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This study investigated the effects of raw water turbidity variation on the stable flux, pollutants removal, and bio-cake layer of gravity flow ultrafiltration (GDM) system. The results showed that the increase of raw water turbidity led to a significant decrease in the flux of GDM system, but a new stable flux can be achieved in 17~30 days. Compared to control GDM with low influent turbidity (1.8~3.7NTU), the increase of raw water turbidity to 10, 50 and 100 NTU reduced the stable flux of GDM system by 15%, 36% and 61%, respectively. The macromolecular organic matter carried by particles was degraded by microorganisms in the bio-cake layer to low molecular weight organic matter, which passed through the membrane and resulted in increase of dissolved organic matter in the effluent with the increase of raw water turbidity. The ammonia removal rate of GDM system reached more than 80% after 9days of start-up, and the temporary decrease in ammonia nitrogen removal capacity occurred due to the increase of raw water turbidity. However, it recovered after 7~11days of adaptation period. With the increase of raw water turbidity, the thickness of bio-cake layer increased by 1.8 to 7.9 times and the microbial extracellular polymeric substances increased by 37 to 98%. Meanwhile, the microbial community structure underwent certain changes. This study shows that GDM system has certain adaptability to increase of raw water turbidity.

, correspAuthors=Kai LI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Tong WEI, Min HAN, Bao-yi TIAN, Rong-guang LI, Gang WEN, Ting-lin HUANG, Kai LI), CN=ArticleExt(id=1234106401786745216, articleId=1234106389912670887, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, language=CN, title=原水浊度变化对重力流超滤性能的影响, columnId=1234106386565624579, journalTitle=中国环境科学, columnName=水污染与控制, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

考察了原水浊度阶段性升高对重力流超滤(GDM)系统稳定通量除污性能及生物滤饼层的影响.结果表明,原水浊度升高导致GDM通量明显下降,但经过17~30d后重新达到稳定,与始终低浊(1.8~3.7NTU)的对照组相比,原水浊度升高至10、50和100NTU使GDM系统稳定通量分别降低15%、36%和61%;颗粒物携带的大分子有机物被生物滤饼层中微生物降解为小分子有机物后透过膜,因此原水浊度升高导致出水中溶解性有机物增加;GDM系统启动9d后对氨氮的去除率可达80%以上,原水浊度升高导致氨氮去除能力暂时降低,但经过7~11d的适应期后恢复;原水浊度升高使生物滤饼层厚度增加1.8~7.9倍,滤饼层中微生物胞外聚合物增加37%~98%,微生物种群结构发生一定变化.GDM系统对原水浊度升高有一定的适应能力.

, correspAuthors=李凯, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 责任作者,教授,
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尉童(2000-),男,河南灵宝人,西安建筑科技大学硕士研究生,主要研究方向为重力流超滤与纳滤膜制备.发表论文1篇..

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尉童(2000-),男,河南灵宝人,西安建筑科技大学硕士研究生,主要研究方向为重力流超滤与纳滤膜制备.发表论文1篇..

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尉童(2000-),男,河南灵宝人,西安建筑科技大学硕士研究生,主要研究方向为重力流超滤与纳滤膜制备.发表论文1篇..

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原水浊度变化对重力流超滤性能的影响
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尉童 1 , 韩敏 2 , 田宝义 3 , 李荣光 3 , 文刚 1 , 黄廷林 1 , 李凯 1, *
中国环境科学 | 水污染与控制 2025,45(6): 3054-3062
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中国环境科学 | 水污染与控制 2025, 45(6): 3054-3062
原水浊度变化对重力流超滤性能的影响
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尉童1 , 韩敏2, 田宝义3, 李荣光3, 文刚1, 黄廷林1, 李凯1, *
作者信息
  • 1.西安建筑科技大学,西北水资源环境与生态教育部重点实验室,陕西省水污染控制与水质安全保障协同创新中心,陕西 西安 710055
  • 2.内蒙古自治区水利水电勘测设计院有限公司,内蒙古 呼和浩特 010020
  • 3.天津水务集团有限公司,天津 300202
  • 尉童(2000-),男,河南灵宝人,西安建筑科技大学硕士研究生,主要研究方向为重力流超滤与纳滤膜制备.发表论文1篇..

