浓度[20].例如,对于鱼类急性毒性分级标准是测定96h的LC50(mg/L)来进行评估:LC50<1,为极高毒;1<LC50<10,为高毒;10<LC50<100为中毒;LC50>100,为低毒.而BTEX基本属于中毒性,且毒性大小各异[19].
采用美国环境保护署(US EPA)提出的方法,对环境空气中BTEX暴露引起人体健康风险进行评价,并通过计算慢性每天吸入量、致癌风险和非致癌风险(危害商值和危害指数),评估大气环境中BTEX的健康威胁,其计算公式见式(6)~(9)[21].
式中:CDI为慢性每天吸入量,mg/(kg⋅d);CA为污染物浓度,mg/m3;IR为吸收率,推荐值为1.02m3/h;ED为持续暴露时间,推荐值为1h/d;EF为暴露频率,推荐值为365d/a;L为暴露时间,推荐值为35a;BW为体重,男性和女性的推荐值为70,60kg;ATL为平均寿命,男性和女性的推荐值为72和79a;NY为一年天数,推荐值为365d/a;R为致癌风险;SF为当认为暴露和致癌效应之间为线性关系时的斜率系数,苯、甲苯、乙苯、间对二甲苯和邻二甲苯的SF为2.89×10-2,4.4×10-2,1.4×10-2,1.5×10-2,1.3×10-2mg/(kg⋅d)[22];HQ为非致癌风险危害商值;RfD为参考剂量,苯、甲苯、乙苯和二甲苯的RfD分别为8.57×10-3,1.43×10-1,2.86×10-1和2.80×10-2mg/(kg⋅d);HI为非致癌风险危害指数[23].
VOCs参与光化学反应时,会增加对流层O3形成的可能性,O3生成潜势(OFP)的值取决于BTEX的浓度及其最大增量反应活性(MIR).因此本研究采用MIR法来计算BTEX的OFP[23],计算公式见式(10).
式中:OFPi为臭氧生成潜势,μg/m3;(VOCs)i为物质浓度,μg/m3;MIRi为物质最大增量反应活性系数,g/g,苯、甲苯、乙苯、间/对二甲苯和邻二甲苯的MIR系数分别为0.79,4.02,3.11,6.99,3.11g/g[24].
SOA用来评估VOCs组分的SOA生成能力,采用FAC系数法来计算BTEX的SOA[25](式11).
式中:SOAi为生成潜势,μg/m3;(VOCs)t为被氧化后的VOCs组分浓度,μg/m3;FAC为SOA生成系数,苯、甲苯、乙苯、间/对二甲苯和邻二甲苯分别为2%、5.4%、5.4%、4.7%和5%[26];FVOCsr为物质参与反应的分数,苯、甲苯、乙苯、间/对二甲苯和邻二甲苯分别为10%、12%、15%、34%和26%[26].