通讯作者:

* 责任作者,教授,
Effect of raw water turbidity variation on performance of gravity driven membrane filtration systems
Tong WEI1 , Min HAN2, Bao-yi TIAN3, Rong-guang LI3, Gang WEN1, Ting-lin HUANG1, Kai LI1, *
Affiliations
  • 1.Collaborative Innovation Center of Water Pollution Control and Water Quality Security Assurance of Shaanxi Province, Key Laboratory of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China
  • 2.Inner Mongolia Water Resources & Hydropower Engineering Co., Ltd., Hohhot 010020, China
  • 3.Tianjin Water Group Co., LTD, Tianjin 300202, China).
出版时间: 2025-06-20
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考察了原水浊度阶段性升高对重力流超滤(GDM)系统稳定通量除污性能及生物滤饼层的影响.结果表明,原水浊度升高导致GDM通量明显下降,但经过17~30d后重新达到稳定,与始终低浊(1.8~3.7NTU)的对照组相比,原水浊度升高至10、50和100NTU使GDM系统稳定通量分别降低15%、36%和61%;颗粒物携带的大分子有机物被生物滤饼层中微生物降解为小分子有机物后透过膜,因此原水浊度升高导致出水中溶解性有机物增加;GDM系统启动9d后对氨氮的去除率可达80%以上,原水浊度升高导致氨氮去除能力暂时降低,但经过7~11d的适应期后恢复;原水浊度升高使生物滤饼层厚度增加1.8~7.9倍,滤饼层中微生物胞外聚合物增加37%~98%,微生物种群结构发生一定变化.GDM系统对原水浊度升高有一定的适应能力.

重力流超滤(GDM)  /  原水浊度  /  稳定通量  /  氨氮  /  生物滤饼层

This study investigated the effects of raw water turbidity variation on the stable flux, pollutants removal, and bio-cake layer of gravity flow ultrafiltration (GDM) system. The results showed that the increase of raw water turbidity led to a significant decrease in the flux of GDM system, but a new stable flux can be achieved in 17~30 days. Compared to control GDM with low influent turbidity (1.8~3.7NTU), the increase of raw water turbidity to 10, 50 and 100 NTU reduced the stable flux of GDM system by 15%, 36% and 61%, respectively. The macromolecular organic matter carried by particles was degraded by microorganisms in the bio-cake layer to low molecular weight organic matter, which passed through the membrane and resulted in increase of dissolved organic matter in the effluent with the increase of raw water turbidity. The ammonia removal rate of GDM system reached more than 80% after 9days of start-up, and the temporary decrease in ammonia nitrogen removal capacity occurred due to the increase of raw water turbidity. However, it recovered after 7~11days of adaptation period. With the increase of raw water turbidity, the thickness of bio-cake layer increased by 1.8 to 7.9 times and the microbial extracellular polymeric substances increased by 37 to 98%. Meanwhile, the microbial community structure underwent certain changes. This study shows that GDM system has certain adaptability to increase of raw water turbidity.

Gravity-driven membrane (GDM)  /  raw water turbidity  /  stable flux  /  ammonia  /  bio-cake layer
尉童, 韩敏, 田宝义, 李荣光, 文刚, 黄廷林, 李凯. 原水浊度变化对重力流超滤性能的影响. 中国环境科学, 2025 , 45 (6) : 3054 -3062 .
Tong WEI, Min HAN, Bao-yi TIAN, Rong-guang LI, Gang WEN, Ting-lin HUANG, Kai LI. Effect of raw water turbidity variation on performance of gravity driven membrane filtration systems[J]. China Environmental Science, 2025 , 45 (6) : 3054 -3062 .
地表水源普遍存在汛期浊度高、氨氮超标、微生物数量超标等问题[1-2].在常规水处理工艺中,对于汛期浊度升高的问题,主要通过强化混凝和沉淀来解决[3],但由于药剂成本和建设投资费用较高,操作复杂等,该技术难以在农村分散供水中应用[4].超滤技术可以有效的去除高浊度水中的悬浮固体颗粒,并且对去除水中病原微生物有着其他净水工艺不可比拟的技术优势.但是常规超滤工艺随着污染物的累积会加重膜污染,需要频繁的反冲洗,增加维护运行费用.重力流超滤(GDM)因为在膜表面形成松散异质的生物滤饼层,可以仅依靠重力就可以保持稳定通量,不需要反冲洗和化学清洗[5-6].低能耗和低维护特性使GDM成为分散式水处理中非常有竞争力的净水技术.在地表水和地下水处理[7-9]、废水处理和回用[10-11]、雨水收集[12-14]等领域均有应用.然而,它对汛期原水浊度变化的适应性尚不明确.
为探究浊度阶段性升高对GDM系统的影响,本文在GDM系统运行稳定以后,阶段性将进水浊度升高至10NTU(10NTU-GDM)、50NTU(50NTU-GDM)和100NTU(100NTU-GDM),评估不同浊度下GDM通量和污染物去除效率,通过分析生物滤饼层的组成和形貌,阐明阶段性浊度升高影响GDM系统的机制,旨在为GDM系统在水质多变地表水中的应用提供参考.
原水取自西安市金盆水库的地表水.原水水质的DOC为1.67~2.08mg/L,UV254为0.048~0.053cm-1,浊度为1.8~3.7NTU,氨氮为0.13~0.32mg/L,溶解氧为7.4~9.7mg/L.不同地域和类型的水源汛期浊度变化范围差异较大(几十至上千NTU)[15-16],《重力驱动型超滤给水处理技术规程(征求意见稿)》规定单独采用GDM工艺时原水浊度不宜超过2.0NTU[17],本研究将考察的原水浊度设定为该推荐值的50倍(100NTU)以内.水库表层底泥由近期暴雨径流中颗粒物沉积形成,组成与汛期径流中浊度物质相似[18],因此实验中通过向原水中投加不同量水库表层底泥使原水浊度分别达到10,50和100NTU,对应的DOC增加至1.70~2.19mg/L,UV254增加至0.050~0.056cm-1.为了分析GDM系统去除氨氮的性能,在原水中加入NH4Cl模拟受到氨氮污染的地表水[19],使得实际进水中氨氮浓度为0.90 ~ 1.16mg/L.
水样经0.45µm滤膜过滤后使用岛津总有机碳分析仪测量溶解性有机碳(DOC);使用U-3900UV/Vis分光光度计测量水样的紫外线吸光度(UV254);采用日立F7000激发发射矩阵光谱仪分析水样中的荧光物质;用比色法测定水中氨氮浓度.用便携式仪器测定水样的浊度、水温和pH值.在马弗炉中用燃烧法测定生物滤饼层中有机和无机物含量.
使用商品聚偏氟乙烯中空纤维膜,内径0.7mm,外径1.3mm,截留分子量100kDa,膜组件面积36.74cm2.新的膜在使用前先用50%乙醇浸泡2h.浸泡结束后用超纯水连续冲洗5min后在超纯水中浸泡24h,期间更换一次超纯水,确保去除保存剂.
图1是重力驱动超滤实验装置示意.该装置由进水恒位水箱、GDM膜池、溢流堰以及集水瓶组成.进水恒位水箱放置在其水位距离溢流堰溢流口以上0.6m的高度.通过浮球阀来保证恒定水位,原水从恒位水箱进入GDM膜池,经超滤膜过滤进入溢流堰,最后溢流至集水瓶中.
在整个运行期间,通过集水瓶中收集的产水量计算膜通量.每天在固定时间测定渗透通量(L/(m2·h)),考虑到水温变化会导致水的粘度系数发生改变,故通过式(1)将渗透通量归一化为20℃下的渗透通量[20]:
式中:J20℃表示校正后渗透通量,L/(m2·h);JT表示未校正渗透通量;µT表示实验温度下水的粘度系数;µ20℃表示20℃时水的粘度系数.使用经验方程计算粘度系数:
采用串联阻力模型结合实验结束后膜表面清洗计算膜阻力构成:
式中:TMP是跨膜压差(60mbar);Jstable是20℃的稳定通量;Rt是总阻力;Rm是实验开始前测得的膜自身阻力;Rp是膜孔堵塞阻力,实验结束后通过水力清洗去除膜表面滤饼层后测得的阻力减去Rm得到,Rc是滤饼层阻力,Rc=Rt-(Rm+Rp).
在试验结束后,将反应器中的膜组件取出,使用硅胶软刷将生物滤饼层从膜上刮下进行后续分析.有机物和无机物的含量通过在坩埚中进行燃烧处理测得.胞外聚合物(EPS)中多糖通过苯酚-硫酸法以葡萄糖为标准进行测量,蛋白质则通过改良型BCA试剂盒以牛血清白蛋白(BSA)为标准进行测量.使用生物化学发光仪GloMax Multi Jr-PROMEGA对三磷酸腺苷(ATP)进行测量分析.采用流式细胞仪Accuri C6-BD对滤饼层中的细菌数进行检测.在Majorbio I-Sanger云平台使用16S rRNA基因测序技术对微生物群落进行分析,探究微生物种群的物种多样性.使用场发射扫描电子显微镜GeminiSEM500-ZEISS对附着在膜表面的生物滤饼层进行形貌结构表征.
图2(a)所示,启动阶段4组GDM进水均为低浊度原水,系统通量在3d内从26.2L/(m2·h)迅速下降至12.5L/(m2·h).在4~23d,通量开始缓慢下降并维持稳定(8.5L/(m2·h)).这与文献报道一致[6].第二阶段将实验组进水浊度提高.10NTU-GDM系统的通量在17d内从8.5降至7.2L/(m2·h)后保持稳定.50NTU-GDM系统的通量在22d内从8.6降至5.4L/(m2·h)后保持稳定.而100NTU-GDM系统的通量则需要30d才能保持稳定,并且通量下降幅度更大,从8.6降至3.3L/(m2·h).与对照组GDM相比,10NTU-GDM、50NTU-GDM和100NTU-GDM系统的稳定通量分别下降了15%、36%和61%.第65d时将进水浊度恢复至低浊水平,3组GDM的通量均未明显回升.进水浊度阶段性升高会降低GDM系统的稳定通量,且随着浊度提高幅度的增加导致稳定通量更低、重新达到稳定通量的时间更长.
实验结束后,对不同GDM系统膜阻力构成进行分析,如图2(b)所示.4组GDM系统的滤饼层阻力(Rc)均显著高于膜孔堵塞阻力(Rp)且进水浊度升高导致Rc显著增大,与对照组相比,10NTU-GDM、50NTU-GDM和100NTU-GDM的Rc分别增加了39%、106%和276%.这表明进水浊度升高主要导致滤饼层阻力增加.
图3可以看出,4组GDM出水的DOC均高于进水,且进水浊度越高,升高幅度越大;随着进水浊度升高,进水UV254也有所升高,但4组GDM进出水的UV254并无明显差异.研究表明,GDM生物滤饼层中的微生物能将进水中大分子有机物分解为小于膜孔的小分子有机物,同时生物滤饼层中的微生物新陈代谢也会产生小于膜孔的有机物,因此GDM出水中DOC浓度会高于进水[21-23].进水浊度升高时,颗粒物表面携带的大分子有机物也增加,微生物分解代谢后产生的小分子有机物随之增加,因此膜出水中DOC升高的幅度也有所增大.出水中UV254与进水相比没有明显增加说明微生物分解代谢产生的小分子有机物主要是不具有紫外吸收特性的有机物.荧光区域积分结果表明,GDM进出水中均以区域Ⅴ所代表的类富里酸和类腐殖酸类物质为主,且随着浊度升高而增加;GDM出水的荧光体积积分值高于进水,这与DOC的趋势一致,区域Ⅰ和区域Ⅳ代表的酪氨酸和可溶性微生物产物类物质在出水中含量都有上升[24-25].
图4所示,GDM系统开始运行初期,对氨氮去除率很低,随着生物滤饼层中硝化菌的繁殖,氨氮的去除率逐渐增加[25],第5d时出水中氨氮含量明显下降,第9d后稳定在(0.16 ± 0.06)mg/L,相应的氨氮去除率超过80%.第24d进水浊度升高后,10NTU-GDM系统氨氮去除率明显下降,但7d后恢复到原有水平.50NTU-GDM和100NTU-GDM系统变化趋势类似,但下降幅度更大、所需恢复时间更长,11d左右去除率才恢复到80%以上.这表明进水浊度突然升高会暂时抑制生物滤饼层中硝化细菌的活性,导致氨氮去除率下降,但经过一定的适应期后,硝化菌的活性仍能恢复,最终保持良好的氨氮去除性能.