秋季东海表层和底层海水中苯、甲苯、乙苯、间/对二甲苯和邻二甲苯浓度范围分别为50.1~244.2,64.4~1231.4,119.7~2695.0,12.3~2455.5,71.9~5029.7pmol/L及3.6~290.2,64.1~875.8,65.8~187.2,0~815.3和23.7~817.4pmol/L,浓度平均值分别为(136.8±76.8),(321.3±279.0),(530.3±530.0), (336.2±453.6),(493.7±814.7)pmol/L,及(122.3±84.2), (217.1±162.4),(423.8±399.0),(236.8±215.1),(344.3±288.5)pmol/L.表层海水中BTEX的平均浓度高于底层海水,可能因为底层沉积物对海水中BTEX进行吸附及较低溶解氧条件下BTEX发生缺氧降解所致.BTEX的正辛醇–水分配系数Log Kow的范围为2.13~3.20,且沉积物–水分配系数Log Koc的范围为1.60~2.05,表明BTEX对于分配到生物的脂质组织和吸附到沉积有机物上均具有同等亲和力[27];研究表明BTEX在缺氧的情况下降解充分[28-30],然而,底层溶解氧与BTEX未有相关性,可能是因为溶解氧水平和底层沉积物的吸附共同影响BTEX浓度,而沉积物吸附可能占主要作用.如图2所示,较高的BTEX浓度在近岸和调查海域东部都有出现.近岸海域较高的BTEX浓度可能是受陆源输入的影响.近岸海域浓度较高的区域主要位于石油工业发达的舟山群岛区域附近,其排放的工业废水可能导致近岸BTEX浓度升高[12].此外,长江三角洲及浙江沿岸频繁的海洋船舶运输和发达的渔业活动可能进一步导致近岸BTEX浓度升高[31-32],因为船舶尾气排放、漏油和船体掉漆等因素可能向海水中释放BTEX[33].而调查海域东部的高浓度可能与该区域的石油开采活动有关.该区域位于西湖凹陷附近(位于东海盆地的中部),西湖凹陷是东海油气资源最丰富的区域,石油开采活动频繁[14],因此可能存在BTEX潜在排放.其中,石油开采活动对于海水中BTEX的污染在表层海水中体现明显,是因为海洋石油开采设备的主体在海上,加上石油运输船频繁活动,石油泄露可能性较高,可能导致表层海水中BTEX的浓度高[34].
秋季东海大气中苯、甲苯、乙苯、间/对二甲苯和邻二甲苯的浓度范围分别为64.2~210.8,12.3~1180.8,23.7~339.3,8.8~352.9,8.4~276.6×10-12,平均值分别为(110.5±45.3),(410.1±384.4),(139.5±108.8),(128.3±123.9),(108.9±97.6)×10-12.其中,甲苯是大气中浓度最高的组分,可能与机动车尾气、工业过程和溶剂使用等人为活动中甲苯排放量较高有关[35].
图3所示,BTEX没有明显的分布规律,甲苯、乙苯、间/对二甲苯和邻二甲苯的分布相似,而苯在每个站位浓度相近,这可能是因为苯在大气中化学活性低,存在时间较长(~9.4d),在大气中混合均匀[36].因间/对二甲苯与乙苯浓度的比值(X/E)可用作指定地点气团光化学年龄的指标,可用于探究影响大气中BTEX分布的因素.其中,若X/E<3,则表明大气气团为老化气团,来自于远距离输送;若X/E>3,则表明大气气团为新鲜气团,多为本地来源[37].
本研究中所有大气样品的X/E范围为0.24~1.92,说明其大部分气团是远距离输送的老化气团.结合大气气团的48h后向轨迹(图4)分析发现,东海海域大气BTEX主要受到山东半岛和朝鲜半岛区域陆源输入的影响.苯与甲苯的比值(B/T)可进而用于判断来源类别,若B/T<0.5,则为有机溶剂挥发;若B/T=0.5,则为交通源;若B/T>0.5,则为煤燃烧[38-39].本研究中仅有S00-5和S04-2站位的大气样品B/T为0.9和5.2,表明来源于煤燃烧;其余站位大气样品B/T均小于0.5,表明BTEX主要来源于有机溶剂挥发.大气中BTEX的来源除了人为活动排放外,海水中BTEX可能为大气中BTEX的来源,通过海-气通量计算结果,苯、甲苯、乙苯、间/对二甲苯和邻二甲苯的海-气通量均为正值,说明海水中BTEX亦为上方大气中BTEX的来源,但海-气通量的分布和大气浓度的分布并不吻合,尽管海洋通过扩散作用向大气排放,但是研究海域上空大气BTEX主要还是受陆源气团的影响.