采用燃烧法对其有机物和无机物的含量进行分析.如图5所示,10NTU-GDM、50NTU-GDM和100NTU-GDM系统生物滤饼层中有机物含量分别为6.37,7.07和7.92g/m2,相比于对照组GDM系统(5.84g/m2)分别升高9.1%,20.4%和35.6%.这应该是由于进水颗粒物上携带着有机物,进水浊度升高使生物滤饼层中有机物增加.无机物含量方面,10NTU-GDM、50NTU-GDM和100NTU-GDM系统生物滤饼层中的无机物含量分别为6.97,14.82和25.35g/m2,与对照组GDM(4.34g/m2)相比,分别增加了60.1%,241%和484%.为分析高浊阶段增加的颗粒物被膜截留后的去向,测定了不同进水浊度对应的悬浮固体(SS)含量,结合累积过水体积计算可得,与对照组相比,进水浊度10、50和100NTU条件下被膜截留的SS分别增加51.9,446.4和791.0mg,而对应的生物滤饼层质量分别增加11.6,43.0和84.8mg,这说明高浊阶段增加的颗粒物仅有少部分积累在膜表面,大部分沉积到了膜池底部,实验过程中也确实观察到了膜池底部积累的泥,这可能是较高进水浊度下GDM仍能形成稳定通量的重要原因.
生物作用促使滤饼层形成松散的多孔结构,从而保持通量稳定[26].因此,对生物滤饼层中ATP的浓度和细菌数量进行测定,以考察阶段性浊度升高对GDM系统内生物作用的影响(图6).10NTU-GDM系统生物滤饼层中的ATP含量为0.14 µmol/m2,相较于对照组GDM (0.15µmol/m2)略有降低,而50NTU-GDM系统和100NTU-GDM系统的总ATP浓度分别为0.16和0.17µmol/m2,相比于对照组GDM略有上升.因此,单独的ATP分析似乎难以解释阶段性的浊度增加对GDM生物作用的影响.
进一步对生物滤饼层中的细菌数进行了分析.10NTU-GDM、50NTU-GDM和100NTU-GDM系统细菌数分别为0.74×1012,1.34×1012和1.43×1012cells/m2,比对照组GDM(0.47×1012cells/m2)增加了57%,185%和204%.这应该是由于高浊度进水中微生物含量也较高,被膜截留后不断积累.为了进一步揭示进水浊度改变升高对微生物活性的影响,将ATP总数与细菌数做比值,来反映单个细胞的生物活性.Bohme等[27]研究发现影响微生物活性的是原生后生动物的捕食作用.捕食作用会促进生物滤饼层中微生物的更新换代,提高生物活性.可以看到10NTU-GDM系统、50NTU-GDM系统和100NTU-GDM系统的值分别为0.19,0.13和0.12µmol/m2,比对照组GDM(0.32µmol/m2)降低了41%、59%和63%.相比对照组GDM,其他GDM系统中的细胞活性随着浊度升高而显著降低.说明浊度升高会抑制原生后生动物的捕食作用,进而降低了渗透膜通量.
EPS具有粘性,容易与水中的金属离子形成螯合物,从而堵塞膜孔,降低膜通量[28-30].因此,分析不同GDM系统生物滤饼层中的EPS含量有助于明确通量下降的原因.实验结束后,对生物滤饼层中的EPS(蛋白质和多糖)进行测定分析如图7(a)所示.10NTU-GDM、50NTU-GDM和100NTU-GDM系统生物滤饼层中的多糖含量分别为4.24,4.33和4.79mg/m2,比对照组GDM系统(3.49mg/m2)分别增加了21%,24%和37%.蛋白质含量分别为0.71,0.89和1.03mg/m2,比对照组GDM系统(0.52mg/m2)分别增加了37%,71%和98%.相比对照组GDM,其他GDM系统中多糖和蛋白质的浓度随浊度的提高而增加.实验结果进一步证实了阶段性浊度升高会增加生物滤饼层中EPS的含量,从而导致EPS对膜的污染加剧,降低稳定通量.
图7(b)中,与对照组GDM系统相比,其他GDM系统中的A、B峰的峰值强度都有增强.同时,随着浊度增加,峰值强度也在逐渐增加,进一步验证了阶段性浊度升高会加重膜污染,降低稳定通量.
图8(a)可以发现,生物滤饼层中的主要原核生物是变形菌门(Proteobacteria),它在4组GDM系统中的相对丰度都超过40%.研究表明,Proteobacteria参与芳香族蛋白质类物质的水解和降解[31].由于所有GDM系统中的Proteobacteria的相对丰度均较高,可将超滤膜截留的大分子有机物降解为小分子有机物,水解后的小分子有机物会透过超滤膜进入出水中,导致出水中的DOC浓度高于进水中DOC浓度.Ramirez等[32]研究发现,当体系中氨氮浓度升高时,会抑制酸杆菌门(Acidobacteriota)和疣微菌门(Verrucomicrobiota)的生长繁殖.在对照组GDM、10NTU-GDM、50NTU-GDM和100NTU-GDM系统中Acidobacteriota的相对丰度分别为23.1%、11.9%、9.8%和7.8%, Verrucomicrobiota的相对丰度分别为4.9%、2.8%、2.9%和1.2%.在浊度升高的3组GDM中,Acidobacteriota和Verrucomicrobiota的相对丰度逐渐降低.可认为是进水浊度提高时,GDM系统中氨氮去除速率降低,造成体系中氨氮含量增加,抑制了Acidobacteriota和Verrucomicrobiota的生长繁殖.