秋季东海苯、甲苯、乙苯、间/对二甲苯和邻二甲苯的海-气通量范围分别为3.4~41.1,2.8~251.5,31.1~662.9,0~601.0,20.8~1221.4g/(km2⋅d),平均值分别为(25.6±13.1),(73.1±78.2),(179.9±194.5), (146.3±185.4),(216.3±358.7)g/(km2⋅d),均为正值,表明海水是大气中BTEX的释放源.BTEX的海-气通量高值主要出现在BTEX浓度高值的S01-9、S02-7、S04-2和S05-1站位,此外,S01-9、S02-7、S04-2和S05-1站位为海水温度较高值(23.7,25.7, 24.4和22.2℃),但在温度高值S05-6(26.1℃)站位其海-气通量却为低值;同样,海-气通量高值未出现在风速高值站位(S05-1站位,风速达到6.8m/s),此外,本文发现海-气通量和海水温度与风速没有相关性,表明海水温度和风速等对海-气通量影响小,BTEX的海-气通量主要是受其浓度大小影响.此外,发现秋季东海海域海-气通量高于其他海域,如东海BTEX的海-气交换通量高于英国北海(0.8~9.5g/(km2⋅d))和荷兰Scheldt河口(11.6~38.7g/(km2⋅d))[40-41],这可能主要是因为调查期间东海海水中BTEX浓度高于北海与Scheldt河口等海域.
根据计算的安全系数大小[42],可将生物毒性风险分为四级:极高风险性(安全系数≤0.05)、高风险性(0.05<安全系数≤0.5)、中等风险性(0.5<安全系数≤5)和低风险性(安全系数>5),安全系数为BTEX的LC50浓度/水体中BTEX实测浓度.结合本研究测定的BTEX浓度,发现东海海域海水中苯、甲苯、乙苯、间/对二甲苯和邻二甲苯的安全系数远大于5,如表1所示,表明其对部分海洋生物急性毒性极小.但有研究表明BTEX亦能在海洋中生物体中持续富集且可沿着食物链和食物网威胁到海洋生物乃至人类的健康,因此这些化合物的生物毒性依然不容忽视[43].此外,世界卫生组织规定水体中苯、甲苯、乙苯和二甲苯的可接受浓度分别为10,700,300和500μg/L[22].通过换算,秋季东海海水的苯、甲苯、乙苯、间/对二甲苯和邻二甲苯的最大浓度(60.2,181,199,171和161ng/L)均远低于可接受浓度,若后续进行海水淡化、海水灌溉和海水冷却等人类活动[44],现存BTEX不足以直接危害人体健康.
表2所示,大气中苯、甲苯、乙苯、间/对二甲苯和邻二甲苯的R分别为7.85×10-8,52.36×10-8,6.53×10-8, 6.43×10-8和4.73×10-8;苯、甲苯、乙苯和二甲苯的HQ分别为3.17×10-4,8.32×10-6,1.63×10-5和1.42× 10-4;BTEX的HI为4.83×10-4. US EPA规定限制的成年人可接受的长期致癌风险水平R为1.0×10-6,当R达到或超过参考值时,就需要采取必要的保护行动[21].BTEX的致癌风险水平R比可接受的长期致癌风险水平低1~2个数量级,表明东海上方大气中BTEX的含量较低,因与BTEX直接接触暴露而引起的潜在致癌风险不高.此外,如果HQ和HI小于1,则认为接触的有关化学物质不太可能对健康造成不利影响;如果HQ和HI大于1,则认为其对人体健康产生不利影响的可能性很高,可能需要采取限制行动或补救措施[20].大气苯、甲苯、乙苯和二甲苯的HQ与BTEX的HI远小于1,说明其非致癌效应影响较小.致癌风险值、非致癌风险危害商和非致癌风险指数均远低于参考值,因此大气中的BTEX对航运、渔业、科研、军事和能源产业等海上人员的身体健康直接威胁较低.