图8(b)显示,Nitrospiranorank_f_ Blastocatellaceae在4组GDM系统中均占主导地位.norank_f_Blastocatellaceae属于酸杆菌的一个新物种[33].在4组GDM中norank_f_Blastocatellaceae的相对丰度随进水浊度升高而逐渐下降,这是因为氨氮浓度的提高会抑制其生长繁殖.由于4个系统的结构基本相同,可推测细菌群落的显著差异是由阶段性浊度升高造成的.Pham等[34]的研究认为新鞘脂菌(Novosphingobium)会分泌胶状物质.而在本研究中,Novosphingobium的相对丰度在4种GDM系统中随着浊度升高而增加,进而可能会加剧膜污染,增加膜阻力,从而降低渗透通量.
在较低运行压力条件下,膜表面逐渐形成的多孔异质生物滤饼层是维持GDM系统通量稳定的主要原因.在GDM研究中,Peter-Varbanets等[35]发现稳定通量与生物滤饼层中疏松多孔的异质结构密切相关.为了说明阶段性浊度升高对GDM稳定通量的影响,实验结束后用SEM对GDM系统的生物滤饼层的表面和横截面进行表征.图9(a)表明,对照组GDM系统的生物滤饼层具有更松散且异质的结构,其膜表面分布着更多更大的缝隙和孔洞,有利于水的通过.然而,随着浊度的升高,GDM系统的生物滤饼层逐渐致密.如图9(b)所示,分别对对照组GDM、10NTU-GDM、50NTU-GDM和100NTU-GDM系统的生物滤饼层横断面进行测定,厚度分别为7.45,21.03、43.74和66.26 µm.随着进水浊度升高,累积在膜表面的物质增多而逐渐变厚.结合前述生物滤饼层组成成分分析可知,进水浊度升高会增加微生物数量但降低其活性,从而使EPS含量增加.因此,进水浊度升高致使生物滤饼层厚度及致密程度增加,最终导致稳定通量下降.
3.1 原水浊度阶段性升高至10,50和100NTU使GDM通量明显下降,但经过一定时间(17~30d)后通量重新达到稳定,与始终低浊(1.8~3.7NTU)的GDM相比,原水浊度阶段性升高使GDM的稳定通量降低15%~61%.
3.2 原水浊度升高导致出水中溶解性有机物增加,这是由于浊度物质携带的大分子有机物被生物滤饼层中微生物降解为小分子有机物后透过膜;进水浊度升高会暂时抑制生物滤饼层中硝化细菌的活性,导致氨氮去除率下降,但经过一定的适应期(7~11d)后,硝化菌的活性逐渐恢复,对氨氮的去除率仍保持在80%以上.
3.3 原水浊度升高使生物滤饼层中细菌数量增加57%~204%,EPS增加37%~98%,生物滤饼层厚度增加1.8~7.9倍,生物滤饼层厚度增加、致密程度增大是稳定通量降低的原因.
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(52470015)
  • 陕西省教育厅协同创新中心专项(22JY036)
  • 天津水务集团科研项目(2023KY-01)
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2025年第45卷第6期
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  • 接收时间:2024-11-18
  • 首发时间:2026-02-27
  • 出版时间:2025-06-20
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  • 收稿日期:2024-11-18
基金
国家自然科学基金项目(52470015)
陕西省教育厅协同创新中心专项(22JY036)
天津水务集团科研项目(2023KY-01)
作者信息
    1.西安建筑科技大学,西北水资源环境与生态教育部重点实验室,陕西省水污染控制与水质安全保障协同创新中心,陕西 西安 710055
    2.内蒙古自治区水利水电勘测设计院有限公司,内蒙古 呼和浩特 010020
    3.天津水务集团有限公司,天津 300202

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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