秋季东海大气中苯、甲苯、乙苯、间/对二甲苯和邻二甲苯OFP的范围为0.2~0.5,0.2~19.4,0.3~4.9,0.3~13.0,0.3~10.0μg/m3,平均值分别为(0.3±0.1),(6.7±6.3),(2.0±1.6),(4.7±4.6),(3.9±3.5)μg/m3;这些化合物的SOAFP值的范围为(1.1~3.7)×10-2,(0.2~26.2)×10-2,(0.7~9.7)×10-2,(0.2~6.8)×10-2,(0.2~6.8)×10-2μg/m3,平均值分别为(1.9±0.8)×10-2,(9.1±8.5)×10-2,(4.0±3.1)×10-2、(2.5±2.4)×10-2和(2.7±2.4)×10-2μg/m3.甲苯和二甲苯是O3生成的主要贡献者,主要是因为其较高的浓度与大气化学反应活性[22].如图5所示,它们共占BTEX总OFP的87%.Zhang等[48]也发现,城市大气中甲苯和二甲苯是OFP的主要贡献化合物,这与本研究结果一致.此外,甲苯和二甲苯也是SOA形成的主要贡献者,因为其浓度较高和SOA生成活性较高[24],其共占BTEX总SOAFP的70.8%,表明它们在O3和SOA的生成中具有重要作用.此外,李思潼等[49]的研究气象条件与本研究相近,其风速和气压范围为7.7~11.9m/s和7.1~11.3kPa,本研究风速和气压范围为8.2~12.6m/s和10.1~10.2kPa,其中,长江口及邻近海域乙烷、丙烷、正丁烷和异丁烷的总OFP范围分别为0.2~0.4μg/m3,本研究中BTEX的OFP范围为1.3~19.4μg/m3,可见BTEX的OFP普遍较高;长江口及邻近海域乙烷、丙烷、正丁烷和异丁烷总SOAFP范围分别为0.3×10-4~0.6×10-4μg/m3,本研究中BTEX的SOAFP范围为2.4×10-4~26.2×10-4μg/m3,在SOA生成贡献上,BTEX的SOAFP同样较高.最后,控制陆地人为BTEX排放,尤其是甲苯和二甲苯的排放,可以有效减少东海上空大气中O3和SOA的生成,对防范污染O3和雾霾污染具有重要作用.
3.1 秋季东海海域表层和底层海水中BTEX浓度平均值分别为(1818.3±2154.1),(1344.3±1149.2)pmol/L,在近岸和调查海域东部较高,其主要受工业排放、船舶活动和石油开采等人为活动的影响.
3.2 秋季东海海域上方大气中BTEX浓度平均值为(897.3±760.0)×10-12,主要受到陆源远距离气团输送的影响.
3.3 秋季东海海域BTEX的海-气通量平均值为(641.2±829.9)g/(km2⋅d),海水是大气中BTEX的释放源.
3.4 秋季东海海域海水中BTEX浓度远低于部分海洋生物的急性毒性的半数效应浓度和半数致死浓度,对部分海洋生物直接危害较低;上方大气中BTEX的致癌风险值、非致癌风险危害商值和非致癌风险危害指数远小于参考值,对人体健康的直接威胁较低.
3.5 秋季东海海域上方大气中BTEX对O3和SOA的平均值为(17.6±16.1)μg/m3和(20.2±17.2)×10-2μg/m3,其中最主要的贡献者为甲苯和二甲苯.
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(41876082; 42276042)
  • 中央高校基本科研业务费项目(202513018)
  • 崂山实验室科技创新项目(LSKJ202201701)
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2025年第45卷第6期
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  • 接收时间:2024-11-06
  • 首发时间:2026-02-27
  • 出版时间:2025-06-20
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  • 收稿日期:2024-11-06
基金
国家自然科学基金资助项目(41876082; 42276042)
中央高校基本科研业务费项目(202513018)
崂山实验室科技创新项目(LSKJ202201701)
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    1.中国海洋大学,深海圈层与地球系统前沿科学中心,海洋化学理论与工程技术教育部重点实验室,山东 青岛 266100
    2.中国海洋大学化学化工学院,山东 青岛 266100

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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占总种数比例
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total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
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species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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